Genome engineering

Genome Engineering

Genome engineering, also known as Genetic Engineering, is a scientific discipline that involves the direct manipulation of an organism's genomes using biotechnology. Pronounced as /ˈdʒiːnoʊm ˌɛndʒɪˈnɪərɪŋ/, the term is derived from the Greek word "genomos" meaning "birth" and the English word "engineering" which refers to the application of scientific and mathematical principles to practical ends.

History

The concept of genome engineering has its roots in the discovery of DNA in the mid-20th century. The development of Recombinant DNA technology in the 1970s marked the beginning of modern genome engineering. The field has since evolved with the advent of advanced techniques such as CRISPR-Cas9 and TALENs.

Techniques

Genome engineering techniques include Homologous Recombination, Non-Homologous End Joining, and Site-Directed Mutagenesis. These techniques allow scientists to add, remove, or alter genetic material within a genome, enabling the creation of genetically modified organisms or the correction of genetic defects.

Homologous Recombination

Homologous recombination is a type of genetic recombination in which nucleotide sequences are exchanged between two similar or identical molecules of DNA.

Non-Homologous End Joining

Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) is a pathway that repairs double-strand breaks in DNA. NHEJ is referred to as "non-homologous" because the break ends are directly ligated without the need for a homologous template.

Site-Directed Mutagenesis

Site-directed mutagenesis is a molecular biology method that is used to make specific and intentional changes to the DNA sequence of a gene.

Applications

Genome engineering has a wide range of applications in fields such as Medicine, Agriculture, and Biofuel Production. In medicine, it is used for Gene Therapy and the creation of Model Organisms. In agriculture, it is used to create genetically modified crops with desirable traits. In biofuel production, it is used to engineer microorganisms that can produce biofuels.

See Also

• Genetic Modification
• Genetic Engineering
• Gene Therapy
• CRISPR-Cas9
• TALENs

External links

• Medical encyclopedia article on Genome engineering
• Wikipedia's article - Genome engineering

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