Digenea: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 17:33, 18 February 2025

A class of parasitic flatworms

Digenea is a subclass of Trematoda, commonly known as flukes, which are parasitic flatworms. These organisms are of significant medical and veterinary importance due to their role as parasites in humans and other animals. Digeneans have complex life cycles involving multiple hosts, typically including a mollusk as the first intermediate host and a vertebrate as the definitive host.

Morphology

Digeneans are characterized by their flattened, leaf-like bodies. They possess two suckers: an oral sucker surrounding the mouth and a ventral sucker, or acetabulum, used for attachment to the host. The body is covered by a tegument, which is a specialized outer layer that protects the parasite from the host's immune system.

Life Cycle

The life cycle of digeneans is complex and involves several stages:

Eggs: The life cycle begins with eggs being released into the environment, often through the feces of the definitive host.
Miracidium: The eggs hatch into free-swimming larvae called miracidia, which must find and penetrate a suitable molluscan host.
Sporocyst and Redia: Inside the mollusk, the miracidium transforms into a sporocyst, which then produces rediae. These stages multiply asexually.
Cercaria: Rediae give rise to cercariae, which are free-swimming larvae that leave the mollusk to find a second intermediate host or directly infect the definitive host.
Metacercaria: In some species, cercariae encyst as metacercariae in a second intermediate host or on vegetation.
Adult Fluke: The definitive host becomes infected by ingesting metacercariae, where they develop into adult flukes in the host's organs.

Pathogenicity

Digeneans can cause significant disease in their hosts. For example, the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica causes fascioliasis, a disease that affects the liver and bile ducts of humans and livestock. Symptoms in humans can include abdominal pain, fever, and jaundice.

Examples of Digeneans

Schistosoma species, which cause schistosomiasis, a major human disease.
Clonorchis sinensis, the Chinese liver fluke, which causes clonorchiasis.
Paragonimus westermani, the lung fluke, which causes paragonimiasis.

Prevention and Control

Controlling digenean infections involves breaking the life cycle of the parasite. This can be achieved through:

Improved sanitation to prevent contamination of water sources with eggs.
Control of intermediate hosts, such as snails, through environmental management or molluscicides.
Public health education to reduce exposure to contaminated water or food.

Related pages

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''Digenea''' is a class of trematodes in the phylum Platyhelminthes, with about 6,000 species. The name "Digenea" derives from the Greek "dis", meaning "double", and "genes", meaning "born". It refers to the two-host life cycle of the parasites, involving a definitive host and one or two intermediate hosts.
+{{Short description|A class of parasitic flatworms}}
+{{Taxobox
+| name = Digenea
+| image = Fasciola hepatica adult.jpg
+| image_caption = Adult liver fluke ''Fasciola hepatica''
+| regnum = [[Animalia]]
+| phylum = [[Platyhelminthes]]
+| classis = [[Trematoda]]
+| subclassis = Digenea
+}}
-== Taxonomy ==
+'''Digenea''' is a subclass of [[Trematoda]], commonly known as flukes, which are parasitic flatworms. These organisms are of significant medical and veterinary importance due to their role as parasites in humans and other animals. Digeneans have complex life cycles involving multiple hosts, typically including a mollusk as the first intermediate host and a vertebrate as the definitive host.
-The Digenea are one of the three major groups of parasitic platyhelminths, the others being the [[Monogenea]] and [[Cestoda]]. The Digenea are endoparasites in the digestive tract, respiratory tract, circulatory system, or other organs of vertebrates, including humans and other mammals, birds, and fish.
-== Life Cycle ==
+==Morphology==
-The life cycle of a typical digenean begins with the release of eggs from the definitive host into the environment. The eggs hatch in water to release a free-swimming larva, the miracidium, which infects the first intermediate host, typically a snail. Inside the snail, the miracidium transforms into a sporocyst or redia, in which further asexual reproduction occurs, producing either more rediae or cercariae. The cercariae are released from the snail and encyst as metacercariae in the second intermediate host or in the environment. The definitive host is infected by eating the second intermediate host or the encysted metacercariae.
+Digeneans are characterized by their flattened, leaf-like bodies. They possess two suckers: an oral sucker surrounding the mouth and a ventral sucker, or acetabulum, used for attachment to the host. The body is covered by a tegument, which is a specialized outer layer that protects the parasite from the host's immune system.
-== Morphology ==
+==Life Cycle==
-Digeneans are flattened and leaf-like or cylindrical. The anterior end is a holdfast organ, the oral sucker, surrounding the mouth. The posterior end may have a second holdfast, the ventral sucker or acetabulum. The skin is covered with tiny spines, which may be scale-like and overlapping, or rod-like or conical.
+The life cycle of digeneans is complex and involves several stages:
-== Pathology ==
+# '''Eggs''': The life cycle begins with eggs being released into the environment, often through the feces of the definitive host.
-Digenean infections, known as digenean trematode infections, can cause a variety of diseases in humans and other animals, including [[schistosomiasis]], [[fascioliasis]], [[clonorchiasis]], [[opisthorchiasis]], and [[paragonimiasis]].
+# '''Miracidium''': The eggs hatch into free-swimming larvae called miracidia, which must find and penetrate a suitable molluscan host.
+# '''Sporocyst and Redia''': Inside the mollusk, the miracidium transforms into a sporocyst, which then produces rediae. These stages multiply asexually.
+# '''Cercaria''': Rediae give rise to cercariae, which are free-swimming larvae that leave the mollusk to find a second intermediate host or directly infect the definitive host.
+# '''Metacercaria''': In some species, cercariae encyst as metacercariae in a second intermediate host or on vegetation.
+# '''Adult Fluke''': The definitive host becomes infected by ingesting metacercariae, where they develop into adult flukes in the host's organs.
-== See Also ==
+==Pathogenicity==
+Digeneans can cause significant disease in their hosts. For example, the liver fluke ''[[Fasciola hepatica]]'' causes fascioliasis, a disease that affects the liver and bile ducts of humans and livestock. Symptoms in humans can include abdominal pain, fever, and jaundice.
+==Examples of Digeneans==
+* ''[[Schistosoma]]'' species, which cause schistosomiasis, a major human disease.
+* ''[[Clonorchis sinensis]]'', the Chinese liver fluke, which causes clonorchiasis.
+* ''[[Paragonimus westermani]]'', the lung fluke, which causes paragonimiasis.
+==Prevention and Control==
+Controlling digenean infections involves breaking the life cycle of the parasite. This can be achieved through:
+* Improved sanitation to prevent contamination of water sources with eggs.
+* Control of intermediate hosts, such as snails, through environmental management or molluscicides.
+* Public health education to reduce exposure to contaminated water or food.
+==Related pages==
 * [[Trematoda]]
+* [[Platyhelminthes]]
 * [[Parasitology]]
-* [[Helminthiasis]]
+* [[Schistosomiasis]]
+[[Category:Trematoda]]
 [[Category:Parasitic animals]]
-[[Category:Platyhelminthes]]
+[[Category:Veterinary parasitology]]
-[[Category:Parasites of humans]]
-[[Category:Parasites of mammals]]
-[[Category:Parasites of birds]]
-[[Category:Parasites of fish]]
-{{stub}}
-== Gallery of Digenea ==
-<gallery>
-File:Digenea Helicometra.jpg
-File:Peerj-292-fig-7_Zoogonidae.png
-</gallery>