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| '''Slips and capture''' is a type of error that may occur in high-stress situations. According to studies in the psychology of [[human error]] to improve medicine and business, a person may inadvertently perform one action while intending to do another.<ref>{{cite news|author= |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/04/13/us/tulsa-police-shooting-eric-harris-deputy-charged/index.html |title=Tulsa shooting: Deputy Robert Bates charged |publisher=CNN.com |date=2015-04-14 |accessdate=2015-05-02}}</ref>
| | {{Short description|A psychological phenomenon in human error}} |
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| The term "slips and capture" became more widely known in the early 21st century in the United States, after being referred to by [[law enforcement]] in two prominent fatal police shooting cases in 2009 and 2015. In both cases, the police officer claimed to have shot a suspect while intending to use a [[Taser]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Tulsa Officer Says He Mistook Handgun for Taser|url=https://www.wsj.com/video/tulsa-officer-says-he-mistook-handgun-for-taser/810FC2F7-60C6-482B-BFEA-6B9CEF4C9D39.html|publisher=wsj.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Officials call shooting a "slips and capture" event|url=http://www.onenewspage.com/video/20150410/2747679/Officials-call-shooting-slips-and-capture-event.htm|publisher=One News Page}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://photographyisnotacrime.com/2015/04/tulsa-sheriffs-office-says-volunteer-deputy-is-victim-of-circumstance-after-shooting-unarmed-man-video/ |title=Oklahoma Deputy Tells Dying Man Shot by Accident, "Fuck Your Breath," as he Gasps His Final Breaths – PINAC |publisher=Photographyisnotacrime.com |date= |accessdate=2015-05-02}}</ref>
| | '''Slips and capture''' is a concept in [[psychology]] and [[human factors]] that describes a type of error where a person performs a familiar or habitual action instead of the intended one. This phenomenon is often observed in routine tasks where the mind is not fully engaged, leading to automatic behaviors that "capture" the intended action. |
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| ==Background and history== | | ==Overview== |
| The concept of "slips and capture" has been studied in the psychology of human error, and efforts to prevent error.<ref name="slips">{{cite web|url=http://www.humanfactorsmd.com/psychology-of-human-error |title=Intro to the psychology of human error and medical errors |publisher=HumanFactorsMD |accessdate=2015-05-16}}</ref> It was thoroughly described in 1990 by James Reason.<ref name="design">{{cite web|url=https://www.interaction-design.org/encyclopedia/human_error_slips_and_mistakes.html |title=Human error – slips and mistakes |publisher=Interaction Design Foundation |accessdate=2015-05-16}}</ref>
| | Slips and capture errors occur when a well-practiced routine takes over, causing an individual to perform an unintended action. This is particularly common in situations where the intended action is similar to a habitual one, or when the individual is distracted or under stress. The term "capture" refers to the way the habitual action "captures" the intended action, leading to an error. |
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| The concept has been addressed in efforts to improve business, including computer and program design,<ref name="design"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crewresourcemanagement.net/4/27.html |title=Skill, Rule, and Knowledge-Based Behaviours and Errors |publisher=Crew Resource Management |accessdate=2015-05-16}}</ref> and medical practices in order to avoid preventable error.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.patientsafetysolutions.com/docs/April_21_2015_Slip_and_Capture_Errors.htm |title=Patient Safety Tip of the Week Archive|publisher=Patient Safety Solutions |accessdate=2015-05-16}}</ref> Both terms are used in error terminology:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mistakeproofing.com/glossary.html |title=Glossary of Error-Proofing Terms |publisher=Mistakeproofing.com| accessdate=2015-05-16}}</ref> slips are defined as "errors in the performance of skill-based behaviors, typically when our attention is diverted;"<ref name="slips" /> and capture refers to "a type of slip where a more frequent and more practiced behavior takes place when a similar, but less familiar, action was intended."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usabilityfirst.com/glossary/capture-error |title=Usability First – Usability Glossary – capture error |accessdate=2015-05-16}}</ref>
| | ==Mechanism== |
| | The mechanism behind slips and capture involves the [[cognitive]] processes of [[automaticity]] and [[attention]]. When a task becomes automatic, it requires less conscious attention, allowing the mind to focus on other things. However, this can lead to errors if the automatic response is triggered inappropriately. For example, a person might intend to drive to a new destination but end up taking the route to their workplace out of habit. |
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| == Shooting of Oscar Grant == | | ==Examples== |
| {{Main|BART Police shooting of Oscar Grant}}
| | Common examples of slips and capture include: |
| Early on [[New Year's Day]] of 2009, Oscar Grant III was fatally shot by [[Bay Area Rapid Transit]] officer Johannes Mehserle, who was detaining the young man with others after a reported fight on the train.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2013/07/30/appeals-court-gives-oscar-grants-father-ok-to-sue-mehserle-for-fatal-shooting/ |title=Court Gives Oscar Grant's Father OK To Sue Ex-BART Cop For Fatal Shooting « CBS San Francisco |publisher=CBSlocal.com San Francisco|date=2013-07-30 |accessdate=2015-05-02}}</ref> At his bail hearing in late January 2009, Mehserle said that he had intended to use his Taser, but inadvertently grabbed his pistol instead.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10565543 |title=Violence after California police shooting trial verdict – BBC News |publisher=Bbc.com |date= 2010|accessdate=2015-05-02}}</ref><ref name="bulwa130">{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/01/30/BABI15KCD5.DTL&type=adfree |title=Skeptical judge grants bail to former BART cop |last=Bulwa |first=Demian |date=January 30, 2009 |publisher=San Francisco Chronicle |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203071629/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2009%2F01%2F30%2FBABI15KCD5.DTL&type=adfree |archivedate=February 3, 2009 }}</ref> In 2010 a jury convicted Mehserle of involuntary manslaughter, acquitting him of charges of voluntary manslaughter.
| | * Dialing a familiar phone number instead of the intended one. |
| | * Entering a familiar password instead of the correct one for a different account. |
| | * Taking a habitual route while driving instead of the intended new route. |
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| The phrase "slips and capture" was used by Bill Lewinski in 2009, a consultant in police use of force who was part of Mehserle's defense team. Lewinski was reported by the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' to have a doctorate in psychology from [[Union Institute & University]], an online college.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://host.madison.com/news/local/crime_and_courts/expert-in-deadly-force-training-criticized-for-record-on-police/article_20a0f770-c507-5312-90b4-dc5d291a377b.html#ixzz3XF51oY18 |title=Expert in deadly force training criticized for record on police shootings |work=Wall Street Journal |publisher=Host.madison.com |date=2014-07-31 |accessdate=2015-05-02}}</ref> His company, Force Science Institute, specializes in consulting to police departments. Its website advertises: "We save lives and reputations."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forcescience.org/phone/about-force-science.html |title=About Force Science |publisher=Forcescience.org |date=2014-02-03 |accessdate=2015-05-02}}</ref> Lewinski published a newsletter article on the "Slips and Capture" theory in his "Force Science News #154" after he began work on the defense of Mehserle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forcescience.org/fsnews/154.html |title=Force Science explains "slips-and-capture errors"...|work=Force science News #154 |date= |accessdate=2015-05-02}}</ref>
| | ==Prevention== |
| | Preventing slips and capture errors involves increasing awareness and attention during tasks that are prone to such errors. Strategies include: |
| | * Breaking routines by consciously thinking about the task at hand. |
| | * Using reminders or cues to focus attention on the intended action. |
| | * Reducing distractions and stress that can lead to automatic behaviors. |
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| == Shooting of Eric Courtney Harris == | | ==Related pages== |
| {{Main|Shooting of Eric Courtney Harris}}
| | * [[Human error]] |
| 44-year-old Eric Courtney Harris was shot to death April 2, 2015 by Tulsa city police during an undercover sting in [[Tulsa, Oklahoma]]. As Harris was being subdued, Tulsa County Reserve Deputy Robert Charles "Bob" Bates, 73, fatally shot Harris in the back, according to the Tulsa County Sheriff's Office. Bates used the concept of "slips and capture" in his defense, saying that he had intended to use his Taser on Harris.<ref name="tulsaworld1">{{cite web|url=http://www.tulsaworld.com/homepage1/sources-supervisors-told-to-falsify-reserve-deputy-s-training-records/article_a6330f10-a9fb-51e3-ab5e-4d97b03c6c04.html |title=Sources: Supervisors told to falsify reserve deputy's training records; department announces internal review|work=Tulsa World |publisher=Tulsaworld.com |date=2015 |accessdate=2015-05-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tulsaworld.com/news/crimewatch/video-of-fatal-shooting-by-reserve-deputy-shown-at-sheriff/article_9d77cce0-75e6-5ddf-a782-cf048ad4064b.html |title=Video of fatal shooting by reserve deputy shown at Sheriff's Office press conference |publisher=Tulsaworld.com |date=2015 |accessdate=2015-05-02}}</ref>
| | * [[Cognitive psychology]] |
| | * [[Automaticity]] |
| | * [[Attention]] |
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| During a [[CNN]] interview in 2015, after this term was used by the Tulsa Police Department in reference to the fatal [[shooting of Eric Courtney Harris]], a criminal justice expert said that there was no scientific basis for the theory of "slip and capture". He said most courts would reject the argument as inadmissible.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/14/us/taser-gun-confusion/ |title=How easy is it to confuse a gun for a Taser? - CNN.com |publisher=Edition.cnn.com |date=2015-04-21 |accessdate=2015-05-02}}</ref>
| | [[Category:Psychology]] |
| | | [[Category:Human factors]] |
| == References ==
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| {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
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| [[Category:Law enforcement in the United States]]
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| [[Category:Killings by law enforcement officers in the United States]]
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| [[Category:Law enforcement terminology]] | |
| [[Category:Medical terminology]] | |
| [[Category:Error]] | | [[Category:Error]] |
A psychological phenomenon in human error
Slips and capture is a concept in psychology and human factors that describes a type of error where a person performs a familiar or habitual action instead of the intended one. This phenomenon is often observed in routine tasks where the mind is not fully engaged, leading to automatic behaviors that "capture" the intended action.
Overview[edit]
Slips and capture errors occur when a well-practiced routine takes over, causing an individual to perform an unintended action. This is particularly common in situations where the intended action is similar to a habitual one, or when the individual is distracted or under stress. The term "capture" refers to the way the habitual action "captures" the intended action, leading to an error.
Mechanism[edit]
The mechanism behind slips and capture involves the cognitive processes of automaticity and attention. When a task becomes automatic, it requires less conscious attention, allowing the mind to focus on other things. However, this can lead to errors if the automatic response is triggered inappropriately. For example, a person might intend to drive to a new destination but end up taking the route to their workplace out of habit.
Examples[edit]
Common examples of slips and capture include:
- Dialing a familiar phone number instead of the intended one.
- Entering a familiar password instead of the correct one for a different account.
- Taking a habitual route while driving instead of the intended new route.
Prevention[edit]
Preventing slips and capture errors involves increasing awareness and attention during tasks that are prone to such errors. Strategies include:
- Breaking routines by consciously thinking about the task at hand.
- Using reminders or cues to focus attention on the intended action.
- Reducing distractions and stress that can lead to automatic behaviors.
Related pages[edit]
