Aurothioglucose: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 00:42, 20 February 2025

Aurothioglucose is a gold-containing compound used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It belongs to a class of drugs known as disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Aurothioglucose is administered via intramuscular injection and has been used historically to reduce inflammation and slow the progression of joint damage in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Chemical Structure and Properties[edit]

Aurothioglucose is a coordination complex of gold with the chemical formula C₆H₁₁AuO₅S. It consists of a gold atom bound to a thioglucose ligand. The presence of gold is crucial for its therapeutic effects, although the exact mechanism by which gold compounds exert their effects in rheumatoid arthritis is not fully understood.

Mechanism of Action[edit]

The precise mechanism of action of aurothioglucose in rheumatoid arthritis is not completely elucidated. However, it is believed to involve the inhibition of macrophage activity and the suppression of inflammatory cytokines. Gold compounds may also interfere with the function of lysosomes and inhibit the release of lysosomal enzymes, which are involved in the inflammatory process.

Pharmacokinetics[edit]

Aurothioglucose is administered intramuscularly, allowing for slow release and absorption into the bloodstream. It is highly protein-bound, primarily to albumin, and is distributed throughout the body. The elimination half-life of gold compounds can be quite long, often extending to several weeks, which contributes to their prolonged effects.

Clinical Use[edit]

Aurothioglucose is used primarily in the management of rheumatoid arthritis, particularly in patients who have not responded adequately to other treatments. It is considered a second-line therapy due to its potential side effects and the availability of newer DMARDs with more favorable safety profiles.

Adverse Effects[edit]

The use of aurothioglucose can be associated with a range of adverse effects. Common side effects include dermatitis, stomatitis, and proteinuria. More serious adverse effects can include bone marrow suppression, leading to anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Patients receiving aurothioglucose require regular monitoring of blood counts and renal function.

Contraindications[edit]

Aurothioglucose is contraindicated in patients with a history of gold allergy, severe renal impairment, or hepatic dysfunction. It should be used with caution in patients with a history of blood dyscrasias.

History[edit]

Aurothioglucose was first introduced in the 1930s as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. It was one of the first gold compounds used for this purpose, along with gold sodium thiomalate and auranofin. Although its use has declined with the advent of newer therapies, it remains a part of the historical treatment landscape for rheumatoid arthritis.

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Aurothioglucose
Aurothioglucose 3D Model

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+'''Aurothioglucose''' is a gold-containing compound used in the treatment of [[rheumatoid arthritis]]. It belongs to a class of drugs known as [[disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs]] (DMARDs). Aurothioglucose is administered via [[intramuscular injection]] and has been used historically to reduce inflammation and slow the progression of joint damage in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
-'''Aurothioglucose''',  is a [[chemical compound]] with the formula AuSC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>11</sub>O<sub>5</sub>.
+==Chemical Structure and Properties==
-[[File:Aurothioglucose-2D-skeletal.png|alt=Aurothioglucose-2D-skeletal formula|thumb|'''Aurothioglucose-2D-skeletal formula''']]
+Aurothioglucose is a coordination complex of gold with the chemical formula C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>11</sub>AuO<sub>5</sub>S. It consists of a gold atom bound to a thioglucose ligand. The presence of gold is crucial for its therapeutic effects, although the exact mechanism by which gold compounds exert their effects in rheumatoid arthritis is not fully understood.
-== Clinical use ==
-This gold salt derivative of the sugar [[glucose]] was previously used to treat [[rheumatoid arthritis]].
-<youtube>
+==Mechanism of Action==
-title='''{{PAGENAME}}'''
+The precise mechanism of action of aurothioglucose in rheumatoid arthritis is not completely elucidated. However, it is believed to involve the inhibition of [[macrophage]] activity and the suppression of [[inflammatory cytokines]]. Gold compounds may also interfere with the function of [[lysosomes]] and inhibit the release of [[lysosomal enzymes]], which are involved in the inflammatory process.
-movie_url=http://www.youtube.com/v/U6tpxQ8mxYk
-&rel=1
-embed_source_url=http://www.youtube.com/v/U6tpxQ8mxYk
-&rel=1
-wrap = yes
-width=750
-height=600
-</youtube>
-== Other names ==
+==Pharmacokinetics==
-Aurothioglucose is also known as gold thioglucose or gold salts.
+Aurothioglucose is administered intramuscularly, allowing for slow release and absorption into the bloodstream. It is highly protein-bound, primarily to [[albumin]], and is distributed throughout the body. The elimination half-life of gold compounds can be quite long, often extending to several weeks, which contributes to their prolonged effects.
-==History==
+==Clinical Use==
-{{main|Gold salts}}
+Aurothioglucose is used primarily in the management of [[rheumatoid arthritis]], particularly in patients who have not responded adequately to other treatments. It is considered a second-line therapy due to its potential side effects and the availability of newer DMARDs with more favorable safety profiles.
-As a precious metal, gold was used to cure diseases throughout history, although the efficacy was not established.
-== Use in rheumatoid arthritis ==
+==Adverse Effects==
-In 1935, gold drugs were reported to be effective for the treatment of [[rheumatoid arthritis]].<ref name=shaw>{{cite journal | author=Shaw, III C. F. | title=Gold-Based Therapeutic Agents| journal=Chemical Reviews | year=1999 | volume=99 | pages=2589–600 | doi=10.1021/cr980431o | pmid=11749494 | issue=9}}</ref>
+The use of aurothioglucose can be associated with a range of adverse effects. Common side effects include [[dermatitis]], [[stomatitis]], and [[proteinuria]]. More serious adverse effects can include [[bone marrow suppression]], leading to [[anemia]], [[leukopenia]], and [[thrombocytopenia]]. Patients receiving aurothioglucose require regular monitoring of blood counts and renal function.
-== Variable results ==
+==Contraindications==
-* Although many patients reacted positively to the drug, gold thioglucose was not uniformly effective.
+Aurothioglucose is contraindicated in patients with a history of [[gold allergy]], severe [[renal impairment]], or [[hepatic dysfunction]]. It should be used with caution in patients with a history of [[blood dyscrasias]].
-* It was recently discontinued from the US market along with [[sodium aurothiomalate]] leaving only [[Auranofin]] as the only gold salt on the US market
-==Medicinal chemistry==
+==History==
-{{main|gold}}
+Aurothioglucose was first introduced in the 1930s as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. It was one of the first gold compounds used for this purpose, along with [[gold sodium thiomalate]] and [[auranofin]]. Although its use has declined with the advent of newer therapies, it remains a part of the historical treatment landscape for rheumatoid arthritis.
-Gold thioglucose features gold in the oxidation state of +I, like other gold thiolates.
+{{Drug-stub}}
-It is a water-soluble, non-ionic species that is assumed to exist as a polymer.<ref name=shaw/>  Under physiological conditions, an oxidation-reduction reaction leads to the formation of metallic gold and sulfinic acid derivative of thioglucose.
+[[Category:Antirheumatic agents]]
-:2 AuSTg  →  2 Au  +  TgSSTg
+[[Category:Gold compounds]]
-:TgSSTg  +  H<sub>2</sub>O  →  TgSOH  +  TgSH
-:2 TgSOH  →  TgSO<sub>2</sub>H  +  TgSH
-:Overall: 2 H<sub>2</sub>O  +  4 AuSTg  →  4 Au  +  TgSO<sub>2</sub>H  +  3 TgSH
-(where AuSTg = gold thioglucose, TgSSTg = thioglucose disulfide, TgSO<sub>2</sub>H = sulfinic acid derivative of thioglucose)
-==Preparation==
-* Gold thioglucose can be prepared by treating gold bromide with thioglucose solution saturated with sulfur dioxide.
-* Gold thioglucose is precipitated with methanol and recrystallized with water and methanol.
-==See also==
-* [[Auranofin]]
-{{Antirheumatic products}}
-{{Xenobiotic-sensing receptor modulators}}
-{{Gold compounds}}
-{{adapted}}
-[[Category:Gold(I) compounds]]
-[[Category:IARC Group 3 carcinogens]]
-[[Category:Coordination compounds]]
-[[Category:Antirheumatic products]]
 [[Category:Organosulfur compounds]]
-[[Category:Metal-containing drugs]]
+[[Category:Coordination complexes]]
-[[Category:Gold–sulfur compounds]]
+<gallery>
+File:Authioglucose.png|Aurothioglucose
+File:Aurothioglucose-3D-vdW.png|Aurothioglucose 3D Model
+</gallery>