Tourniquet

A tourniquet is a device that applies pressure to a limb or extremity in order to limit – but not stop – the flow of blood. It can be used in emergencies, surgery, or in post-operative rehabilitation. Tourniquets are widely used in both medical and military settings.

History

The use of tourniquets dates back to antiquity. They were used by the Romans and were described in the works of Galen. The modern tourniquet was developed in the 18th century.

A Petit tourniquet from 1798

In 1785, Sir Gilbert Blane introduced the use of the tourniquet in the British Navy, which significantly reduced the mortality rate from amputations.

Illustration of tourniquet use by Gilbert Blane

Types of Tourniquets

Surgical Tourniquets

Surgical tourniquets are used to create a bloodless field during surgery. They are typically pneumatic devices that can be precisely controlled.

Application of a surgical tourniquet

Emergency Tourniquets

Emergency tourniquets are used in trauma situations to control severe bleeding. They are often used in military settings and by emergency medical services.

Application of an emergency tourniquet in a military setting

Phlebotomy Tourniquets

Phlebotomy tourniquets are used to make veins more visible and easier to access during blood draws.

Phlebotomy practice using a tourniquet

Mechanism of Action

Tourniquets work by applying circumferential pressure to a limb, which compresses the underlying tissues and blood vessels. This compression reduces blood flow to the area beyond the tourniquet.

Risks and Complications

While tourniquets are effective in controlling bleeding, they can also cause complications if used improperly. Prolonged use can lead to tissue damage, nerve injury, and compartment syndrome.

Modern Developments

Recent advancements in tourniquet technology include the development of limb protection sleeves and improved cuff designs to minimize complications.

Related Pages

• Hemorrhage
• First aid
• Surgery
• Military medicine