Esotropia

Esotropia is a form of strabismus (Convergent strabismus), or eye misalignment, where one or both eyes turn inward. This condition can occur intermittently or constantly and may be present from birth or acquired later in life. Esotropia can lead to a variety of symptoms, including double vision, decreased depth perception, and vision loss in one eye (also known as amblyopia) if not treated promptly<ref>,

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Classification and Symptoms

Esotropia can be broadly categorized into congenital (or infantile) esotropia, accommodative esotropia, and acquired non-accommodative esotropia. The primary symptom is an inward deviation of one or both eyes. Additional symptoms can include squinting, eye fatigue, sensitivity to light, and difficulty with depth perception<ref>,

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Etiology and Risk Factors

While the exact cause of esotropia is often unknown, it is likely a result of a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Some individuals may have a family history of the condition. Additionally, it can also be associated with certain systemic or neurological conditions such as cerebral palsy, Down syndrome, hydrocephalus, or prematurity<ref>,

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Diagnosis

Diagnosis of esotropia is made through a comprehensive eye examination, which may include testing of eye alignment and movement, refraction to determine the appropriate lens power, and a detailed examination of the internal and external eye structures. Other neurological or systemic evaluations may be required if an underlying condition is suspected<ref>,

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Treatment

The goal of treatment is to improve eye alignment, which can enhance binocular vision, prevent amblyopia, and improve cosmetic appearance. Treatment options can range from corrective glasses in the case of accommodative esotropia, to patching of the stronger eye, eye exercises, or surgery. In certain cases, Botulinum toxin injections may be used as an alternative to surgery<ref>,

 Management of esotropia: current concepts and techniques, 
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References

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Esotropia

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  Uncorrected esotropia
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  Corrected esotropia