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| {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}} | | {{Short description|A technique for improving posture and movement}} |
| | {{Alternative medical systems|fringe| expanded = no}} |
| | The '''Alexander Technique''' is an educational process that was created to retrain habitual patterns of movement and posture. It is named after its creator, [[Frederick Matthias Alexander]], who developed the technique in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The technique is used to improve movement, balance, support, and coordination. |
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| The '''Alexander Technique''', named after its creator [[Frederick Matthias Alexander]], is an educational process that was created to retrain habitual patterns of movement and posture. Alexander believed that [[Poor posture|poor habits in posture]] and movement damaged spatial [[self-awareness]] as well as health, and that movement efficiency could support overall physical well-being. He saw the technique as a mental training technique as well.<ref name=bloch/>{{rp|221}}
| | ==History== |
| | | The Alexander Technique was developed by [[Frederick Matthias Alexander]], an Australian actor who experienced chronic voice problems. After a process of self-observation and experimentation, Alexander concluded that his vocal issues were related to poor posture and movement habits. He developed a method to improve his posture and movement, which he later taught to others. |
| Alexander began developing his technique's principles in the 1890s<ref>{{cite journal | last = Rootberg | first = Ruth | title = Voice and Gender and other contemporary issues in professional voice and speech training | journal = Voice and Speech Review | pages = 164–170 |date=September 2007 | issue = 1 | doi = | volume = 35 | editor= Mandy Rees}}</ref> in an attempt to address [[voice loss]] during public speaking.<ref name=bloch/>{{rp|34–35}} He credited his method with allowing him to pursue his passion for reciting in [[Shakespearean]] theater.<ref>{{cite book |last=Harer |first1=John B. |last2=Munden |first2=Sharon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f8RlC8aE5foC&dq |title=The Alexander Technique Resource Book: A Reference Guide |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2008 |pages= xii–xiii |isbn=978-0810863927 |accessdate=2014-06-03 }}</ref>
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| Some proponents of the Alexander Technique say that it addresses a variety of health conditions related to cumulative physical behaviors, but there is little evidence to support many of the claims made about the technique.<ref name=aus17/><ref name="NHS"/> As of 2015 there was evidence suggesting the Alexander Technique may be helpful for long-term [[back pain]], long-term [[neck pain]], and may help people cope with [[Parkinson's disease]].<ref name="NHS">{{cite web|author1=NHS |title=Alexander Technique – NHS Choices |url=http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/alexander-technique/Pages/Introduction.aspx|website=www.nhs.uk|accessdate=17 April 2016}}</ref> However, both [[Aetna]] and the Australian Department of Health have conducted reviews and concluded that the technique has insufficient evidence to warrant insurance coverage.<ref name="aus17" /><ref name=":0" />
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| ==Uses==
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| The Alexander Technique is used and taught by classically trained vocal coaches and musicians in schools and private lessons. Its advocates state that it allows for a balanced use of all aspects of the vocal tract by consciously increasing air-flow, allowing improved vocal skill and tone. The method is said by actors to reduce [[stage fright]] and to increase spontaneity.<ref>{{cite book | last = Aronson | first = AE | title = Clinical Voice Disorders: An Interdisciplinary Approach, | year = 1990 | publisher=Thieme Medical Publishers | isbn=0-86577-337-8}}</ref>
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| The Alexander Technique is a frequent component in acting training, because it can assist the actor in being more natural in performance.<ref name=actor/>
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| According to Alexander Technique instructor [[Michael J. Gelb]], people tend to study the Alexander Technique for reasons of personal development.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gelb|first=Michael J.|title=Body learning : an introduction to the Alexander Technique|year=1995|publisher=Holt|location=New York|isbn=0805042067|pages=3–4|edition=2nd Owl Book}}</ref>
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| ===Health effects===
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| A review of evidence for Alexander Technique for various health conditions provided by UK [[National Health Service (England)#Internet information service|NHS Choices]] last updated in 2018 said that advocates of the technique made claims for it that were not supported by evidence, but that there was evidence suggesting that it might help with:
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| <blockquote>
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| * long-term back pain – lessons in the technique may lead to reduced back pain-associated disability and reduce how often you feel pain for up to a year or more
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| * long-term neck pain – lessons in the technique may lead to reduced neck pain and associated disability for up to a year or more
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| * Parkinson's disease – lessons in the technique may help you carry out everyday tasks more easily and improve how you feel about your condition<ref name="NHS" /></blockquote>
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| ''NHS Choices'' also states that "some research has also suggested the Alexander technique may improve general long-term pain, stammering and balance skills in elderly people to help them avoid falls. But the evidence in these areas is limited and more studies are needed. There's currently little evidence to suggest the Alexander technique can help improve other health conditions, including asthma, headaches, osteoarthritis, difficulty sleeping (insomnia) and stress."<ref name="NHS" />
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| A review published in ''[[BioMed Central#Journals|BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine]]'' in 2014 focused on "the evidence for the effectiveness of AT sessions on musicians' performance, anxiety, respiratory function and posture" concluded that: "Evidence from RCTs and CTs suggests that AT sessions may improve performance anxiety in musicians. Effects on music performance, respiratory function and posture yet remain inconclusive."<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Klein|first1=SD|last2=Bayard|first2=C|last3=Wolf|first3=U|title=The Alexander Technique and musicians: a systematic review of controlled trials.|journal=BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine|date=24 October 2014|volume=14|pages=414|pmid=25344325|pmc=4287507|doi=10.1186/1472-6882-14-414}}</ref>
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| A review published in the ''[[International Journal of Clinical Practice]]'' in 2012 found: "Strong evidence exists for the effectiveness of Alexander Technique lessons for chronic back pain and moderate evidence in Parkinson’s-associated disability. Preliminary evidence suggests that Alexander Technique lessons may lead to improvements in balance skills in the elderly, in general chronic pain, posture, respiratory function and stuttering, but there is insufficient evidence to support recommendations in these areas."<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=J. P. Woodman |author2=N. R. Moore | title = Evidence for the effectiveness of Alexander Technique lessons in medical and health-related conditions: a systematic review | journal = International Journal of Clinical Practice | volume = 66 | issue = 1 | pages = 98–112 |date=January 2012 | doi = 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2011.02817.x | pmid = 22171910}}</ref>
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| A 2012 [[Cochrane (organisation)|Cochrane]] [[systematic review]] found that there is no conclusive evidence that the Alexander technique is effective for treating asthma, and randomized clinical trials are needed in order to assess the effectiveness of this type of treatment approach.<ref>{{cite journal|last2=Cates|first2=CJ|date=12 September 2012|title=Alexander technique for chronic asthma.|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|issue=9|pages=CD000995|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000995.pub2|pmid=22972048|last1=Dennis|first1=JA}}</ref>
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| A review by [[Aetna]] last updated in 2016 stated: "Aetna considers the following alternative medicine interventions experimental and investigational, because there is inadequate evidence in the peer-reviewed published medical literature of their effectiveness." Included is Alexander technique in that list.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Complementary and Alternative Medicine – Number 0388|url=http://www.aetna.com/cpb/medical/data/300_399/0388.html|publisher=Aetna|accessdate=19 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919012537/http://www.aetna.com/cpb/medical/data/300_399/0388.html|archivedate=September 19, 2016}}</ref>
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| A review published in 2015 and conducted for the Australia Department of Health in order to determine what services the Australian government should pay for, reviewed clinical trials published to date and found that: "Overall, the evidence was limited by the small number of participants in the intervention arms, wide confidence intervals or a lack of replication of results." It concluded that: "The Alexander technique may improve short-term pain and disability in people with low back pain, but the longer-term effects remain uncertain. For all other clinical conditions, the effectiveness of Alexander technique was deemed to be uncertain, due to insufficient evidence." It also noted that: "Evidence for the safety of
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| Alexander technique was lacking, with most trials not reporting on this outcome.<ref name=aus17>{{cite web |url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/0E9129B3574FCA53CA257BF0001ACD11/$File/Natural%20Therapies%20Overview%20Report%20Final%20with%20copyright%2011%20March.pdf |publisher=Australian Government – Department of Health |format=PDF |author=Baggoley C |title=Review of the Australian Government Rebate on Natural Therapies for Private Health Insurance |year=2015 |lay-url=https://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/australian-review-finds-no-benefit-to-17-natural-therapies |lay-source=Gavura, S. Australian review finds no benefit to 17 natural therapies. Science-Based Medicine |lay-date=19 November 2015 |access-date=12 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160626024750/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/0E9129B3574FCA53CA257BF0001ACD11/$File/Natural%20Therapies%20Overview%20Report%20Final%20with%20copyright%2011%20March.pdf |archive-date=26 June 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Subsequently in 2017 the Australian government named the Alexander Technique as a practice that would not qualify for insurance subsidy, saying this step would "ensure taxpayer funds are expended appropriately and not directed to therapies lacking evidence".<ref name=nosubsidy>{{cite web |title=Homeopathy, naturopathy struck off private insurance list |author=Paola S |date=17 October 2017 |journal=Australian Journal of Pharmacy |url=https://ajp.com.au/news/homeopathy-naturopathy-struck-off-private-insurance-list/}}</ref>
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| == Method ==
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| The Alexander Technique is most commonly taught privately in a series of 10 to 40 private lessons which may last from 30 minutes to an hour. Students are often performers, such as actors, dancers, musicians, athletes and public speakers, people who work on computers, or those who are in frequent pain for other reasons. Instructors observe their students, then show them how to move with better poise and less strain.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rodenburg|first=Kelly McEvenue |chapter= Foreword by Patsy|title=The actor and the Alexander Technique|year=2002|publisher=Palgrave, Macmillan|location=New York|isbn=0312295154|pages=3|edition=1st Palgrave Macmillan}}</ref> Sessions include chair work – often in front of a mirror, during which the instructor and the student will stand, sit and lie down, moving efficiently while maintaining a comfortable relationship between the head, neck and spine, and table work or physical manipulation.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jain,|first=Sanjiv|author2=Kristy Janssen |author3= Sharon DeCelle|journal=Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America|year=2004|volume=15|pages=811–825|doi=10.1016/j.pmr.2004.04.005|pmid=15458754|title=Alexander Technique and Feldenkrais method: A critical overview|issue=4|citeseerx=10.1.1.611.4183}}</ref>
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| To qualify as a teacher of Alexander Technique, instructors are required to complete 1,600 hours, spanning three years, of supervised teacher training. The result must be satisfactory to qualified peers to gain membership in professional societies.<ref name="Arnold 1997"/><ref name=Little>{{cite journal|last=Little|first=P.|author2=Lewith, G.|author3= Webley, F. |author4=Evans, M. |author5=Beattie, A. |author6=Middleton, K. |author7=Barnett, J. |author8=Ballard, K. |author9=Oxford, F. |author10=Smith, P. |author11=Yardley, L. |author12=Hollinghurst, S. |author13=Sharp, D.|title=Randomised controlled trial of Alexander Technique lessons, exercise, and massage (ATEAM) for chronic and recurrent back pain|journal=BMJ|date=19 August 2008|volume=337|issue=aug19 2|pages=a884–a884|doi=10.1136/bmj.a884|pmid=18713809|pmc=3272681|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/337/bmj.a884.full}}</ref>
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| ===Process===
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| Alexander's approach emphasizes awareness strategies applied to conducting oneself while in action, (which could be now called "[[Mindfulness|mindful]]" action, though in his four books he did not use that term.) | | ==Principles== |
| | The Alexander Technique is based on several key principles: |
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| Actions such as sitting, [[Squatting position|squatting]], lunging or walking are often selected by the teacher. Other actions may be selected by the student that is tailored to their interests or work activities; hobbies, computer use, lifting, driving or artistic performance or practice, sports, speech or horseback riding. Alexander teachers often use themselves as examples. They demonstrate, explain, and analyze a student's moment-to-moment responses as well as using mirrors, video feedback or classmate observations. Guided modelling with a highly skilled light hand contact is the primary tool for detecting and guiding the student into a more coordinated state in movement and at rest during in-person lessons. Suggestions for improvements are often student-specific, as everyone starts out with slightly different habits.<ref name="Arnold 1997">{{cite web | last = Arnold | first = Joan |author2=Hope Gillerman | title = Frequently Asked Questions | publisher = American Society for the Alexander Technique | year = 1997 | url = http://www.alexandertech.org/misc/faq.html | accessdate =2 May 2007 }}</ref>
| | * '''Awareness''': Becoming more aware of one's own movement and posture habits. |
| | * '''Inhibition''': Learning to stop habitual responses to stimuli that lead to poor posture and movement. |
| | * '''Direction''': Consciously directing one's body into a more balanced and coordinated state. |
| | * '''Primary Control''': The relationship between the head, neck, and spine, which is considered central to overall body coordination. |
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| Exercise as a teaching tool is deliberately omitted because of a common mistaken assumption that there exists a "correct" position. There are only two specific procedures that are practiced by the student; the first is lying [[Supine position#Semi-supine|semi-supine]]. Resting in this way uses "mechanical advantage" as a means of redirecting long-term and short-term accumulated muscular tension into a more integrated and balanced state. This position is sometimes referred to as "constructive rest", or "the balanced resting state". It's also a specific time to practice Alexander's principle of [[conscious]] "directing" without "doing". The second exercise is the "Whispered Ah", which is used to co-ordinate freer breathing and vocal production.
| | ==Practice== |
| | The Alexander Technique is typically taught in one-on-one lessons with a certified teacher. During a lesson, the teacher uses verbal instructions and gentle touch to guide the student in becoming more aware of their movement and posture. The goal is to help the student develop a more conscious and efficient way of moving. |
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| Freedom, efficiency and patience are the prescribed values. Proscribed are unnecessary effort, self-limiting habits as well as mistaken perceptual conclusions about the nature of training and experimentation. Students are led to change their largely automatic routines that are interpreted by the teacher to currently or cumulatively be physically limiting, inefficient, or not in keeping with best "use" of themselves as a whole. The Alexander teacher provides verbal coaching while monitoring, guiding and preventing unnecessary habits at their source with a specialized hands-on assistance.<ref name="ptjournal.org">{{cite journal | last1 = Cacciatore | first1 = W | title = Improvement in Automatic Postural Coordination Following Alexander Technique Lessons in a Person With Low Back Pain | url = http://www.ptjournal.org/cgi/content/full/85/6/565 | journal = Physical Therapy | volume = 85 | issue = 6 | page = 565 | display-authors = etal | access-date = 15 July 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061029170552/http://www.ptjournal.org/cgi/content/full/85/6/565 | archive-date = 29 October 2006 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
| | ==Applications== |
| | The Alexander Technique is used by a wide range of individuals, including: |
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| This specialized hands-on skill also allows Alexander teachers to bring about a balanced working of the student's supportive musculature as it relates to gravity's downward pull from moment to moment. Often, students require a great deal of hands-on work in order to first gain an experience of a fully poised relation to gravity and themselves. The hands-on skill requires Alexander teachers to maintain in themselves from moment-to-moment their own improved psycho-physical co-ordination that the teacher is [[communicating]] to the student.<ref name="ptjournal.org"/>
| | * [[Performing artists]] such as musicians, actors, and dancers, who seek to improve their performance and reduce the risk of injury. |
| | * Individuals with [[chronic pain]] or [[musculoskeletal disorders]], who use the technique to alleviate symptoms and improve function. |
| | * People interested in improving their overall [[posture]] and [[movement]] efficiency. |
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| Alexander developed terminology to describe his methods, outlined in his four books that explain the experience of learning and substituting new improvements. | | ==Benefits== |
| | Proponents of the Alexander Technique claim that it can lead to: |
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| ;Constructive Conscious Control
| | * Improved posture and movement |
| :Alexander insisted on the need for strategic reasoning because [[kinesthetic]] and [[proprioceptive]] sensory awareness are relative senses, not truthful indicators of a person's factual relationships within him/herself or within the environment. A person's habitual neuro-muscular relation to gravity is habitually sensed internally as "normal," despite being inefficient. Alexander's term, "debauched sensory appreciation" describes how the [[wikt:repetition|repetition]] of an action or response encourages the formation of habits as a person adapts to various circumstances or builds skills. Once trained and forgotten, completed habits may be used without feedback sensations that these habits are in effect, (even when only thinking about the situations that elicit them.)<ref>''Body Learning – An Introduction to the Alexander Technique'', Macmillan, 1996 {{ISBN|0805042067}}, quote p. 74, an article in New Scientist by Professor John Basmajian entitled "Conscious Control of Single Nerve Cells"</ref> Short-sighted habits are capable of becoming harmfully exaggerated over time, such as restricted breathing or other habitually assumed adaptations to past circumstances. Even exaggerated habits will stop after learning to perceive and prevent them.
| | * Reduced tension and stress |
| | * Enhanced performance in activities such as playing musical instruments or sports |
| | * Relief from chronic pain and discomfort |
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| ;End-gaining
| | ==Criticism== |
| :Another example is the term "end-gaining". This term means to focus on a goal so as to lose sight of the "means-whereby"<ref>The subject of "Means whereby, rather than the end, to be considered" is discussed many times in ''Man's Supreme Inheritance'', typically Chapter VI, p. 263</ref> the goal could be most appropriately achieved. According to Alexander teachers, "end-gaining" increases the likelihood of automatically selecting older or multiple conflicting coping strategies. End-gaining is usually carried out because an imperative priority of impatience or frustration justifies it. Excessive speed in thinking and acting often facilitates end-gaining. Going slowly is a strategy to undo "end-gaining".
| | While many individuals report benefits from the Alexander Technique, it has also faced criticism. Some critics argue that the technique lacks scientific evidence to support its claims. However, there is a growing body of research that suggests the technique can be beneficial for certain conditions, such as chronic back pain. |
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| ;Inhibition
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| :In the Alexander Technique lexicon, the principle of "inhibition" is considered by teachers to be the most important to gaining improved "use". F.M. Alexander's selection of this word predates the meaning of the word originated by [[Sigmund Freud]]. Inhibition, or "intentional inhibition". It is the act of refraining from responding in one's habitual manner – in particular, imposed tension in neck muscles (see Primary Control). Inhibition describes a moment of conscious awareness of a choice to interrupt, stop or entirely prevent an unnecessary habitual "misuse". As unnecessary habits are prevented or interrupted, a freer capacity and range of motion resumes and a more spontaneous choice of action or behavior can be discovered, which is experienced by the student as a state of "non-doing" or "allowing".
| | * [[Frederick Matthias Alexander]] |
| | | * [[Posture]] |
| ;Primary control
| | * [[Musculoskeletal disorders]] |
| :How the eyes and head initiate movement governs the training of ourselves in relationship to gravity. Our responses are influenced for good or ill by the qualities of head and eye direction at the inception of any reaction. The qualities and direction of our "primary control" occur in every waking moment in response to the stimulus to "do" – everything. A person can learn to influence their primary control, improving effortlessness. This influence involves the education of a particular quality of head, neck, torso, and limb relationship that works as we move and respond. A student learns to pay attention during action, without imposing expectations.
| | * [[Chronic pain]] |
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| ;Directions
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| :To continue to select and reinforce the often less dominant new ways, it is recommended to repeatedly suggest, by thinking to oneself, a particular series of "Orders" or "Directions". "Giving Directions" is the expression used for thinking and projecting the positive aspect of how one's self might be used in the most unified psycho-physical way as conveyed by the teacher's hands during a lesson.
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| "Directing" serves to counteract the common backward and downward pull and shortening in stature that can be detected at the beginning of every movement – particularly addressing a startle pattern of "fight, flight or freeze". A mere thought, as a projection of intention, shapes preparatory movement below the level of sensing it. Alexander used these words for reshaping these subliminal preparations: "The neck to be free, the head to go forward and up, the back to lengthen and widen". Some teachers have shortened this to a suggestion of, "Freer?" Negative directions (that use Alexander's other preventive principle of "inhibition") have also been found to be effective, because negative directions leave the positive response open-ended.
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| Whichever is used, all "Directing" is suggestively thought, (rather than willfully accomplished.) This is because the neuro-muscular responses to "Directing" often occur underneath one's ability to perceive how they are actually carried out neuro-physiologically and neuro-cognitively. As freedom of expression or movement is the objective, the most appropriate responses cannot be anticipated or expected, only observed and chosen in the moment.
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| Teacher trainees gradually learn to include a constant attending to their lengthening in stature in every movement. It becomes a basis for initiating and continuing every action, every response to stimuli or while remaining constructively at rest.
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| ;Psycho-physical unity
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| :Global concepts such as "Psycho-physical Unity" and "Use" describe how thinking strategies and attention work together during preparation for an action or for withholding one. They connote the general sequence of how intention joins together with execution to directly affect the perception of events and the outcome of intended results.<ref name=actor>{{cite book|title=The Actor and the Alexander Technique|pages=14|isbn=0-312-29515-4|first=Kelly|last= McEvenue|location=New York|publisher= Macmillan|year= 2002|edition=1st Palgrave Macmillan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ixvTPRlcSMoC}}</ref>
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| ==History==
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| Frederick Matthias Alexander (1869–1955) was a Shakespearean [[orator]] from [[Tasmania]], who developed voice loss during his unamplified performances. After doctors found no physical cause, Alexander reasoned that he was inadvertently damaging himself while speaking. He observed himself in multiple mirrors and saw that he was contracting his posture in preparation for any speech. He hypothesized that a habitual conditioned pattern (of pulling his head backwards and downwards) needlessly was disrupting the normal working of his total postural, breathing, and vocal processes.
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| With experimentation, Alexander developed the ability to stop the unnecessary and habitual contracting in his neck, displacement of his head, and shortening of his stature. As he became practised at speaking without these interferences, he found that his problem with recurrent voice loss was resolved. While on a recital tour in [[New Zealand]] (1895), he came to believe in the wider significance of improved carriage for overall physical functioning although evidence from his own publications appears to indicate it happened less systematically and over a long period of time.<ref name=bloch>{{cite book | last = Bloch | first = Michael | title = F.M. : the life of Frederick Matthias Alexander : founder of the Alexander technique | publisher = Little, Brown | location = London | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-316-86048-2 }}</ref>{{rp|36}}
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| ===Influence===
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| The American [[philosopher]] and [[educator]] [[John Dewey]] became impressed with the Alexander Technique after his [[headache]]s, [[neck pain]]s, [[blurred vision]], and [[Psychological stress|stress]] symptoms largely improved during the time he used Alexander's advice to change his posture.<ref>{{cite book |author=Ryan, Alan |title=John Dewey and the high tide of American liberalism |publisher=W.W. Norton |location=New York |year=1997 |pages=187–188 |isbn=0-393-31550-9 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref> In 1923, Dewey wrote the introduction to Alexander's ''Constructive Conscious Control of the Individual''.<ref>F. M. Alexander, ''Constructive Conscious Control of the Individual'', E. P. Dutton & Co., 1923, {{ISBN|0-913111-11-2}}</ref>
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| [[Aldous Huxley]] had transformative lessons with Alexander, and continued doing so with other teachers after moving to the US. He rated Alexander's work highly enough to base the character of the doctor who saves the protagonist in [[Eyeless in Gaza (novel)|''Eyeless in Gaza'']] (an experimental form of autobiographical work) on F.M. Alexander, putting many of his phrases into the character's mouth.<ref>Aldous Huxley, ''Eyeless in Gaza'', Chatto & Windus, 1936 {{ISBN|978-0-06172-489-3}} F. M. Alexander is named in the last section of Chapter 2. Miller, the character whose description immediately resembles Alexander, appears at the beginning of Chapter 49.</ref> Huxley's work ''[[The Art of Seeing]]'' also discusses his views on the technique.
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| Sir [[Stafford Cripps]], [[George Bernard Shaw]], [[Henry Irving]] and other stage grandees, [[Victor Bulwer-Lytton, 2nd Earl of Lytton|Lord Lytton]] and other eminent people of the era also wrote positive appreciations of his work after taking lessons with Alexander.
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| Since Alexander's work in the field came at the start of the 20th century, his ideas influenced many originators in the field of mind-body improvement. [[Fritz Perls]], who originated [[Gestalt therapy]], credited Alexander as an inspiration for his psychological work.<ref>
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| {{cite journal|last=Tengwall|first=Roger
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| |title=A note on the influence of F. M. Alexander on the development of gestalt therapy
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| |year=1996|pages=126–130|journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences|volume=17|publisher=Wiley|issn=1520-6696
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| |doi=10.1002/1520-6696(198101)17:1<126::AID-JHBS2300170113>3.0.CO;2-X|issue=1|pmid=7007480
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| }}</ref> The [[Mitzvah Technique]] was influenced by the Alexander Technique; as was the [[Feldenkrais Method]] – who expanded on the one exercise in Alexander Technique called "The Whispered Ah."
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| ==See also== | | ==See also== |
| {{div col|colwidth=20em}}
| | * [[Nikolai Bernstein]] |
| *[[Psychomotor learning]] | | * [[George E. Coghill]] |
| *[[Motor coordination]] | | * [[Motor skill consolidation]] |
| *[[Motor skill]]
| | * [[Neutral spine]] |
| *[[Motor skill consolidation]] | | * [[Psychomotor learning]] |
| *[[Neutral spine]] | | {{stub}} |
| *[[Poor posture]] | |
| *[[Kinesiology]]
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| *[[George E. Coghill]]
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| {{div col end}} | |
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| ==Citations==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| ==References==
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| * Alexander, FM ''Man's Supreme Inheritance'', Methuen (London, 1910), revised and enlarged 1918, later editions 1941, 1946, 1957, scholarly edition Mouritz (UK, 1996, reprinted 2002, {{ISBN|0-9525574-0-1}})
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| * Alexander, FM ''Conscious Control'', Methuen (London, 1912), revised and incorporated into the 1918 edition of ''Man's Supreme Inheritance''.
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| * Alexander, FM ''Constructive Conscious Control of the Individual'', E. P. Dutton (USA,1923), Methuen (London, 1924), revised 1946, scholarly edition Mouritz (UK, 2004, {{ISBN|0-9543522-6-2}})
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| * Alexander, FM ''The Use of the Self'', E. P. Dutton (New York, 1932), Methuen (London, 1932), republished by Orion Publishing, 2001, {{ISBN|9780752843919}}
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| * Alexander, FM ''The Universal Constant in Living'', E. P. Dutton (New York, 1941), Chaterson (London, 1942), later editions 1943, 1946, scholarly edition Mouritz (UK, 2000, {{ISBN|0-9525574-4-4}})
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| * Alexander, FM ''Articles and Lectures'', Mouritz (UK, 1995 – A posthumous compilation of articles, published letters and lectures – {{ISBN| 978-0952557463}})
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| ==Further reading==
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| *Alexander, FM ''Aphorisms'', Mouritz (UK, 2000 – a compilation of teaching aphorisms – {{ISBN|978-0952557494}})
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| *{{cite book | last = Brennan | first = Richard | title = The Alexander Technique Manual | publisher = Connections UK |date=May 1997 | location = London | isbn = 1-85906-163-X}}
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| * {{cite book | last = Jones | first = Frank Pierce | title = Freedom to Change; The Development and Science of the Alexander Technique | publisher = Mouritz |date=May 1997 | location = London | isbn = 0-9525574-7-9 }}
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| * {{cite book | last = Jones | first = Frank Pierce | title = Collected Writings on the Alexander Technique | editor1 = Theodore Dimon | editor2 = Richard Brown | publisher = Alexander Technique Archives | year = 1999 | location = Massachusetts | asin= B0006RIXCO }}
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| ==External links==
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| *{{Commonscat-inline}}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Alexander Technique}} | | {{DEFAULTSORT:Alexander Technique}} |
| [[Category:Mind–body interventions]] | | [[Category:Mind–body interventions]] |
| [[Category:Postural awareness techniques]] | | [[Category:Postural awareness techniques]] |
| [[Category:Somatics]] | | [[Category:Somatics]] |
| {{dictionary-stub1}}
| | [[Category:Alternative medicine]] |
| {{No image}}
| | [[Category:Alternative medicine]] |
| __NOINDEX__
| | [[Category:Posture]] |
| | [[Category:Movement therapy]] |
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