Osteochondroma

Osteochondroma is a type of benign tumor that arises from cartilage. It is the most common benign bone tumor, accounting for 35% to 50% of all such tumors. Osteochondromas can occur in any bone that undergoes endochondral ossification, but they most commonly affect the long bones, particularly the distal femur, proximal tibia, and proximal humerus.

Signs and Symptoms

Patients with osteochondroma may present with a painless, hard, immobile mass. The mass is usually discovered incidentally or after a minor trauma. Pain or functional impairment may occur if the tumor compresses nearby structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, or tendons.

Causes

The exact cause of osteochondroma is unknown. It is believed to result from a disruption in the normal growth of cartilage. Genetic factors may also play a role, as the condition can run in families.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of osteochondroma is usually made based on the clinical presentation and radiographic findings. X-rays typically show a bony protrusion with a cartilage cap. Other imaging studies, such as CT scan or MRI, may be used to further characterize the lesion and assess for possible malignant transformation.

Treatment

Treatment of osteochondroma is usually conservative, consisting of observation and pain management. Surgical removal of the tumor may be considered if it causes significant symptoms or if there is suspicion of malignant transformation.

Prognosis

The prognosis for patients with osteochondroma is generally good. The risk of malignant transformation is low, estimated to be less than 1%.

See Also

• Bone tumor
• Cartilage
• Endochondral ossification
• Benign tumor
• Malignant transformation

References

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  X-ray of an osteochondroma
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  Surgically extracted tibial osteochondroma bone spur