Arthropodium minus: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 17:36, 11 February 2025

Historical Turkmen tribal confederation

The Aq Qoyunlu (Persian: __ _______, "White Sheep Turkomans") were a Turkmen tribal confederation that ruled parts of present-day Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria from the late 14th century to the early 16th century. They are known for their conflicts with the Kara Koyunlu and the Ottoman Empire, as well as their role in the history of the Safavid dynasty.

History

The Aq Qoyunlu were originally a tribal confederation of Oghuz Turks who settled in the region of Diyarbakır in southeastern Anatolia. They rose to prominence under the leadership of Uzun Hasan, who expanded their territory significantly.

Rise to Power

The Aq Qoyunlu first gained prominence in the mid-14th century. Their rise was marked by the leadership of Uzun Hasan, who became the most notable ruler of the confederation. Under his rule, the Aq Qoyunlu expanded their territory to include large parts of Iran and Iraq.

Conflict with the Kara Koyunlu

The Aq Qoyunlu were in constant conflict with the Kara Koyunlu, another Turkmen confederation. The rivalry between these two groups was a significant aspect of the political landscape in the region during the 15th century.

Relations with the Ottomans

The Aq Qoyunlu also had complex relations with the Ottoman Empire. While initially maintaining a degree of cooperation, tensions eventually led to military confrontations. The most notable conflict was the Battle of Otlukbeli in 1473, where the Ottomans defeated the Aq Qoyunlu forces.

Decline and Fall

After the death of Uzun Hasan, the Aq Qoyunlu began to decline. Internal strife and external pressures, particularly from the rising Safavid dynasty, led to their eventual downfall. By the early 16th century, the Aq Qoyunlu were absorbed into the Safavid Empire.

Culture and Society

The Aq Qoyunlu were known for their patronage of the arts and architecture. They contributed to the cultural and architectural development of the regions they controlled, leaving behind a legacy that can still be seen today.

Architecture

The Aq Qoyunlu were responsible for several architectural projects, including mosques, madrasas, and mausoleums. The Zeynel Bey Mausoleum in Hasankeyf is one of the most notable examples of Aq Qoyunlu architecture.

Coinage

The Aq Qoyunlu minted their own coins, which were an important aspect of their economic system. These coins often featured the names and titles of their rulers, reflecting the political and cultural influences of the time.

Gallery

Sultan Khalil of the Aq Qoyunlu
View of Mardin, a city associated with the Aq Qoyunlu
Flag of the Aq Qoyunlu
Depiction of Oghuz Turks
Zeynel Bey Mausoleum in Hasankeyf
Sultan Mehmed II and Ughurlu Muhammad
Kasımiye Medrese in Mardin
Coin of Jahangir, Aq Qoyunlu leader
Coin of Uzun Hasan
Coin of Yaqub bin Uzun Hasan
Gold coin of Baysunghur
Coin of Sultan Rustam
Coin of Sultan Ahmad
Coin of Sultan Muhammed
Coin of Sultan Alvand
Coin of Sultan Murad

Related pages

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-{{jpg-image}} '''Arthropodium minus''', commonly known as the [[Small Vanilla Lily]], is a species of flowering plant in the [[Asparagaceae]] family, native to various regions in [[Australia]]. This perennial herb is part of the [[Arthropodium]] genus, which encompasses a variety of species known for their distinctive lily-like appearance and vanilla-scented flowers.
+{{short description|Historical Turkmen tribal confederation}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
-== Description ==
+The '''Aq Qoyunlu''' ({{lang-fa|__ _______}}, "White Sheep Turkomans") were a [[Turkmen]] tribal confederation that ruled parts of present-day [[Turkey]], [[Iran]], [[Iraq]], and [[Syria]] from the late 14th century to the early 16th century. They are known for their conflicts with the [[Kara Koyunlu]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]], as well as their role in the history of the [[Safavid dynasty]].
-''Arthropodium minus'' is characterized by its slender, grass-like leaves and small, star-shaped flowers. The flowers, which bloom in spring and early summer, range in color from white to pale pink and emit a subtle vanilla fragrance. This species typically grows to a height of 30-50 cm and spreads through underground rhizomes, forming dense clumps over time.
-The plant's leaves are narrow and linear, measuring up to 50 cm in length. The inflorescence is a loose, branching panicle with several flowers. Each flower is supported by a thin, wiry stem that elevates it above the foliage, making it attractive to a variety of pollinators, including bees and butterflies.
+==History==
+The Aq Qoyunlu were originally a tribal confederation of [[Oghuz Turks]] who settled in the region of [[Diyarbakır]] in southeastern Anatolia. They rose to prominence under the leadership of [[Uzun Hasan]], who expanded their territory significantly.
-== Habitat and Distribution ==
+===Rise to Power===
-''Arthropodium minus'' is found in a range of habitats across southern Australia, including woodlands, coastal areas, and grasslands. It prefers well-drained soils and can often be found in sandy or rocky substrates. Its distribution spans several states, including [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[New South Wales]], [[South Australia]], and [[Tasmania]].
+The Aq Qoyunlu first gained prominence in the mid-14th century. Their rise was marked by the leadership of Uzun Hasan, who became the most notable ruler of the confederation. Under his rule, the Aq Qoyunlu expanded their territory to include large parts of Iran and Iraq.
-== Cultivation and Uses ==
+===Conflict with the Kara Koyunlu===
-While not widely cultivated, ''Arthropodium minus'' is occasionally grown in gardens for its attractive foliage and fragrant flowers. It requires minimal care once established, thriving in full sun to partial shade and tolerating periods of drought. This plant is suitable for use in rockeries, native gardens, and as an understorey plant in woodland settings.
+The Aq Qoyunlu were in constant conflict with the [[Kara Koyunlu]], another Turkmen confederation. The rivalry between these two groups was a significant aspect of the political landscape in the region during the 15th century.
-In addition to its ornamental value, the Small Vanilla Lily has traditional uses among Indigenous Australian peoples. The tubers are edible and were historically consumed for their nutritional value. The plant also holds cultural significance in certain Indigenous Australian communities.
+===Relations with the Ottomans===
+The Aq Qoyunlu also had complex relations with the [[Ottoman Empire]]. While initially maintaining a degree of cooperation, tensions eventually led to military confrontations. The most notable conflict was the [[Battle of Otlukbeli]] in 1473, where the Ottomans defeated the Aq Qoyunlu forces.
-== Conservation ==
+===Decline and Fall===
-Currently, ''Arthropodium minus'' does not face any immediate threats that would warrant conservation concern. However, like many native Australian plants, it could be susceptible to habitat loss due to agricultural expansion, urban development, and climate change. Efforts to preserve its natural habitats are essential for ensuring the species' long-term survival.
+After the death of Uzun Hasan, the Aq Qoyunlu began to decline. Internal strife and external pressures, particularly from the rising [[Safavid dynasty]], led to their eventual downfall. By the early 16th century, the Aq Qoyunlu were absorbed into the Safavid Empire.
-[[Category:Flora of Australia]]
+==Culture and Society==
-[[Category:Asparagaceae]]
+The Aq Qoyunlu were known for their patronage of the arts and architecture. They contributed to the cultural and architectural development of the regions they controlled, leaving behind a legacy that can still be seen today.
-{{plant-stub}}
+===Architecture===
+The Aq Qoyunlu were responsible for several architectural projects, including mosques, madrasas, and mausoleums. The [[Zeynel Bey Mausoleum]] in [[Hasankeyf]] is one of the most notable examples of Aq Qoyunlu architecture.
+===Coinage===
+The Aq Qoyunlu minted their own coins, which were an important aspect of their economic system. These coins often featured the names and titles of their rulers, reflecting the political and cultural influences of the time.
+==Gallery==
+<gallery>
+File:Sultan_Khalil_of_the_Aq_Qoyunlu_1478.jpg|Sultan Khalil of the Aq Qoyunlu
+File:Mardin_P1050230_20080426113452.JPG|View of Mardin, a city associated with the Aq Qoyunlu
+File:Aqqoyunluflag.png|Flag of the Aq Qoyunlu
+File:Oghusenbuchmuseum.jpeg|Depiction of Oghuz Turks
+File:Zeynel_Bey_Mausoleum,_Hasankeyf.jpg|Zeynel Bey Mausoleum in Hasankeyf
+File:II_Mehmed_and_Ughurlu_Muhammed.png|Sultan Mehmed II and Ughurlu Muhammad
+File:Kasımiye_medrese,_Mardin,_Turkey.JPG|Kasımiye Medrese in Mardin
+File:Coin_of_the_Aq_Qoyunlu_leader_Jahangir.jpg|Coin of Jahangir, Aq Qoyunlu leader
+File:Coin_of_Uzun_Hasan,_minted_in_Amed_(Amid,_Diyarbakır)._Obverse.jpg|Coin of Uzun Hasan
+File:Coin_of_Yaqub_bin_Uzun_Hasan,_obverse.jpg|Coin of Yaqub bin Uzun Hasan
+File:Gold_coin_of_the_Aq_Qoyunlu_ruler_Baysunghur,_Tabriz_mint.jpg|Gold coin of Baysunghur
+File:Coin_of_Sultan_Rustam_(Aq_Qoyunlu).png|Coin of Sultan Rustam
+File:Coin_of_Sultan_Ahmad_(Aq_Qoyunlu).jpg|Coin of Sultan Ahmad
+File:Coin_of_Sultan_Muhammed_(Aq_Qoyunlu).png|Coin of Sultan Muhammed
+File:Coin_of_Sultan_Alvand_(Aq_Qoyunlu).jpg|Coin of Sultan Alvand
+File:Coin_of_Sultan_Murad_(Aq_Qoyunlu).jpg|Coin of Sultan Murad
+</gallery>
+==Related pages==
+* [[Kara Koyunlu]]
+* [[Safavid dynasty]]
+* [[Ottoman Empire]]
+* [[Oghuz Turks]]
+[[Category:Turkmen history]]
+[[Category:Former countries in the Middle East]]
+[[Category:Medieval Iran]]
+[[Category:Medieval Turkey]]