Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state: Difference between revisions
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[[ | {{Infobox medical condition | ||
| name = Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state | |||
| synonyms = Hyperosmolar non-ketotic state, Hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma | |||
| image = <!-- Image removed --> | |||
| caption = <!-- Caption removed --> | |||
| field = [[Endocrinology]] | |||
| symptoms = [[Dehydration]], [[confusion]], [[lethargy]], [[seizures]] | |||
| complications = [[Coma]], [[death]] | |||
| onset = Gradual | |||
| duration = Variable | |||
| causes = [[Infection]], [[medication noncompliance]], [[stress]] | |||
| risks = [[Type 2 diabetes]], [[elderly]], [[chronic illness]] | |||
| diagnosis = [[Blood test]], [[urinalysis]] | |||
| treatment = [[Intravenous fluids]], [[insulin therapy]], [[electrolyte replacement]] | |||
| prognosis = Variable | |||
| frequency = Less common than [[diabetic ketoacidosis]] | |||
}} | |||
'''Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state''' (HHS) is a serious complication of [[diabetes mellitus]], particularly [[type 2 diabetes]]. It is characterized by extreme [[hyperglycemia]], [[hyperosmolarity]], and dehydration without significant [[ketoacidosis]]. | |||
== | == Signs and Symptoms == | ||
The symptoms of HHS include severe [[dehydration]], [[confusion]], [[lethargy]], and in severe cases, [[seizures]] and [[coma]]. Patients may also experience [[polyuria]] and [[polydipsia]]. | |||
HHS is | == Causes == | ||
HHS is often precipitated by factors such as [[infection]], [[medication noncompliance]], or [[stress]]. It is more common in the [[elderly]] and those with [[chronic illness]]. | |||
== | == Pathophysiology == | ||
In HHS, the body experiences extreme [[hyperglycemia]] due to insufficient [[insulin]] action. This leads to increased [[osmolarity]] of the blood, causing water to move out of cells and resulting in severe [[dehydration]]. Unlike [[diabetic ketoacidosis]], there is minimal [[ketone]] production. | |||
== Diagnosis == | |||
Diagnosis of HHS is based on clinical presentation and laboratory tests. Key diagnostic criteria include high [[blood glucose]] levels, increased [[serum osmolarity]], and absence of significant [[ketonemia]]. | |||
== Treatment == | |||
The primary treatment for HHS involves aggressive [[intravenous fluid]] replacement to correct dehydration, [[insulin therapy]] to reduce blood glucose levels, and [[electrolyte replacement]] to address imbalances. Monitoring and supportive care are crucial. | |||
== | == Prognosis == | ||
The prognosis of HHS varies depending on the timeliness of treatment and the presence of underlying conditions. Early intervention can significantly improve outcomes. | |||
HHS | |||
== See Also == | |||
* [[Diabetic ketoacidosis]] | * [[Diabetic ketoacidosis]] | ||
* [[Diabetes mellitus]] | * [[Diabetes mellitus]] | ||
* [[Hyperglycemia]] | * [[Hyperglycemia]] | ||
== References == | |||
{{Reflist}} | |||
== External Links == | |||
* [https://www.diabetes.org/diabetes/hyperosmolar-hyperglycemic-state American Diabetes Association: Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State] | |||
[[Category:Diabetes]] | [[Category:Diabetes]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Endocrinology]] | ||
[[Category:Medical emergencies]] | [[Category:Medical emergencies]] | ||
Latest revision as of 04:30, 29 December 2024
| Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state | |
|---|---|
| Synonyms | Hyperosmolar non-ketotic state, Hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma |
| Pronounce | N/A |
| Specialty | N/A |
| Symptoms | Dehydration, confusion, lethargy, seizures |
| Complications | Coma, death |
| Onset | Gradual |
| Duration | Variable |
| Types | N/A |
| Causes | Infection, medication noncompliance, stress |
| Risks | Type 2 diabetes, elderly, chronic illness |
| Diagnosis | Blood test, urinalysis |
| Differential diagnosis | N/A |
| Prevention | N/A |
| Treatment | Intravenous fluids, insulin therapy, electrolyte replacement |
| Medication | N/A |
| Prognosis | Variable |
| Frequency | Less common than diabetic ketoacidosis |
| Deaths | N/A |
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus, particularly type 2 diabetes. It is characterized by extreme hyperglycemia, hyperosmolarity, and dehydration without significant ketoacidosis.
Signs and Symptoms[edit]
The symptoms of HHS include severe dehydration, confusion, lethargy, and in severe cases, seizures and coma. Patients may also experience polyuria and polydipsia.
Causes[edit]
HHS is often precipitated by factors such as infection, medication noncompliance, or stress. It is more common in the elderly and those with chronic illness.
Pathophysiology[edit]
In HHS, the body experiences extreme hyperglycemia due to insufficient insulin action. This leads to increased osmolarity of the blood, causing water to move out of cells and resulting in severe dehydration. Unlike diabetic ketoacidosis, there is minimal ketone production.
Diagnosis[edit]
Diagnosis of HHS is based on clinical presentation and laboratory tests. Key diagnostic criteria include high blood glucose levels, increased serum osmolarity, and absence of significant ketonemia.
Treatment[edit]
The primary treatment for HHS involves aggressive intravenous fluid replacement to correct dehydration, insulin therapy to reduce blood glucose levels, and electrolyte replacement to address imbalances. Monitoring and supportive care are crucial.
Prognosis[edit]
The prognosis of HHS varies depending on the timeliness of treatment and the presence of underlying conditions. Early intervention can significantly improve outcomes.
See Also[edit]
References[edit]
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