Arcobacter: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 17:22, 11 February 2025

Portuguese neurologist and Nobel laureate

António Egas Moniz (29 November 1874 – 13 December 1955) was a Portuguese neurologist and the developer of cerebral angiography. He is best known for his pioneering work in the development of lobotomy, a procedure for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1949.

Early Life and Education[edit]

António Egas Moniz was born in Avanca, Portugal. He studied medicine at the University of Coimbra, where he graduated in 1899. Moniz furthered his studies in neurology in Bordeaux and Paris, where he was influenced by leading neurologists of the time.

Career[edit]

Moniz began his career as a professor of neurology at the University of Coimbra and later at the University of Lisbon. He was also involved in politics, serving as a member of the Portuguese parliament and as the ambassador to Spain.

Cerebral Angiography[edit]

In 1927, Moniz developed cerebral angiography, a technique that allows for the visualization of the blood vessels in the brain. This was a significant advancement in the field of neurosurgery and neurology, as it enabled the diagnosis of various neurological disorders such as tumors, aneurysms, and arteriovenous malformations.

Lobotomy[edit]

Moniz is most famously known for his work on the lobotomy, a controversial surgical procedure that involves severing connections in the brain's prefrontal cortex. He hypothesized that mental illnesses could be treated by altering the brain's structure. In 1935, Moniz performed the first prefrontal leucotomy, which later became known as lobotomy. Despite the procedure's controversial nature and mixed results, it was widely adopted in the 1940s and 1950s.

Nobel Prize[edit]

In 1949, Moniz was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his "discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses." This award was met with both acclaim and criticism due to the ethical implications and the mixed outcomes of the procedure.

Later Life and Legacy[edit]

Moniz retired from active practice in 1955 and passed away later that year. His legacy is complex, as he is both celebrated for his contributions to neurology and criticized for the ethical issues surrounding lobotomy.

Honors and Awards[edit]

Moniz received numerous honors throughout his career, including:

Related Pages[edit]

Gallery[edit]

António Egas Moniz
Portrait of Egas Moniz by José Malhoa
Commemorative note of Egas Moniz
Order of Saint James of the Sword
Order of Public Instruction
Legion of Honour
Order of the Crown of Italy
Order of Isabella the Catholic

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+'''António Egas Moniz''' (29 November 1874 – 13 December 1955) was a Portuguese neurologist and the developer of cerebral [[angiography]]. He is best known for his pioneering work in the development of [[lobotomy]], a procedure for which he was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] in 1949.
-  '''Arcobacter''' is a [[genus]] of [[Gram-negative]] bacteria within the family [[Campylobacteraceae]]. The members of this genus are [[microaerophilic]] (requiring low levels of [[oxygen]] to survive) and are motile, with a characteristic curved-rod shape. Arcobacter species are considered to be emerging [[pathogens]], with some species being linked to [[gastroenteritis]] in humans and animals, as well as other clinical outcomes such as [[bacteremia]].
+==Early Life and Education==
+António Egas Moniz was born in [[Avanca]], [[Portugal]]. He studied medicine at the [[University of Coimbra]], where he graduated in 1899. Moniz furthered his studies in [[neurology]] in [[Bordeaux]] and [[Paris]], where he was influenced by leading neurologists of the time.
-==Characteristics==
+==Career==
-Arcobacter species are biochemically and genetically distinct from the closely related genus [[Campylobacter]], another important group of bacteria that cause gastrointestinal illness. Unlike Campylobacter, which prefers a microaerobic environment with 5% oxygen, Arcobacter can grow under aerobic conditions, although they still prefer reduced oxygen levels. They are oxidase-positive and catalase-positive, and can be isolated using selective media under specific incubation conditions that favor their growth over competing microorganisms.
+Moniz began his career as a professor of neurology at the University of Coimbra and later at the [[University of Lisbon]]. He was also involved in politics, serving as a member of the Portuguese parliament and as the ambassador to [[Spain]].
-==Pathogenicity==
+===Cerebral Angiography===
-The pathogenic potential of Arcobacter species has been increasingly recognized. [[Arcobacter butzleri]], [[Arcobacter cryaerophilus]], and [[Arcobacter skirrowii]] are the species most commonly isolated from human clinical samples and have been associated with diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever in humans. The route of transmission is believed to be primarily through contaminated water and food, especially raw or undercooked seafood and meat. The presence of Arcobacter in food products is of concern due to its potential to cause illness.
+In 1927, Moniz developed cerebral angiography, a technique that allows for the visualization of the blood vessels in the brain. This was a significant advancement in the field of [[neurosurgery]] and [[neurology]], as it enabled the diagnosis of various [[neurological disorders]] such as [[tumors]], [[aneurysms]], and [[arteriovenous malformations]].
-==Detection and Isolation==
+===Lobotomy===
-Isolating Arcobacter from clinical and environmental samples requires selective media and specific incubation conditions. Methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have been developed to detect Arcobacter DNA directly from samples, providing a rapid and sensitive means of identification. Culture-based methods, while more time-consuming, are essential for antibiotic susceptibility testing and further characterization of isolates.
+Moniz is most famously known for his work on the [[lobotomy]], a controversial surgical procedure that involves severing connections in the brain's prefrontal cortex. He hypothesized that mental illnesses could be treated by altering the brain's structure. In 1935, Moniz performed the first prefrontal leucotomy, which later became known as lobotomy. Despite the procedure's controversial nature and mixed results, it was widely adopted in the 1940s and 1950s.
-==Treatment and Prevention==
+==Nobel Prize==
-The treatment of Arcobacter infections typically involves supportive care to manage symptoms, especially in cases of gastroenteritis. Antibiotics may be prescribed in more severe cases or for patients with compromised immune systems. Preventive measures include proper food handling and cooking, as well as the treatment and monitoring of water sources to prevent contamination.
+In 1949, Moniz was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his "discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses." This award was met with both acclaim and criticism due to the ethical implications and the mixed outcomes of the procedure.
-==Research and Public Health Implications==
+==Later Life and Legacy==
-Research into Arcobacter continues to uncover its epidemiology, pathogenic mechanisms, and potential impact on public health. The development of more effective detection methods and understanding the ecology of Arcobacter in the environment and food supply are key areas of focus. Public health efforts aim to reduce the risk of Arcobacter-related illness through surveillance, education, and regulation of food and water safety standards.
+Moniz retired from active practice in 1955 and passed away later that year. His legacy is complex, as he is both celebrated for his contributions to neurology and criticized for the ethical issues surrounding lobotomy.
-[[Category:Bacteria]]
+==Honors and Awards==
-[[Category:Campylobacteraceae]]
+Moniz received numerous honors throughout his career, including:
-{{bacteria-stub}}
+* [[Order of Saint James of the Sword]]
-__notoc__
+* [[Order of Public Instruction]]
+* [[Legion of Honour]]
+* [[Order of Isabella the Catholic]]
+==Related Pages==
+* [[Neurology]]
+* [[Lobotomy]]
+* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]
+==Gallery==
+<gallery>
+File:Moniz.jpg|António Egas Moniz
+File:Retrato do Prof. Egas Moniz (1932) - José Malhoa (Hospital de Santa Maria).png|Portrait of Egas Moniz by José Malhoa
+File:Egas Moniz nota comemorativa 10000 escudos em Portugual 1989.jpg|Commemorative note of Egas Moniz
+File:PRT Order of Saint James of the Sword - Grand Cross BAR.svg|Order of Saint James of the Sword
+File:POR Ordem da Instrucao Publica Gra-Cruz BAR.svg|Order of Public Instruction
+File:Legion Honneur Commandeur ribbon.svg|Legion of Honour
+File:Grande ufficiale OCI Kingdom BAR.svg|Order of the Crown of Italy
+File:ESP Isabella Catholic Order GC.svg|Order of Isabella the Catholic
+</gallery>
+[[Category:Portuguese neurologists]]
+[[Category:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine]]
+[[Category:1874 births]]
+[[Category:1955 deaths]]