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Endophthalmitis is [[inflammation]] of the inside of the [[eye]]. It can be caused by [[fungus]], when it is called [[fungal endophthalmitis]], or [[bacteria]] when it is called [[bacterial endophthalmitis]] and allergies if the cause is allergies. This article is about fungal endophthalmitis.
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{{Infobox medical condition
==Fungal endophthalmitis==
| name = Endophthalmitis
Fungal eye infections are extremely rare, but they can be very serious. The most common way for someone to develop a fungal eye infection is as a result of an eye injury, particularly if the injury was caused by plant material such as a stick or a thorn. Inflammation or infection of the cornea (the clear, front layer of the eye) is known as keratitis, and inflammation or infection in the interior of the eye is called endophthalmitis. Many different types of fungi can cause eye infections.
| image = [[File:Hypopyon_1.jpg|left|thumb|Hypopyon in a patient with endophthalmitis]]
| caption = Hypopyon in a patient with endophthalmitis
| prognosis = Variable, depends on promptness of treatment
| frequency = Rare
==Symptoms of Fungal Eye Infections==
}}
Person using their smartphone.
'''Endophthalmitis''' is a severe inflammation of the interior of the [[eye]], often caused by infection. It is a medical emergency that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent vision loss.
If you have any of these symptoms, call your eye doctor.
=== Etiology ===
In people who have had exposures that put them at risk for fungal eye infections, the symptoms of a fungal eye infection can appear anywhere from several days to several weeks after the fungi enter the eye. The symptoms of a fungal eye infection are similar to the symptoms of other types of eye infections (such as those caused by bacteria) and can include:
Endophthalmitis can be classified into two main types based on the source of infection:
* '''Exogenous endophthalmitis''': This occurs when infectious agents enter the eye from an external source, such as after [[cataract surgery]], [[intravitreal injection]], or [[trauma]].
If you have any of these symptoms, call your eye doctor right away. If you wear contact lenses, remove them immediately. Fungal eye infections are very rare, but if they aren’t treated, they can become serious and result in permanent vision loss or blindness.
* '''Endogenous endophthalmitis''': This occurs when infectious agents spread to the eye from another part of the body through the [[bloodstream]].
=== Clinical Features ===
==Risk factors==
Patients with endophthalmitis typically present with:
Anyone can get a fungal eye infection. These infections usually are linked to one of these situations:
* Severe [[eye pain]]
* Eye injury, particularly with plant material (for example, thorns or sticks)
* Decreased [[visual acuity]]
* Eye surgery (such as corneal transplant surgery or cataract surgery)
* Redness of the eye
* Chronic eye disease involving the surface of the eye
* Swelling of the eyelids
* Wearing contact lenses
* [[Hypopyon]], which is the accumulation of white blood cells in the anterior chamber of the eye, as shown in the image.
* Exposure to contaminated medical products that come in contact with the eye
=== Diagnosis ===
* Fungal bloodstream infection (like candidemia)
Diagnosis of endophthalmitis is primarily clinical, supported by:
Also, people who have diabetes, weakened immune system, or use corticosteroids may be more likely to develop fungal eye infections than other people.
* [[Ophthalmic examination]]
* [[Ultrasound]] of the eye
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* [[Culture]] and sensitivity testing of intraocular fluids
* Possible [[vitrectomy]] surgery to remove infected vitreous material
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* Systemic antibiotics in some cases
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=== Prognosis ===
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The prognosis for endophthalmitis depends on the severity of the infection and the promptness of treatment. Early intervention is crucial to preserve vision.
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== See also ==
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* [[Ophthalmology]]
* [[Infectious diseases]]
==Prevention==
* [[Cataract surgery]]
If you’re a farm worker or work often with plant materials, wear protective eyewear to help prevent an eye injury.
[[Category:Ophthalmology]]
[[Category:Infectious diseases]]
==Causes==
'''Eye Injuries'''
The most common way for someone to get a fungal eye infection is because of an eye injury, particularly if plant material such as a stick or a thorn 1 caused the injury. Some fungi that cause eye infections, such as Fusarium, live in the environment and are often associated with plant material. Fungi can enter the eye and cause infection after an injury.
'''Eye Surgery'''
Woman having eye surgery
Less often, infection can occur after eye surgery such as corneal transplant surgery or cataract surgery.
People who have had surgery to replace their corneas (the clear, front layer of the eye) are at higher risk of fungal eye infections. Each year, about 50,000 Americans have a corneal transplant to replace injured or diseased corneas. A small number of people who have this surgery (about 4 to 7 for every 10,000 transplants) develop a fungal eye infection.
From 2007 to 2014, endophthalmitis, or infection of the interior of the eye, became more than twice as common for people with recent corneal transplant surgery. 2 In the past, this type of endophthalmitis was most commonly caused by bacteria. However, now fungi (most often the Candida species) cause about two-thirds of infections. CDC is working with partners to understand the reasons for this increase in fungal endophthalmitis following corneal transplant surgery and to find ways to prevent it.
'''Invasive Eye Procedure'''
Fungal eye infections could happen after an invasive eye procedure such as an injection. Some infections have been traced to contaminated medical products such as contact lens solution, 3 irrigation solution 4 and dye 5 used during eye surgery, or corticosteroids injected directly into the eye.
'''Fungal Bloodstream Infection'''
Rarely, fungal eye infections can happen after a fungal bloodstream infection such as candidemia spreads to the eye.
==Diagnosis and Testing==
To diagnose a fungal eye infection, your eye doctor will examine your eye and might take a small sample of tissue or fluid from your eye. The sample will be sent to a laboratory to be examined under a microscope or cultured. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and confocal microscopy are also being used as newer, faster forms of diagnosis; however, culture is the standard method for the definitive diagnosis of a fungal eye infection.
==Treatment for Fungal Eye Infections==
The treatment for a fungal eye infection depends on:
* The type of fungus,
* The severity of the infection, and
* The parts of the eye that are affected.
Possible forms of treatment for fungal eye infections include:
* Antifungal eye drops
* Antifungal medication given as a pill or through a vein
* Antifungal medication injected directly into the eye
* Eye surgery
All types of fungal eye infections must be treated with prescription antifungal medication, usually for several weeks to months. Natamycin is a topical (meaning it’s given in the form of eye drops) antifungal medication that works well for fungal infections involving the outer layer of the eye, particularly those caused by fungi such as Aspergillus and Fusarium. However, infections that are deeper and more severe may require treatment with antifungal medication such as amphotericin B, fluconazole, or voriconazole. These medications can be given by mouth, through a vein, or injected directly into the eye. Patients whose infections don’t get better after using antifungal medications may need surgery, including corneal transplantation, removal of vitreous gel from the interior of the eye (vitrectomy), or, in extreme cases, removal of the eye (enucleation).
==Fungal Eye Infection Statistics==
Fungal keratitis: The exact incidence of fungal keratitis in the general population is unknown, but it’s thought to be more common in warmer climates where the fungi that cause these infections are likely more common in the environment.
'''Exogenous fungal endophthalmitis''' (fungi enter the eye from outside the body): Endophthalmitis is a very rare complication of eye injury or eye surgery; in the United States, it occurs as a post-surgical complication in approximately 0.1% of all cataract surgeries Furthermore, only a small percentage of these infections are caused by fungi; bacterial endophthalmitis is more common.
'''Endogenous fungal endophthalmitis''' (fungi enter the eye as a result of an existing bloodstream infection): Endogenous endophthalmitis is extremely rare and is less common than exogenous endophthalmitis; studies have estimated that only 2 to 15% of all endophthalmitis cases are endogenous. Candida species are the most common cause of endogenous fungal endophthalmitis. An estimated 1% of patients with candidemia develop Candida endophthalmitis.
Endophthalmitis is a severe inflammation of the interior of the eye, often caused by infection. It is a medical emergency that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent vision loss.
The prognosis for endophthalmitis depends on the severity of the infection and the promptness of treatment. Early intervention is crucial to preserve vision.
