Posterolateral corner injuries: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox medical condition | |||
| name = Posterolateral corner injuries | |||
| synonyms = PLC injuries | |||
| specialty = [[Orthopedic surgery]] | |||
| symptoms = [[Knee pain]], [[instability]], difficulty with [[knee flexion]] and [[extension]] | |||
| onset = Acute or chronic | |||
| duration = Varies, depending on severity and treatment | |||
| causes = [[Trauma]], [[sports injuries]], [[motor vehicle accidents]] | |||
| risks = [[Contact sports]], [[previous knee injuries]] | |||
| diagnosis = [[Physical examination]], [[MRI]], [[stress radiography]] | |||
| differential = [[Anterior cruciate ligament injury]], [[medial collateral ligament injury]], [[meniscus tear]] | |||
| treatment = [[Physical therapy]], [[surgical reconstruction]] | |||
| prognosis = Good with appropriate treatment | |||
| frequency = Relatively uncommon compared to other knee injuries | |||
}} | |||
The [[posterolateral corner]] (PLC) of the knee is a complex anatomical region that provides stability to the knee joint, particularly against varus and external rotation forces. Injuries to the PLC can lead to significant instability and dysfunction of the knee, often requiring surgical intervention for optimal recovery. | The [[posterolateral corner]] (PLC) of the knee is a complex anatomical region that provides stability to the knee joint, particularly against varus and external rotation forces. Injuries to the PLC can lead to significant instability and dysfunction of the knee, often requiring surgical intervention for optimal recovery. | ||
== Anatomy == | == Anatomy == | ||
The posterolateral corner of the knee consists of several key structures, including the [[fibular collateral ligament]] (FCL), the [[popliteus tendon]], and the [[popliteofibular ligament]]. These structures work together to stabilize the knee against varus and external rotation forces. | The posterolateral corner of the knee consists of several key structures, including the [[fibular collateral ligament]] (FCL), the [[popliteus tendon]], and the [[popliteofibular ligament]]. These structures work together to stabilize the knee against varus and external rotation forces. | ||
=== Fibular Collateral Ligament === | === Fibular Collateral Ligament === | ||
The fibular collateral ligament, also known as the lateral collateral ligament, is a critical stabilizer of the knee. It originates from the lateral epicondyle of the femur and inserts onto the head of the fibula. | The fibular collateral ligament, also known as the lateral collateral ligament, is a critical stabilizer of the knee. It originates from the lateral epicondyle of the femur and inserts onto the head of the fibula. | ||
=== Popliteus Tendon === | === Popliteus Tendon === | ||
The popliteus tendon is a key dynamic stabilizer of the posterolateral corner. It originates from the lateral femoral condyle and inserts onto the posterior surface of the tibia. | The popliteus tendon is a key dynamic stabilizer of the posterolateral corner. It originates from the lateral femoral condyle and inserts onto the posterior surface of the tibia. | ||
=== Popliteofibular Ligament === | === Popliteofibular Ligament === | ||
The popliteofibular ligament extends from the popliteus tendon to the fibular head, providing additional stability to the posterolateral corner. | The popliteofibular ligament extends from the popliteus tendon to the fibular head, providing additional stability to the posterolateral corner. | ||
== Mechanism of Injury == | == Mechanism of Injury == | ||
Injuries to the posterolateral corner often occur due to high-energy trauma, such as motor vehicle accidents or sports-related injuries. Common mechanisms include hyperextension, varus stress, and external rotation of the knee. | Injuries to the posterolateral corner often occur due to high-energy trauma, such as motor vehicle accidents or sports-related injuries. Common mechanisms include hyperextension, varus stress, and external rotation of the knee. | ||
== Clinical Evaluation == | == Clinical Evaluation == | ||
A thorough clinical evaluation is essential for diagnosing PLC injuries. Several physical examination tests can help assess the integrity of the posterolateral corner. | A thorough clinical evaluation is essential for diagnosing PLC injuries. Several physical examination tests can help assess the integrity of the posterolateral corner. | ||
=== Recurvatum Test === | === Recurvatum Test === | ||
The recurvatum test assesses for hyperextension and external rotation of the knee, which may indicate PLC injury. | The recurvatum test assesses for hyperextension and external rotation of the knee, which may indicate PLC injury. | ||
=== Varus Stress Test === | === Varus Stress Test === | ||
The varus stress test evaluates the integrity of the fibular collateral ligament by applying a varus force to the knee. | The varus stress test evaluates the integrity of the fibular collateral ligament by applying a varus force to the knee. | ||
=== Posterolateral Drawer Test === | === Posterolateral Drawer Test === | ||
The posterolateral drawer test assesses the stability of the posterolateral corner by applying a posterior force to the tibia while the knee is flexed. | The posterolateral drawer test assesses the stability of the posterolateral corner by applying a posterior force to the tibia while the knee is flexed. | ||
=== Reverse Pivot Shift Test === | === Reverse Pivot Shift Test === | ||
The reverse pivot shift test evaluates the dynamic stability of the posterolateral corner by assessing for a clunk or shift as the knee is extended from a flexed position. | The reverse pivot shift test evaluates the dynamic stability of the posterolateral corner by assessing for a clunk or shift as the knee is extended from a flexed position. | ||
== Treatment == | == Treatment == | ||
Treatment of posterolateral corner injuries depends on the severity of the injury and the presence of associated ligamentous injuries. Surgical reconstruction is often required for significant injuries. | Treatment of posterolateral corner injuries depends on the severity of the injury and the presence of associated ligamentous injuries. Surgical reconstruction is often required for significant injuries. | ||
=== Surgical Reconstruction === | === Surgical Reconstruction === | ||
Surgical reconstruction of the posterolateral corner aims to restore the normal anatomy and function of the knee. Techniques may include reconstruction of the fibular collateral ligament and popliteus tendon. | Surgical reconstruction of the posterolateral corner aims to restore the normal anatomy and function of the knee. Techniques may include reconstruction of the fibular collateral ligament and popliteus tendon. | ||
== Rehabilitation == | == Rehabilitation == | ||
Rehabilitation following PLC injury or surgery is crucial for restoring knee function. It typically involves a structured physical therapy program focusing on range of motion, strength, and proprioception. | Rehabilitation following PLC injury or surgery is crucial for restoring knee function. It typically involves a structured physical therapy program focusing on range of motion, strength, and proprioception. | ||
== Related Pages == | == Related Pages == | ||
* [[Knee joint]] | * [[Knee joint]] | ||
* [[Ligamentous injuries of the knee]] | * [[Ligamentous injuries of the knee]] | ||
* [[Knee surgery]] | * [[Knee surgery]] | ||
[[Category:Orthopedic injuries]] | [[Category:Orthopedic injuries]] | ||
[[Category:Knee]] | [[Category:Knee]] | ||
Latest revision as of 04:39, 4 April 2025
| Posterolateral corner injuries | |
|---|---|
| Synonyms | PLC injuries |
| Pronounce | N/A |
| Specialty | Orthopedic surgery |
| Symptoms | Knee pain, instability, difficulty with knee flexion and extension |
| Complications | N/A |
| Onset | Acute or chronic |
| Duration | Varies, depending on severity and treatment |
| Types | N/A |
| Causes | Trauma, sports injuries, motor vehicle accidents |
| Risks | Contact sports, previous knee injuries |
| Diagnosis | Physical examination, MRI, stress radiography |
| Differential diagnosis | Anterior cruciate ligament injury, medial collateral ligament injury, meniscus tear |
| Prevention | N/A |
| Treatment | Physical therapy, surgical reconstruction |
| Medication | N/A |
| Prognosis | Good with appropriate treatment |
| Frequency | Relatively uncommon compared to other knee injuries |
| Deaths | N/A |
The posterolateral corner (PLC) of the knee is a complex anatomical region that provides stability to the knee joint, particularly against varus and external rotation forces. Injuries to the PLC can lead to significant instability and dysfunction of the knee, often requiring surgical intervention for optimal recovery.
Anatomy[edit]
The posterolateral corner of the knee consists of several key structures, including the fibular collateral ligament (FCL), the popliteus tendon, and the popliteofibular ligament. These structures work together to stabilize the knee against varus and external rotation forces.
Fibular Collateral Ligament[edit]
The fibular collateral ligament, also known as the lateral collateral ligament, is a critical stabilizer of the knee. It originates from the lateral epicondyle of the femur and inserts onto the head of the fibula.
Popliteus Tendon[edit]
The popliteus tendon is a key dynamic stabilizer of the posterolateral corner. It originates from the lateral femoral condyle and inserts onto the posterior surface of the tibia.
Popliteofibular Ligament[edit]
The popliteofibular ligament extends from the popliteus tendon to the fibular head, providing additional stability to the posterolateral corner.
Mechanism of Injury[edit]
Injuries to the posterolateral corner often occur due to high-energy trauma, such as motor vehicle accidents or sports-related injuries. Common mechanisms include hyperextension, varus stress, and external rotation of the knee.
Clinical Evaluation[edit]
A thorough clinical evaluation is essential for diagnosing PLC injuries. Several physical examination tests can help assess the integrity of the posterolateral corner.
Recurvatum Test[edit]
The recurvatum test assesses for hyperextension and external rotation of the knee, which may indicate PLC injury.
Varus Stress Test[edit]
The varus stress test evaluates the integrity of the fibular collateral ligament by applying a varus force to the knee.
Posterolateral Drawer Test[edit]
The posterolateral drawer test assesses the stability of the posterolateral corner by applying a posterior force to the tibia while the knee is flexed.
Reverse Pivot Shift Test[edit]
The reverse pivot shift test evaluates the dynamic stability of the posterolateral corner by assessing for a clunk or shift as the knee is extended from a flexed position.
Treatment[edit]
Treatment of posterolateral corner injuries depends on the severity of the injury and the presence of associated ligamentous injuries. Surgical reconstruction is often required for significant injuries.
Surgical Reconstruction[edit]
Surgical reconstruction of the posterolateral corner aims to restore the normal anatomy and function of the knee. Techniques may include reconstruction of the fibular collateral ligament and popliteus tendon.
Rehabilitation[edit]
Rehabilitation following PLC injury or surgery is crucial for restoring knee function. It typically involves a structured physical therapy program focusing on range of motion, strength, and proprioception.
