Editing Celiac

'''Celiac disease''' (also spelled '''coeliac disease''') is an [[autoimmune disorder]] that primarily affects the [[small intestine]]. It occurs in genetically predisposed individuals and is triggered by the ingestion of [[gluten]], a protein found in [[wheat]], [[barley]], and [[rye]]. The disease can lead to various gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal symptoms and complications.

==Pathophysiology==
Celiac disease is characterized by an inappropriate immune response to gluten, leading to inflammation and damage to the [[villi]] of the small intestine. This damage impairs nutrient absorption, which can result in [[malnutrition]] and a variety of associated health issues. The primary immune response involves [[T cells]] and the production of [[autoantibodies]] such as [[anti-tissue transglutaminase]] (tTG) and [[anti-endomysial antibodies]] (EMA).

==Symptoms==
Symptoms of celiac disease can vary widely and may include:
* [[Diarrhea]]
* [[Abdominal pain]]
* [[Bloating]]
* [[Weight loss]]
* [[Fatigue]]
* [[Anemia]]
* [[Dermatitis herpetiformis]] (a skin rash)

In some cases, individuals may be asymptomatic or have atypical symptoms, making diagnosis challenging.

==Diagnosis==
Diagnosis of celiac disease typically involves a combination of serological tests and a [[small intestine biopsy]]. Common serological tests include:
* Anti-tissue transglutaminase (tTG) antibodies
* Anti-endomysial antibodies (EMA)
* Deamidated gliadin peptide (DGP) antibodies

A biopsy of the small intestine, obtained via [[endoscopy]], is used to confirm the diagnosis by demonstrating villous atrophy and crypt hyperplasia.

==Treatment==
The only effective treatment for celiac disease is a strict, lifelong [[gluten-free diet]]. This involves the complete avoidance of foods containing wheat, barley, and rye. Adherence to a gluten-free diet can lead to the healing of the intestinal mucosa and resolution of symptoms. Regular follow-up with a healthcare provider and a [[dietitian]] experienced in managing celiac disease is recommended.

==Complications==
If left untreated, celiac disease can lead to several complications, including:
* [[Osteoporosis]]
* [[Infertility]]
* [[Neurological disorders]]
* [[Intestinal lymphoma]]
* [[Other autoimmune disorders]]

==Epidemiology==
Celiac disease affects approximately 1% of the global population, with higher prevalence in certain regions such as [[Europe]] and [[North America]]. It can occur at any age, although it is often diagnosed in childhood or early adulthood.

==Related Pages==
* [[Autoimmune disorder]]
* [[Gluten]]
* [[Small intestine]]
* [[Dermatitis herpetiformis]]
* [[Gluten-free diet]]
* [[Malnutrition]]
* [[Endoscopy]]

==Categories==
[[Category:Autoimmune diseases]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Gluten-related disorders]]
[[Category:Malnutrition]]

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