Cat-scratch disease: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox medical condition | |||
| name = Cat-scratch disease | |||
| image = [[File:Cat-scratch-disease.jpg|250px]] | |||
| caption = Typical rash associated with cat-scratch disease | |||
| field = [[Infectious disease]] | |||
| synonyms = Cat-scratch fever, Teeny's disease | |||
| symptoms = [[Fever]], [[fatigue]], [[headache]], [[lymphadenopathy]] | |||
| complications = [[Encephalopathy]], [[neuroretinitis]], [[endocarditis]] | |||
| onset = 3–14 days after exposure | |||
| duration = Weeks to months | |||
| causes = ''[[Bartonella henselae]]'' | |||
| risks = [[Cat]] exposure, [[immunocompromised]] individuals | |||
| diagnosis = [[Serology]], [[polymerase chain reaction|PCR]] | |||
| differential = [[Lymphoma]], [[tularemia]], [[tuberculosis]] | |||
| prevention = Avoiding rough play with cats, especially kittens | |||
| treatment = [[Antibiotics]] (e.g., [[azithromycin]]) | |||
| prognosis = Generally good | |||
| frequency = Common | |||
}} | |||
'''Cat-scratch disease''' (CSD) is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium ''[[Bartonella henselae]]''. This condition is most commonly transmitted to humans through scratches, bites, or licks from an infected cat, typically a kitten. Following infection, patients may experience a range of symptoms including a blister or bump at the site of the wound, lymph node swelling, fever, fatigue, headaches, and sore throat.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Walters|first=Adam|title=Cat-scratch disease|journal=American Family Physician|year=2011|pmid=21322520}}</ref> | '''Cat-scratch disease''' (CSD) is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium ''[[Bartonella henselae]]''. This condition is most commonly transmitted to humans through scratches, bites, or licks from an infected cat, typically a kitten. Following infection, patients may experience a range of symptoms including a blister or bump at the site of the wound, lymph node swelling, fever, fatigue, headaches, and sore throat.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Walters|first=Adam|title=Cat-scratch disease|journal=American Family Physician|year=2011|pmid=21322520}}</ref> | ||
[[File:Cat-scratch-disease.jpg|left|thumb|Cat-scratch-disease]] | |||
[[File:Cat-scratch-disease.jpg|thumb|Cat-scratch-disease]] | [[File:Cat-scratch disease lesion.jpg|left|thumb|Cat-scratch disease lesion]] | ||
[[File:Cat-scratch disease lesion.jpg|thumb|Cat-scratch disease lesion]] | [[File:Cat scratch disease -a- high mag.jpg|left|thumb|Cat scratch disease -a- high mag]] | ||
[[File:Cat scratch disease -a- high mag.jpg|thumb|Cat scratch disease -a- high mag]] | |||
== Etiology and Transmission == <!--T:2--> | == Etiology and Transmission == <!--T:2--> | ||
The primary causative agent of cat-scratch disease is the bacterium ''Bartonella henselae'', which is typically harbored in the saliva of infected cats. The bacterium can be transmitted to humans through a cat scratch, bite, or even a lick on an open wound. It has been estimated that about 40% of cats carry ''B. henselae'' at some point in their lives, with kittens being more likely to be carriers.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Chomel|first=Bruno B.|title=Cat-scratch disease|journal=Rev Sci Tech.|year=2000|pmid=11189715}}</ref> | The primary causative agent of cat-scratch disease is the bacterium ''Bartonella henselae'', which is typically harbored in the saliva of infected cats. The bacterium can be transmitted to humans through a cat scratch, bite, or even a lick on an open wound. It has been estimated that about 40% of cats carry ''B. henselae'' at some point in their lives, with kittens being more likely to be carriers.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Chomel|first=Bruno B.|title=Cat-scratch disease|journal=Rev Sci Tech.|year=2000|pmid=11189715}}</ref> | ||
== Clinical Manifestations == <!--T:3--> | == Clinical Manifestations == <!--T:3--> | ||
The initial symptom of cat-scratch disease typically presents as a small bump or blister at the site of the cat scratch or bite. Within one to three weeks of the initial wound, patients may experience swelling and tenderness of the lymph nodes near the wound site. Other common symptoms include fever, fatigue, headaches, and less commonly, a sore throat. In rare cases, the disease can cause more serious complications, such as encephalopathy or neuroretinitis.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Windsor|first=John J.|title=Cat-scratch disease: epidemiology, aetiology, and treatment|journal=British Journal of Biomedical Science|year=2001|pmid=11402399}}</ref> | The initial symptom of cat-scratch disease typically presents as a small bump or blister at the site of the cat scratch or bite. Within one to three weeks of the initial wound, patients may experience swelling and tenderness of the lymph nodes near the wound site. Other common symptoms include fever, fatigue, headaches, and less commonly, a sore throat. In rare cases, the disease can cause more serious complications, such as encephalopathy or neuroretinitis.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Windsor|first=John J.|title=Cat-scratch disease: epidemiology, aetiology, and treatment|journal=British Journal of Biomedical Science|year=2001|pmid=11402399}}</ref> | ||
== Diagnosis and Treatment == <!--T:4--> | == Diagnosis and Treatment == <!--T:4--> | ||
Diagnosis of cat-scratch disease is often based on clinical presentation and a history of exposure to cats. Laboratory tests such as serology, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or culture of the organism can help confirm the diagnosis. | Diagnosis of cat-scratch disease is often based on clinical presentation and a history of exposure to cats. Laboratory tests such as serology, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or culture of the organism can help confirm the diagnosis. | ||
Treatment primarily involves supportive care, as the disease is often self-limiting in immunocompetent individuals. However, in some cases, antibiotics such as azithromycin may be prescribed. For more serious complications, hospitalization and more aggressive treatment may be required.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bass|first=Joseph W.|title=Prospective randomized double blind placebo-controlled evaluation of azithromycin for treatment of cat-scratch disease|journal=Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal|year=1998|pmid=9655551}}</ref> | Treatment primarily involves supportive care, as the disease is often self-limiting in immunocompetent individuals. However, in some cases, antibiotics such as azithromycin may be prescribed. For more serious complications, hospitalization and more aggressive treatment may be required.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bass|first=Joseph W.|title=Prospective randomized double blind placebo-controlled evaluation of azithromycin for treatment of cat-scratch disease|journal=Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal|year=1998|pmid=9655551}}</ref> | ||
== Prevention == <!--T:5--> | == Prevention == <!--T:5--> | ||
Prevention of cat-scratch disease involves avoiding rough play with cats, especially kittens, that may lead to scratches or bites. Washing hands after playing with cats, and cleaning any cat-inflicted wounds promptly and thoroughly can also help prevent infection.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthypets/diseases/cat-scratch.html|title=Cat-Scratch Disease|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|date=24 September 2019|accessdate=23 June 2021}}</ref> As of now, there is no vaccine available for ''Bartonella henselae''. | Prevention of cat-scratch disease involves avoiding rough play with cats, especially kittens, that may lead to scratches or bites. Washing hands after playing with cats, and cleaning any cat-inflicted wounds promptly and thoroughly can also help prevent infection.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthypets/diseases/cat-scratch.html|title=Cat-Scratch Disease|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|date=24 September 2019|accessdate=23 June 2021}}</ref> As of now, there is no vaccine available for ''Bartonella henselae''. | ||
== See Also == <!--T:6--> | == See Also == <!--T:6--> | ||
* [[Bartonellosis]] | * [[Bartonellosis]] | ||
* [[Zoonosis]] | * [[Zoonosis]] | ||
* [[Trench Fever]] | * [[Trench Fever]] | ||
== References == <!--T:7--> | == References == <!--T:7--> | ||
[[Category:Zoonotic bacterial diseases]] | [[Category:Zoonotic bacterial diseases]] | ||
[[Category:Cat diseases]] | [[Category:Cat diseases]] | ||
{{stub}} | {{stub}} | ||
Revision as of 21:33, 4 April 2025
Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
Founder, WikiMD Wellnesspedia &
W8MD's medical weight loss NYC, sleep center NYC
Philadelphia medical weight loss and Philadelphia sleep clinics
| Cat-scratch disease | |
|---|---|
| File:Cat-scratch-disease.jpg | |
| Synonyms | Cat-scratch fever, Teeny's disease |
| Pronounce | N/A |
| Specialty | N/A |
| Symptoms | Fever, fatigue, headache, lymphadenopathy |
| Complications | Encephalopathy, neuroretinitis, endocarditis |
| Onset | 3–14 days after exposure |
| Duration | Weeks to months |
| Types | N/A |
| Causes | Bartonella henselae |
| Risks | Cat exposure, immunocompromised individuals |
| Diagnosis | Serology, PCR |
| Differential diagnosis | Lymphoma, tularemia, tuberculosis |
| Prevention | Avoiding rough play with cats, especially kittens |
| Treatment | Antibiotics (e.g., azithromycin) |
| Medication | N/A |
| Prognosis | Generally good |
| Frequency | Common |
| Deaths | N/A |
Cat-scratch disease (CSD) is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Bartonella henselae. This condition is most commonly transmitted to humans through scratches, bites, or licks from an infected cat, typically a kitten. Following infection, patients may experience a range of symptoms including a blister or bump at the site of the wound, lymph node swelling, fever, fatigue, headaches, and sore throat.<ref>Walters, Adam,
Cat-scratch disease, American Family Physician, 2011, PMID: 21322520,</ref>
Etiology and Transmission
The primary causative agent of cat-scratch disease is the bacterium Bartonella henselae, which is typically harbored in the saliva of infected cats. The bacterium can be transmitted to humans through a cat scratch, bite, or even a lick on an open wound. It has been estimated that about 40% of cats carry B. henselae at some point in their lives, with kittens being more likely to be carriers.<ref>Chomel, Bruno B.,
Cat-scratch disease, Rev Sci Tech., 2000, PMID: 11189715,</ref>
Clinical Manifestations
The initial symptom of cat-scratch disease typically presents as a small bump or blister at the site of the cat scratch or bite. Within one to three weeks of the initial wound, patients may experience swelling and tenderness of the lymph nodes near the wound site. Other common symptoms include fever, fatigue, headaches, and less commonly, a sore throat. In rare cases, the disease can cause more serious complications, such as encephalopathy or neuroretinitis.<ref>Windsor, John J.,
Cat-scratch disease: epidemiology, aetiology, and treatment, British Journal of Biomedical Science, 2001, PMID: 11402399,</ref>
Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosis of cat-scratch disease is often based on clinical presentation and a history of exposure to cats. Laboratory tests such as serology, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or culture of the organism can help confirm the diagnosis. Treatment primarily involves supportive care, as the disease is often self-limiting in immunocompetent individuals. However, in some cases, antibiotics such as azithromycin may be prescribed. For more serious complications, hospitalization and more aggressive treatment may be required.<ref>Bass, Joseph W.,
Prospective randomized double blind placebo-controlled evaluation of azithromycin for treatment of cat-scratch disease, Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 1998, PMID: 9655551,</ref>
Prevention
Prevention of cat-scratch disease involves avoiding rough play with cats, especially kittens, that may lead to scratches or bites. Washing hands after playing with cats, and cleaning any cat-inflicted wounds promptly and thoroughly can also help prevent infection.<ref>
Cat-Scratch Disease(link). {{{website}}}. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 24 September 2019.
</ref> As of now, there is no vaccine available for Bartonella henselae.
