GHS hazard pictograms

Symbols used to convey information about the hazards of chemical substances

GHS hazard pictograms are part of the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), which is an internationally agreed-upon system, created by the United Nations to replace the various classification and labelling standards used in different countries. The goal of the GHS is to ensure that information on physical hazards and toxicity from chemicals is available to enhance the protection of human health and the environment during the handling, transport, and use of these chemicals.

Overview

The GHS hazard pictograms are a set of symbols that convey specific information about the hazards of chemical substances. These pictograms are used on labels and Safety Data Sheets (SDS) to provide a visual representation of the type of hazard a chemical presents. The pictograms are standardized and are used worldwide to ensure consistency and clarity in hazard communication.

Design and Structure

Each GHS hazard pictogram consists of a symbol on a white background framed within a red diamond. The red diamond border is a key feature that distinguishes GHS pictograms from other types of hazard symbols. The symbols within the pictograms are black and are designed to be easily recognizable and understandable.

Types of GHS Hazard Pictograms

There are nine GHS hazard pictograms, each representing a different type of hazard:

1. Exploding Bomb: This pictogram indicates explosive hazards. It is used for chemicals that can cause explosions or are self-reactive.

2. Flame: This symbol is used for flammable substances, including gases, aerosols, liquids, and solids. It also applies to self-heating substances and those that emit flammable gases when in contact with water.

3. Flame Over Circle: This pictogram represents oxidizing hazards. It is used for chemicals that can cause or intensify a fire or explosion.

4. Gas Cylinder: This symbol indicates gases under pressure, which may explode if heated.

5. Corrosion: This pictogram is used for substances that can cause skin corrosion/burns, eye damage, or are corrosive to metals.

6. Skull and Crossbones: This symbol indicates acute toxicity, meaning the chemical can cause harmful effects or death if inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed through the skin.

7. Exclamation Mark: This pictogram is used for less severe health hazards such as skin irritation, eye irritation, or respiratory tract irritation. It also indicates a narcotic effect or a hazard to the ozone layer.

8. Health Hazard: This symbol is used for chemicals that can cause serious health effects such as carcinogenicity, respiratory sensitization, reproductive toxicity, or specific target organ toxicity.

9. Environment: This pictogram indicates environmental hazards, specifically aquatic toxicity.

Implementation and Use

The GHS hazard pictograms are used in conjunction with other elements of the GHS, such as signal words (e.g., "Danger" or "Warning"), hazard statements, and precautionary statements. Together, these elements provide comprehensive information about the hazards of a chemical and the measures that should be taken to minimize risk.

Regulatory Context

The GHS is implemented in many countries around the world, including the European Union, the United States, Canada, and Australia. Each country may have specific regulations regarding the use of GHS pictograms, but the core elements remain consistent to ensure global harmonization.

Also see

• Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals
• Safety Data Sheet
• Chemical safety
• Occupational safety and health