Human Development Index: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 15:41, 9 December 2024

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. It was introduced by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in 1990 as a measure of a country's social and economic development.

Components of the HDI

The HDI is calculated using three key dimensions:

1. Life Expectancy

This dimension measures the average number of years a newborn is expected to live if current mortality rates continue to apply. It reflects the ability of a country to provide a healthy and long life for its citizens.

2. Education

The education dimension is assessed by two indicators:

Mean years of schooling: The average number of years of education received by people ages 25 and older, adjusted for the highest level of education attained.
Expected years of schooling: The total number of years of schooling that a child of school entrance age can expect to receive if prevailing patterns of age-specific enrollment rates persist throughout the child's life.

3. Income

The income dimension is measured by Gross National Income (GNI) per capita. It reflects the standard of living and is adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP) to account for differences in cost of living and inflation rates between countries.

Calculation of the HDI

The HDI is calculated as the geometric mean of normalized indices for each of the three dimensions. The formula is:

HDI = \( \sqrt[3]{\text{Life Expectancy Index} \times \text{Education Index} \times \text{Income Index}} \)

Each dimension index is calculated as follows:

\[ \text{Dimension Index} = \frac{\text{Actual Value} - \text{Minimum Value}}{\text{Maximum Value} - \text{Minimum Value}} \]

The maximum and minimum values are set by the UNDP to allow for comparability across countries.

Criticisms and Limitations

While the HDI is a widely used measure of development, it has several limitations:

It does not account for inequalities, poverty, human security, and empowerment.
It does not consider environmental sustainability.
The HDI is a summary measure and may not capture the full complexity of human development.

Recent Developments

The UNDP has introduced additional indices to address some of the HDI's limitations, such as the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI), the Gender Development Index (GDI), and the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI).

Also see

Template:Human Development

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-[[file:HDI2022Incrimental.svg|thumb|left]] [[file:HDI_explained_the_best_way.png|thumb|left]] [[file:Human_Development_Index_regions_evolution_1990-2021-fr.svg|thumb|right]] [[file:Human_Development_Index_trends.svg|thumb|right]] [[file:Average_annual_HDI_growth_from_2010_to_2021_published_in_2022.png|thumb|right]] {{Short description|Composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income indices}}
+[[File:HDI2022Incrimental.svg|thumb]] [[File:Human Development Index Underlying Principles.svg|thumb]] [[File:Human Development Index regions evolution 1990-2021-fr.svg|thumb]] [[File:Human Development Index trends.svg|thumb]] {{Infobox index
-{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
+| name = Human Development Index
-{{Infobox index
+| caption =
-| title = Human Development Index
+| index_type = Composite statistic
-| image = Human Development Index world map.png
+| developer = [[United Nations Development Programme]]
-| image_size = 300px
+| launched = 1990
-| image_caption = World map representing Human Development Index categories (based on 2020 data, published in 2021)
+| latest_release_version = 2022
-| label1 = Developed by
+| latest_release_date =
-| data1 = [[United Nations Development Programme]]
+| website = [https://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-index-hdi Human Development Reports]
-| label2 = Introduced
-| data2 = 1990
-| label3 = Latest report
-| data3 = 2021
-| label4 = Coverage
-| data4 = 189 countries
-| label5 = Website
-| data5 =
 }}
-The '''Human Development Index''' ('''HDI''') is a composite statistic of [[life expectancy]], [[education]], and [[per capita income]] indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. It was developed by the [[United Nations Development Programme]] (UNDP) as a way to measure and compare the overall development and well-being of countries.
+The '''Human Development Index''' ('''HDI''') is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. It was introduced by the [[United Nations Development Programme]] (UNDP) in 1990 as a measure of a country's social and economic development.
-== Components ==
+== Components of the HDI ==
-The HDI considers three main dimensions:
+The HDI is calculated using three key dimensions:
-* '''Life expectancy at birth''': This dimension assesses the ability to live a long and healthy life.
-* '''Education index''': This dimension is measured by mean years of schooling for adults aged 25 years or older and expected years of schooling for children entering school.
-* '''Income index''': This dimension is measured by [[Gross National Income]] (GNI) per capita.
-== Calculation ==
+=== 1. Life Expectancy ===
+This dimension measures the average number of years a newborn is expected to live if current mortality rates continue to apply. It reflects the ability of a country to provide a healthy and long life for its citizens.
+=== 2. Education ===
+The education dimension is assessed by two indicators:
+* '''Mean years of schooling''': The average number of years of education received by people ages 25 and older, adjusted for the highest level of education attained.
+* '''Expected years of schooling''': The total number of years of schooling that a child of school entrance age can expect to receive if prevailing patterns of age-specific enrollment rates persist throughout the child's life.
+=== 3. Income ===
+The income dimension is measured by [[Gross National Income]] (GNI) per capita. It reflects the standard of living and is adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP) to account for differences in cost of living and inflation rates between countries.
+== Calculation of the HDI ==
 The HDI is calculated as the geometric mean of normalized indices for each of the three dimensions. The formula is:
-HDI = (I_health * I_education * I_income)^(1/3)
+HDI = \( \sqrt[3]{\text{Life Expectancy Index} \times \text{Education Index} \times \text{Income Index}} \)
-where:
+Each dimension index is calculated as follows:
-* I_health = (Life expectancy - 20) / (85 - 20)
-* I_education = (Mean years of schooling index + Expected years of schooling index) / 2
-* I_income = (ln(GNI per capita) - ln(100)) / (ln(75000) - ln(100))
-== Categories ==
+\[ \text{Dimension Index} = \frac{\text{Actual Value} - \text{Minimum Value}}{\text{Maximum Value} - \text{Minimum Value}} \]
-Countries are categorized into four levels of human development based on their HDI scores:
-* '''Very high human development''': HDI of 0.800 and above
-* '''High human development''': HDI of 0.700 to 0.799
-* '''Medium human development''': HDI of 0.550 to 0.699
-* '''Low human development''': HDI below 0.550
-== Criticisms ==
+The maximum and minimum values are set by the UNDP to allow for comparability across countries.
-The HDI has faced several criticisms, including:
-* It does not account for [[inequality]], [[poverty]], [[human rights]], and other factors that affect human development.
-* The use of GNI per capita as a measure of income does not reflect the distribution of income within a country.
-* The HDI does not consider environmental sustainability.
-== Related Indices ==
+== Criticisms and Limitations ==
-The UNDP also publishes other indices that complement the HDI, including:
+While the HDI is a widely used measure of development, it has several limitations:
-* [[Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index]] (IHDI)
+* It does not account for inequalities, poverty, human security, and empowerment.
-* [[Gender Development Index]] (GDI)
+* It does not consider environmental sustainability.
-* [[Gender Inequality Index]] (GII)
+* The HDI is a summary measure and may not capture the full complexity of human development.
-* [[Multidimensional Poverty Index]] (MPI)
-== See also ==
+== Recent Developments ==
-* [[Gross Domestic Product]]
+The UNDP has introduced additional indices to address some of the HDI's limitations, such as the [[Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index]] (IHDI), the [[Gender Development Index]] (GDI), and the [[Multidimensional Poverty Index]] (MPI).
-* [[Quality of life]]
-* [[Sustainable Development Goals]]
-* [[World Happiness Report]]
-== References ==
+== Also see ==
-{{Reflist}}
+* [[Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index]]
+* [[Gender Development Index]]
+* [[Multidimensional Poverty Index]]
+* [[Gross National Income]]
+* [[United Nations Development Programme]]
-== External links ==
+{{Human Development}}
-{{Commons category|Human Development Index}}
 [[Category:Development economics]]
+[[Category:United Nations]]
 [[Category:International rankings]]
-[[Category:United Nations Development Programme]]
-[[Category:Quality of life]]
-{{Globalization-stub}}