Classical
Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning (pronunciation: /ˈklæsɪkəl kənˈdɪʃənɪŋ/), also known as Pavlovian Conditioning or Respondent Conditioning, is a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. It is a basic form of learning that applies to all species.
The term "Classical Conditioning" was coined by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, in the early 20th century. The etymology of the term comes from the classical experiment Pavlov conducted with dogs, which led to the discovery of this type of learning.
Definition
Classical Conditioning involves pairing a previously neutral stimulus (which does not lead to a response) with a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response. After repeated pairings, the organism learns to respond to the neutral stimulus in the same way as it does to the natural stimulus.
Process
The process of Classical Conditioning involves four stages:
- Unconditioned Stimulus (US): This is a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without any learning. For example, food is an unconditioned stimulus for a hungry animal.
- Unconditioned Response (UR): This is the naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus, such as salivation when food is in the mouth.
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS): This is a previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response.
- Conditioned Response (CR): This is the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus.
Examples
One of the most famous examples of Classical Conditioning is Pavlov's experiment with dogs, where he paired the sound of a bell (conditioned stimulus) with the presentation of food (unconditioned stimulus). After repeated pairings, the dogs began to salivate (conditioned response) at the sound of the bell, even when no food was presented.
Related Terms
External links
- Medical encyclopedia article on Classical
- Wikipedia's article - Classical
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