Phlebitis

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Phlebitis
Illustration of a vein
Synonyms	Venitis
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Pain, swelling, redness, warmth
Complications	Deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism
Onset	Sudden
Duration	Varies
Types	N/A
Causes	Injury, infection, autoimmune disorders, intravenous catheter
Risks	Prolonged immobility, smoking, obesity, cancer, pregnancy
Diagnosis	Physical examination, ultrasound
Differential diagnosis	Cellulitis, lymphangitis, deep vein thrombosis
Prevention	Compression stockings, exercise, hydration
Treatment	Anti-inflammatory medication, compression therapy, anticoagulants
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Generally good with treatment
Frequency	Common
Deaths	N/A

Phlebitis, also known as superficial thrombophlebitis, is the inflammation of a vein, typically in the legs. It occurs when a blood clot forms in a vein near the surface of the skin, leading to localized swelling, redness, warmth, and tenderness. Phlebitis can affect both superficial veins (located just beneath the skin) and deeper veins.

Thrombophlebitis am Ellenbogen nach Infusionsnadel 54M - US - 001 - Annotation

Causes and Risk Factors

• The exact cause of phlebitis is often unclear, but it can result from several factors, including:
• Trauma or Injury: Direct injury to a vein, such as from an intravenous catheter or needle insertion, can cause inflammation and initiate the formation of a blood clot.
• Infection: In rare cases, phlebitis can develop due to an infection in the vein. This is known as septic phlebitis and may occur if bacteria enter the bloodstream through an open wound or during intravenous drug use.
• Venous Insufficiency: Chronic conditions that impair the flow of blood in the veins, such as varicose veins or deep vein thrombosis (DVT), can increase the risk of developing phlebitis.
• Hypercoagulable States: Certain medical conditions or factors that increase blood clotting tendencies, such as pregnancy, hormone therapy, obesity, or certain genetic disorders, can predispose individuals to phlebitis.

Signs and Symptoms

• Common signs and symptoms of phlebitis include:
• Localized pain and tenderness along the affected vein
• Redness and warmth over the vein
• Swelling and inflammation in the area
• Visible red or bluish discoloration of the skin
• A palpable or hard cord-like structure along the vein
• Mild fever in cases of septic phlebitis

Diagnosis and Treatment

• A healthcare provider can diagnose phlebitis through a physical examination and a review of the individual's medical history. Additional tests, such as an ultrasound, may be performed to evaluate the extent of the clot and rule out the involvement of deep veins.
• Treatment for phlebitis aims to relieve symptoms, prevent the spread of the clot, and reduce the risk of complications. The following approaches are commonly used:
• Anti-inflammatory Medications: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, can help alleviate pain and reduce inflammation.
• Warm Compresses: Applying warm compresses to the affected area several times a day can help improve blood flow, reduce pain, and promote healing.
• Elevation and Rest: Elevating the affected leg and avoiding excessive activity can aid in reducing swelling and discomfort.
• Compression Stockings: Wearing compression stockings or bandages may be recommended to alleviate symptoms and promote blood flow.
• Thrombolytic Therapy: In some cases, if the clot is extensive or causing severe symptoms, thrombolytic therapy (medication to dissolve blood clots) or surgical intervention may be necessary.
• Antibiotics: If the phlebitis is associated with an infection (septic phlebitis), antibiotics may be prescribed to treat the underlying infection.

Complications

Phlebitis can lead to complications if the blood clot extends into deeper veins or if it becomes dislodged and travels to the lungs, causing a pulmonary embolism. Signs of potential complications include increasing pain, worsening swelling, chest pain, shortness of breath, and coughing up blood. Seek immediate medical attention if these symptoms occur.

Summary

Phlebitis is the inflammation of a vein, typically in the legs, caused by the formation of a blood clot. It is characterized by pain, redness, swelling, and warmth along the affected vein. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment are essential to relieve symptoms, prevent complications, and address underlying risk factors. If you suspect phlebitis or experience concerning symptoms, it is important to seek medical evaluation and guidance.

See Also

• Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
• Varicose Veins
• Pulmonary Embolism
• Thrombophlebitis

References

<references>

• Joffe, Harlan V., and Jeffrey I. Zwicker. "Superficial Thrombophlebitis." UpToDate. Accessed September 2021.
• Di Nisio, Marcello, et al. "Treatment for superficial thrombophlebitis of the leg." Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2 (2018): CD004982.
• Kravitz, Charles J., and Michael W. D'Ambrosio. "Thrombophlebitis, Superficial." StatPearls Publishing, 2021.

</references>

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