Granuloma inguinale: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|A chronic bacterial infection affecting the skin and mucous membranes of the genital region}} | |||
{{Medical resources}} | |||
== | ==Granuloma Inguinale== | ||
Granuloma | [[File:SOA-Donovanosis-female.jpg|thumb|right|Granuloma inguinale lesion on female genitalia]] | ||
'''Granuloma inguinale''', also known as '''donovanosis''', is a chronic bacterial infection caused by the organism ''[[Klebsiella granulomatis]]''. It primarily affects the skin and mucous membranes of the genital region, leading to ulcerative lesions. The disease is endemic in certain tropical and subtropical regions. | |||
== | ==Etiology== | ||
Granuloma inguinale is caused by the bacterium ''Klebsiella granulomatis'', formerly known as ''Calymmatobacterium granulomatis''. This organism is a gram-negative, intracellular bacterium that is difficult to culture in the laboratory. | |||
== | ==Pathophysiology== | ||
The infection is characterized by the formation of [[granuloma|granulomatous]] lesions. The bacteria invade the subcutaneous tissue, leading to a chronic inflammatory response. The lesions are typically painless but can become secondarily infected, leading to pain and discomfort. | |||
== | ==Clinical Presentation== | ||
Patients with granuloma inguinale typically present with one or more nodular lesions in the genital area. These lesions gradually ulcerate, forming beefy-red, bleeding ulcers. The ulcers may coalesce to form larger areas of tissue destruction. | |||
== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
Diagnosis of granuloma inguinale is primarily clinical, supported by laboratory findings. The presence of Donovan bodies, which are intracellular inclusions seen in macrophages, is diagnostic. These can be identified using a Wright's or Giemsa stain on tissue smears. | |||
== | ==Treatment== | ||
The treatment of choice for granuloma inguinale is antibiotic therapy. [[Azithromycin]] is commonly used, but other antibiotics such as [[doxycycline]], [[ciprofloxacin]], and [[erythromycin]] may also be effective. Treatment should continue until all lesions have healed completely. | |||
==Prevention== | |||
Preventive measures include practicing safe sex and improving public health awareness in endemic regions. Early diagnosis and treatment of infected individuals can help reduce the spread of the disease. | |||
==Complications== | |||
If left untreated, granuloma inguinale can lead to significant tissue destruction and scarring. Secondary bacterial infections are common and can complicate the clinical course. | |||
==Epidemiology== | |||
Granuloma inguinale is most commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions, including parts of India, Papua New Guinea, central Australia, and southern Africa. It is considered a sexually transmitted infection, although non-sexual transmission can occur. | |||
==Related pages== | |||
* [[Sexually transmitted infection]] | * [[Sexually transmitted infection]] | ||
* [[Klebsiella]] | * [[Klebsiella]] | ||
* [[ | * [[Granuloma]] | ||
[[Category:Sexually transmitted diseases and infections]] | [[Category:Sexually transmitted diseases and infections]] | ||
[[Category:Bacterial diseases]] | [[Category:Bacterial diseases]] | ||
Revision as of 06:37, 16 February 2025
A chronic bacterial infection affecting the skin and mucous membranes of the genital region
Granuloma Inguinale
Granuloma inguinale, also known as donovanosis, is a chronic bacterial infection caused by the organism Klebsiella granulomatis. It primarily affects the skin and mucous membranes of the genital region, leading to ulcerative lesions. The disease is endemic in certain tropical and subtropical regions.
Etiology
Granuloma inguinale is caused by the bacterium Klebsiella granulomatis, formerly known as Calymmatobacterium granulomatis. This organism is a gram-negative, intracellular bacterium that is difficult to culture in the laboratory.
Pathophysiology
The infection is characterized by the formation of granulomatous lesions. The bacteria invade the subcutaneous tissue, leading to a chronic inflammatory response. The lesions are typically painless but can become secondarily infected, leading to pain and discomfort.
Clinical Presentation
Patients with granuloma inguinale typically present with one or more nodular lesions in the genital area. These lesions gradually ulcerate, forming beefy-red, bleeding ulcers. The ulcers may coalesce to form larger areas of tissue destruction.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of granuloma inguinale is primarily clinical, supported by laboratory findings. The presence of Donovan bodies, which are intracellular inclusions seen in macrophages, is diagnostic. These can be identified using a Wright's or Giemsa stain on tissue smears.
Treatment
The treatment of choice for granuloma inguinale is antibiotic therapy. Azithromycin is commonly used, but other antibiotics such as doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, and erythromycin may also be effective. Treatment should continue until all lesions have healed completely.
Prevention
Preventive measures include practicing safe sex and improving public health awareness in endemic regions. Early diagnosis and treatment of infected individuals can help reduce the spread of the disease.
Complications
If left untreated, granuloma inguinale can lead to significant tissue destruction and scarring. Secondary bacterial infections are common and can complicate the clinical course.
Epidemiology
Granuloma inguinale is most commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions, including parts of India, Papua New Guinea, central Australia, and southern Africa. It is considered a sexually transmitted infection, although non-sexual transmission can occur.
