Polio Children: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox disease | |||
| name = Poliomyelitis | | name = Poliomyelitis | ||
| image = | | image = Kitchen,_Kwa_Mkono,_Tanzania.jpg | ||
| caption = | | caption = A kitchen in Kwa Mkono, Tanzania, where polio eradication efforts are ongoing. | ||
| field = Infectious disease | | field = Infectious disease | ||
| symptoms = Muscle weakness, paralysis | | symptoms = Muscle weakness, paralysis | ||
| complications = Permanent disability, death | | complications = Permanent disability, death | ||
| causes = [[Poliovirus]] | | causes = [[Poliovirus]] | ||
| prevention = [[Polio vaccine]] | | prevention = [[Polio vaccine]] | ||
| treatment = Supportive care | | treatment = Supportive care | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Poliomyelitis''', commonly known as '''polio''', is an infectious disease caused by the [[poliovirus]]. | '''Poliomyelitis''', commonly known as '''polio''', is an infectious disease caused by the [[poliovirus]]. It primarily affects children under the age of five, although it can occur in individuals of any age. The disease is characterized by its ability to invade the nervous system, potentially leading to paralysis and, in severe cases, death. | ||
== | ==Etiology== | ||
Poliomyelitis is caused by the poliovirus, a member of the genus ''[[Enterovirus]]''. There are three serotypes of the virus: PV1, PV2, and PV3. The virus is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often via contaminated water or food. | |||
== | ==Pathophysiology== | ||
After entering the body, the poliovirus multiplies in the intestine. It can then invade the central nervous system, where it preferentially infects and destroys motor neurons in the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex, leading to muscle weakness and acute flaccid paralysis. | |||
==Clinical Presentation== | |||
* | The majority of poliovirus infections are asymptomatic. However, in about 1% of cases, the virus enters the central nervous system and causes paralysis. Symptoms of paralytic polio include: | ||
* | * Sudden onset of muscle weakness | ||
* Loss of reflexes | |||
* Severe muscle pain | |||
* Flaccid paralysis, often asymmetrical | |||
== Diagnosis == | ==Diagnosis== | ||
Diagnosis of polio is | Diagnosis of polio is based on clinical presentation and laboratory testing. Detection of poliovirus in stool samples or throat swabs confirms the diagnosis. Serological tests can also detect antibodies to the virus. | ||
== Prevention == | ==Prevention== | ||
The most effective way to prevent polio is through vaccination. | The most effective way to prevent polio is through vaccination. The [[polio vaccine]] is available in two forms: the inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) and the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). Global vaccination efforts have significantly reduced the incidence of polio worldwide. | ||
==Treatment== | |||
== Treatment == | |||
There is no cure for polio; treatment focuses on supportive care. This includes: | There is no cure for polio; treatment focuses on supportive care. This includes: | ||
* Pain management | * Pain management | ||
* Physical therapy to prevent deformities and improve mobility | * Physical therapy to prevent deformities and improve mobility | ||
* Mechanical ventilation | * Mechanical ventilation in cases of respiratory muscle involvement | ||
== | ==Epidemiology== | ||
Polio was once a global epidemic, but widespread vaccination campaigns have led to its near eradication. As of 2023, polio remains endemic in only a few countries, with ongoing efforts to achieve complete eradication. | |||
== | ==Public Health and Eradication Efforts== | ||
The [[Global Polio Eradication Initiative]] (GPEI) is a public-private partnership that has been instrumental in reducing polio cases by over 99% since its launch in 1988. Efforts focus on immunization, surveillance, and outbreak response. | |||
== Also see == | ==Also see== | ||
* [[Poliovirus]] | * [[Poliovirus]] | ||
* [[Polio vaccine]] | * [[Polio vaccine]] | ||
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[[Category:Infectious diseases]] | [[Category:Infectious diseases]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Neurology]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Vaccination]] | ||
Latest revision as of 00:50, 10 December 2024
| Polio Children | |
|---|---|
| A kitchen in Kwa Mkono, Tanzania, where polio eradication efforts are ongoing. | |
| ICD-10 | |
| ICD-9 | |
| DiseasesDB | |
| MedlinePlus | |
| eMedicine | |
| MeSH ID | |
Poliomyelitis, commonly known as polio, is an infectious disease caused by the poliovirus. It primarily affects children under the age of five, although it can occur in individuals of any age. The disease is characterized by its ability to invade the nervous system, potentially leading to paralysis and, in severe cases, death.
Etiology[edit]
Poliomyelitis is caused by the poliovirus, a member of the genus Enterovirus. There are three serotypes of the virus: PV1, PV2, and PV3. The virus is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often via contaminated water or food.
Pathophysiology[edit]
After entering the body, the poliovirus multiplies in the intestine. It can then invade the central nervous system, where it preferentially infects and destroys motor neurons in the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex, leading to muscle weakness and acute flaccid paralysis.
Clinical Presentation[edit]
The majority of poliovirus infections are asymptomatic. However, in about 1% of cases, the virus enters the central nervous system and causes paralysis. Symptoms of paralytic polio include:
- Sudden onset of muscle weakness
- Loss of reflexes
- Severe muscle pain
- Flaccid paralysis, often asymmetrical
Diagnosis[edit]
Diagnosis of polio is based on clinical presentation and laboratory testing. Detection of poliovirus in stool samples or throat swabs confirms the diagnosis. Serological tests can also detect antibodies to the virus.
Prevention[edit]
The most effective way to prevent polio is through vaccination. The polio vaccine is available in two forms: the inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) and the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). Global vaccination efforts have significantly reduced the incidence of polio worldwide.
Treatment[edit]
There is no cure for polio; treatment focuses on supportive care. This includes:
- Pain management
- Physical therapy to prevent deformities and improve mobility
- Mechanical ventilation in cases of respiratory muscle involvement
Epidemiology[edit]
Polio was once a global epidemic, but widespread vaccination campaigns have led to its near eradication. As of 2023, polio remains endemic in only a few countries, with ongoing efforts to achieve complete eradication.
Public Health and Eradication Efforts[edit]
The Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) is a public-private partnership that has been instrumental in reducing polio cases by over 99% since its launch in 1988. Efforts focus on immunization, surveillance, and outbreak response.
Also see[edit]
| Infectious diseases | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
This infectious diseases related article is a stub.
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