CD68: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 16:26, 16 February 2025

Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis[edit]

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is a rare, severe, chronic inflammatory disorder of the kidney characterized by the destruction of renal parenchyma and its replacement with granulomatous tissue containing lipid-laden macrophages, also known as xanthoma cells. This condition is often associated with urinary tract infections and obstructive uropathy.

Pathophysiology[edit]

The pathogenesis of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is not completely understood, but it is believed to involve chronic infection and obstruction. The obstruction, often due to kidney stones or hydronephrosis, leads to impaired drainage and stasis of urine, creating an environment conducive to infection. The chronic infection results in an inflammatory response, with the recruitment of macrophages that ingest lipids, forming the characteristic xanthoma cells.

Clinical Presentation[edit]

Patients with xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis typically present with symptoms of chronic kidney infection, such as fever, flank pain, and malaise. There may also be a palpable mass in the flank region. Laboratory findings often include leukocytosis and elevated inflammatory markers. Urinalysis may show pyuria and bacteriuria.

Diagnosis[edit]

The diagnosis of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is often made through imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, which reveal an enlarged kidney with multiple low-density areas. A definitive diagnosis is made through histopathological examination, which shows the presence of xanthoma cells and granulomatous inflammation.

Treatment[edit]

The primary treatment for xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is surgical, often requiring a nephrectomy to remove the affected kidney. Antibiotic therapy is also used to treat any underlying infection. In some cases, partial nephrectomy or drainage procedures may be considered if the condition is caught early and the kidney function can be preserved.

Prognosis[edit]

The prognosis for patients with xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is generally good following surgical intervention, although the condition can lead to significant morbidity if not treated promptly. Early diagnosis and management are crucial to prevent complications such as sepsis or chronic kidney disease.

Related Pages[edit]

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-'''CD68''' is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD68 gene. It is a member of the lysosomal/endosomal-associated membrane glycoprotein (LAMP) family. The protein primarily localizes in lysosomes and endosomes with a smaller fraction circulating to the cell surface. It is a type of glycoprotein and is found in macrophages and derived from a hematopoietic stem cell.
+== Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis ==
-== Function ==
+[[File:Xanthogranulomatous_pyelonephritis_cd68.jpg|thumb|right|CD68 staining in xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis]]
-CD68 is a heavily glycosylated transmembrane protein that is expressed in several tissues of the body. It is particularly abundant in macrophages and other cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system. The protein serves as a marker for these cells, allowing them to be identified and studied. CD68 is involved in the uptake and degradation of material by cells, a process known as phagocytosis. It is also thought to play a role in the immune response.
-== Clinical significance ==
+'''Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis''' is a rare, severe, chronic inflammatory disorder of the kidney characterized by the destruction of renal parenchyma and its replacement with granulomatous tissue containing lipid-laden macrophages, also known as xanthoma cells. This condition is often associated with [[urinary tract infection]]s and [[obstructive uropathy]].
-CD68 is used as a diagnostic tool in pathology. It is used to identify the presence of macrophages in tissue samples, which can indicate an immune response. It is also used to identify certain types of tumors, particularly those derived from monocytes or macrophages. CD68 is also used in research to understand the role of macrophages in disease.
-== See also ==
+== Pathophysiology ==
-* [[Macrophage]]
-* [[Monocyte]]
-* [[Phagocytosis]]
-* [[Glycoprotein]]
-* [[Lysosome]]
-* [[Endosome]]
-== References ==
+The pathogenesis of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is not completely understood, but it is believed to involve chronic infection and obstruction. The obstruction, often due to [[kidney stones]] or [[hydronephrosis]], leads to impaired drainage and stasis of urine, creating an environment conducive to infection. The chronic infection results in an inflammatory response, with the recruitment of macrophages that ingest lipids, forming the characteristic xanthoma cells.
-<references />
-[[Category:Proteins]]
+== Clinical Presentation ==
-[[Category:Genes]]
-[[Category:Immunology]]
-[[Category:Pathology]]
-[[Category:Diagnostic tools]]
-{{stub}}
+Patients with xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis typically present with symptoms of chronic kidney infection, such as fever, flank pain, and malaise. There may also be a palpable mass in the flank region. Laboratory findings often include leukocytosis and elevated inflammatory markers. Urinalysis may show pyuria and bacteriuria.
+== Diagnosis ==
+The diagnosis of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is often made through imaging studies such as [[ultrasound]], [[CT scan]], or [[MRI]], which reveal an enlarged kidney with multiple low-density areas. A definitive diagnosis is made through histopathological examination, which shows the presence of xanthoma cells and granulomatous inflammation.
+== Treatment ==
+The primary treatment for xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is surgical, often requiring a [[nephrectomy]] to remove the affected kidney. Antibiotic therapy is also used to treat any underlying infection. In some cases, partial nephrectomy or drainage procedures may be considered if the condition is caught early and the kidney function can be preserved.
+== Prognosis ==
+The prognosis for patients with xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is generally good following surgical intervention, although the condition can lead to significant morbidity if not treated promptly. Early diagnosis and management are crucial to prevent complications such as [[sepsis]] or [[chronic kidney disease]].
+== Related Pages ==
+* [[Pyelonephritis]]
+* [[Kidney stone]]
+* [[Urinary tract infection]]
+* [[Nephrectomy]]
+{{Kidney diseases}}
+[[Category:Kidney diseases]]