Arthur Griffith: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 18:13, 11 February 2025

Genetically modified Atlantic salmon

AquAdvantage salmon is a genetically modified (GM) Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) developed by AquaBounty Technologies. It is designed to grow faster than its non-GM counterparts, reaching market size in a shorter period of time. This is achieved by incorporating a growth hormone-regulating gene from the Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and a promoter from the ocean pout (Zoarces americanus).

Development

The development of AquAdvantage salmon began in the late 1980s when researchers sought to enhance the growth rate of farmed salmon. By inserting a growth hormone gene from the Chinook salmon, which naturally grows larger and faster, and using a promoter from the ocean pout, scientists were able to create a salmon that grows year-round instead of only during the warmer months.

Genetic Modification

The genetic modification involves the insertion of a transgene construct into the salmon's genome. This construct includes:

A growth hormone gene from the Chinook salmon.
A promoter sequence from the ocean pout, which allows the growth hormone to be expressed continuously.

This modification enables the AquAdvantage salmon to grow to market size in about half the time it takes for conventional salmon, typically 16 to 18 months compared to 28 to 36 months.

Regulatory Approval

AquAdvantage salmon was the first genetically modified animal to be approved for human consumption. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved it in November 2015 after a thorough review process that lasted several years. The FDA concluded that the fish is safe to eat and that the genetic modification is safe for the fish itself.

In Canada, the salmon was approved for sale in 2016 by Health Canada and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, which also determined that it is safe for consumption and poses no risk to the environment when raised in contained facilities.

Environmental and Ethical Considerations

The production of AquAdvantage salmon has raised several environmental and ethical concerns. Critics argue that the escape of GM salmon into the wild could threaten natural salmon populations through competition and interbreeding. To mitigate these risks, AquaBounty raises the salmon in land-based, contained facilities and produces only sterile females to prevent reproduction.

Ethical concerns also focus on the welfare of the genetically modified fish and the broader implications of genetic engineering in animals. Proponents argue that AquAdvantage salmon can help meet the growing demand for protein while reducing the environmental impact of traditional salmon farming.

Commercial Production

AquaBounty Technologies operates facilities in Prince Edward Island, Canada, and Indiana, USA, where they produce AquAdvantage salmon. The company emphasizes the sustainability of its operations, highlighting reduced feed conversion ratios and lower carbon footprints compared to conventional salmon farming.

Related pages

Gallery

Atlantic salmon

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Infobox person
+{{Short description|Genetically modified Atlantic salmon}}
-| name = Arthur Griffith
+{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
-| image =
-| caption =
-| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1871|3|31}}
-| birth_place = Dublin, Ireland
-| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1922|8|12|1871|3|31}}
-| death_place = Dublin, Ireland
-| nationality = Irish
-| occupation = Politician, Journalist
-| known_for = Founder of [[Sinn Féin]]
-}}
-'''Arthur Griffith''' (31 March 1871 – 12 August 1922) was an Irish politician and writer who founded the political party [[Sinn Féin]]. He played a crucial role in the Irish struggle for independence and served as the President of [[Dáil Éireann]] from January 1922 until his death in August of the same year.
+'''AquAdvantage salmon''' is a genetically modified (GM) [[Atlantic salmon]] (''Salmo salar'') developed by [[AquaBounty Technologies]]. It is designed to grow faster than its non-GM counterparts, reaching market size in a shorter period of time. This is achieved by incorporating a growth hormone-regulating gene from the [[Chinook salmon]] (''Oncorhynchus tshawytscha'') and a promoter from the [[ocean pout]] (''Zoarces americanus'').
-== Early Life and Career ==
+==Development==
-Arthur Griffith was born in [[Dublin]], Ireland, in 1871. He was educated by the [[Christian Brothers]] and began his career as a printer. Griffith became involved in nationalist politics in the 1890s, joining the [[Irish Republican Brotherhood]] (IRB), a secret organization dedicated to the establishment of an independent Irish Republic.
+The development of AquAdvantage salmon began in the late 1980s when researchers sought to enhance the growth rate of farmed salmon. By inserting a growth hormone gene from the Chinook salmon, which naturally grows larger and faster, and using a promoter from the ocean pout, scientists were able to create a salmon that grows year-round instead of only during the warmer months.
-== Founding of Sinn Féin ==
+==Genetic Modification==
-In 1905, Griffith founded the political party [[Sinn Féin]], which means "We Ourselves" in Irish. The party initially advocated for a dual monarchy, similar to the Austro-Hungarian model, where Ireland would have its own parliament but remain under the British crown. This was outlined in his publication "The Resurrection of Hungary: A Parallel for Ireland."
+The genetic modification involves the insertion of a transgene construct into the salmon's genome. This construct includes:
+* A growth hormone gene from the Chinook salmon.
+* A promoter sequence from the ocean pout, which allows the growth hormone to be expressed continuously.
-== Role in the Irish War of Independence ==
+This modification enables the AquAdvantage salmon to grow to market size in about half the time it takes for conventional salmon, typically 16 to 18 months compared to 28 to 36 months.
-During the [[Irish War of Independence]] (1919-1921), Sinn Féin, under Griffith's leadership, became the political wing of the [[Irish Republican Army]] (IRA). Griffith was elected as a member of the [[First Dáil]] in 1919, which declared Irish independence from Britain.
-== Anglo-Irish Treaty ==
+==Regulatory Approval==
-Griffith was a key figure in the negotiations that led to the [[Anglo-Irish Treaty]] of 1921, which ended the war and established the [[Irish Free State]]. The treaty was controversial because it required members of the new Irish parliament to swear allegiance to the British crown, leading to a split in Sinn Féin and the outbreak of the [[Irish Civil War]].
+AquAdvantage salmon was the first genetically modified animal to be approved for human consumption. The [[United States Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) approved it in November 2015 after a thorough review process that lasted several years. The FDA concluded that the fish is safe to eat and that the genetic modification is safe for the fish itself.
-== Presidency and Death ==
+In Canada, the salmon was approved for sale in 2016 by Health Canada and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, which also determined that it is safe for consumption and poses no risk to the environment when raised in contained facilities.
-In January 1922, Griffith was elected President of Dáil Éireann, succeeding [[Éamon de Valera]]. He worked tirelessly to establish the new Irish Free State but died suddenly of a cerebral hemorrhage on 12 August 1922, at the age of 51.
-== Legacy ==
+==Environmental and Ethical Considerations==
-Arthur Griffith's legacy is complex. He is remembered as a founding figure of modern Irish nationalism and a key architect of the Irish Free State. His pragmatic approach to achieving Irish independence laid the groundwork for the eventual establishment of the Republic of Ireland.
+The production of AquAdvantage salmon has raised several environmental and ethical concerns. Critics argue that the escape of GM salmon into the wild could threaten natural salmon populations through competition and interbreeding. To mitigate these risks, AquaBounty raises the salmon in land-based, contained facilities and produces only sterile females to prevent reproduction.
-== See Also ==
+Ethical concerns also focus on the welfare of the genetically modified fish and the broader implications of genetic engineering in animals. Proponents argue that AquAdvantage salmon can help meet the growing demand for protein while reducing the environmental impact of traditional salmon farming.
-* [[Michael Collins (Irish leader)]]
-* [[Éamon de Valera]]
-* [[Irish Civil War]]
-== References ==
+==Commercial Production==
-* Coogan, Tim Pat. ''Michael Collins: The Man Who Made Ireland''. Palgrave Macmillan, 1992.
+AquaBounty Technologies operates facilities in [[Prince Edward Island]], Canada, and [[Indiana]], USA, where they produce AquAdvantage salmon. The company emphasizes the sustainability of its operations, highlighting reduced feed conversion ratios and lower carbon footprints compared to conventional salmon farming.
-* Macardle, Dorothy. ''The Irish Republic''. Corgi Books, 1968.
-{{Authority control}}
+==Related pages==
+* [[Genetically modified organism]]
+* [[Aquaculture]]
+* [[Atlantic salmon]]
+* [[Chinook salmon]]
-[[Category:1871 births]]
+==Gallery==
-[[Category:1922 deaths]]
+<gallery>
-[[Category:Irish politicians]]
+File:Salmo_salar_GLERL_1.jpg|Atlantic salmon
-[[Category:Irish nationalists]]
+</gallery>
-[[Category:People from Dublin (city)]]
-[[Category:Presidents of Dáil Éireann]]
+[[Category:Genetically modified organisms]]
-[[Category:Sinn Féin politicians]]
+[[Category:Aquaculture]]
+[[Category:Salmon]]