Durrani Empire: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 15:39, 9 December 2024

The Durrani Empire was a prominent historical state in the 18th and early 19th centuries, founded by Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1747. It is often considered the foundation of the modern state of Afghanistan. The empire at its height included present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, eastern Iran, and northwestern India.

History[edit]

Foundation[edit]

The Durrani Empire was established in 1747 following the assassination of Nader Shah, the ruler of the Afsharid dynasty. Ahmad Shah Durrani, a prominent military commander under Nader Shah, was elected as the leader by a council of tribal chiefs. He was crowned in Kandahar, marking the beginning of the Durrani Empire.

Expansion[edit]

Under Ahmad Shah's leadership, the empire expanded rapidly. He successfully annexed territories in modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, and parts of India. His notable military campaigns included the conquest of Delhi in 1757 and the decisive victory at the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761 against the Maratha Empire.

Administration[edit]

The Durrani Empire was governed through a combination of tribal confederation and centralized monarchy. Ahmad Shah Durrani maintained the loyalty of various Pashtun tribes through a system of patronage and alliances. The empire's administration was characterized by a blend of traditional tribal governance and Persian-influenced bureaucratic practices.

Decline[edit]

After Ahmad Shah's death in 1772, the empire began to decline. His successors faced internal strife, tribal revolts, and external threats. The empire's territory gradually diminished due to the rise of regional powers such as the Sikh Empire and the British East India Company. By 1823, the Durrani Empire had effectively disintegrated, giving way to the Barakzai dynasty.

Culture and Society[edit]

The Durrani Empire was a melting pot of various cultures and ethnicities, including Pashtuns, Persians, Uzbeks, and Indians. Persian was the language of administration and high culture, while Pashto was widely spoken among the Pashtun tribes. The empire was known for its patronage of the arts, architecture, and literature.

Legacy[edit]

The Durrani Empire is considered a precursor to modern Afghanistan. Ahmad Shah Durrani is often referred to as the "Father of Afghanistan" for his role in unifying the region's tribes and establishing a centralized state. The empire's legacy is evident in Afghanistan's national identity and historical consciousness.

Also see[edit]

Template:Historical states

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-[[File:Durrani Empire 1761.png|thumb]] [[File:Portrait of Ahmad-Shah Durrani. Mughal miniature. ca. 1757, Bibliothèque nationale de France.jpg|thumb]] [[File:The Third battle of Panipat 13 January 1761.jpg|thumb]] [[File:Huang Qing Zhigong Tu, 1769, Muslim from Afghanistan (愛烏罕回人).jpg|thumb]] Given the unique request for two distinct topics, I'll create two separate sections within this response to address each topic individually.
+[[File:Portrait of Ahmad-Shah Durrani. Mughal miniature. ca. 1757, Bibliothèque nationale de France.jpg|thumb]] [[File:The Third battle of Panipat 13 January 1761.jpg|thumb]] [[File:Huang Qing Zhigong Tu, 1769, Muslim from Afghanistan (愛烏罕回人).jpg|thumb]] [[File:Bala Hisar Fort.jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox historical state
+| native_name = Durrani Empire
+| conventional_long_name = Durrani Empire
+| common_name = Durrani
+| status = Empire
+| year_start = 1747
+| year_end = 1823
+| event_start = Foundation
+| event_end = Disintegration
+| capital = Kandahar, later Kabul
+| government_type = Monarchy
+| title_leader = Shah
+| leader1 = Ahmad Shah Durrani
+| year_leader1 = 1747–1772
+| leader2 = Zaman Shah Durrani
+| year_leader2 = 1793–1801
+}}
-# Black American Sign Language
+The '''Durrani Empire''' was a prominent [[historical state]] in the 18th and early 19th centuries, founded by [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] in 1747. It is often considered the foundation of the modern state of [[Afghanistan]]. The empire at its height included present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, eastern Iran, and northwestern India.
-'''Black American Sign Language''' (BASL) is a dialect of [[American Sign Language]] (ASL) used predominantly by African American signers in the United States. The development of BASL can be traced back to the segregation era, where African American deaf students were educated in separate schools from their white peers. This segregation led to the development of a unique sign language dialect that incorporates elements of ASL, African American English, and original signs.
 ==History==
-The origins of Black American Sign Language can be traced to the 19th century, following the establishment of the first schools for the deaf in the United States. Due to segregation laws, African American deaf children were often denied admission to these schools or were educated in separate facilities. This separation resulted in the development of a distinct sign language dialect, which has been passed down through generations of African American signers.
-==Characteristics==
+===Foundation===
-BASL differs from ASL in several aspects, including phonology, syntax, and lexicon. One notable difference is the use of a larger signing space and more two-handed signs in BASL. Additionally, BASL incorporates aspects of African American English, such as certain grammatical structures and idiomatic expressions.
+The Durrani Empire was established in 1747 following the assassination of [[Nader Shah]], the ruler of the [[Afsharid dynasty]]. Ahmad Shah Durrani, a prominent military commander under Nader Shah, was elected as the leader by a council of tribal chiefs. He was crowned in Kandahar, marking the beginning of the Durrani Empire.
-==Recognition and Preservation==
+===Expansion===
-In recent years, there has been increased recognition of BASL as a distinct dialect of ASL. Efforts are being made to document and preserve BASL, including research studies and the creation of educational materials. These efforts aim to ensure that BASL is recognized and valued within the broader ASL and deaf communities.
+Under Ahmad Shah's leadership, the empire expanded rapidly. He successfully annexed territories in modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, and parts of India. His notable military campaigns included the conquest of [[Delhi]] in 1757 and the decisive victory at the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] in 1761 against the [[Maratha Empire]].
-==See Also==
+===Administration===
-* [[American Sign Language]]
+The Durrani Empire was governed through a combination of tribal confederation and centralized monarchy. Ahmad Shah Durrani maintained the loyalty of various Pashtun tribes through a system of patronage and alliances. The empire's administration was characterized by a blend of traditional tribal governance and Persian-influenced bureaucratic practices.
-* [[Deaf culture]]
-* [[Linguistic discrimination]]
-[[Category:Sign languages]]
+===Decline===
-[[Category:African-American culture]]
+After Ahmad Shah's death in 1772, the empire began to decline. His successors faced internal strife, tribal revolts, and external threats. The empire's territory gradually diminished due to the rise of regional powers such as the [[Sikh Empire]] and the [[British East India Company]]. By 1823, the Durrani Empire had effectively disintegrated, giving way to the [[Barakzai dynasty]].
-[[Category:Linguistic varieties and styles]]
-# Durrani Empire
-The '''Durrani Empire''' was a significant state in the 18th century, founded by Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1747. At its zenith, the empire extended across what is today Afghanistan, Pakistan, and parts of northern India. Ahmad Shah Durrani is often hailed as the founder of the modern state of Afghanistan.
-==History==
-Ahmad Shah Durrani, also known as Ahmad Shah Abdali, was the chief of the Durrani tribe and a former commander in the Persian army. After the death of Nader Shah, the ruler of Persia, Durrani declared independence and established his empire. The Durrani Empire is known for its military campaigns in South Asia, particularly its invasions of India, which led to the establishment of Afghan rule in the region for a brief period.
-==Administration==
+==Culture and Society==
-The Durrani Empire was organized into a central monarchy, with Ahmad Shah Durrani at its head. The empire was divided into provinces, each governed by a loyal tribal leader. This decentralized system of governance allowed for a degree of autonomy among the different tribes and regions within the empire.
+The Durrani Empire was a melting pot of various cultures and ethnicities, including Pashtuns, Persians, Uzbeks, and Indians. Persian was the language of administration and high culture, while Pashto was widely spoken among the Pashtun tribes. The empire was known for its patronage of the arts, architecture, and literature.
 ==Legacy==
-The Durrani Empire played a crucial role in shaping the political and cultural landscape of South Asia and Central Asia. It laid the groundwork for the emergence of Afghanistan as a unified nation-state in the 19th century. The empire's decline began in the early 19th century, leading to the eventual rise of the Barakzai dynasty.
+The Durrani Empire is considered a precursor to modern Afghanistan. Ahmad Shah Durrani is often referred to as the "Father of Afghanistan" for his role in unifying the region's tribes and establishing a centralized state. The empire's legacy is evident in Afghanistan's national identity and historical consciousness.
-==See Also==
+==Also see==
-* [[History of Afghanistan]]
 * [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]]
-* [[Barakzai dynasty]]
+* [[Third Battle of Panipat]]
+* [[Afghanistan]]
+* [[Pashtun tribes]]
+* [[Sikh Empire]]
-[[Category:History of Afghanistan]]
+{{Historical states}}
-[[Category:Former countries in South Asia]]
-[[Category:Empires in Asia]]
-{{history-stub}}
+[[Category:Empires and kingdoms of Afghanistan]]
+[[Category:18th century in Afghanistan]]
+[[Category:19th century in Afghanistan]]
+[[Category:Former empires]]