Arbekacin: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 11:03, 15 February 2025

An aminoglycoside antibiotic used in the treatment of bacterial infections

Arbekacin[edit]

Arbekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that is used primarily in the treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It is a semi-synthetic derivative of kanamycin, which is another aminoglycoside antibiotic.

Mechanism of action[edit]

Arbekacin works by binding to the bacterial ribosome, specifically the 30S subunit, and inhibiting protein synthesis. This action is bactericidal, meaning it kills the bacteria rather than merely inhibiting its growth. The binding of arbekacin to the ribosome interferes with the initiation complex of protein synthesis and causes misreading of mRNA, leading to the production of nonfunctional or toxic peptides.

Clinical use[edit]

Arbekacin is primarily used in the treatment of infections caused by resistant strains of bacteria, such as MRSA. It is often reserved for cases where other antibiotics are ineffective due to resistance. Arbekacin is administered intravenously, and its use is typically limited to hospital settings.

Side effects[edit]

As with other aminoglycosides, arbekacin can cause nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Nephrotoxicity refers to kidney damage, while ototoxicity refers to damage to the ear, which can result in hearing loss or balance issues. Monitoring of drug levels and kidney function is important during treatment to minimize these risks.

Pharmacokinetics[edit]

Arbekacin is not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, so it must be administered parenterally. It is distributed widely in the body and is excreted primarily by the kidneys. The half-life of arbekacin can be prolonged in patients with renal impairment, necessitating dose adjustments.

Related pages[edit]

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-{{Short description|Autoantibodies that bind to contents of the cell nucleus}}
+{{Short description|An aminoglycoside antibiotic used in the treatment of bacterial infections}}
-'''Antinuclear antibodies''' (ANAs) are [[autoantibodies]] that bind to contents of the [[cell nucleus]]. They are present in a variety of [[autoimmune diseases]] and are often used as a diagnostic tool in [[rheumatology]]. ANAs can be detected through various laboratory techniques, most commonly by [[immunofluorescence]] on [[HEp-2 cells]].
+==Arbekacin==
+[[File:Arbekacin_structure.svg|thumb|right|Chemical structure of Arbekacin]]
+'''Arbekacin''' is an [[aminoglycoside]] [[antibiotic]] that is used primarily in the treatment of infections caused by [[Gram-positive bacteria]], including [[methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus]] (MRSA). It is a semi-synthetic derivative of [[kanamycin]], which is another aminoglycoside antibiotic.
-==Types of Antinuclear Antibodies==
+==Mechanism of action==
-Antinuclear antibodies can be classified based on their target antigens within the nucleus. Some of the common types include:
+Arbekacin works by binding to the bacterial [[ribosome]], specifically the 30S subunit, and inhibiting protein synthesis. This action is bactericidal, meaning it kills the bacteria rather than merely inhibiting its growth. The binding of arbekacin to the ribosome interferes with the initiation complex of protein synthesis and causes misreading of mRNA, leading to the production of nonfunctional or toxic peptides.
-* '''Anti-dsDNA antibodies''': These target [[double-stranded DNA]] and are highly specific for [[systemic lupus erythematosus]] (SLE).
+==Clinical use==
-* '''Anti-Smith antibodies''': These target [[Smith antigen]], a ribonucleoprotein, and are also associated with SLE.
+Arbekacin is primarily used in the treatment of infections caused by resistant strains of bacteria, such as MRSA. It is often reserved for cases where other antibiotics are ineffective due to resistance. Arbekacin is administered intravenously, and its use is typically limited to hospital settings.
-* '''Anti-Ro/SSA and Anti-La/SSB antibodies''': These are associated with [[Sjogren's syndrome]] and [[lupus]].
-* '''Anti-centromere antibodies''': These are often found in [[limited scleroderma]] (CREST syndrome).
-* '''Anti-nucleolar antibodies''': These target nucleolar components and are associated with [[scleroderma]].
-==Detection Methods==
+==Side effects==
-The presence of ANAs is typically detected using the [[indirect immunofluorescence]] (IIF) method on HEp-2 cells. This method allows for the observation of various staining patterns that can provide clues to the specific type of ANA present.
+As with other aminoglycosides, arbekacin can cause [[nephrotoxicity]] and [[ototoxicity]]. Nephrotoxicity refers to kidney damage, while ototoxicity refers to damage to the ear, which can result in hearing loss or balance issues. Monitoring of drug levels and kidney function is important during treatment to minimize these risks.
-===Immunofluorescence Patterns===
+==Pharmacokinetics==
-The immunofluorescence patterns observed in ANA testing can be classified into several types:
+Arbekacin is not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, so it must be administered parenterally. It is distributed widely in the body and is excreted primarily by the kidneys. The half-life of arbekacin can be prolonged in patients with renal impairment, necessitating dose adjustments.
-* '''Homogeneous pattern''': Indicates antibodies against chromatin, histones, and sometimes dsDNA.
+==Related pages==
-* '''Speckled pattern''': Suggests antibodies against extractable nuclear antigens (ENAs) such as Smith, RNP, SSA, and SSB.
+* [[Aminoglycoside]]
-* '''Nucleolar pattern''': Associated with antibodies against nucleolar components, often seen in scleroderma.
+* [[Antibiotic resistance]]
-* '''Centromere pattern''': Characteristic of anti-centromere antibodies, often seen in limited scleroderma.
+* [[Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus]]
+* [[Kanamycin]]
-==Clinical Significance==
+[[Category:Aminoglycoside antibiotics]]
-ANAs are a hallmark of [[autoimmune diseases]], particularly [[systemic lupus erythematosus]] (SLE), where they are present in over 95% of patients. However, they can also be found in other conditions such as [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[scleroderma]], [[Sjogren's syndrome]], and [[mixed connective tissue disease]].
+[[Category:Antibiotics]]
-===Autoimmune Diseases Associated with ANAs===
-* '''Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)''': High prevalence of ANAs, especially anti-dsDNA and anti-Smith antibodies.
-* '''Scleroderma''': Presence of anti-centromere and anti-nucleolar antibodies.
-* '''Sjogren's Syndrome''': Often associated with anti-Ro/SSA and anti-La/SSB antibodies.
-* '''Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD)''': Characterized by the presence of anti-U1 RNP antibodies.
-==Related Pages==
-* [[Autoimmune disease]]
-* [[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
-* [[Rheumatology]]
-* [[Immunofluorescence]]
-==Gallery==
-<gallery>
-Main_antinuclear_antibody_patterns_on_immunofluorescence.png|Main antinuclear antibody patterns on immunofluorescence
-DsDNA_antibodies.jpg|dsDNA antibodies
-SSA_SSB_ANA.jpg|SSA and SSB antibodies
-ANA_-_dsDNA_antibody.png|ANA - dsDNA antibody
-CENTROMERE.jpg|Centromere pattern
-ANA-Kit.jpg|ANA testing kit
-ANA_Immunofluorescence.png|ANA immunofluorescence
-ANA_NUCLEOLAR_3.jpg|Nucleolar pattern
-CRITHIDIA_2.jpg|Crithidia luciliae assay
-LECell.jpg|LE cell
-</gallery>
-[[Category:Autoimmune diseases]]
-[[Category:Immunology]]