"Non-fixed" facilities or distinct parts of a "non-fixed" facility, providing outpatient medical and dental services, primarily intended for DoD active duty. The entity is funded with other than Defense Health Program funding. Non-DoD active duty may receive services from this entity. "Non-fixed" fa "Non-fixed" facilities or distinct parts of a "non-fixed" facility, providing outpatient surgical procedures requiring medically supervised recovery. Does not include items issued directly to a patient from an outpatient pharmacy or patient transport. Includes initial "take home" pharmaceuticals. (1) A clinical laboratory is a facility for the biological, microbiological, serological, chemical, immunohematological, hematological, biophysical, cytological, pathological, or other examination of materials derived from the human body for the purpose of providing information for the diagnosis, pr (1) A form of health insurance in which its members prepay a premium for the HMO's health services which generally include inpatient and ambulatory care. For the patient, an HMO means reduced out-of-pocket costs (i.e. no deductible), no paperwork (i.e. insurance forms), and only a small copayment fo (1) A hospital including a physical plant and personnel that provides multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment for diseases that have one or more of the following characteristics: is permanent; leaves residual disability; is caused by nonreversible pathological alteration; requires special training (1) A licensed registered nurse with advanced specialty education in anesthesia who, in collaboration with appropriate health care professionals, provides preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative care to patients and assists in management and resuscitation of critical patients in intensive ca (1) A registered nurse is a person qualified by graduation from an accredited nursing school (depending upon schooling, a registered nurse may receive either a diploma from a hospital program, an associate degree in nursing (A.D.N.) or a Bachelor of Science degree in nursing (B.S.N.), who is license (1) A skilled nursing facility is a facility or distinct part of an institution whose primary function is to provide medical, continuous nursing, and other health and social services to patients who are not in an acute phase of illness requiring services in a hospital, but who require primary restor (1) A specialist in evaluation, habilitation and rehabilitation of those whose communication disorders center in whole or in part in hearing function. Audiologists are autonomous professionals who identify, assess, and manage disorders of the auditory, balance and other neural systems. Audiologists (1) An EPO is a form of PPO, in which patients must visit a caregiver that is specified on its panel of providers (is a participating provider). If a visit to an outside(not participating) provider is made the EPO offers very limited or no coverage for the medical service; (2) While similar to a PPO (1) An individual educated and trained in clinical chemistry, microbiology or other biological sciences; and in gathering data on the blood, tissues, and fluids in the human body. Tests and procedures performed or supervised center on major areas of hematology, microbiology, immunohematology, immuno (1) An individual who uses art to achieve the therapeutic goals of symptom relief, emotional integration, and recovery from or adjustment to illness or disability. (2) An art therapist uses a form of treatment that enables patients with mental or physical disabilities to use art as a way of expressi (1) An unlicensed individual who is trained to function in an assistive role to the licensed nurse in the provision of patient/client activities as delegated by the nurse; (2) An individual trained (either on-the-job or through a formal course generally of less than one year) and experienced in perf (1)Physical therapist assistants are skilled health care providers who are graduates of a physical therapist assistant associate degree program accredited by an agency recognized by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Education or Council on Postsecondary Accreditation, who assists the physical A Basic EMT is an individual trained and certified to perform basic life support treatment in medical emergencies based on individual state boards. A Brain Injury Medicine physician specializes in disorders of brain function due to injury and disease. These disorders encompass a range of medical, physical, neurologic, cognitive, sensory, and behavioral disorders that result in psychosocial, educational, and vocational consequences. A Certified Respiratory Therapist (CRT) is a an entry level therapist who has passed a standardized written examination administered by the National Board for Respiratory Care (NBRC). CRTs provide diagnostic testing, therapeutics, monitoring, rehabilitation, and education to patients with disorders A Child Abuse Pediatrician serves as a resource to children, families and communities by accurately diagnosing abuse; consulting with community agencies on child safety; providing expertise in courts of law; treating consequences of abuse and neglect; directing child abuse and neglect prevention pro A Child Neurologist specializes in neurology with special skills in diagnosis and treatment of neurologic disorders of the neonatal period, infancy, early childhood, and adolescence. A Clinical Exercise Physiologist is a health care professional who is trained to work with patients with chronic disease where exercise training has been shown to be of therapeutic benefit, including but not limited to cardiovascular and pulmonary disease, and metabolic disorders. A Dental Therapist is an individual who has completed an accredited or non-accredited dental therapy program and who has been authorized by the relevant state board or a tribal entity to provide services within the scope of their practice under the supervision of a dentist. Functions that may be del A Department of Defense (DoD) health care organization furnishing inpatient care 24 hours per day in "fixed" facilities, primarily for DoD beneficiaries. Entity is Defense Health Program (DHP) funded. A "fixed" facility is a non-temporary, non-deployed facility usually used for health care services. A Department of Defense (DoD) health care organization furnishing inpatient care 24 hours per day in "non-fixed" or deployed facilities. Entity is not Defense Health Program funded. Services are primarily intended for DoD active duty though some services may be furnished for non-DoD active duty. "No A Department of Defense (DoD) medical clinical reference laboratory not associated with a DoD Hospital or DoD Clinic. An example is the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. A Department of Defense (DoD) or U.S. Coast Guard entity whose primary function is to store, prepare and dispense pharmaceuticals and other associated items to Uniformed Services beneficiaries. These pharmacies may be associated with a DoD or U.S. Coast Guard clinic, DoD Hospital or freestanding. A Developmental Therapist is a person qualified by completion of an approved program in Developmental Therapy and where applicable credentialed by the state and practicing within the scope of the credential, or credentialed by completion of education experiences as approved by the state and practici A Dietetic Technician, Registered (DTR)/Nutrition and Dietetics Technician, Registered (NDTR) is an individual holding a nationally protected title issued by the Commission on Dietetic Registration (CDR) to qualified individuals who obtain an associate's degree or higher and successfully complete a A Foster Care Agency is an agency that provides foster care as defined in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) as "24-hour substitute care for children outside their own homes." Foster care settings include, but are not limited to, nonrelative foster family homes, relative foster homes (whether pay A Hypertension Specialist is a physician who concentrates on all aspects of the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension. A Midwife is a trained professional with special expertise in supporting women to maintain a healthy pregnancy birth, offering expert individualized care, education, counseling, and support to a woman and her newborn throughout the childbearing cycle. A Midwife is a skilled and independent practitio A Navy Independent Duty Corpsman (IDC) is an active duty Sailor who has successfully completed one of the Navy's specific IDC training programs. IDCs are formally trained and educated to perform primary medical care and minor surgical services in a variety of health care and non-health care setting A Neuromusculoskeletal Medicine and Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine physician trained to be responsible for the continuous care in the field of sports medicine encompasses increased knowledge and understanding of osteopathic principles and practice and heightened technical skills of osteopathic ma A Nursing Care Agency is an entity that provides skilled nursing care through the services of a Registered Nurse (RN) or a Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN), by employees, contracted individuals, or via a registry, in a variety of settings. The agency may engage in providing private duty nursing and/or A PACE provider organization is a not-for-profit private or public entity that is primarily engaged in providing PACE services(unique capitated managed care benefits for the frail elderly which include comprehensive medical and social services). The following characteristics also apply to a PACE or A Radiology Practitioner Assistant (RPA) is a health professional certified as a registered radiographer with the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT) and, in addition, is credentialed to provide primary radiology health care with radiologist supervision. Radiology Practitioner Assis A Radiology doctor of Osteopathy that specializes in Body Imaging. A Radiology doctor of Osteopathy that specializes in Diagnostic Ultrasound. A Registered Dietitian (RD)/Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RDN) is an individual uniquely trained in the science of nutrition and practice of dietetics to design and provide medical nutrition therapy (MNT) and other evidence-based applications of the Nutrition Care Process (NCP) that exemplify t A Registered Respiratory Therapist (RRT) is an advanced therapist who has passed standardized written and clinical simulation examinations administered by the National Board for Respiratory Care (NBRC). In addition, to the certified therapist (CRT) entry level skills, RRTs have advanced education a A behavior analyst is qualified by at least a master's degree and Behavior Analyst Certification Board certification and/or a state-issued credential (such as a license) to practice behavior analysis independently. Behavior analysts provide the required supervision to assistant behavior analysts and A board certified subspecialty, the molecular genetic pathologist is expert in the principles, theory and technologies of molecular biology and molecular genetics. This expertise is used to make or confirm diagnoses of Mendelian genetic disorders, of human development, infectious diseases and malign A broad category grouping different kinds of technologists and technicians. See individual definitions. A business group of one or more individual practitioners, all of who practice with the same area of specialization. A business group of one or more individual practitioners, who practice with different areas of specialization. A camping facility that provides specialized respite care to individuals requiring enhanced services to enable them to remain in the community, (e.g., those with developmental delays, intellectual disabilities, mental/behavioral disorders). The staff must have training in working with the target pop A chemical pathologist has expertise in the biochemistry of the human body as it applies to the understanding of the cause and progress of disease. This physician functions as a clinical consultant in the diagnosis and treatment of human disease. Chemical pathology entails the application of biochem A clinical biochemical geneticist demonstrates competence in performing and interpreting biochemical analyses relevant to the diagnosis and management of human genetic diseases and is a consultant regarding laboratory diagnosis of a broad range of inherited disorders. A clinical cytogeneticist demonstrates competence in providing laboratory diagnostic and clinical interpretive services dealing with cellular components, particularly chromosomes, associated with heredity. A clinical ethicist has been trained in bioethics and ethics case consultation. The clinical ethicist addresses medical-ethical dilemmas arising in clinical practice, such as end-of-life care, refusal of treatment, and futility of care; assists patients and health care providers with medical decisi A clinical geneticist demonstrates competence in providing comprehensive diagnostic, management and counseling services for genetic disorders. A clinical molecular geneticist demonstrates competence in performing and interpreting molecular analyses relevant to the diagnosis and management of human genetic diseases and is a consultant regarding laboratory diagnosis of a broad range of inherited disorders. A clinical psychologist who applies principles of assessment and intervention based upon the scientific study of human behavior as it relates to normal and abnormal functioning of the central nervous system. The specialty is dedicated to enhancing the understanding of brain-behavior relationships an A collective term for persons with specialized training in various narrow fields of expertise whose occupations require training and skills in specific technical processes and procedures; and where further classification is deemed unnecessary by the user. A colon and rectal surgeon is trained to diagnose and treat various diseases of the intestinal tract, colon, rectum, anal canal and perianal area by medical and surgical means. This specialist also deals with other organs and tissues (such as the liver, urinary and female reproductive system) involv A commercial laboratory specializing in the construction of dental appliances that conform to a dentist's specifications including the construction of dentures (complete or partial), orthodontic appliances, bridgework, crowns, and inlays. A complex family planning physician specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of individuals with complex reproductive needs. These physicians are experts in abortion and contraception clinical care, research, education, and advocacy. A contractor who makes modifications to private vehicles to accommodate a health condition. A coordinated plan of care to help dying patients and their families handle the burden of terminal care. Effective secretion management and relief of dyspnea are paramount in caring for patients with end-stage pulmonary disease. A custodial care facility providing supportive and personal care services to disabled and/or elderly individuals who cannot function independently in most areas of activity and need assistance and monitoring to enable them to remain in a home like environment. A cytopathologist is an anatomic pathologist trained in the diagnosis of human disease by means of the study of cells obtained from body secretions and fluids, by scraping, washing, or sponging the surface of a lesion, or by the aspiration of a tumor mass or body organ with a fine needle. A major a A dentist who assesses, diagnoses, and treats patients with complex chronic orofacial pain and dysfunction disorders, oromotor and jaw behavior disorders, and chronic head/neck pain. The dentist has successfully completed an accredited postdoctoral orofacial pain residency training program for dent A dentist who has successfully completed an accredited postdoctoral anesthesiology residency training program for dentists of two or more years duration, in accord with Commission on Dental Accreditation's Standards for Dental Anesthesiology Residency Programs, and/or meets the eligibility requireme A dentist with advanced training specializing in the recognition and treatment of oral conditions resulting from the interrelationship between oral disease and systemic health. The Oral Medicinist manages clinical and non-surgical treatment of non-dental pathologies affecting the oral and maxillofac A dermatologist who utilizes various specialized laboratory procedures to diagnose disorders characterized by defective responses of the body's immune system. Immunodermatologists also may provide consultation in the management of these disorders and administer specialized forms of therapy for these A dermatopathologist has the expertise to diagnose and monitor diseases of the skin including infectious, immunologic, degenerative and neoplastic diseases. This entails the examination and interpretation of specially prepared tissue sections, cellular scrapings and smears of skin lesions by means o A designation by the AHA of a hospital whose primary function of the institution is to provide diagnostic and treatment services for patients who have specified medical conditions, both surgical and nonsurgical. A developmental-behavioral specialist is a pediatrician with special training and experience who aims to foster understanding and promotion of optimal development of children and families through research, education, clinical care and advocacy efforts. This physician assists in the prevention, diagn A dietary manager is a trained food services professional who is charged with maintaining cost/profit objectives, purchasing foods and services for the department and supervising staff.. Dietary managers are trained to understand the basic nutritional needs of clients and work in partnership with di A distinct part of a hospital that provides medically monitored, interdisciplinary addiction-focused treatment to patients/clients who have psychoactive substance use disorders (commonly referred to as alcohol and drug abuse or substance abuse.) A doctor of veterinary medicine, trained and authorized to practice veterinarian medicine and surgery. A facility or distinct part of a facility that providers short term, residential care to children, diagnosed with complex or profound disabilities as respite for the regular caregivers. A facility or distinct part of a facility that provides a 24 hr therapeutically planned living and rehabilitative intervention environment for the treatment of children with disorders in the use of drugs, alcohol, and other substances. Medical and supportive counseling services and education servic A facility or distinct part of a facility that provides a 24 hr therapeutically planned living and rehabilitative intervention environment for the treatment of individuals with disorders in the abuse of drugs, alcohol, and other substances. A facility or distinct part of a facility that provides short term, residential care to children diagnosed with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities as respite for the regular caregivers. A facility or distinct part of a facility that provides short term, residential care to children, diagnosed with mental illness, as respite for the regular caregivers. A facility or distinct part of one used for the diagnosis and treatment of outpatients. "Clinic/Center" is irregularly defined, sometimes being limited to organizations serving specialized treatment requirements or distinct patient/client groups (e.g., radiology, poor, and public health). A facility providing care that serves to assist an individual in the activities of daily living, such as assistance in walking, getting in and out of bed, bathing, dressing, feeding, and using the toilet, preparation of special diets, and supervision of medication that usually can be self-administer A facility providing supportive services to individuals who can function independently in most areas of activity, but exhibit abnormal behavioral responses and habits and therefore need special guidance, assistance and/or monitoring to assure safety and well being. This type of facility requires a A facility providing supportive services to individuals who can function independently in most areas of activity, but need assistance and/or monitoring to assure safety and well being. A facility providing supportive services to individuals who can function independently in most areas of activity, but need special guidance, assistance and/or monitoring as the result of a psychiatric problem. This type of facility requires a staff with special training in mental health training an A facility used by pharmacists for the compounding and dispensing of medicinal preparations and other associated professional and administrative services. A pharmacy is a facility whose primary function is to store, prepare and legally dispense prescription drugs under the professional supervision o A family medicine physician with multidisciplinary training in the unique physical, psychological and social characteristics of adolescents and their health care problems and needs. A family medicine physician with special knowledge and skills to prevent and relieve the suffering experienced by patients with life-limiting illnesses. This specialist works with an interdisciplinary hospice or palliative care team to maximize quality of life while addressing physical, psychologica A family medicine physician with special knowledge of the aging process and special skills in the diagnostic, therapeutic, preventive and rehabilitative aspects of illness in the elderly. This specialist cares for geriatric patients in the patient's home, the office, long-term care settings such as A federally designated organization that works with hospital personnel in retrieval of organs for transplantation. The federal government designates an OPO's service area and the hospitals with which an OPO is to establish working relationships. A fertility facility, which may be licensed, registered, or certified in some states, that is not hospital-based, where services are provided at a fixed specific location. An Ambulatory Fertility Facility does not provide overnight accommodations. The following fertility procedures may be performed A field of special interest within the subspecialty of cardiovascular disease, specialty of Internal Medicine, which involves intricate technical procedures to evaluate heart rhythms and determine appropriate treatment for them. A field that focuses on the health of populations and the prevention of disease through the promotion of healthy behaviors and the implementation of public health policies. A forensic pathologist is expert in investigating and evaluating cases of sudden, unexpected, suspicious and violent death as well as other specific classes of death defined by law. The forensic pathologist serves the public as coroner or medical examiner, or by performing medicolegal autopsies for A freestanding birth center is a health facility other than a hospital where childbirth is planned to occur away from the pregnant woman's residence, and that provides prenatal, labor and delivery, and postpartum care, as well as other ambulatory services for women and newborns. A freestanding facility or special care unit of a long term care facility focusing on patient care of individuals diagnosed with dementia or Alzheimer's Disease or their related diseases. Six elements of the facility/unit set it apart from other (the rest of the) facilities(y): Admission of residen A group of physicians and/or hospitals who contract with an employer to provide services to their employees. In a PPO, the patient may got to the physician of his/her choice, even if that physician does not participate in the PPO, but the patient receives care at a lower benefit level. A health care facility operated by the Department of Defense. A health care practitioner who trains or retrains individuals disabled by disease or injury to help them attain their maximum functional capacity. A health care professional who is specifically educated and trained to manage comprehensive orthotic patient care, including musculoskeletal and neuromuscular anomalies resulting from injuries or disease processes involving the lower extremity, upper extremity or spinal segment/s and positional defo A health care professional who is specifically educated and trained to manage comprehensive prosthetic patient care for individuals who have sustained complete or partial limb loss or absence. Prosthetists assess specific patient needs, formulate an appropriate treatment plan, implement the treatmen A home-like residential facility providing habilitation, support and monitoring services to individuals diagnosed with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities. A home-like residential facility providing psychiatric treatment and psycho/social rehabilitative services to individuals diagnosed with mental illness. A hospital or facility that provides health-related, social and/or vocational services to disabled persons to help them attain their maximum functional capacity. A laboratory that operates independently of a hospital and physician's office to furnish physiological diagnostic services (e.g. EEG's , EKG's, scans, etc.). Facilities offering ONLY physiological services are not certified as independent laboratories. If an independent laboratory offers physiologic A land commercial vehicle used for the transporting of persons in non-emergency situations. The vehicle meets local, county or state regulations set forth by the jurisdictions where it is located. A land vehicle with a capacity to meet special height, clearance, access, and seating, for the conveyance of persons in non-emergency situations. The vehicle may or may not be required to meet local county or state regulations. A licensed pharmacist who has demonstrated specialized knowledge and skill delivering direct patient care and the safe and effective use of medications for patients in all phases of solid organ transplantation. A licensed pharmacist who has demonstrated specialized knowledge and skill in maintenance and/or restoration of optimal nutritional status, designing and modifying treatment according to patient needs. A licensed pharmacist who has demonstrated specialized knowledge and skill in optimizing care of patients with psychiatric illness by assessing and monitoring patients, recognizing drug-induced problems, and recommending appropriate treatment plans. A licensed pharmacist who has demonstrated specialized knowledge and skill in optimizing pharmacotherapeutic care of patients, by developing, implementing, monitoring, and modifying complex treatment plans, providing advanced level education and consultation, and collaborating with other health prof A licensed pharmacist who has demonstrated specialized knowledge and skill in procurement, compounding, quality control testing, dispensing, distribution, and monitoring of radiopharmaceuticals. A licensed pharmacist who has demonstrated specialized knowledge and skill in the delivery of patient care services by pharmacists that ensures the safe and effective use of medications for all children from neonates through adolescents. A licensed pharmacist who has demonstrated specialized knowledge and skill in the delivery of patient care services by pharmacists, as integral members of interprofessional teams, working to ensure the safe and effective use of medications in critically ill patients. A licensed pharmacist who has demonstrated specialized knowledge and skill in the provision of integrated, accessible health care services by pharmacists and is accountable for addressing medication needs, developing sustained partnerships with patients, and practicing in the context of family and c A licensed pharmacist who has demonstrated specialized knowledge and skill in the use of microbiology and pharmacology to develop, implement, and monitor drug regimens that incorporate antimicrobials to optimize therapy for patients. A licensed pharmacist who has demonstrated specialized knowledge and skill to ensure that sterile preparations meet the clinical needs of patients, satisfying quality, safety, and environmental control requirements, regulations, and standards in all phases of preparation, storage, transportation, an A licensed physical therapist who has demonstrated specialized knowledge and skills pertaining to the workplace, occupational demands, prevention of work-related injury, management of the worker with job-related symptoms or participation restrictions, and provides individual, group or population lev A licensed physical therapist, including but not limited to an individual who is a Board Certified Specialist in Clinical Electrophysiologic Physical Therapy, who has demonstrated specialized knowledge and skill in electrophysiologic examinations and evaluations and encompasses both the professional A licensed physical therapist, including but not limited to an individual who is a Board Certified Specialist in Orthopaedic Physical Therapy, who has demonstrated specialized knowledge and skill in human anatomy and physiology, movement science; pathology/pathophysiology, pain science, medical and A licensed physical therapist, including but not limited to an individual who is a Board Certified Specialist in Sports Physical Therapy, who has demonstrated specialized knowledge and skill in human anatomy and physiology, movement science, pathology and pathophysiology, medical and surgical interv A licensed physician, who has completed a residency program in Neurology, and who has additional training, experience, and competence in the standards of performance and interpretation of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI / MRA) of the head, spine, and peripheral nerves, and Computed Tomography (CT) o A licensed, doctoral-level psychologist authorized to prescribe and has undergone specialized education and training in preparation for prescriptive practice and has passed an examination accepted by the state board of psychology relevant to establishing competence for prescribing, and has received A marriage and family therapist is a person with a master's degree in marriage and family therapy, or a master's or doctoral degree in a related mental health field with substantially equivalent coursework in marriage and family therapy, who receives supervised clinical experience, or a person who m A masters trained health care provider who collects and interprets genetic family histories; assesses the risk of disease occurrence or recurrence; identifies interventions to manage or ameliorate disease risk; educates about inheritance, testing, management, prevention, ethical issues, resources, a A medical geneticist works in association with a medical specialist, is affiliated with a clinical genetics program and serves as a consultant to medical and dental specialists. A medical geneticist works in association with a medical specialist, is affiliated with a clinical genetics program, and serves as a consultant to medical and dental specialists. A medical microbiologist is expert in the isolation and identification of microbial agents that cause infectious disease. Viruses, bacteria and fungi, as well as parasites, are identified and, where possible, tested for susceptibility to appropriate antimicrobial agents. A medical or mental health professional who has attained credentials after satisfactorily completing a poetry therapy training program approved by the National Federation for Biblio/Poetry Therapy (NFBPT). Training includes didactic work, peer group experience, and supervised practicum.<br/>An NFBPT A medical specialty that focuses on providing comfort and support to people with serious illnesses. A medical specialty that focuses on the care of critically ill or injured children in the emergency department. A medical specialty that focuses on the care of critically ill patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). A medical specialty that focuses on the care of newborn babies, including the management of premature or sick infants. A medical specialty that focuses on the care of pregnant women and their fetuses, including the management of high-risk pregnancies. A medical specialty that focuses on the care of women's reproductive health, including pregnancy, childbirth, and the treatment of gynecological conditions. A medical specialty that focuses on the chemical processes that occur in the body, including the metabolism of nutrients and the synthesis of hormones and other biomolecules. A medical specialty that focuses on the comprehensive healthcare of individuals and families, including preventive care and treatment of acute and chronic conditions. A medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis and management of genetic disorders and the study of inherited traits. A medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of acute illnesses and injuries in the emergency department. A medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of allergies and immune system disorders in children. A medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of allergies and immune system disorders. A medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of blood disorders and cancer in children. A medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of cancer of the female reproductive system. A medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. A medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of developmental delays and disabilities in children. A medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of digestive disorders in children. A medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the blood, including conditions such as anemia and leukemia. A medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the digestive system. A medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the ear, nose, and throat. A medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the nervous system using techniques such as electromyography (EMG) and electroencephalography (EEG). A medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of endocrine disorders in children. A medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of fertility problems and endocrine disorders that affect reproduction. A medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of heart disorders in children. A medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other pathogens. A medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases in children. A medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of kidney disorders in children. A medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of mental health disorders in children and adolescents. A medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of mental health disorders in older adults. A medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of obesity and related conditions. A medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of respiratory disorders in children. A medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of respiratory disorders. A medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of rheumatic diseases in children. A medical specialty that focuses on the examination of blood and bone marrow samples to diagnose and monitor blood disorders. A medical specialty that focuses on the health and safety of people working in the aerospace industry, including pilots and astronauts. A medical specialty that focuses on the healthcare of adolescents and young adults. A medical specialty that focuses on the healthcare of children, including the prevention and treatment of childhood illnesses. A medical specialty that focuses on the healthcare of older adults. A medical specialty that focuses on the prevention and treatment of sports-related injuries and the promotion of athletic performance. A medical specialty that focuses on the prevention and treatment of work-related injuries and illnesses. A medical specialty that focuses on the restoration of function and mobility in people with physical impairments or disabilities. A medical specialty that focuses on the safe use of blood and blood products for transfusion. A medical specialty that focuses on the study of diseases of the nervous system, including the examination of brain and spinal cord tissue samples. A medical specialty that involves the application of psychiatric principles and techniques to legal issues. A medical specialty that involves the examination of bodies to determine the cause of death in criminal cases or accidents. A medical specialty that uses imaging techniques, such as MRI and CT, to diagnose and treat disorders of the brain and nervous system. A medical specialty that uses imaging techniques, such as X-rays and ultrasound, to guide minimally invasive procedures, such as biopsies and stent placements. A medical specialty that uses radiation therapy to treat cancer. A medical specialty that uses radioactive isotopes to diagnose and treat diseases. A neuro-ophthalmologist is a subspecialist of ophthalmology. This physician evaluates, treats, and studies disorders of the eye, orbit and nervous system having to do with interactions of the visual motor and visual sensory systems with the central nervous system. Neuro-ophthalmologists manage pati A neurological surgeon provides the operative and non-operative management (i.e., prevention, diagnosis, evaluation, treatment, critical care, and rehabilitation) of disorders of the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, including their supporting structures and vascular supply; the ev A neurologist or child neurologist who specializes in the diagnosis and management of disorders of nerve, muscle or neuromuscular junction, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, peripheral neuropathies (e.g., diabetic and immune mediated neuropathies), various muscular dystrophies, congenital and A neurologist who specializes in the treatment of individuals with developmental delays and learning disorders associated with cerebral palsy, spina bifida, autism, and other chronic neurologic conditions. A neurologist, child neurologists or psychiatrist who provides a high level of care, either as a primary physician or consultant, for patients experiencing problems with acute, chronic or cancer pain in both hospital and ambulatory settings. Patient care needs may also be coordinated with other spec A nuclear medicine physician who specializes in in vivo and in vitro nuclear medicine. A nuclear medicine physician who specializes in nuclear cardiology. A nuclear medicine physician who specializes in nuclear imaging and therapy. A nursing care facility designed and staffed for the provision of nursing care and appropriate educational and habilitative/rehabilitative services to children with multiple, complex or profound disabilities that can not be cared for in a less restrictive environment. A nursing facility that provides an intermediate level of nursing care to individuals whose functional abilities are significantly compromise by mental illness. A pathologist who specializes in the diagnosis of immunologic diseases. A pediatric cardiologist provides comprehensive care to patients with cardiovascular problems. This specialist is skilled in selecting, performing and evaluating the structural and functional assessment of the heart and blood vessels, and the clinical evaluation of cardiovascular disease. A pediatric dermatologist has, through additional special training, developed expertise in the treatment of specific skin disease categories with emphasis on those diseases which predominate in infants, children and adolescents. A pediatric otolaryngologist has special expertise in the management of infants and children with disorders that include congenital and acquired conditions involving the aerodigestive tract, nose and paranasal sinuses, the ear and other areas of the head and neck. The pediatric otolaryngologist has A pediatric pathologist is expert in the laboratory diagnosis of diseases that occur during fetal growth, infancy and child development. The practice requires a strong foundation in general pathology and substantial understanding of normal growth and development, along with extensive knowledge of pe A pediatrician dedicated to the prevention and treatment of all respiratory diseases affecting infants, children and young adults. This specialist is knowledgeable about the growth and development of the lung, assessment of respiratory function in infants and children, and experienced in a variety o A pediatrician expert in advanced life support for children from the term or near-term neonate to the adolescent. This competence extends to the critical care management of life-threatening organ system failure from any cause in both medical and surgical patients and to the support of vital physiolo A pediatrician trained in the combination of pediatrics, hematology and oncology to recognize and manage pediatric blood disorders and cancerous diseases. A pediatrician trained to care for children in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of infectious diseases. This specialist can apply specific knowledge to affect a better outcome for pediatric infections with complicated courses, underlying diseases that predispose to unusual or severe infection A pediatrician who deals with the normal and abnormal development and maturation of the kidney and urinary tract, the mechanisms by which the kidney can be damaged, the evaluation and treatment of renal diseases, fluid and electrolyte abnormalities, hypertension and renal replacement therapy. A pediatrician who has special qualifications to manage emergencies in infants and children. A pediatrician who is the principal care provider for sick newborn infants. Clinical expertise is used for direct patient care and for consulting with obstetrical colleagues to plan for the care of mothers who have high-risk pregnancies. A pediatrician who provides expert care to infants, children and adolescents who have diseases that result from an abnormality in the endocrine glands (glands which secrete hormones). These diseases include diabetes mellitus, growth failure, unusual size for age, early or late pubertal development, A pediatrician who specializes in clinical and laboratory immunology disease management. A pediatrician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of allergies, allergic reactions, and immunologic diseases in children. A pediatrician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the digestive systems of infants, children and adolescents. This specialist treats conditions such as abdominal pain, ulcers, diarrhea, cancer and jaundice and performs complex diagnostic and therapeutic procedures using li A pediatrician who treats diseases of joints, muscle, bones and tendons. A pediatric rheumatologist diagnoses and treats arthritis, back pain, muscle strains, common athletic injuries and "collagen" diseases. A pediatrician with expertise in transplant hepatology encompasses the special knowledge and skill required of pediatric gastroenterologists to care for patients prior to and following hepatic transplantation; it spans all phases of liver transplantation. A perfusionist operates extracorporeal circulation and autotransfusion equipment during any medical situation where it is necessary to support or temporarily replace the patient's circulatory or respiratory function. The perfusionist is knowledgeable concerning the variety of equipment available to A perioperative registered nurse who works in collaboration with the surgeon and other health care team members to achieve optimal outcomes. The RNFA has acquired the necessary knowledge, judgment, and skills specific to the expanded role of RNFA clinical practice. Intraoperatively, the RNFA assis A person employed to operate a motor vehicle as a carrier of persons or property. A person qualified by experience and limited specialized training to provide obstetric and neo-natal care in the management of women having normal pregnancy, labor and childbirth. The lay midwife is licensed in some states. A person trained to assist public health nurses, home health nurses, and other health professionals in the bedside care of patients in their homes. A person who contracts to supply certain materials or do certain work for a stipulated sum; esp., one whose business is contracting work in any of the building trades. For purposes of the taxonomy, a person who contracts to complete home repairs or modifications to accommodate a health condition (e. A person who provides case management services and assists an individual in gaining access to needed medical, social, educational, and/or other services. The person has the ability to provide an assessment and review of completed plan of care on a periodic basis. This person is also able to take c A person who works under the direct supervision of a licensed pharmacist and performs many pharmacy-related functions that do not require the professional judgment of a pharmacist. A person, usually an embalmer, whose business is to arrange for the burial or cremation of the dead and to assist at the funeral rites. A pharmacist who is certified in geriatric pharmacy practice is designated as a "Certified Geriatric Pharmacist" (CGP). To become certified, candidates are expected to be knowledgeable about principles of geriatric pharmacotherapy and the provision of pharmaceutical care to the elderly. A pharmacy dedicated to the compounding and dispensing of radioactive materials for use in nuclear imaging and nuclear medical procedures. A pharmacy in a clinic, emergency room or hospital (outpatient) that dispenses medications to patients for self-administration under the supervision of a pharmacist. A pharmacy in a hospital (inpatient) or institution used by pharmacists for the compounding and delivery of medicinal preparations to be administered to the patient by nursing or other authorized personnel. Institutional Pharmacies also counsel patients and caregivers; administer vaccinations; and p A pharmacy owned by a managed care organization (MCO) used by pharmacists for the compounding and dispensing of medicinal preparations to that MCO's covered members only. A pharmacy that dispenses generally low volume and high cost medicinal preparations to patients who are undergoing intensive therapies for illnesses that are generally chronic, complex and potentially life threatening. Often these therapies require specialized delivery and administration. A pharmacy that dispenses medicinal preparations delivered to patients residing within an intermediate or skilled nursing facility, including intermediate care facilities, hospice, assisted living facilities, group homes, and other forms of congregate living arrangements. A pharmacy that specializes in the preparation of components into a drug preparation as the result of a Practitioner's Prescription Drug Order or initiative based on the Practitioner/Patient/Pharmacist relationship in the course of professional practice. A compounding pharmacy utilizes specialized A pharmacy where pharmacists compound or dispense prescriptions or other medications in accordance with federal and state law, using common carriers to deliver the medications to patient or their caregivers. Mail order pharmacies counsel patients and caregivers (sometimes independent of the dispensi A pharmacy where pharmacists store, prepare, and dispense medicinal preparations and/or prescriptions for a local patient population in accordance with federal and state law; counsel patients and caregivers (sometimes independent of the dispensing process); administer vaccinations; and provide other A physiatrist who utilizes an interdisciplinary approach and addresses the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and management of congenital and childhood-onset physical impairments including related or secondary medical, physical, functional, psychosocial and vocational limitations or conditions, with A physician who addresses the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and management of traumatic spinal cord injury and non-traumatic etiologies of spinal cord dysfunction by working in an interdisciplinary manner. Care is provided to patients of all ages on a lifelong basis and covers related medical, ph A physician who specializes in blood banking/transfusion medicine is responsible for the maintenance of an adequate blood supply, blood donor and patient-recipient safety and appropriate blood utilization. Pre-transfusion compatibility testing and antibody testing assure that blood transfusions, whe A physician who specializes in diagnosis, treatment, and management of patients with gynecologic conditions. A physician who specializes in diagnosis, treatment, and management of patients with obstetric conditions. A physician who specializes in oculofacial plastic and reconstructive surgery. This subspecialty combines orbital and periocular surgery with facial plastic surgery, and includes aesthetic and reconstructive surgery of the face, orbit, eyelid, and lacrimal system. Practitioners evaluate, diagnose an A physician who specializes in the care and treatment of adults with congenital heart disease. Adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) physicians are trained to understand the complexities of congenital heart disease, anatomy, physiology, surgical repairs, and long-term complications and use that to m A physician who specializes in the treatment of obesity demonstrates competency in and a thorough understanding of the treatment of obesity and the genetic, biologic, environmental, social, and behavioral factors that contribute to obesity. The obesity medicine physician employs therapeutic interven A plastic surgeon deals with the repair, reconstruction or replacement of physical defects of form or function involving the skin, musculoskeletal system, craniomaxillofacial structures, hand, extremities, breast and trunk and external genitalia or cosmetic enhancement of these areas of the body. Co A plastic surgeon with additional training in plastic and reconstructive procedures within the head, face, neck and associated structures, including cutaneous head and neck oncology and reconstruction, management of maxillofacial trauma, soft tissue repair and neural surgery. The field is diverse an A plastic surgeon with additional training in the investigation, preservation, and restoration by medical, surgical and rehabilitative means of all structures of the upper extremity directly affecting the form and function of the hand and wrist. A podiatrist is a person qualified by a Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (D.P.M.) degree, licensed by the state, and practicing within the scope of that license. Podiatrists diagnose and treat foot diseases and deformities. They perform medical, surgical and other operative procedures, prescribe correct A practitioner of mechanotherapy examines patients by verbal inquiry, examination of the musculoskeletal system by hand, and visual inspection and observation. In the treatment of patients, mechanotherapists employ the techniques of advised or supervised exercise; electrical neuromuscular stimulati A preventive medicine physician who specializes in preventive medicine/occupational-environmental medicine, which is focused on protecting the population from occupational and environmental conditions. A private or public agency usually under local government jurisdiction, responsible for assuring the delivery of community based mental health, intellectual disabilities, substance abuse and/or behavioral health services to individuals with those disabilities. Services may range from companion care, A provider of service/function that assists participating individuals to make informed decisions about what will work best for them is consistent with their needs and reflects their individual circumstances. Serving as the agent of the individual, the service is available to assist in identifying im A provider organization, or distinct part of the organization, which renders an interdisciplinary program providing palliative care, chiefly medical relief of pain and supporting services, which addresses the emotional, social, financial, and legal needs of terminally ill patients and their families A provider qualified by a Doctor of Chiropractic (D.C.), licensed by the State and who practices chiropractic medicine -that discipline within the healing arts which deals with the nervous system and its relationship to the spinal column and its interrelationship with other body systems. A provider trained and educated in the applied science of medically prescribed therapeutic exercise, education and adapted physical activities designed to improve the quality of line and health of adults and children by developing physical fitness, increasing mobility and independence, and improving A provider who is educated and trained in a system of therapeutics in which diseases are treated by drugs which are capable of producing in healthy persons symptoms like those of the disease to be treated. Treatment requires administering a drug in minute doses. A provider who is trained and educated in the performance of behavior health services through interpersonal communications and analysis. Training and education at the specialty level usually requires a master's degree and clinical experience and supervision for licensure or certification. A psychologist who develops and applies scientific knowledge to the delivery of psychological services to infants, toddlers, children and adolescents within their social context. Of particular importance to the specialty of clinical child psychology is an understanding of the basic psychological ne A psychologist who reflects an experimental-clinical approach distinguished by use of principles of human learning and development and theories of cognitive processing to promote meaningful change in maladaptive human behavior and thinking. A psychologist who specializes in clinical health psychology that investigates and implements clinical services across diverse populations and settings to promote health and well-being and to prevent, treat, and manage illness and disability. Clinical health psychology sees health as the confluence A psychologist who specializes in general practice and health service. It focuses on how people function both personally and in their relationships at all ages. Counseling psychology addresses the emotional, social, work, school and physical health concerns people may have at different stages in the A psychologist who specializes in geropsychology, which applies the knowledge and methods of psychology to understanding and helping older persons and their families to maintain well-being, overcome problems and achieve maximum potential during later life. Professional geropsychology appreciates the A psychologist who specializes in group psychology and group psychotherapy that is an evidenced-based specialty that prepares group leaders to identify and capitalize on developmental and healing possibilities embedded in the interpersonal/intrapersonal functioning of individual group members as wel A psychologist whose specialty is characterized by activities primarily intended to provide professional psychological expertise within the judicial and legal systems. A psychologist whose specialty is concerned with the science and practice of psychology with children, youth, families; learners of all ages; and the schooling process. The basic education and training of school psychologists prepares them to provide a range of psychological diagnosis, assessment, i A psychologist whose specialty is distinguished from other specialties by its body of knowledge and its intensive treatment approaches. It aims at structural changes and modifications of a person's personality. Psychoanalysis promotes awareness of unconscious, maladaptive and habitually recurrent pa A psychologist whose specialty is founded on principles of systems theory with the interpersonal system of the family the focus of assessment, intervention and research. A psychologist with a proficiency in sports psychology that uses psychological knowledge and skills to address optimal performance and well-being of athletes, developmental and social aspects of sports participation, and systemic issues associated with sports settings and organizations. APA recogniz A psychologist with a proficiency that involves the application of psychological treatment of addiction stemming from the use of alcohol and other psychoactive substances (e.g., nicotine, marijuana, cocaine, heroin) or behavioral addictions (e.g., gambling) with the aim of cessation or reduction of A psychologist, certified/licensed at the independent practice level in his/her state, who is duly trained and experienced in the delivery of direct, preventative, assessment, and therapeutic intervention services to individuals whose growth, adjustment, or functioning is actually impaired or is dem A public agency or private organization, or a subdivision of such an agency or organization, that is primarily engaged in providing skilled nursing services and other therapeutic services, such as physical therapy, speech-language pathology services, or occupational therapy, medical social services, A public or private organization or business licensed to provide bus services. A public or privately owned facility providing meals to individuals traveling long distances or receiving prolonged outpatient medical services away from home. A public or privately owned facility providing overnight lodging to individuals traveling long distances or receiving prolonged outpatient medical services away from home. A public or privately owned transportation service with vehicles, specially equipped to provide enhanced safety, security and passenger restraint, and staffed by one or more individuals trained to work with patients in crisis situations resulting from mental or emotional illness and/or substance abu A radiological physicist deals with the diagnostic and therapeutic applications of roentgen rays, gamma rays from sealed sources, ultrasonic radiation and radio-frequency radiation, as well as the equipment associated with their production and use, including radiation safety. A radiologist who diagnoses and treats diseases by various radiologic imaging modalities. These include fluoroscopy, digital radiography, computed tomography, sonography and magnetic resonance imaging. A radiologist who is involved in the analysis and imaging of radionuclides and radiolabeled substances in vitro and in vivo for diagnosis and the administration of radionuclides and radiolabeled substances for the treatment of disease. A radiologist who is proficient in all forms of diagnostic imaging as it pertains to the treatment of diseases in the newborn, infant, child and adolescent. This specialist has knowledge of both imaging and interventional procedures related to the care and management of diseases of children. A pedia A recreation therapist uses recreational activities for intervention in some physical, social or emotional behavior to bring about a desired change in that behavior and promote the growth and development of the patient. A registered nurse who, through a graduate degree program in nursing, or through a formal post-basic education program or continuing education courses and clinical experience, is expert in a specialty area of nursing practice within one or more of the components of direct patient/client care, consul A religious nonmedical practitioner offers spiritually-based care. Services may be rendered in an office, home, or care facility or by phone, email, or written correspondence. A residential facility that provides habilitation services and other care and treatment to adults or children diagnosed with developmental and intellectual disabilities and are not able to live independently. A residential facility that provides habilitation services and other care and treatment to adults or children diagnosed with physical disabilities and are not able to live independently. A residential facility that provides habilitation services and other care and treatment to children diagnosed with mental health illness, behavioral issues, and intellectual disabilities and are not able to live independently. A residential treatment facility (RTF) is a facility or distinct part of a facility that provides to children and adolescents, a total, twenty-four hour, therapeutically planned group living and learning situation where distinct and individualized psychotherapeutic interventions can take place. Resi A ride-sharing company that provides prearranged or contracted non-emergency medical transportation services to patients through mobile or online technology. A site other than a pharmacy that dispenses medicinal preparations under the supervision of a physician to patients for self-administration. (e.g. physician offices, ER, Urgent Care Centers, Rural Health Facilities, etc.) A social worker is a person who is qualified by a Social Work degree, and licensed, certified or registered by the state as a social worker to practice within the scope of that license. A social worker provides assistance and counseling to clients and their families who are dealing with social, emo A special evaluator not involved with the medical care of the individual examinee that impartially evaluates the care being provided by other practitioners to clarify clinical, disability, liability or other case issues. A specialist who treats decompression illness and diving accident cases and uses hyperbaric oxygen therapy to treat such conditions as carbon monoxide poisoning, gas gangrene, non-healing wounds, tissue damage from radiation and burns and bone infections. This specialist also serves as consultant to A sports chiropractor is uniquely trained to provide care and treatment of injuries or illness resulting from sports and physical fitness activities. Doctors of Chiropractic with the Diplomate American Chiropractic Board of Sports Physicians (DACBSP) or the Certified Chiropractic Sports Physician ( A subspecialist in Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery is a physician in Urology or Obstetrics and Gynecology who, by virtue of education and training, is prepared to provide consultation and comprehensive management of women with complex benign pelvic conditions, lower urinary tract d A supplier of a personal emergency response system (PERS), which is an electronic device that enables a patient to receive emergency assistance when needed. The PERS is one of two different methodologies of notification: (1) where the patient summons emergency assistance themselves directly through A supplier of medical equipment such as respirators, wheelchairs, home dialysis systems, or monitoring systems, that are prescribed by a physician for a patient's use in the home and that are usable for an extended period of time. A supplier of special replacement foods for clients with errors of metabolism that prohibit them from eating a regular diet. Medical foods are lacking in the compounds which cause complications of the metabolic disorder, and are not generally available in grocery stores, health food stores, or pha A supplier that provides one or more of the following portable services, including but not limited to, x-ray, electrocardiogram (EKG), long-term EKG (Holter Monitor), bone densitometry, sonography, and other imaging services in accordance with all state and federal requirements, under the general su A surgeon who specializes in transplant surgery. A surgeon with expertise in the management of surgical conditions in premature and newborn infants, children and adolescents. A surgeon with expertise in the management of the critically ill and postoperative patient, particularly the trauma victim, who specializes in critical care medicine diagnoses, treats and supports patients with multiple organ dysfunction. This specialist may have administrative responsibilities for A surgical assistant is a skilled practitioner who has undergone formalized education and training as a surgical assistant. The surgical assistant performs surgical functions that include, but are not limited to: retracting, manipulating, suturing, clamping, cauterizing, litigating, and tying tissue A surgical specialty that focuses on the repair, reconstruction, or alteration of the body through surgery. A surgical specialty that focuses on the surgical treatment of cancer. A surgical specialty that focuses on the surgical treatment of conditions affecting children. A surgical specialty that focuses on the surgical treatment of conditions affecting the blood vessels. A surgical specialty that focuses on the surgical treatment of conditions affecting the chest, including the lungs, heart, and esophagus. A surgical specialty that focuses on the surgical treatment of conditions affecting the colon and rectum. A surgical specialty that focuses on the surgical treatment of conditions affecting the heart, lungs, and other organs in the chest. A surgical specialty that focuses on the surgical treatment of conditions affecting the mouth, teeth, and face. A surgical specialty that focuses on the surgical treatment of conditions affecting the musculoskeletal system, including bones, joints, muscles, and tendons. A thoracic surgeon provides the operative, perioperative and critical care of patients with pathologic conditions within the chest. Included is the surgical care of coronary artery disease, cancers of the lung, esophagus and chest wall, abnormalities of the trachea, abnormalities of the great vessel A unit of a hospital that has a Medicare provider agreement and has been granted approval from HCFA to provide post-hospital extended care services and be reimbursed as a swing-bed unit. A33 - A type of monoclonal antibody used in cancer detection or therapy. Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-made substances that can locate and attach to cancer cells A6 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. A6 is a small piece of a protein called urokinase (an enzyme that dissolves blood clots or prevents them from forming). AAP - An enzyme normally found in healthy kidneys. It can be found in high levels in the urine of patients with kidney problems. AAT deficiency - An inherited condition in which the body either does not make enough of a protein called alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) or an abnormal form of AAT. AAT is made in the liver and helps protect the body's organs, particularly the liver and lungs, from damage. ABCD Rating - prostate cancer staging system using ABCD. “A” and “B” refer to cancer that is limited to the prostate. ABI-007 - A form of the cancer drug paclitaxel, used alone or with other drugs to treat certain types of breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and pancreatic cancer. ABI-007 may have fewer side effects and work better than other forms of paclitaxel. ABO blood group system - system for grouping human blood into different types based on the presence or absence of certain markers on the surface of red blood cells. The four main blood types are A, B, O and AB. ABR test - test used to detect some types of hearing loss, such as Electrodes are placed on the head and certain tones or clicking noises are generated. The electrodes measure nerve signals in the brain as it responds to the sounds. ABT-510 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It's a type of angiogenesis inhibitor ABT-751 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the sulfonamide family ABT-869 - A substance being studied for the treatment of various types of cancer. ABT-869 blocks the action of several growth factors. ABT-888 - A substance being studied for the treatment of breast cancer caused by mutations (changes) in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. ABVD scheme - An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat Hodgkin's lymphoma. It includes the drugs doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin), bleomycin sulfate, vinblastine sulfate, and dacarbazine. ABVE-PC - An acronym for a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy used to treat childhood Hodgkin lymphoma. It includes the drugs doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin), bleomycin sulfate, vincristine sulfate, etoposide, prednisone, and cyclophosphamide. ABVE-PC schema - An acronym for a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy used to treat childhood Hodgkin lymphoma. It includes the drugs doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin), bleomycin sulfate, vincristine sulfate, etoposide, prednisone, and cyclophosphamide. ABX-EGF - A medicine used alone or with other medicines to treat certain types of colon cancer that have spread to other parts of the body. It is used in patients whose cancer has not yet been treated or whose cancer has gotten worse after treatment with other anticancer medicines. AC regime - An acronym for a combination of chemotherapy used with other forms of therapy to treat breast cancer, including breast cancer that has spread or come back. It includes the active ingredients doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin) and cyclophosphamide. AC-T - An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat breast cancer. It includes the drugs doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin) and cyclophosphamide, followed by treatment with paclitaxel (Taxol). AC-T scheme - An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat breast cancer. It includes the drugs doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin) and cyclophosphamide, followed by treatment with paclitaxel (Taxol). AC-TH scheme - An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat breast cancer. It includes the drugs doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin) and cyclophosphamide, followed by treatment with paclitaxel (Taxol) and trastuzumab (Herceptin). AC-TT - An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat breast cancer. It includes the drugs doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin) and cyclophosphamide, followed by treatment with paclitaxel (Taxol) and trastuzumab (Herceptin). AC-TT scheme - An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat breast cancer. It includes the drugs doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin) and cyclophosphamide, followed by treatment with paclitaxel (Taxol) and trastuzumab (Herceptin). ACAPHA (a-KA-fuh) A blend of six herbs used in China to prevent and treat diseases such as lung and esophageal cancer. It is being studied in the United States and Canada to prevent lung cancer in smokers ACE inhibitors - A drug used to lower blood pressure. An ACE inhibitor is a type of antihypertensive drug. ACF - Collections of abnormal tube-like glands in the lining of the colon and rectum. ACF form before colorectal polyps and are one of the earliest changes seen in the colon that can lead to cancer. ACN53 - A substance that has been studied to treat some types of cancer. ACN53 is an attenuated adenovirus that inserts the p53 gene into tumor cells and causes them to die. ACTH - A hormone produced in the pituitary gland. ACTH acts on the outer part of the adrenal gland to control its release of corticosteroid hormones. ACTHoma - rare tumor that produces the hormone adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), which causes the adrenal glands to produce too much cortisol. ACTHome can lead to Cushing's Syndrome. AD 32 - A drug used to treat bladder cancer in situ that did not improve after treatment with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). It is used in patients who cannot have surgery straight away to remove all or part of the bladder. ADA-SCID - A rare, inherited condition in which the immune system is compromised, resulting in a complete deficiency of B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes (types of white blood cells that help the body fight infection). People with ADA-SCID are at high risk of developing life-threatening viral, bacteri ADC - A substance consisting of a monoclonal antibody chemically linked to a drug. The monoclonal antibody attaches to specific proteins or receptors found on certain cell types, including cancer cells. ADE - An acronym for a combination chemotherapy regimen used to treat childhood acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It includes the drugs cytarabine (Ara-C), daunorubicin hydrochloride, and etoposide phosphate. ADE scheme - An acronym for a combination chemotherapy regimen used to treat childhood acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It includes the drugs cytarabine (Ara-C), daunorubicin hydrochloride, and etoposide phosphate. ADH (AN-tee-DY-yoo-REH-tik HOR-mone) hormone that constricts blood vessels and helps the kidneys control the amount of water and salt in the body. This helps control blood pressure and the amount of urine produced. ADI-PEG 20 - A substance being studied for the treatment of melanoma, liver cancer and other cancers. It breaks down the amino acid arginine and can block the growth of cancer cells that need arginine to grow. ADL - Activities of daily living. The tasks of everyday life. AFAP - A rare, inherited condition in which multiple polyps (abnormal growths) form on the inner walls of the colon and rectum. People with AFAP typically develop fewer than 100 polyps. AFP - A protein normally produced by a fetus. AFP levels are not usually detectable in the blood of healthy adult men or women (who are not pregnant). AFP464 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. AFP464 kills cancer cells or stops them from dividing. AG-013736 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It belongs to a family of medicines called angiogenesis inhibitors and protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors AG014699 - A drug used to treat adults with certain types of prostate cancer or ovarian cancer, fallopian tube cancer, or primary peritoneal cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. AG2037 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase inhibitors AG337 - A substance being studied for the treatment of liver cancer. It belongs to the family of thymidylate synthase inhibitors. AGC - A finding of abnormal cells on a Pap test. The glandular cells come from the inner part of the cervix or the lining of the uterus. AGUS - A term used to describe abnormal cells that originate from glands in the walls of the cervix (the lower, narrow end of the uterus). These abnormal cells are found in a small number of Pap smears (a test used to detect cervical cancer) and can be a sign of more serious lesions or cancer. AHA - One of a group of substances found in various fruits and milk. They are used in skin care products to reduce wrinkles and soften skin. AI drug - (. AIDS-defining cancer - A type of cancer that a person infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has a high risk of developing. If a person with HIV develops one of these cancers, it means they have AIDS. AIDS-related cancer - type of cancer that is more likely to occur in people infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). AIDS-related cancers include Kaposi's sarcoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, cervical cancer, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and cancers of the mouth, throat, liver, lungs, and anus ALCL - An aggressive (rapidly growing) type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that is usually of the T-cell type. The cancer cells express a marker called CD30 or Ki-1 on the surface and can be found in the lymph nodes, skin, bones, soft tissues, lungs or liver. ALK gene - A gene that makes a protein involved in cell growth. Mutated (altered) forms of the ALK gene and protein have been found in some types of cancer, including neuroblastoma, non-small cell lung cancer, and anaplastic large cell lymphoma. ALK inhibitors (…in-HIH-bih-ter) substance that blocks the activity of a protein called anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), which helps control cell growth. Blocking this protein can help prevent cancer cells from growing and spreading. ALVAC-CEA vaccine - cancer vaccine made with a form of the canarypox virus that doesn't cause disease in humans. It is being studied to treat some types of cancer. AMD - A condition in which there is a slow breakdown of cells in the center of the retina (the light-sensitive layers of nerve tissue at the back of the eye). This blocks vision in the center of the eye and can cause problems with activities like reading and driving. AMG 102 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It attaches to a protein called hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), which can cause cancer cells to grow. AMG 162 - A drug used to prevent or treat certain bone problems. AMG 162 is used under the brand name Xgeva to prevent bone problems caused by multiple myeloma or by solid tumors that have spread to the bone. AMG 531 - A drug used to treat thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) in adults and certain children with immune thrombocytopenic purpura that has not improved with other treatments. It is also being studied in the treatment of other diseases and cancers. AML-MRC - A form of acute myeloid leukemia in which at least 20% of a patient's blood or bone marrow is myeloblasts (immature white blood cells) and the patient has one of the following conditions: 1) had myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) or myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasia (MDS/MPN), 2) ce ANC - A measure of the number of neutrophils in the blood. Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell. ANH - A form of food given in liquid form, including liquid foods, through a tube inserted into a vein, under the skin, or into the stomach or small intestine. ANH is given when a person is unable to eat or drink by mouth or has a disease or condition that affects their ability to absorb nutrients t ANV - Nausea and vomiting that may occur before the start of a chemotherapy session in a patient who has previously received chemotherapy. ARF is caused by triggers such as sights, smells, or sounds in the treatment room. AP23573 - A substance being studied for the treatment of soft tissue and bone cancer. It is also being studied for the treatment of other solid tumors and hematological cancers. AP5346 - A substance being studied for the treatment of head and neck cancer. It can kill cancer cells by delivering an anti-cancer drug to the tumor. APC - A type of immune cell that enhances the immune response by presenting antigens on its surface to other cells in the immune system. An APC is a kind of phagocyte. APC vaccine - A vaccine composed of antigens and antigen-presenting cells (APCs). APCs enhance an immune response by presenting antigens on their surfaces to other cells in the immune system. API - The main ingredient in a drug that produces the desired effect of the drug. Some medicines contain more than one active substance that works in different ways in the body. AR - A protein that binds male hormones called androgens. ARs are found in the cells of male reproductive tissue, some other types of tissue, and some cancer cells. ARA-C - A medicine used with other medicines to treat adults and children with acute myeloid leukemia and to prevent and treat a type of leukemia that has spread to the meninges (the tissues that covers and protects the brain and spinal cord ). It can also be used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukem ARMD - A condition in which there is a slow breakdown of cells in the center of the retina (the light-sensitive layers of nerve tissue at the back of the eye). This blocks vision in the center of the eye and can cause problems with activities like reading and driving. ART - A type of procedure used to treat infertility. The most common type of ART is in vitro fertilization (IVF), in which eggs are removed from a woman's ovary and combined with sperm in the laboratory to form embryos. ASC-US - A finding of abnormal cells in the tissue that lines the outer part of the cervix. ASC-US is the most common abnormal finding in a Pap test. ASPS - A soft tissue tumor that is most common in older children and adolescents. It begins in the soft supporting tissues that connect and surround organs and other tissues. AT/RT - A very rare, fast-growing cancer that usually forms in tissues in the central nervous system (CNS), such as the cerebellum (the part of the brain that controls movement and balance) or the brainstem. AT/RTs can also form in areas of the body outside of the CNS, such as B. ATLL - An aggressive (rapidly growing) form of T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma caused by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1). It is characterized by bone and skin lesions, high levels of calcium, and enlarged lymph nodes, spleen, and liver. ATN-161 - A substance being studied to treat some types of cancer. ATN-161 can prevent tumor cells from spreading and prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. ATP - A substance present in all living cells that provides energy for many metabolic processes and is involved in the production of RNA. Laboratory-made ATP is being studied in patients with advanced solid tumors to see if it can decrease weight loss and improve muscle strength. ATRA nutrient that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. ATRA is made in the body from vitamin A and helps cells to grow and develop, especially in the embryo. ATT/RHT - A very rare, fast-growing cancer that usually forms in tissues in the central nervous system (CNS), such as the cerebellum (the part of the brain that controls movement and balance) or the brainstem. ATT/RHTs can also form in areas of the body outside of the CNS, such as B. AVN944 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It blocks the formation of DNA and RNA in cells and can kill cancer cells. AZD0530 - A substance being studied to treat some types of cancer. AZD0530 blocks enzymes needed for cancer growth. AZD2171 - A substance being studied to treat some types of cancer. AZD2171 can prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow and can kill cancer cells. AZT - A drug that inhibits the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes AIDS. Also called zidovudine Abdomen (ab-DAH-mih-nul) Has to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs Abdominal breathing - (ab-DAH-mih-nul BREE thing) relaxation technique in which a person focuses on taking slow, deep breaths. Abdominal breathing involves slowly inhaling through the nose and then exhaling through the mouth using the diaphragm (the thin muscle that separates the chest from the abdo Abecma (uh-BEK-moo) drug used to treat adults with multiple myeloma who have relapsed (returned) or failed to improve after treatment with at least four other cancer therapies, including an anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody, a proteasome inhibitor, and an immunomodulating drug. It is also being studied Abegrin (A-beh-grin) A substance being studied to treat some types of cancer and other diseases. Abegrin attaches to a protein on the surface of blood vessels and can prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. Abiraterone Acetate (A-bih-RA-teh-rone A-seh-tayt) medicine used with other medicines to treat prostate cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. Abiraterone acetate is used under the brand name Zytiga to treat patients whose cancer is castration-resistant (has not responded to treatments t Absorption - (pronounced) (ree-SORP-avoid) A process in which a substance, e. g. Acalabrutinib (uh-KA-luh-BROO-tih-nib) medicine used to treat adults with chronic lymphocytic leukemia or small lymphocytic lymphoma and adults with mantle cell lymphoma who have been treated with at least one other therapy. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Accolate (A koh layt) A medicine used to prevent and treat asthma symptoms. It blocks substances that cause inflammation in the lungs. Acetyl-L-Carnitine Hydrochloride (A-seh-til . Acetylcholine (A-seh-til-KOH-leen) A chemical made by some types of nerve cells. It is used to send messages to other cells, including other nerve cells, muscle cells, and glandular cells. Achlorhydria (ay-klor-HY-dree-uh) A lack of hydrochloric acid in the digestive juices in the stomach. Hydrochloric acid helps digest food Aciclovir (ay-SY-kloh-veer) A substance used to prevent or treat cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex infections, which can occur when the body is immunocompromised. It belongs to the family of antiviral drugs Acolbifen hydrochloride (ay-KOLE-bih-feen HY-droh-KLOR-ide) substance being studied to prevent breast cancer in women at high risk of breast cancer. Acolbifen hydrochloride binds to estrogen receptors in the body and blocks the effects of estrogen in the breast. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (uh-KWY-erd IH-myoo-noh-deh-FIH-shun-see SIN-drome) disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). People with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome have an increased risk of developing certain types of cancer and infections that normally only occur in peo Acridinecarboxamide (A-krih-deen kar-BOK-suh-mide) A substance being studied to treat cancer. It's a type of topoisomerase inhibitor. Actinex (AK-tih-nex) drug applied to the skin to treat growths caused by sun exposure. A form of Actinex taken by mouth is being studied for the treatment of prostate cancer. Actinomycin D (AK-tih-noh-MY-sin. Action Study (AK-shun STUH-dee) Cancer prevention clinical trials are studies that focus on finding out whether actions people take can prevent cancer Activate (AK-tih-vays) form of tissue plasminogen activator made in the laboratory. It helps dissolve blood clots and is used to treat heart attacks, strokes, and clots in the lungs. Active duty military health care providers not otherwise classified who need to be separately identified for operational, clinical, or administrative processes. Actos (AK-tose) A drug used to treat type 2 diabetes and being studied to prevent head and neck cancer. It can potentially prevent leukoplakia (a condition affecting the mouth) from developing into cancer. Acupressure (AK-yoo-PREH-sher) The application of pressure or localized massage to specific parts of the body to control symptoms such as pain or nausea. It is a form of complementary and alternative medicine Acupuncture point injection (AK-yoo-PUNK-cher poynt in-JEK-shun) A procedure in which medication, vitamins, herbal extracts, or other liquids are injected into the body at an acupuncture point using a syringe and needle Acupuncture-like transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (AK-yoo-PUNK-cher-like tranz-kyoo-TAY-nee-us ee-LEK-trih-kul nerv STIM-yoo-LAY-shun) A procedure in which weak electrical currents are applied to the skin at specific acupuncture points (places on the body where an acupuncture needle can b Acupuncturist (AK-yoo-PUNK-cheh-rist) A person trained in acupuncture (therapy in which thin needles are inserted through the skin at specific points on the body to control pain and other symptoms). Acupuncture is a form of complementary and alternative medicine Acute myeloid leukemia with myelodysplasia-related changes (uh-KYOOT MY-eh-loyd loo-KEE-mee-uh. Acute pain (uh-KYOOT payn) Pain that comes on quickly can be severe but lasts relatively short Adcetris (ad-SEH-tris) medicine used alone or with other medicines to treat adults with certain types of cutaneous or systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma, peripheral T-cell lymphoma, classic Hodgkin's lymphoma, or mycosis fungoides, and with other medicines to treat children aged 2 years and old Addiction Psychiatry is a subspecialty of psychiatry that focuses on evaluation and treatment of individuals with alcohol, drug, or other substance-related disorders, and of individuals with dual diagnosis of substance-related and other psychiatric disorders. Addison's disease (A-dih-sun dih-ZEEZ) A rare condition in which the adrenal glands do not produce enough hormones. Symptoms include weight loss, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, muscle weakness, fatigue, low blood sugar, low blood pressure, and blotchy or dark skin. Addition - (pronounced) (SUH-pleh-men-TAY-shun) Adding nutrients to the diet Additional test (AN-sih-LAYR-ree. Adenine (A-deh-neen) A chemical compound used to make one of the building blocks of DNA and RNA. It is also a component of many substances in the body that give cells energy. Adenocarcinoma in situ (A-deh-noh-KAR-sih-NOH-muh in SY-too) A condition in which abnormal cells are found in the glandular tissue that lines certain internal organs and produces and releases substances such as mucus, digestive juices, and other fluids in the body. These abnormal cells can become ca Adenoma (A-deh-NOH-moo) A tumor that is not cancer. It starts in gland-like cells of the epithelium (thin layer of tissue that covers organs, glands and other structures in the body) Adenopathy (A-deh-NAH-phew-you) Large or swollen lymph glands Adenosarcoma (A-deh-noh-sar-KOH-moo) A tumor that is a mixture of an adenoma (a tumor that starts in the gland-like cells of the epithelial tissue) and a sarcoma (a tumor that starts in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supporting tissue). An example of an adenosarc Adenosine triphosphate (uh-DEH-nuh-seen try-FOS-fayt) A substance present in all living cells that provides energy for many metabolic processes and is involved in the production of RNA. Laboratory-made adenosine triphosphate is being studied in patients with advanced solid tumors to see if it can re Adenosis (A-deh-NOH-sis) A disease or abnormal change in a gland. Breast adenosis is a benign condition in which the lobules are larger than usual Adjustment Disorder (uh-JUST-ment dis-OR-the) A state in which a person responds to a stressful event (such as illness, job loss, or divorce) with extreme emotions and actions that cause problems at work and at home Adoptivzelltransfer (uh-DOP-tiv sel TRANZ-fer) type of immunotherapy in which a patient is given T cells (a type of immune cell) to help the body fight diseases such as cancer. In cancer therapy, T cells are usually taken from the patient's own blood or tumor tissue, grown in large numbers in the la Adrenal insufficiency (uh-DREE-nul IN-suh-FIH-shen-see) A rare condition in which the adrenal glands do not produce enough hormones. Symptoms include weight loss, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, muscle weakness, fatigue, low blood sugar, low blood pressure, and blotchy or dark skin. Adrenocortical Cancer (uh-DREE-noh-KOR-tih-kul KAN-ser) A rare cancer that forms in the outer layer of tissue in the adrenal gland (a small organ on top of each kidney that produces steroid hormones, adrenaline and noradrenaline, to control heart rate, blood pressure and other body functions). Also Adrenocortical carcinoma (uh-DREE-noh-KOR-tih-kul KAR-sih-NOH-muh) rare cancer that forms in the outer layer of tissue in the adrenal gland (a small organ on top of each kidney that produces steroid hormones, adrenaline and noradrenaline, to control heart rate, blood pressure and other body function Adriamycin (AY-dree-uh-MY-sin) A drug derived from the bacteriumStreptomyces peucetiusand is used alone or with other medicines to treat many cancers, including leukemia, lymphoma, neuroblastoma, sarcoma, Wilms' tumor, and certain cancers of the lung, breast, stomach, ovaries, thyroid, and bladder. Adult-type fibrosarcoma (uh-DULT. Advanced practice midwifery encompasses the independent provision of care during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period; sexual and reproductive health; gynecologic health; and family planning services, including preconception care. Midwives also provide primary care for individuals from a Advil (AD-vil) drug used to treat fever, swelling, pain, and redness by preventing the body from producing a substance that causes inflammation. It is a type of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Advisor - (pronounced) (kon-SUL-stand) A person receiving genetic counseling Advisory - (pronounced) (KOWN-suh-ling) The process through which a professional counselor helps an individual to cope with mental or emotional distress and to understand and resolve personal problems Aerodigestive tract (ayr-OH-dy-JES-tiv tract) The combined organs and tissues of the respiratory and upper digestive tract (including the lips, mouth, tongue, nose, pharynx, vocal cords, and part of the esophagus and trachea) Aerospace medicine focuses on the clinical care, research, and operational support of the health, safety, and performance of crewmembers and passengers of air and space vehicles, together with the support personnel who assist operation of such vehicles. This population often works and lives in remot Afatinib dimaleate (ay-FA-tih-nib dy-MAY-lee-AYT) drug used to treat certain types of non-small cell lung cancer that have spread to other parts of the body. It is used in patients whose cancer has not yet been treated and who have certain mutations (changes) in the cancerEGFRgene or whose cancer ha Age-Related Macular Degeneration (ayj-ree-LAY-ted MA-kyoo-ler dee-JEH-neh-RAY-shun) A condition in which there is a slow breakdown of cells in the center of the retina (the light-sensitive layers of nerve tissue at the back of the eye). This blocks vision in the center of the eye and can cause probl Agent Study (AY-jent STUH-dee) In cancer prevention, a clinical trial that investigates whether taking certain medications, vitamins, minerals, or dietary supplements can prevent cancer. Also called a chemoprevention study Agglutinin (uh-GLOO-tih-nin) A substance that causes particles (such as bacteria or cells) to stick together to form a clump or mass Agoraphobia (A-gor-uh-FOH-bee-uh) An intense fear of being in open places or situations where escaping may be difficult or where help may not be available. People with agoraphobia are usually very afraid of having a panic attack in a public place. Akyzeo (ay-KIN-zee-oh) combination of two drugs used with dexamethasone in adults to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy. Akynzeo blocks the effects of certain chemicals in the central nervous system that can cause nausea and vomiting. Alagille Syndrome (a-luh-JEEL SIN-drome) rare condition in which there are defects in the small tubes that carry bile (fluid that helps digest fat) from the liver. These tubes may be narrow or abnormally shaped, or there may be fewer than normal. Alanine aminopeptidase (A-luh-neen uh-MEE-noh-PEP-tih-days) An enzyme normally found in healthy kidneys. It can be found in high levels in the urine of kidney problems. Alcohol (AL-cow-hol) chemical substance found in beverages such as beer, wine, and spirits. It's also found in some medicines, mouthwashes, household products, and essential oils (scented liquids made from certain plants). Alcohol ablation (AL-cow-hol a-BLAY-avoid) An injection of ethanol (alcohol) through the skin directly into a tumor to kill cancer cells. Ultrasound or a CT scan is used to guide the needle into the tumor. Alcoholism (AL-kuh-HAW-LIH-for) chronic illness in which a person craves alcoholic beverages and is unable to control their alcohol consumption. A person with this condition must also drink larger amounts to get the same effect and will experience withdrawal symptoms after stopping alcohol consumpti Aldosterone (al-DOS-teh-rone) steroid hormone made by the adrenal cortex (the outer layer of the adrenal gland). It helps control the balance of water and salts in the kidney by keeping sodium in the body and releasing potassium from the body. Aldrich Syndrome (ALL-drich SIN-drome) An inherited immune disorder that occurs in young boys. It causes eczema (a type of skin inflammation), a decrease in the number of platelets (blood cells that help prevent bleeding) and common bacterial infections. Alectinib (uh-LEK-tih-nib) A drug used to treat non-small cell lung cancer that has spread and is ALK positive. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Alefacept (uh-LEH-fuh-sept) drug used to treat certain skin conditions and being studied for the treatment of cutaneous (skin-related) T-cell cancer and T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Alefacept is made by combining part of an antibody with a protein that blocks the growth of some types of T cells. Alendronate Sodium (uh-LEN-droh-nayt SOH-dee-um) drug used to treat certain bone disorders such as osteoporosis and Paget's disease of the bone. It is also being studied for the treatment of hypercalcemia (high levels of calcium in the blood) and cancer-related bone pain. Aliqopa (A-lih-KOH-puh) drug used to treat adults with follicular lymphoma that has come back after treatment with at least two other systemic therapies. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Alkalinity (AL-kuh-lih-nih-tea) Refers to the amount of alkali. An alkali is a chemical that can dissolve in water, combine with acids to form salts, and make acids less acidic Alkeran tablets (AL-keh-ran TA-blets) A drug used to treat multiple myeloma and ovarian cell carcinoma that cannot be surgically removed. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Allegra (uh-LEH-gruh) drug used to treat certain allergy symptoms. It blocks a chemical released during an allergic reaction that causes itching, sneezing, runny nose, wheezing and watery eyes. Allopurinol (a-loh-PYOOR-rih-nol) A drug that lowers high levels of uric acid (a by-product of metabolism) in the blood caused by some cancer treatments Allovectin-7 (A-loh-VEK-tin. Almond - (pronounced) (Almond) One of two small collections of lymphatic tissue on either side of the throat Aloxi (uh-LOK-see) A drug used in adults and children from 1 month of age to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy and nausea and vomiting after surgery. Aloxi blocks the effects of a chemical called serotonin, which attaches to certain nerves and can cause nausea and vomiting. Alpelisib (AL-peh-LIH-sib) A drug used with fulvestrant to treat postmenopausal women and men with hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer that is advanced or has spread and has a mutation (change) in the breast cancerPIK3CAGen. It is used in patients whose cancer has gotten worse dur Alpha Blockers (AL-fuh-BLAH-ker) A substance that relaxes muscle tissue in blood vessels and in the prostate, improving urine and blood flow. Alpha blockers are used to treat the symptoms of many conditions, such as: B. Alpha Hydroxy Acid (AL-fuh hy-DROK-sil A-sid) Belongs to a group of substances found in several types of fruit and milk. They are used in skin care products to reduce wrinkles and soften skin. Alpha Tocopherol (AL-fuh-toh-KAH-feh-rol) nutrient that the body needs in small amounts to stay healthy and function as it should. It is fat-soluble (can dissolve in fats and oils) and is found in seeds, nuts, green leafy vegetables, and vegetable oils. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AL-fuh . Alprostadil (al-PROS-tuh-dil) drug used to treat impotence (inability to have an erection) and being studied to treat sexual problems in men who have had surgery for prostate cancer. It's a kind of vasodilator. Alzheimer's Dementia (ALTS-hy-mer deh-MEN-shoe) brain disorder that usually begins in late middle or old age and gets worse over time. Symptoms include memory loss, confusion, difficulty thinking, and changes in speech, behavior, and personality. Alzheimer's disease (ALTS-hy-mer dih-ZEEZ) A brain disorder that usually begins in late middle or old age and gets worse over time. Symptoms include memory loss, confusion, difficulty thinking, and changes in speech, behavior, and personality. Ameloblastoma (A-meh-loh-blow-TOH-moo) A rare tumor that starts in the cells that make up tooth enamel (the hard, outer covering that protects teeth) and most commonly occurs in the jaw, near the back teeth. Ameloblastomas are not usually cancer, but they can grow rapidly, causing pain and swelling, Ameluz (A meh looz) medicine containing the active substance aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride that is used together with photodynamic therapy to treat actinic keratosis (a skin disease that can become cancerous). When Ameluz is taken up by abnormal cells, including cancer cells, and then exposed to Amevive (A-meh-veev) A drug used to treat certain skin conditions and being studied for the treatment of cutaneous (skin-related) T-cell cancer and T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Amevive is made by combining part of an antibody with a protein that blocks the growth of some types of T cells. Amiodarone hydrochloride (A-mee-OH-duh-rone HY-droh-KLOR-ide) drug used to treat certain types of abnormal heart rhythms that have not been improved by other drugs. Amiodarone hydrochloride affects the electrical activity of the heart. Ammonia (uh-MOH-nyuh) gas of nitrogen and hydrogen. It has a strong odor and can irritate the skin, eyes, nose, throat and lungs. Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate (uh-MOH-nee-um TEH-truh-THY-oh-muh-LIB-dayt) A substance being studied to treat many types of cancer. Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate removes extra copper from the body. Amoxicillin (uh-MOK-sih-SIH-lin) A drug used to treat some bacterial infections. Amoxicillin is a form of penicillin that is made in a laboratory. Amoxicillin clavulanate potassium (uh-MOK-sih-SIH-lin-kla-vyoo-LA-nayt phew-TA-see-um) A drug used to treat bacterial infections. Adding the chemical clavulanate potassium to the antibiotic amoxicillin increases the time the antibiotic stays active in the body. Amphotericin B (AM-fuh-TAYR-ih-sin. Amrubicin (am-ROO-bih-sin) A substance being studied to treat lung cancer. It is a type of anthracycline analogue Amylase (A-meh-puts) An enzyme that helps the body digest starch An Advanced Practice Dental Therapist is:<br/>(1) A dental therapist who has completed additional training beyond basic dental therapy education and provides dental services in accordance with state advanced practice dental therapist laws or statutes; or<br/>(2) A dental hygienist with a graduate de An EMT, Paramedic is an individual trained and certified to perform advanced life support (ALS) in medical emergencies based on individual state boards. An Epilepsy Unit is a distinct unit of a hospital that provides services that may include observation, urgent care, diagnostic testing, treatment, and medication management for patients with seizure disorders. An In Home Supportive Care Agency provides services in the patient's home with the goal of enabling the patient to remain at home. The services provided may include personal care services such as hands-on assistance with activities of daily living (ADLs), e.g., eating, bathing, dressing, and bladde An Independent Duty Medical Technician (IDMT) is specially trained and educated to perform primary medical care, minor surgical services, and treatment of dental disorders for active duty military members in a variety of health care and non-health care settings worldwide under direct and indirect ph An Indian Health Service/Tribal/Urban Indian Health (I/T/U) Pharmacy means a pharmacy operated by the Indian Health Service, an Indian tribe or tribal organization, or an urban Indian organization, all of which are defined in Section 4 of the Indian Health Care Improvement Act, 25 U.S.C. 1603. An Intermediate EMT is an individual trained and certified to perform intermediate life support treatment in medical emergencies based on individual state boards. An Interpreter is a person who translates oral communication between two or more people. This includes translating from one language to another or interpreting sign language. An interpreter is necessary for medical care when the patient does not speak the language of the health care provider or wh An Orthopaedic Assistant is a person who has been trained to work as a physician extender in both clinical and surgical environments. An Orthopaedic Assistant assists with aspects of patient care as determined by the supervising surgeon including, but not limited to, obtaining patient history, assis An abortion/family planning facility where services are provided at a fixed specific location. An Ambulatory Family Planning Facility does not provide overnight accommodations. The following procedures may be performed at an Ambulatory Family Planning Facility: abortions, laproscopy, hysterectomies An acute general hospital is an institution whose primary function is to provide inpatient diagnostic and therapeutic services for a variety of medical conditions, both surgical and non-surgical, to a wide population group. The hospital treats patients in an acute phase of illness or injury, charact An age-defined specialty that provides both primary and comprehensive preventive and therapeutic oral health care for infants and children through adolescence, including those with special health care needs. An air company that the Federal Aviation Administration, the certificate-holding district office (CHDO), regional Flight Standards Division (RFSD) offices, and AFS-900 has verified that the company is capable of operating safely and that it complies with the regulations and standards prescribed by t An allergist-immunologist is trained in evaluation, physical and laboratory diagnosis, and management of disorders involving the immune system. Selected examples of such conditions include asthma, anaphylaxis, rhinitis, eczema, and adverse reactions to drugs, foods, and insect stings as well as immu An allied health professional who performs diagnostic examinations at the request or direction of a physician in one or more of the following three areas: invasive cardiology, noninvasive cardiology, and noninvasive peripheral vascular study. Cardiovascular technologists are one type of allied healt An anaplastologist is a professional who creates prostheses for the face and body. Patients treated include those missing anatomy due to cancer, traumatic injury, or birth differences. Generally, there are no state licensing requirements for anaplastologists. Certification specific to anaplastolo An anesthesiologist who has had additional skill and experience in and is primarily concerned with the anesthesia, sedation, and pain management needs of infants and children. A pediatric anesthesiologist generally provides services including the evaluation of complex medical problems in infants an An anesthesiologist, who specializes in critical care medicine diagnoses, treats and supports patients with multiple organ dysfunction. This specialist may have administrative responsibilities for intensive care units and may also facilitate and coordinate patient care among the primary physician, t An assistant behavior analyst is qualified by Behavior Analyst Certification Board certification and/or a state-issued license or credential in behavior analysis to practice under the supervision of an appropriately credentialed professional behavior analyst. An assistant behavior analyst delivers s An audiologist/hearing aid fitter is the professional who specializes in evaluating and treating people with hearing loss, conducts a wide variety of tests to determine the exact nature of an individual's hearing problem, presents a variety of treatment options to patients, dispenses and fits hearin An emergency medicine physician who specializes in non-hospital based emergency medical services (e.g., disaster site, accident scene, transport vehicle, etc.) to provide pre-hospital assessment, treatment, and transport patients. An emergency vehicle used for transporting patients to a health care facility after injury or illness. Types of ambulances used in the United States include ground (surface) ambulance, rotor-wing (helicopter), and fixed-wing aircraft (airplane). An entity, facility, or distinct part of a facility providing comprehensive, multidiscipline diagnostic, treatment, therapy, training, and counseling services to children with congenital disorders that precipitate developmental delays and in many instances mental deficiencies (e.g., Cerebral Palsy, An entity, facility, or distinct part of a facility providing counseling, fitting, custom design, prescriptive, and training services related to congenital or postoperative absence of all or part of a limb or limbs. An entity, facility, or distinct part of a facility providing diagnostic, and replacement maintenance treatment services related to individuals with drug addiction. An entity, facility, or distinct part of a facility providing diagnostic, treatment, and prescriptive services related to a specific area of medical specialization. Frequently used for Title V related Children's Specialty services or to meet specific public health needs (e.g., infectious diseases o An entity, facility, or distinct part of a facility providing diagnostic, treatment, and prescriptive services related to mental and behavioral disorders in adults. An entity, facility, or distinct part of a facility providing diagnostic, treatment, and prescriptive services related to mental and behavioral disorders in children and adolescents. Services may be provided to parents and family members of the patient in the form of conjoint, group, or individual An entity, facility, or distinct part of a facility providing diagnostic, treatment, prescriptive, and therapy services related to congenital and acquired conditions and diseases that affect hearing capacity and speech ability. An entity, facility, or distinct part of a facility specially equipped and staffed to provide care for medically fragile children with varied and complex care needs (e.g., enteral or parental feeding, ostomy care, respiratory/ventilator care, medications and therapies, etc.). An entity, facility, or distinct part of a facility staffed by audiology and/or speech professionals with special training in the evaluation of a patient's potential for use of an augmentative communication device, determination of the most appropriate device, adjustment and maintenance of the devic An entity, facility, or distinct part of a facility, or mobile unit providing non-surgical, family planning/reproductive services including physical examination, laboratory services such as PAP or pregnancy tests; pregnancy, pregnancy prevention/contraceptive, and nutritional counseling, and contrac An eye bank procures and distributes eyes for transplant, education and research. To promote patient safety, donated eyes and donor medial histories are evaluated based on strict Eye Bank Association of America Medical Standards An individual certified by the state to perform anesthesia services under the direct supervision of an anesthesiologist. Anesthesiologist Assistants are required to have a bachelor's degree with a premed curriculum prior to entering a two-year anesthesiology assistant program, which is focused upon An individual licensed by the state board as a Psychiatric Technician based upon completion of a prescribed course of theory and clinical practice, with two thirds of the clinical practice time focused on mental and developmental disorders. The psychiatric technician practices under the direct supe An individual paid to provide non-emergency transportation using their privately owned/leased vehicle. An individual trained and educated in a systematic process of assisting persons with physical, mental, developmental, cognitive, and emotional disabilities to achieve their personal, career, and independent living goals assessment and appraisal, diagnosis and treatment planning, career (vocational) An individual trained in the fitting and adjusting of breast prostheses and management of post-mastectomy prostheses services. An individual trained in the management of fitting prefabricated orthoses. An individual trained in the manipulation of tissues (as by rubbing, stroking, kneading, or tapping) with the hand or an instrument for remedial or hygienic purposes. An individual trained to provide breastfeeding assistance services to both mothers and infants. Lactation Consultants are not required to be nurses and are trained through specific courses of education. The Lactation Consultant may have additional certification through a national or international or An individual who assists a podiatrist in tasks, such as exposing and developing x-rays; taking and recording patient histories; assisting in biomechanical evaluations and negative castings; preparing and sterilizing instruments and equipment; providing the patient with postoperative instructions; a An individual who has completed an accredited dental hygiene education program, and an individual who has been licensed by a state board of dental examiners to provide preventive care services under the supervision of a dentist. Functions that may be legally delegated to the dental hygienist vary b An individual who has knowledge of specific techniques, instruments, and equipment required in performing specific cardiovascular/peripheral vascular diagnostic procedures. An individual who has the skill and knowledge in the fabrication of dental appliances, prostheses and devices in accordance with a dentist's laboratory work authorization. To avoid misleading the public, no occupational title other than dental laboratory technician or certified dental technician (w An individual who is a Board Certified Specialist for Obesity and Weight Management and educates, supports, and advocates for patients and clients to understand and manage their weight and associated risks through the use of nutritional, behavioral health, medical, surgical, pharmacotherapeutic, and An individual who is a Board Certified Specialist in Oncology Nutrition and provides direct nutrition care for individuals at risk for or diagnosed with cancer. RDNs working directly with individuals at risk for, or diagnosed with, any type of malignancy or pre-malignant condition, in a variety of s An individual who is a Board Certified Specialist in Pediatric Critical Care Nutrition and applies evidence-based nutrition knowledge in providing medical nutrition therapy for critically ill infants, children and adolescents. Additional roles could include coordination, education, quality improveme An individual who is a Board Certified Specialist in Pediatric Nutrition and applies evidence-based nutrition knowledge in providing medical nutrition therapy for pediatric patients. Specialists work directly with healthy and/or ill children (newborn up to 21 years of age) as well as children with s An individual who is a Board Certified Specialist in Renal Nutrition and works directly with adult and/or pediatric patients with acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 1-5, or receiving renal replacement therapies (dialysis/transplant) in a variety of settings, OR works indirectly An individual who is a Board Certified Specialist in Sports Dietetics and applies evidence-based nutrition knowledge in exercise and sports. RDNs specializing in sports dietetics assess, educate, and counsel athletes and active individuals. They design, implement, and manage safe and effective nutri An individual who is a Specialist in Gerontological Nutrition and provides nutrition care to promote quality of life and optimal health for older adults across the continuum of care, including: acute care, post-acute care, primary care, long-term care, assisted living, home care, palliative care, co An individual who is enrolled in an organized health care education/training program leading to a degree, certification, registration, and/or licensure to provide health care. An individual who is state-licensed as a clinical laboratory director and meets the qualifications in the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 for non-physicians (non-MD/DO) as defined in the CFR 42 Part 493.1405. An individual who is trained and qualified in the art and science of both ionizing and non-ionizing radiation for the purposes of diagnostic medical imaging, interventional procedures and therapeutic treatment. An individual who is trained and qualified to perform pulmonary diagnostic tests. In the course of conducting these tests, the Pulmonary Function Technologist is able to setup, calibrate, maintain, and ensure the quality assurance of the pulmonary function testing equipment. In the laboratory, cli An individual who is trained in the management and treatment of conditions of the foot, ankle, and lower extremities requiring fitting, fabricating, and adjusting of pedorthic devices. An individual who may or may not have completed an accredited dental assisting education program and who aids the dentist in providing patient care services and performs other nonclinical duties in the dental office or other patient care facility. The scope of the patient care functions that may be An individual who provides assistance with eating, bathing, dressing, personal hygiene, activities of daily living as specified in the plan of care. Services which are incidental to the care furnished, or essential to the health and welfare of the individual may also be provided. Personal care pro An individual who provides general household activities such as meal preparation, laundry, and light housekeeping, when the individual regularly responsible for these activities is temporarily absent or unable to provide for himself. Homemakers must meet the state defined training standards. An individual who provides hands-on care, of both a supportive and health related nature, specific to the needs of a medically stable, physically handicapped individual. Supportive services are those that substitute for the absence, loss, diminution, or impairment of a physical or cognitive functio An individual who provides home maintenance services required to sustain a safe, sanitary living environment for individuals who because of age or disabilities is unable to perform the activities. These services include heavy household chores such as washing floors, windows, and walls; tacking down An individual who provides supervision, socialization, and non-medical care to a functionally impaired adult. Companions may assist or supervise the individual with such tasks as meal preparation, laundry and shopping, but do not perform these activities as discrete services. These services are pr An individual with a high school diploma, on-the-job experience and coding education from seminars or college classes who passes a national certification examination in either inpatient and outpatient facility services coding, or physician services coding. An individual with knowledge of specific techniques and instruments who performs all of the routine tests in a medical laboratory and who has the ability to discriminate between similar factors that directly affect procedures and results. An individual with post-high school vocational training and practical experience in the provision of nursing care at a level less than that required for certification as a Registered Nurse. Requirements for education, experience, licensure, and job responsibilities vary among the states. An individual with post-high school vocational training and practical experience in the provision of nursing care at a level less than that required for certification as a Registered Nurse. [An alternate term for licensed practical nurse arising from difference in occupational titles between states An individual, often licensed by the state, who is responsible for the management of a nursing home. An institution (or a distinct part of an institution) which- (1) is primarily engaged in providing to residents- (A) skilled nursing care and related services for residents who require medical or nursing care, (B) rehabilitation services for the rehabilitation of injured, disabled, or sick persons, An institution (organization or distinct part thereof) that performs, or is responsible for the performance of, the collection, processing, storage and/or issuance of human blood and blood components, intended for transfusion. The institution may also collect, process, and/or distribute human tissue An intermediate care facility providing services for individuals with intellectual disabilities. An internist doctor of osteopathy that specializes in the treatment of the combination of hematology and oncology disorders. A doctor of osteopathy that is board eligible/certified by the American Osteopathic Board of Internal Medicine WAS able to obtain a Certificate of Special Qualifications in t An internist who concentrates on disorders of the internal (endocrine) glands such as the thyroid and adrenal glands. This specialist also deals with disorders such as diabetes, metabolic and nutritional disorders, obesity, pituitary diseases and menstrual and sexual problems. An internist who specializes in diseases of the heart and blood vessels and manages complex cardiac conditions such as heart attacks and life-threatening, abnormal heartbeat rhythms. An internist with special knowledge and the skill required of a gastroenterologist to care for patients prior to and following hepatic transplantation that spans all phases of liver transplantation. Selection of appropriate recipients requires assessment by a team having experience in evaluating the An obstetrician/gynecologist possesses special knowledge, skills and professional capability in the medical and surgical care of the female reproductive system and associated disorders. This physician serves as a consultant to other physicians and as a primary physician for women. An obstetrician/gynecologist who cares for, or provides consultation on, patients with complications of pregnancy. This specialist has advanced knowledge of the obstetrical, medical and surgical complications of pregnancy and their effect on both the mother and the fetus. The specialist also possess An obstetrician/gynecologist who is capable of managing complex problems relating to reproductive endocrinology and infertility. An obstetrician/gynecologist who provides consultation and comprehensive management of patients with gynecologic cancer, including those diagnostic and therapeutic procedures necessary for the total care of the patient with gynecologic cancer and resulting complications. An occupational therapist is a person who has graduated from an entry-level occupational therapy program accredited by the Accreditation Council for Occupational Therapy Education (ACOTE) or predecessor organizations, or approved by the World Federation of Occupational Therapists (WFOT), or an equiv An occupational therapy assistant is a person who has graduated from an occupational therapy assistant program accredited by the Accreditation Council for Occupational Therapy Education (ACOTE) or predecessor organizations, has successfully completed a period of supervised fieldwork experience requi An ophthalmologist who specializes in diseases of the cornea, sclera, eyelids, conjunctiva, and anterior segment of the eye. An ophthalmologist who specializes in pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus management. The subspecialty includes the medical and surgical management of eye disorders found in children. Some of the more common disorders include amblyopia, strabismus, refractive error, cataract and glaucoma. These d An ophthalmologist who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of vitreoretinal diseases. An ophthalmologist who specializes in the treatment of glaucoma and other disorders related to increased intraocular pressure and optic nerve damage. This specialty involves the medical and surgical treatment of these conditions. An ophthalmologist who specializes in the treatment of intraocular inflammation, scleritis, keratitis and infectious disorders affecting the eye and inflammatory disorders of the adnexa and/or orbit. An optician or other ancillary support staff person who, where authorized by state law and trained or certified to do so, may fit or dispense contact lenses to a patient based on the prescription of an optometrist or medical physician. An optometrist who offers services designed to care for unique vision care needs of athletes, which may include one of more of the following services: corrective vision care unique to a specific sporting environment; protective eyewear for the prevention of sports-related injuries; vision enhanceme An organization including a physical plant and personnel that provides multidisciplinary diagnostic and treatment mental health services to patients requiring the safety, security, and shelter of the inpatient or partial hospitalization settings. An organization or business licensed to provide passenger train service, including light rail, subway, and traditional services. An organization that is responsible for providing case management services. The agency provides services which assist an individual in gaining access to needed medical, social, educational, and/or other services. Case management services may be used to locate, coordinate, and monitor necessary app An organization that provides prosthetic and orthotic care which may include, but is not limited to, patient evaluation, prosthesis or orthosis design, fabrication, fitting and modification to treat limb loss for purposes of restoring physiological function and/or cosmesis or to treat a neuromusculo An organization that provides spectacles, contact lenses, and other vision enhancement devices prescribed by an optometrist or ophthalmologist. An organization that provides transportation for individuals who need access to medical care or services and have no other means of transportation. Transportation includes, but is not limited to, wheelchair van, taxi, stretcher car, bus passes and tickets, and secured transportation. An orthopaedic surgeon is trained in the preservation, investigation and restoration of the form and function of the extremities, spine and associated structures by medical, surgical and physical means. An orthopaedic surgeon is involved with the care of patients whose musculoskeletal problems incl An orthopaedic surgeon trained in the investigation, preservation and restoration by medical, surgical and rehabilitative means of all structures of the upper extremity directly affecting the form and function of the hand and wrist. An orthopedic surgeon who has additional training and experience in diagnosing, treating and managing musculoskeletal problems in infants, children and adolescents. These may include limb and spine deformities (such as club foot, scoliosis); gait abnormalities (limping); bone and joint infections; An otolaryngologist who specializes in facial plastic surgery. An otolaryngologist who specializes in the diagnosis and surgical treatment of head and neck conditions. An otolaryngologist who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of otolaryngic allergies and other allergic diseases. An otolaryngologist who treats diseases of the ear and temporal bone, including disorders of hearing and balance. The additional training in otology and neurotology emphasizes the study of embryology, anatomy, physiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, pathology, genetics, immunology, microbiology a An otolaryngologist with additional training in plastic and reconstructive procedures within the head, face, neck and associated structures, including cutaneous head and neck oncology and reconstruction, management of maxillofacial trauma, soft tissue repair and neural surgery. The field is diverse An outpatient entity, facility, or distinct part of a facility within or affiliated with a Critical Access Hospital that provides access to primary care services for individuals in a small rural community and is Medicare certified. Anabolic steroids (A-nuh-BAH-lik STAYR-oyd) A type of steroid used in medicine to repair body tissues and increase appetite and muscle growth. Anabolic steroids are made in the lab from testosterone (a male hormone) Anal (AY-zero) Has to do with the anus. The anus is the opening of the rectum (last part of the large intestine) to the outside of the body Analysis (uh-NA-lih-sis) A process of breaking down everything complex into simple or less complex parts Anastrozole (an-AS-troh-zole) drug used to treat certain types of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Ancestors (an-SES-tim) substance that causes blood stem cells (cells from which other types of cells develop) to turn into different types of blood cells and increases the number and activity of these cells in the blood. It is being studied for the treatment of myelodysplasia. Androgen deprivation (AN-droh-jen DEH-prih-VAY-shun) Treatment to suppress or block the production or action of male hormones. This is done by removing the testicles, taking female sex hormones, or taking medications called antiandrogens. Androgen receptor (AN-droh-jen reh-SEP-ter) protein that binds male hormones called androgens. Androgen receptors are found in the cells of male reproductive tissue, some other types of tissue, and some cancer cells. Androgen receptor antagonist (AN-droh-jen reh-SEP-ter an-TA-guh-nist) substance that prevents androgens (male sex hormones) from attaching to proteins called androgen receptors, which are found in normal prostate cells, some prostate cancer cells and cells in some other tissues. Preventing this bind Androgen receptor negative (AN-droh-jen reh-SEP-ter NEH-guh-tiv) Describes cells that do not have a protein that binds to androgens (male hormones). Cancer cells that are androgen receptor negative do not need androgens to grow. Androgen receptor positive (AN-droh-jen reh-SEP-ter PAH-zih-tiv) Describes cells that have a protein that binds to androgens (male hormones). Cancer cells that are androgen receptor positive may need androgens to grow. Angiomyolipoma (AN-jee-oh-MY-oh-lih-POH-muh) benign (noncancerous) tumor composed of fat and muscle tissue, usually found in the kidney. Angiomyolipomas rarely cause symptoms but can bleed or grow large enough to cause pain or kidney failure. Angiosarcoma (AN-jee-oh-sar-KOH-moo) type of cancer that starts in the cells lining blood vessels or lymphatic vessels. Cancer that starts in blood vessels is called hemangiosarcoma. Angiostatins (AN-jee-oh-STA-tin) A protein normally made by the body. It can also be made in the lab and is being studied to treat cancer. Anhydrovinblastine (a-HY-threatening-vin-BLAS-teen) A cancer drug that belongs to a family of drugs called anti-mitotics Anidulafungin (uh-NIH-dyoo-luh-FUN-jin) A drug used to treat infections caused by fungi. It belongs to the antifungal family Aniridia (A-nih-RIH-dee-uh) A condition in which a person is born without part or all of the iris (colored tissue at the front of the eyeball). Aniridia usually affects both eyes and causes other eye problems, including sensitivity to light and loss of vision Annamycin (A-nuh-MY-sin) A substance being studied to treat cancer. It belongs to the anthracycline antibiotic family Answering machine - (pronounced) (Voyages. Anterior pelvic exenteration (an-TEER-ee-er PEL-vik eg-ZEN-teh-RAY-avoid) Surgery to remove the urethra, lower part of the ureters, uterus, cervix, vagina and bladder Anthracenedione (AN-seen-DY-one) A cancer medicine that belongs to the family of medicines called anti-cancer antibiotics Anti-CD22 immunotoxin CAT-8015 (AN-tee. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AN-tee-myoo-LAYR-ee-un HOR-mone) hormone produced in the ovaries in women and in the testicles in men. The anti-Müllerian hormone helps in the formation of the male and female reproductive organs. Antiandrogen (AN-tea-AN-droh-jen) substance that prevents androgens (male sex hormones) from attaching to proteins called androgen receptors, which are found in normal prostate cells, some prostate cancer cells and cells in some other tissues. Preventing this binding blocks the action of these hormo Antiandrogen therapy (AN-tee-AN-droh-jen THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment with medicines to block the effects of androgens (male hormones) in the body. Androgens like testosterone bind to proteins called androgen receptors found in prostate cancer cells and in cells of some other tissues. Antiangiogenesis (AN-tee-AN-jee-oh-JEH-neh-sis) Preventing the growth of new blood vessels Antibodies (AN-t-BAH-dee) A protein made by plasma cells (a type of white blood cell) in response to an antigen (a substance that causes the body to mount a specific immune response). Each antibody can only bind to a specific antigen. Antibody therapy (AN-tee-BAH-dee THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment that uses antibodies to help the body fight cancer, infection, or other diseases. Antibodies are proteins made by the immune system that bind to specific markers on cells or tissues. Anticachexia (AN-tee-kuh-KEK-see-uh) Describes a drug or drug that counteracts cachexia (loss of body weight and muscle mass) Anticonvulsant (AN-tee-kun-VUL-sun) type of drug used to prevent or treat seizures or convulsions by controlling abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Anticonvulsants are used to treat epilepsy and other seizure disorders. Antidepressant (AN-Tee-Dee-PREH-Sun) A drug used to treat depression Antidiarrheal (AN-tee-dy-uh-REE-ul) A substance used to treat diarrhea (frequent and watery bowel movements) Antiestrogen (AN-t-ES-truh-jin) substance that prevents cells from making or using estrogen (a hormone that plays a role in female sex characteristics, the menstrual cycle and pregnancy). Antiestrogens can stop some cancer cells from growing and are used to prevent and treat breast cancer. Antifolate (AN-T-FOH-Layt) A type of drug that prevents cells from using folic acid to make DNA and can kill cancer cells. Certain antifolates are used to treat some types of cancer and inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Antiglobulin test (AN-tee-GLAH-byoo-lin. Antihormone therapy (AN-tee-HOR-mone THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment with drugs, surgery, or radiation to block the production or action of a hormone. Antihormone therapy can be used in cancer treatment because certain hormones can stimulate the growth of some types of tumors Antimicrotubule Agents (AN-tee-MY-kroh-TOO-byool AY-jent) type of drug that blocks cell growth by stopping mitosis (cell division). Antimicrotubule agents disrupt microtubules (cellular structures that help move chromosomes during mitosis). Antioxidant (AN-tee-OK-sih-dent) A substance that protects cells from damage caused by free radicals (unstable molecules produced by the oxidation process during normal metabolism). Free radicals can play a role in cancer, heart disease, stroke and other diseases of old age. Antiphlogistic (AN-t-in-FLA-muh-TOR-ee) Has to do with reducing inflammation Antiprogestin (AN-Tee-Proh-JES-Tin) A substance that prevents cells from making or using progesterone (a hormone that plays a role in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy). Antiprogestins can stop some cancer cells from growing and are being studied to treat breast cancer. Antisense agents (AN-tee-sends AY-jent) Small pieces of DNA or RNA that can bind to specific RNA molecules. This blocks the RNA's ability to make a protein or otherwise work. Antituberculosis (AN-tee-too-BER-kyoo-LOH-sis) Describes a drug or drug that works against tuberculosis (a contagious bacterial infection that usually affects the lungs) Antiviral (AN-T-VY rule) A drug used to treat infections caused by viruses Apalutamide (A-puh-LOO-tuh-mide) drug used to treat prostate cancer that has spread to other parts of the body and is castration-sensitive (has responded to treatments that lower testosterone levels) and prostate cancer that has not spread to other parts of the body and is castration-resistant (has Apidra (uh-PEE-druh) A drug used to control blood sugar levels in patients with diabetes mellitus. It is a laboratory-made form of the hormone insulin. Apocrine gland (A-poh-krin. Apolizumab (a-puh-LIZ-yoo-mab) A substance being studied for the treatment of haematological (blood) cancer. Apolizumab attaches to a protein called ID10, which is found on the surface of some types of immune cells and cancer cells. Appendix - (pronounced) (SEE-kum) sac that forms the first part of the large intestine. It connects the small intestine to the large intestine, which is part of the colon Aptivus (AP-tih-vus) A drug used with another drug, ritonavir, to treat patients infected with HIV (the virus that causes AIDS) who have been treated with other anti-HIV drugs. Aptivus stops the HIV virus from making copies of itself. Arginine Vasopressin (AR-jih-neen VAY-zoh-PREH-sin) A hormone that constricts blood vessels and helps the kidneys control the amount of water and salt in the body. This helps control blood pressure and the amount of urine produced. Arginine butyrate (AR-jih-neen BYOO-tuh-rayt) A substance being studied to treat cancer Argon Beam Coagulator Ablation (AR-gon beem coh-A-gyuh-LAY-ter a-BLAY-shun) A procedure in which tissue is destroyed with an electric current delivered to the tissue by a flow of argon gas. It is used to treat endometriosis and other conditions and to stop blood loss during surgery Arimidex (uh-RIH-mih-dex) A drug used to treat certain types of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Arixtra (uh-RIK-struh) A drug used to prevent blood clots from forming in the blood vessels in the leg. It is being studied to prevent blood clots in some cancer patients, including women having surgery for reproductive tract cancer. Aromatase Inhibitors (uh-ROH-muh-tays in-HIH-bih-ter) drug that blocks the activity of an enzyme called aromatase, which the body uses to make estrogen in the ovaries and other tissues. Blocking aromatase lowers the amount of estrogen produced by the body, which can stop the growth of cancer cells t Aromatherapy (uh-ROH-muh-THAYR-uh-pee) A type of complementary and alternative medicine that uses plant oils that emit strong pleasant aromas (smells) to promote relaxation, well-being, and healing Aromatherapy massage (uh-ROH-muh-THAYR-uh-pee muh-SAZH) A type of complementary and alternative medicine that promotes relaxation, well-being and healing by rubbing and kneading the skin with vegetable oils that give off strong, pleasant aromas (scents) Arranon (AYR-rah-non) A drug used to treat adults and children 1 year and older with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma. It is used in patients whose cancer has not gotten better or has come back (came back) after treatment with other anticancer medicines. Arsenic (ARS-nik) toxic chemical used to kill weeds and pests. Also used in cancer therapy Arsenic trioxide (AR-seh-nik try ok side) A drug used to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia that has a specific chromosomal abnormality, or gene called a fusionPML/RARA. It is used with tretinoin in some newly diagnosed adults. Art Therapy - treatment that uses creating and responding to art to improve physical, mental and emotional well-being. Art therapy is sometimes used in conjunction with psychotherapy (talk therapy) Arterial embolization (ar-TEER-ee-ul EM-boh-lih-ZAY-shun) procedure in which the blood supply to a tumor or abnormal area of tissue is blocked. In arterial embolization, a small incision (cut) is made on the inner thigh and a catheter (thin, flexible tube) is inserted and passed into an artery near Arthralgia (ar-THRAL-juh) joint pain Arzerra (ar-ZAYR-uh) A medicine used alone or with other medicines to treat certain types of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Arzoxifene hydrochloride (ar-ZOK-sih-feen HY-droh-KLOR-ide) substance being studied for the treatment of osteoporosis and breast cancer. Arzoxifen hydrochloride is made in the laboratory and binds to estrogen receptors in the body. Asbestos (as-BES-tus) A group of minerals that take the form of tiny fibers. Asbestos has been used as insulation against heat and fire in buildings. Asbestosis (as-bes-TOH-sis) lung disease caused by inhaling asbestos particles (a group of minerals in the form of tiny fibers). Symptoms include coughing, difficulty breathing, and chest pain caused by scarring and permanent damage to lung tissue. Asciminib hydrochloride (as-KIH-mih-nib HY-droh-KLOR-ide) drug used to treat adults with chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia that is Philadelphia chromosome positive. It is used in patients whose cancer has the T315I mutation or whose cancer has been treated with at least two other tyrosine kinas Ashkenazi Jews (ASH-keh-NAH-zee jooz) One of two major ancestral groups of Jewish individuals. The ancestors of Ashkenazi Jews lived in Central and Eastern Europe (e. Asparaginase (as-PAYR-uh-jih-NAYS) drug used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and being studied to treat some other types of cancer. It is an enzyme from the bacterium Escherichia coli (E. Aspartate transaminase (as-PAR-tayt tranz-A-mih-nays) An enzyme found in the liver, heart, and other tissues. A high amount of aspartate transaminase released into the blood can be a sign of liver or heart damage, cancer or other diseases. Aspergillosis (AS-pro-jih-LOH-sis) A contagious fungal disease most commonly found in the skin, ears, sinuses, and lungs of people with compromised immune systems Aspiration (AS-pih-RAY-avoid) Removal of fluid or tissue through a needle. Also, accidentally breathing food or liquid into your lungs Assistive Device (uh-SIS-tiv dee-VISE) tool that helps a person with a disability to complete a specific task. Examples are a cane, a wheelchair, a scooter, a walker, a hearing aid or a special bed Asthenia (as-THE-nee-uh) Weakness; Lack of energy and strength Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis (AY-sim-toh-MA-tik in-FLA-muh-TOR-ee PROS-tuh-TY-tis) Inflammation of the prostate where the only symptom is the presence of white blood cells in the prostatic fluid Atamestane (uh-TA-meh-stay) A substance being studied to treat cancer. Atamestane blocks the production of the hormone estrogen in the body. Ataxia-Telangiectasia (uh-TAK-see-uh-teh-LAN-jee-ek-TAY-zhuh) A rare, inherited, progressive, degenerative disease of childhood that leads to loss of muscle control, a weakened immune system, and an increased risk of cancer Atezolizumab (A-teh-zoh-LIZ-yoo-mab) drug that binds to the protein PD-L1 to help immune cells kill cancer cells better and is used to treat various types of cancer, including cancers that express PD-L1. Atezolizumab is used alone or with other medicines to treat adults with certain types of hepatoc Athletic trainers are allied health care professionals who work in consultation with or under the direction of physicians, and specialize in the prevention, assessment, treatment and rehabilitation of injuries and illnesses. Currently, the entry-level employment requirements are a bachelor's degree Atropine sulfate (A-troh-peen SUL-fayt) drug used to block nerve stimulation of muscles and glands and relax smooth muscles. It is also used to increase heart rate, reduce secretions, and treat the effects of certain toxins. Atropine suppression test (A-troh-peen suh-PREH-avoid. Attachment (A sentence) Something that has monetary value and that a person owns, benefits from, or uses. Money, jewelry, artwork, investments, real estate, and automobiles are examples of assets Auricle (aw-RIH-kyoo-ler) Has to do with the ear Auricular acupuncture (. Aurora B/C kinase inhibitor GSK1070916A (uh-ROR-uh. Aurora kinase inhibitor AT9283 (uh-ROR-uh KY-nays in-HIH-bih-ter. Aurotherapy (AW-roh-THAYR-uh-pee) A procedure that uses gold salts (a salt form of the metal element gold) to treat diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. The gold salts stop the cells from releasing chemicals that can damage tissues. Autoantibodies (AW-toh-AN-tee-BAH-dee) An antibody against substances in the body. Autoantibodies can directly destroy cells carrying the substances or make it easier for other white blood cells to destroy them. Autologous Expanded Mesenchymal Stem Cells OTI-010 (aw-TAH-luh-gus. Autonomic nervous system disorder (AW-toh-NAH-mik NER-vus SIS-tem dis-OR-der) condition affecting the part of the nervous system called the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The ANS controls many important automatic bodily processes such as blood pressure, heart rate, respiration, body temperature, di Autophagy (aw-TAH-fuh-jee) process by which a cell breaks down and destroys old, damaged, or abnormal proteins and other substances in its cytoplasm (the fluid inside a cell). The breakdown products are then recycled for important cell functions, especially during periods of stress or starvation. Avastine (uh-VAS-tin) drug that contains the active ingredient bevacizumab and is used to treat many different types of cancer. Avastin is used alone or with other medicines to treat certain types of cervical cancer, colorectal cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma (a type of kidn Average (AY-vazh) A drug used on the skin to treat various skin conditions. It is also being studied for the treatment of basal cell skin cancer and basal cell nevus syndrome. Avita (uh-VEE-tuh) A topical preparation of tretinoin used to treat acne. Tretinoin is a form of vitamin A Avoidance (uh-VOY fools) The act of staying away from people, places, and thoughts that can cause fear, pain, or uncomfortable feelings. Some types of cancer-related avoidance include refusing to accept a cancer diagnosis or seek treatment, and using alcohol or other drugs to forget you have cancer Axicabtagen-Ciloleucel (AK-see-KAB-tuh-jeen sy-loh-LOO-sel) drug used to treat adults with follicular lymphoma or certain types of large B-cell lymphoma that has relapsed (returned) or failed to improve after treatment with at least two other systemic therapies. It is also being studied in the treat Axillary lymph node dissection (AK-sih-LAYR-ee Limf knot dy-SEK-shun) Surgery to remove lymph nodes in the armpit region. Also called an axillary dissection Axitinib (AK-sih-TIH pen) medicine used alone or with other medicines to treat advanced renal cell carcinoma (a type of kidney cancer). It is used in patients whose cancer has not yet been treated or whose cancer has not improved after treatment with another systemic therapy. Ayurvedic medicine (I-yer-VAY-dik MEH-dih-sin) A medical system from India that has been tried and tested for thousands of years. The aim is to cleanse the body and restore the balance of body, mind and soul. Azacitidine (ay-zuh-SY-tih-deen) A drug used under the brand names Onureg to treat adults with certain types of acute myeloid leukemia and Vidaza to treat adults with certain types of myelodysplastic syndromes and children from 1 month of age with newly diagnosed juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. It Azaspirane (AY-zuh-SPEAR-ayn) substance being studied for the treatment of certain multiple myeloma and other advanced cancers. Azaspiran can block the growth of tumors and prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. Azathioprine Sodium (AY-zuh-THY-oh-preen SOH-dee-um) A drug used to prevent a patient from rejecting a transplanted kidney. It is also used to treat rheumatoid arthritis that does not get better with other types of treatment. Azedra (uh-ZED-ruh) drug that contains a form of radioactive iodine and is used to treat adults and children 12 years and older with certain types of malignant pheochromocytomas or paragangliomas that have spread or cannot be surgically removed. It is also being studied in the treatment of other typ Azygos vein (ay-ZY-gus vayn) A blood vessel that carries blood from the back walls of the chest and abdomen to the heart. The azygos vein is located on the right side of the middle part of the spine B lymphocytes - A type of white blood cell that makes antibodies. B lymphocytes are part of the immune system and develop from stem cells in the bone marrow. B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia - An aggressive (rapidly growing) type of leukemia (blood cancer) in which too many B-cell lymphoblasts (immature white blood cells) are found in the bone marrow and blood. It is the most common form of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia - An aggressive (rapidly growing) type of leukemia (blood cancer) in which too many B-cell lymphoblasts (immature white blood cells) are found in the bone marrow and blood. It is the most common form of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). B3 monoclonal antibody - A substance that attaches to a molecule called Lewis Y antigen, which is found on many types of tumor cells and some normal cells. It is being studied for the treatment of various cancers that express the Lewis Y antigen. BAER test - A test used to detect some types of hearing loss, such as Electrodes are placed on the head and certain tones or clicking noises are generated. The electrodes measure nerve signals in the brain as it responds to the sounds. BAK Gel - substance being studied for the treatment of peripheral neuropathy (pain, numbness, tingling, burning, or weakness in the hands or feet) caused by chemotherapy. It contains three drugs, baclofen, amitriptyline, and ketamine, that relax muscles by blocking nerve receptors. BAP1 gene - gene that makes a protein involved in controlling cell growth, division, and death. This protein may also play a role in repairing damaged DNA and controlling the activity of certain genes. BAP1 tumor predisposition syndrome - rare inherited disorder caused by mutations (changes) in the BAP1 gene. Having this mutation increases the risk of developing certain types of cancerous tumors of the skin, eyes, kidneys, and mesothelium (the tissue lining the chest and abdomen). BAY 56-3722 - A substance being studied to treat cancer. It belongs to the camptothecine family BAY 59-8862 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the taxane family BBB - A network of blood vessels and tissues made up of closely spaced cells that help block harmful substances from reaching the brain. The BBB allows some substances, such as water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and general anesthetics, to enter the brain. BBBD - The use of drugs to create openings between cells in the blood-brain barrier. The blood-brain barrier is a protective network of blood vessels and tissues that protects the brain from pollutants but can also prevent cancer drugs from reaching the brain. BBD - A group of conditions characterized by changes in breast tissue that are not cancer but can become cancer. Types of BBD include atypical ductal hyperplasia, atypical lobular hyperplasia, lobular carcinoma in situ, and complex sclerosing lesion (radial scar). BBIC - A substance made from soybeans that is being studied to prevent cancer. It blocks the action of enzymes that are needed for cancer cells to form. BBR 2778 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the antitumor antibiotic family. BBR 3464 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of platinum-based drugs BCG - A weakened form of the bacterium Mycobacterium bovis (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) that does not cause disease. BCG is used in a solution to stimulate the immune system in the treatment of bladder cancer and as a vaccine to prevent tuberculosis. BCL2 - A protein that helps control whether a cell lives or dies by blocking a type of cell death called apoptosis. The gene for BCL2 is located on chromosome 18, and transfer of the BCL2 gene to another chromosome is seen in many B-cell leukemias and lymphomas. BCNS - A rare, inherited disorder that affects many organs and tissues in the body. People with this disorder have a very high risk of developing basal cell skin cancer during adolescence or early adulthood. BCNU - A drug used alone or with other drugs to treat certain types of brain tumors, Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and with prednisone to treat multiple myeloma. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. BCOP - A licensed pharmacist with special training in the design, administration, supervision and modification of chemotherapy for cancer patients. Also called specialist oncology pharmacist and oncology pharmacist BCR-ABL fusion gene - gene that results when parts of chromosomes 9 and 22 break off and swap places. The ABL gene on chromosome 9 joins with the BCR gene on chromosome 22 to form the BCR-ABL fusion gene. BCRP - A protein involved in making cancer cells resistant (unable to respond) to anti-cancer drugs. Normally, BCRP works with other proteins to help transport many different substances, including drugs and other chemicals, in and out of cells. BDC - A rare type of kidney cancer that grows and spreads rapidly. It starts in the Bellini duct in the kidney. BDCS - A very rare, inherited condition affecting the hair follicles on the scalp and other areas of the body where hair normally grows. There is little or no hair growth in the affected areas, and the hair may be lighter in color, coarse in texture, and appear flat and twisted under the microscope. BEACOPP - (pronounced) Abbreviation for a chemotherapy combination used to treat advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma. It includes the drugs bleomycin sulfate, etoposide phosphate, doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin), cyclophosphamide, vincristine sulfate (Oncovin), procarbazine hydrochloride, and prednis BEACOPP schema - Abbreviation for a chemotherapy combination used to treat advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma. It includes the drugs bleomycin sulfate, etoposide phosphate, doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin), cyclophosphamide, vincristine sulfate (Oncovin), procarbazine hydrochloride, and prednisone. BEP - An acronym for a combination chemotherapy regimen used to treat germ cell tumors of the ovaries and testicles. It includes the drugs bleomycin sulfate, etoposide phosphate, and cisplatin (platinol). BG00001 - A gene therapy drug being studied for the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called biological response modifiers BI 2536 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It prevents cells from dividing and can block the growth of some tumors. BI RADS - (pronounced) reporting system used to describe the results of a mammography, breast ultrasound, or breast MRI in a standardized way. BI-RADS classifies test results into one of seven categories, ranging from normal or benign (not cancer) to highly suspect or malignant (cancer). BL22 immunotoxin - A bacterial toxic substance linked to an antibody that binds to cancer cells and kills them. It belongs to the family of bacterial immunotoxins BMD - A measure of the amount of minerals (mainly calcium and phosphorus) contained in a given volume of bone. BMD measurements are used to diagnose osteoporosis (a condition characterized by decreased bone mass), to see how well osteoporosis treatments are working, and to predict how likely bones a BMI - Body Mass Index. A measure that relates body weight to height. BMS-182751 - A substance being studied for the treatment of prostate and other cancers. It contains the metal platinum and can kill cancer cells by damaging their DNA and stopping them from dividing. BMS-184476 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of so-called mitotic inhibitors BMS-188797 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the taxane analogue family BMS-214662 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of farnesyl transferase inhibitors BMS-247550 - A medicine used alone or with capecitabine to treat breast cancer that is locally advanced or has spread to other parts of the body and has not improved after treatment with other anticancer medicines. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. BMS-275291 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors (MMPIs) BMS-599626 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors BNCT - A type of radiation therapy. A substance containing boron is injected into a blood vessel. BON - The necrosis (death) of bone tissue caused by treatment with a bisphosphonate (a drug or substance used to treat osteoporosis, bone pain caused by some types of cancer, and high blood calcium). It commonly occurs in the jawbones. BPA - A substance used in a radiation therapy called boron neutron capture therapy. BPA is injected into a blood vessel and accumulates in tumor cells. BPA-F - A substance used in a form of radiation therapy called boron neutron capture therapy. BPA-F is injected into a blood vessel and accumulates in tumor cells. BPD - A severe mental illness characterized by unstable moods and impulsive behavior. People with BPD struggle with relationships, family and work life, long-term planning, and self-identity. BPDCN - A rare, fast-growing cancer that affects the blood, bone marrow, and skin. It can also affect the lymph nodes, spleen, and central nervous system. BPH - A benign (noncancerous) condition in which an overgrowth of prostate tissue presses against the urethra and bladder, blocking the flow of urine. Also called benign prostatic hyperplasia and benign prostatic hypertrophy BPU - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It's a type of antitubulin agent. BRAF (V600E) kinase inhibitor RO5185426 - drug used to treat Erdheim-Chester disease (a very rare form of histiocytosis) and advanced melanoma, which have a specific mutation (change) in melanomaBRAFGen. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. BRAF gene - A gene that makes a protein involved in sending signals inside cells and in cell growth. Mutated (changed) forms of theBRAFGene and protein have been found in many types of cancer. BRAF kinase inhibitor - substance that blocks a protein called BRAF. BRAF is a kinase enzyme that helps control cell growth and signaling. BRCA1 - A gene on chromosome 17 that normally helps suppress cell growth. A person who inherits certain mutations (changes) in a BRCA1 gene has a higher risk of developing breast, ovarian, prostate, and other cancers BRCA2 - A gene on chromosome 13 that normally helps suppress cell growth. A person who inherits certain mutations (changes) in a BRCA2 gene has a higher risk of developing breast, ovarian, prostate, and other cancers BRCAPPro - (pronounced) A computer program that uses statistics to predict whether a person has an inherited mutation (change) in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. People with certain mutations in these genes have a higher than normal risk of developing breast, ovarian, prostate, and other cancers. BRM therapy - type of treatment that uses substances from living organisms to treat diseases. These substances can occur naturally in the body or can be made in the laboratory. BSE - A way for a person to check their own breasts by feeling for lumps or other changes. BSEs can help a person learn how their breasts normally look and feel and notice when changes occur. BSH - A substance used in a form of radiation therapy called boron neutron capture therapy. BSH is injected into a vein and accumulates in tumor cells. BSI-201 - A substance being studied to treat some types of cancer. BSI-201 can kill cancer cells. BSS - A rare, inherited condition in which tumors form in the hair follicles and sweat glands in the skin. The tumors usually appear on the head and neck, but they can also appear in the salivary glands and other parts of the body. BUN - Blood nitrogen derived from urea (a substance formed by the breakdown of proteins in the liver). The kidneys filter urea from the blood and into the urine. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin solution - (pronounced) (boo-SIH-lus KAL-met-gay-RIN suh-LOO-shun) type of biological therapy used to treat early-stage bladder cancer. The solution is made from a weakened form of something called a bacteriumMycobacterium bovis(Calmette-Guérin bacillus), which does not caus Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine - (pronounced) (buh-SIH-lus KAL-met-gay-RIN vak-SEEN) A vaccine used to prevent tuberculosis (TB) in people at high risk of TB or in people who have a high incidence of TB. It is rarely given in the United States. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine - <br>
''Pronunciation'' (buh-SIH-lus KAL-met-gay-RIN vak-SEEN) A vaccine used to prevent tuberculosis (TB) in people at high risk of TB or in people who have a high incidence of TB. It is rarely given in the United States. Baclofen - (pronounced) (BAK-loh-fen) A drug used to treat certain types of muscle spasms and being studied to treat liver cancer. Baclofen relaxes muscles by blocking certain nerve receptors in the spinal cord. Baclofen - <br>
=='"`UNIQ--h-0--QINU`"'Pronunciation==
<br> (BAK-loh-fen) A drug used to treat certain types of muscle spasms and being studied to treat liver cancer. Baclofen relaxes muscles by blocking certain nerve receptors in the spinal cord. Baclofen/amitriptyline/ketamine gel - (pronounced) (BAK-loh-fen A-mih-TRIP-tih-leen KEE-tuh-meen jel) A substance being studied for the treatment of peripheral neuropathy (pain, numbness, tingling, burning, or weakness in the hands or feet) caused by chemotherapy. It contains three drugs, baclofen, Balversa - (pronounced) (bal-VER-suh) drug used to treat adults with urothelial cancer (a type of bladder or urinary tract cancer) that is locally advanced or has spread and has certain mutations (changes) in the tumorFGFR3orFGFR2gene or a fusion gene involving these genes. It is used in patients wh Bar (Buhne) The area where the thigh meets the abdomen Barbiturate - (pronounced) (bar-BIH-chuh-rayt) A type of drug that causes a decrease in brain activity. Barbiturates can be used to treat insomnia, seizures and convulsions, and to relieve anxiety and tension before surgery. Barium - (pronounced) (BAYR-ee-um SWAH-loh) The process of taking X-ray images of the esophagus or upper gastrointestinal tract (esophagus, stomach, and duodenum). X-rays are taken after the patient drinks a liquid containing barium sulfate (a form of the silver-white metal element barium). Barrier - (pronounced) (BAYR-ee-er) Something that blocks, prevents, separates or restricts Basal cell nevus syndrome - (pronounced) (BAY-sul sel NEE-vus SIN-drome) rare, inherited condition that affects many organs and tissues in the body. People with this disorder have a very high risk of developing basal cell skin cancer during adolescence or early adulthood. Base - (pronounced) (Bay-SIH-sih-tea) In chemistry, the property of being a base (not an acid). A base is a substance that can accept hydrogen ions in water and neutralize an acid. Base - [[:Template:Pronunciation]] (Bay-SIH-sih-tea) In chemistry, the property of being a base (not an acid). A base is a substance that can accept hydrogen ions in water and neutralize an acid. Baseline - (pronounced) (BAYS line) An initial measurement of a condition taken at an early stage and used to compare over time to look for changes. For example, the size of a tumor is measured before treatment (baseline) and afterwards to see if the treatment had an effect Batracylin - (pronounced) (BA-truh-SY-lin) A substance being studied to treat cancer. It can kill cancer cells by damaging DNA. Bavituximab - (pronounced) (ba-vih-TUK-sih-mab) substance being studied to treat various types of cancer and infections caused by certain viruses. It attaches to substances on the surface of tumor cells, certain viruses and virus-infected cells. Bazex-Dupré-Christol Syndrome - (pronounced) (BA-zex-doo-PRAY-kris-TOL SIN-drome) very rare, inherited condition that affects the hair follicles on the scalp and other areas of the body where hair normally grows. There is little or no hair growth in the affected areas, and the hair may be lighter in Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome - (pronounced) (BEK-with-VEE-deh-mahn SIN-drome) rare growth disorder in which babies are large at birth and can develop low blood sugar. Other common symptoms include a large tongue, large internal organs, and defects in the abdominal wall near the navel. Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome - <br>
''Pronunciation'' (BEK-with-VEE-deh-mahn SIN-drome) rare growth disorder in which babies are large at birth and can develop low blood sugar. Other common symptoms include a large tongue, large internal organs, and defects in the abdominal wall near the navel. Beclomethasone - (pronounced) (beh-kloh-MEH-thuh-sone) A drug being studied for the treatment of graft-versus-host disease. It belongs to a family of medicines called corticosteroids Beginning - (pronounced) (ON-rih-jin) drug used to treat acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It is also being studied in the treatment of several other types of cancer. Behavioral Neurology & Neuropsychiatry is a medical subspecialty involving the diagnosis and treatment of neurologically based behavioral issues. Behçet syndrome - [[:Template:Pronunciation]] (beh-SHET SIN-drome) rare condition that causes inflammation of blood vessels. Symptoms include sores in the mouth and genitals and other skin problems, inflammation in parts of the eye, and pain, swelling, and stiffness in the joints. Behçet's disease - (pronounced) (beh-SHET dih-ZEEZ) rare condition that causes inflammation of blood vessels. Symptoms include sores in the mouth and genitals and other skin problems, inflammation in parts of the eye, and pain, swelling, and stiffness in the joints. Behçet's disease - <br>
=='"`UNIQ--h-0--QINU`"'Pronunciation==
<br> (beh-SHET dih-ZEEZ) rare condition that causes inflammation of blood vessels. Symptoms include sores in the mouth and genitals and other skin problems, inflammation in parts of the eye, and pain, swelling, and stiffness in the joi Beleodaq - (pronounced) (BEE-lee-oh-dak) drug used to treat adults with peripheral T-cell lymphoma that has come back or has not improved with other treatments. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Belinostat - (pronounced) (beh-LIH-noh-stat) drug used to treat adults with peripheral T-cell lymphoma that has come back or has not improved with other treatments. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Belotecan hydrochloride - (pronounced) (BEH-loh-TEE-kun HY-droh-KLOR-ide) substance being studied for the treatment of small cell lung cancer and other types of cancer. It blocks certain enzymes needed for cell division and DNA repair and can kill cancer cells. Belrapzo - (pronounced) (bel-RAP-zoh) A drug used to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia and certain types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Bendamustine hydrochloride - (pronounced) (BEN-duh-MUS-teen HY-threatening-KLOR-ide) A drug used to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia and certain types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Benzaldehyde - (pronounced) (ben-ZAL-deh-hide) A chemical used in flavors and some dyes, perfumes, and medicines. It is found in almond and peach pit essential oils and other foods. Benzo(a) pyrene - (pronounced) (BEN-zoh-ay-PY-reen) A chemical formed from certain substances when they are not fully combusted. It is found in automobile exhaust, wood fire smoke, tobacco, oil and gas products, charred or grilled foods, and other sources. Benzodiazepine - (pronounced) (BEN-zoh-dy-A-toe-peen) type of medication used to relieve anxiety and insomnia (difficulty sleeping). Benzodiazepines are also used to relax muscles and prevent seizures. Benzydamine - (pronounced) (ben-ZIH-duh-meen) A substance being studied as a mouthwash treatment for oral mucositis (painful sores in the mouth) caused by cancer therapy. It is a type of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) Bereavement - (pronounced) (beh-REEV-ment) A state of sadness, sorrow and grief after the loss of a loved one Bereavement Counseling (Greek KOWN-suh-ling) The process by which a trained counselor or support group helps a person cope with normal feelings of grief after a loss, such as a loss. B. Bereavement Therapy (greef THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment that helps a person process an above-average reaction to loss, e. g. Bergamot - (pronounced) (BER-guh-mot) species of orange tree grown in Italy. The essential oil from the peel of this orange is used in perfumes to get rid of insects and to flavor tea. Besponsa - (pronounced) (beh-SPON-suh) A drug used to treat adults with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia that has come back or has not improved with other treatments. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Besremi - (pronounced) (bez-REH-mee) medicine used to treat adults with polycythemia vera (a disease in which too many red blood cells are made in the bone marrow). It is also being studied in the treatment of other conditions and some types of cancer. Beta Carotene - (pronounced) (BAY-tuh KAYR-uh-teen) A substance found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables, and dark green leafy vegetables. The body can make vitamin A from beta-carotene. Beta Glucan - (pronounced) (BAY-tuh-GLOO-kan) substance found in bacteria, plants, and certain foods such as baker's yeast, cereal grains, and fungi. It is a type of polysaccharide made up of a series of glucose (sugar) molecules bonded together. Beta cell tumor of the pancreas - (pronounced) (BAY-tuh sel TOO-mer. Beta-Sitosterol - (pronounced) (BAY-tuh-sy-TOS-teh-rol) substance found in various nuts, beans, seeds, fruits, and vegetables. It can also be used in dietary supplements. Betel quid with tobacco - (pronounced) (BEE-bis kwid. Bexarotene - [[:Template:Pronunciation]] (bek-SAYR-uh-teen) A drug used to treat skin problems caused by cutaneous T-cell lymphoma that have not improved after another treatment. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. BiCNU - A drug used alone or with other drugs to treat certain types of brain tumors, Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and with prednisone to treat multiple myeloma. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Bicalutamide - (pronounced) (BY-kuh-LOO-tuh-mide) drug used with another drug to treat prostate cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Bidi - (pronounced) (BEE-dee) A cigarette made by manually rolling tobacco in a dried leaf of the tendu tree (a member of the ebony family). Most bidis are made in India and come in a variety of flavors Biliary cirrhosis - (pronounced) (BIH-lee-AYR-ee seh-ROH-sis) type of chronic liver disease in which the tubes that carry bile (fluid that helps digest fat) from the liver become damaged or blocked over time. This can cause bile and toxic substances to build up in the liver, which can lead to cirrho Biliary system - (pronounced) (BIH-lee-AYR-ee SIS-tem) The organs and ducts that produce and store bile (a fluid made by the liver that helps digest fat) and secretes it to the small intestine. The biliary system includes the gallbladder and the bile ducts inside and outside the liver. Bimatoprost - (pronounced) (bih-MA-toh-cheers) drug used by the name Latisse to increase the length, thickness and blackening of eyelashes. It is being studied to increase the growth of eyelashes and eyebrows in patients receiving chemotherapy for cancer. Binder - (pronounced) (BINE-ding AY-jent) A substance that causes a loose mixture to stick together. For example, solid pills can be made from loose powders using binders Binimetinib - (pronounced) (BIH-nee-MEH-tih-nib) medicine used with encorafenib to treat melanoma that has spread or cannot be surgically removed and has a specific mutation (change) in the melanomaBRAFGen. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Biochanin A - (pronounced) (BY-oh-KAH-nin. Biochemist - (pronounced) (BY-oh-KEH-nebula) A scientist who has special training in the study of the chemicals and processes found in all living things Biological Response Modifier Therapy - (pronounced) (BY-oh-LAH-jih-kul reh-SPONTS MAH-dih-FY-er THAYR-uh-pee) type of treatment that uses substances from living organisms to treat diseases. These substances can occur naturally in the body or can be made in the laboratory. Biomarkers - (pronounced) (BY-oh-MAR-ker) biological molecule found in blood, other body fluids, or tissues that is indicative of a normal or abnormal process, condition, or disease. A biomarker can be used to see how well the body is responding to treatment for a disease or condition. Biomed 101 - (pronounced) (BY-oh-MED. Biomedicine - (pronounced) (BY-oh-MEH-dih-sin) A system in which doctors and other healthcare professionals (e. g. Biosample - (pronounced) (BY-oh-SPEH-sih-men) sample of material such as urine, blood, tissue, cells, DNA, RNA, or protein from humans, animals, or plants. Biosamples can be used for a laboratory test or kept in a biorepository for research purposes Biotherapy - (pronounced) (BY-oh-THAYR-uh-pee) type of treatment that uses substances from living organisms to treat diseases. These substances can occur naturally in the body or can be made in the laboratory. Biotin - (pronounced) (BY-oh-tin) nutrient in the vitamin B complex that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Biotin helps some enzymes convert substances in the body into energy and supports tissue development. Birt-Hogg-Dubé Syndrome - (pronounced) (birt-hog-doo-BAY SIN-drome) rare, inherited condition in which benign (noncancerous) skin lesions called fibrofolliculomas form in the hair follicles on the face, neck and chest. Patients with Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome have an increased risk of kidney cancer and Birth Control - (pronounced) (berth kun-TROLE) The use of drugs, devices, or surgery to prevent pregnancy. There are many different types of birth control. Birth Control - <br>
=='"`UNIQ--h-0--QINU`"'Pronunciation==
<br> (berth kun-TROLE) The use of drugs, devices, or surgery to prevent pregnancy. There are many different types of birth control. Bismuth - (pronounced) (BIZ Mooth) silver-white metal used in medicines and other products. Certain forms of bismuth are used to treat diarrhea, heartburn, and upset stomach. Bisphosphonate - (pronounced) (bis-FOS-foh-nayt) drug or substance used to treat hypercalcaemia (abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood) and bone pain caused by some types of cancer. Forms of bisphosphonates are also used to treat osteoporosis and for bone imaging. Bizelesin - (pronounced) (from-ZEH-leh-sin) A cancer medicine that belongs to the family of medicines called alkylating agents. It is also an antitumor antibiotic Bizelesin - <br>
=='"`UNIQ--h-0--QINU`"'Pronunciation==
<br> (from-ZEH-leh-sin) A cancer medicine that belongs to the family of medicines called alkylating agents. It is also an antitumor antibiotic Black Cohosh - (pronounced) (blak KOH-osh) perennial herb native to eastern North America. A substance extracted from the root of the plant has been used in some cultures to treat a range of medical problems. Black Snakeroot - (pronounced) (blak SNAYK root) A perennial herb native to eastern North America. A substance extracted from the root of the plant has been used in some cultures to treat a range of medical problems. Black Snakeroot - <br>
''Pronunciation'' (blak SNAYK root) A perennial herb native to eastern North America. A substance extracted from the root of the plant has been used in some cultures to treat a range of medical problems. Bladder extravasation - (pronounced) (VEH-sih-kunt ek-STRA-vuh-SAY-shun) The leakage of certain drugs, called vesicans, from a vein into surrounding tissue. Vesicants cause blistering and other tissue injury that can be severe and lead to tissue necrosis (tissue death) Blessed Thistle - A plant whose leaves, stems, and flowers were used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. Benedict herb can have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. Blood Congestion - (pronounced) (blud STAY sister) In traditional Chinese medicine, a condition described as slowing down or pooling of blood that can cause pain or other symptoms Blood Poisoning - (pronounced) (tok-SEE-mi-uh) Disease caused by the spread of bacteria and their toxins in the bloodstream. Also called blood poisoning and septicemia Blood Transfusion - (pronounced) (blud tranz-FYOO-zhun) procedure in which whole blood or part of the blood is introduced into a patient's bloodstream through a vein. The blood may have been donated by someone else or collected from the patient and stored until needed. Blood Urea Nitrogen - (pronounced) (blud yoo-REE-uh NY-troh-jen) Nitrogen in the blood that comes from urea (a substance produced by the breakdown of proteins in the liver). The kidneys filter urea from the blood and into the urine. Blood cell count - (pronounced) (self known) measure of the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in the blood. The amount of hemoglobin (substance in the blood that carries oxygen) and hematocrit (the amount of whole blood made up of red blood cells) are also measured. Blood cell count with differential - (pronounced) (blud sel knont. Blood circulation - (BLUD stream) The flow or movement of blood throughout the body. Blood carries oxygen, nutrients, and other essential substances from the heart through the blood vessels to the rest of the body's cells, tissues, and organs. Blood culture - (pronounced) (blud kul-cher) laboratory test to check for bacteria, yeast, fungus, or other microorganisms in the blood. Blood cultures can help identify the type of microorganism that is causing an infection. Blood draw - (pronounced) (Blue …) A procedure that uses a needle to draw blood from a vein, usually for laboratory tests. A blood draw may also be done to remove extra red blood cells from the blood to treat certain blood disorders. Blood stem cell - (pronounced) (Blue Stem Sel) An immature cell that can develop into all types of blood cells, including white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. Blood stem cells are found in peripheral blood and bone marrow. Blood test - (pronounced) (Blood sample) A test done on a sample of blood to measure the amount of certain substances in the blood or to count different types of blood cells. Blood tests may be done to look for signs of disease or pathogens, to look for antibodies or tumor markers, or to see how wel Blood-Brain Barrier - (pronounced) (blud-brayn BAYR-ee-er) network of blood vessels and tissues made up of closely spaced cells that help block harmful substances from reaching the brain. The blood-brain barrier allows some substances, such as water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and general anesthetics, Bloom Syndrome - rare inherited disorder characterized by being shorter than average, a narrow face, a red rash on sun-exposed areas of the body, and an increased risk of cancer. The rash usually appears on the face, arms, and backs of hands. Bloom-Torre-Machacek-Syndrome - rare inherited disorder characterized by being shorter than average, a narrow face, a red rash on sun-exposed areas of the body, and an increased risk of cancer. The rash usually appears on the face, arms, and backs of hands. Body Mass Index - (pronounced) (BAH-dee mas IN-dex) A measure that relates body weight to height. BMI is sometimes used to measure total body fat and whether a person is at a healthy weight. Bombesin - (pronounced) (BOM-beh-sin) peptide (small protein) found in the brain, gastrointestinal tract, and lungs. It causes the release of certain hormones and enzymes. Bone Cancer - (pronounced) (Bone KAN-ser) Primary bone cancer is cancer that forms in the bone cells. Some types of primary bone cancer are osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, and chondrosarcoma. Bone Density - measure of the amount of minerals (mainly calcium and phosphorus) contained in a given volume of bone. Bone density measurements are used to diagnose osteoporosis (a condition characterized by decreased bone mass), to see how well osteoporosis treatments are working, and to predict ho Bone Mineral Density - measure of the amount of minerals (mainly calcium and phosphorus) contained in a given volume of bone. Bone mineral density measurements are used to diagnose osteoporosis (a condition characterized by decreased bone mass), to see how well osteoporosis treatments are working, a Bone densitometry - procedure that measures the amount of calcium and other minerals in a bone by passing X-rays through the bone at two different energy levels. A bone densitometry shows the strength and thickness of a bone and is usually done on the lower spine, hip, forearm, wrist, fingers and he Bone marrow ablation - (pronounced) (Bone MAYR-oh a-BLAY-shun) A procedure to destroy the bone marrow by radiation or high doses of anti-cancer drugs. It is done before a bone marrow or blood stem cell transplant to kill cancer cells and bone marrow cells. Bone marrow aspiration - (pronounced) (BONE MAYR-oh AS-pih-RAY-shun) A procedure in which a small sample of bone marrow is taken, usually from the hip bone, breastbone, or thigh bone. A small area of skin and the underlying bone surface are numbed with an anesthetic. Bone marrow biopsy - (pronounced) (Bone MAYR-oh BY-op-see) procedure in which a small sample of bone containing bone marrow is taken, usually from the hip bone. A small area of skin and the underlying bone surface are numbed with an anesthetic. Bone marrow cancer - (pronounced) (Bone MAYR-oh KAN-ser) Cancer that forms in the blood-forming stem cells of the bone marrow (soft, spongy tissue in the middle of most bones). Bone marrow cancer includes leukemias and multiple myeloma Bone marrow transplant - (pronounced) (bone MAYR-oh TRANZ plant) A procedure in which a patient is given healthy stem cells (blood-forming cells) to replace their own stem cells that have been destroyed by treatment with radiation or high-dose chemotherapy. The healthy stem cells can come from the p Bone metastases - Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the bone Bone scan - (pronounced) (bone skan) procedure to check for abnormal areas or damage in the bones. A very small amount of radioactive material is injected into a vein and travels through the blood. Bone scintigraphy - procedure to check for abnormal areas or damage in the bones. A very small amount of radioactive material is injected into a vein and travels through the blood. Boosters - (pronounced) (Booster) In medicine, refers to a vaccination after a previous vaccination. A booster helps maintain or enhance a protective immune response Borderline Personality Disorder - (pronounced) (BOR-the-LINE PER-suh-NA-lih-tee dis-OR-the) severe mental illness characterized by unstable moods and impulsive behavior. People with borderline personality disorder have problems with relationships, family and work life, long-term planning, and self-i Boron Neutron Capture Therapy - (pronounced) (BOR-on NOO-tron KAP-cher THAYR-uh-pee) Some kind of radiotherapy. A substance containing boron is injected into a blood vessel. Borophenylalanine - (pronounced) (BOR-on feh-nil-A-luh-neen) A substance used in a radiation therapy called boron neutron capture therapy. Boron phenylalanine is injected into a blood vessel and accumulates in tumor cells. Bortezomib - (pronounced) (bor-TEH-zoh-mib) A drug used to treat adults with multiple myeloma or mantle cell lymphoma. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Bosulif - (pronounced) (BAH-soo-lif) A drug used to treat adults with chronic myeloid leukemia that is Philadelphia chromosome positive. It is used in some newly diagnosed patients. Bosutinib - (pronounced) (bah-SOO-tih-nib) drug used to treat adults with chronic myeloid leukemia that is Philadelphia chromosome positive. It is used in some newly diagnosed patients. Boswellia serrata - (pronounced) (bos-WEH-lee-uh see-RAY-tuh) A tree that belongs to the frankincense tree family. The tree's amber-colored resin is used in incense. Botox - (pronounced) (BOH tox) A toxin made by the bacteriumClostridium botulinumIt can cause food poisoning. The drug Botox is a form of the toxin that can be used in small amounts to treat certain conditions. Botulinum toxin A - (pronounced) (BAH-choo-LY-num TOK-sin. Botulinum toxin type A - (pronounced) (BAH-choo-LY-num TOK-sin . Bowel movement - (pronounced) (DEH-feh-kay-shun) Movement of feces (undigested food, bacteria, mucus, and cells from the lining of the intestine) through the intestines and out the anus. Also called a bowel movement Bowen's disease - (pronounced) (BOH-en dih-ZEEZ) skin condition characterized by scaly or thickened patches on the skin, often caused by prolonged exposure to arsenic. The patches are common on sun-exposed areas of skin and in older white males. Bowman-Birk Inhibitor Concentrate - (pronounced) (BOH-man-birk in-HIH-bih-ter KON-sen-TRAYT) A substance made from soybeans that is being studied to prevent cancer. It blocks the action of enzymes that are needed for cancer cells to form. Brachial plexopathy - (pronounced) (BRAY-kee-ul plek-SAH-phew-you) condition characterized by numbness, tingling, pain, weakness, or limited movement in the arm or hand. It is caused by an impairment of the brachial plexus, a network of nerves that affects the arm and hand Brachial plexus - (pronounced) (BRAY-kee-ul PLEK-sus) A network of nerves that sends signals from the spine to the arm and hand Brachytherapy - (pronounced) (BRAY-kee-THAYR-uh-pee) A type of radiation therapy in which radioactive material encased in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly in or near a tumor. Also known as implant radiation therapy, internal radiation therapy, and radiation brachytherapy Braftovi - (pronounced) (braf-TOH-vee) A drug used with cetuximab to treat certain types of colon cancer and with binimetinib to treat certain types of melanoma. It is used in patients whose cancer has a specific mutation (change). Brain - (pronounced) (Bryn) The organ in the head that controls all of a person's bodily functions. The brain is made up of billions of nerve cells and is protected by the skull (the bones that make up the head). Brain metastases - (pronounced) (brayn meh-TAS-tuh-sis) Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the brain Brain stem tumor - (pronounced) (Brayn tribe TOO-mer) tumor in the part of the brain connected to the spinal cord (the brainstem) Brain tumor - (pronounced) (Brayn TOO-mer) The growth of abnormal cells in the tissues of the brain. Brain tumors can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer) Brainstem - (pronounced) (Brayn tribe) The part of the brain connected to the spinal cord Brainstem glioma - (pronounced) (Brayn tribe joy-oh-moo) A tumor located in the part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord (the brainstem). Depending on the grade of the tumor, it can grow quickly or slowly Brassica Vegetables - (pronounced) (BRA-sih-kuh VEJ-tuh-bul) A member of the vegetable family that includes broccoli, Brussels sprouts, collards, cauliflower, kale, collards, and turnips. These vegetables contain substances that can protect against cancer. Breakthrough Pain - (pronounced) (BRAYK-throo payn) sudden increase in pain that can occur in patients who already have chronic pain from cancer, arthritis, fibromyalgia, or other conditions. Breakthrough pain usually only lasts for a short time. Breast - (pronounced) (thor-a-sik) Has to do with the chest Breast Cancer - (pronounced) (brest KAN-ser) Cancer that forms in the tissues of the breast. The most common type of breast cancer is ductal carcinoma, which starts in the lining of the milk ducts (thin tubes that carry milk from the lobules of the breast to the nipple). Breast Dysplasia - (pronounced) (MA-muh-ree dis-PLAY-zhuh) group of conditions characterized by benign (non-cancerous) changes in breast tissue. There are different types of breast dysplasia, including some types that are caused by an increase in the number of cells or by the growth of abnormal cell Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System - (pronounced) (Brest IH-muh-jing reh-port-ing. Breast Reconstruction - (pronounced) (brest REE-kun-STRUK-shy) Surgery to restore the shape of the breast after a mastectomy Breast carcinoma in situ - (pronounced) (brest KAR-sih-NOH-moo in SY-too) condition in which abnormal cells are found in the tissues of the breast. There are 2 types of breast cancer in situ: ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and Paget's disease of the nipple. Breast self-examination - (pronounced) (brest self eg-ZAM) A method that allows a person to check their own breasts by feeling for lumps or other changes. Breast self-exams can help a person find out how their breasts normally look and feel, and notice if any changes are occurring. Breslow Thickness - (pronounced) (BRES-loh THIK-nes) A measure of how deep a melanoma tumor has grown into the skin. Tumor thickness (depth) is usually measured from the top of the tumor to the deepest tumor cells. Breslow depth - (pronounced) (BRES-loh. Brexucabtagen-Autoleucel - (pronounced) (brek-suh-KAB-tuh-jeen aw-toh-LOO-sel) A drug used to treat adults with mantle cell lymphoma or B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia that has come back or has not improved after other treatment. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer Breyanzi - (pronounced) (brey-AN-zee) A drug used to treat adults with certain types of large B-cell lymphoma that have relapsed (returned) or failed to improve after treatment with at least one systemic therapy. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Brief pain inventory - (pronounced) (breef payn IN-ven-TOR-ee) A questionnaire to measure pain Brigatinib - (pronounced) (brih-ga-tih feather) A drug used to treat adults with non-small cell lung cancer that has spread and is ALK-positive. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Brivanibalaninate - (pronounced) (brih-VAN-ib a-luh-NIH-nayt) A substance being studied to treat cancer. Brivanibalaninate can prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow and can kill cancer cells. Broccoli Sprout Extract - (pronounced) (BRAH-kuh-lee … EK-strakt) A substance being studied to prevent cancer. Broccoli Sprout Extract comes from freshly sprouted broccoli. Bromelain - (pronounced) (BROH-meh-layn) An enzyme found in pineapple that breaks down other proteins such as collagen and muscle fibers and has anti-inflammatory properties. It is used as a meat tenderizer in the food industry Bronchi - (pronounced) (BRONG-ky) The large airways leading from the trachea (windpipe) to the lungs Bronchial adenoma - (pronounced) (BRON-kee-ul-A-deh-NOH-muh) Cancer that forms in the tissues of the bronchi (large airways in the lungs, including those that lead from the windpipe to the lungs) Bronchial brushes - (pronounced) (BRON-kee-ul BRUH-shing) procedure in which cells are taken from inside the airways that lead to the lungs. A bronchoscope (a thin, tubular instrument with a light and lens for viewing) is inserted into the lungs through the nose or mouth. Bronchioles - (pronounced) (BRONG-kee-ole) A tiny branch of air tubes in the lungs Bronchiolitis obliterans - (pronounced) (BRONG-kee-oh-LY-tis ob-LIH-teh-ranz) condition in which the bronchioles (tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs) become inflamed and blocked. It can be caused by breathing in gases or particles that irritate the bronchioles. Bronchitis - (pronounced) (bron-ky-tis) Inflammation (swelling and redness) of the bronchi Bronchodilator - (pronounced) (BRON-koh-DY layer) A type of drug that causes small airways in the lungs to open. Bronchodilators are inhaled and used to treat respiratory conditions such as asthma or emphysema Bronchoscope - (pronounced) (BRON-koh-SKOPE) A thin, tubular instrument used to examine the inside of the trachea, bronchi (air passages that lead to the lungs), and lungs. A bronchoscope has a light and lens for viewing and may have a tool for removing tissue Bronchoscopy - (pronounced) (Bron KOS Koh Pee) procedure that uses a bronchoscope to examine the inside of the windpipe, bronchi (airways that lead to the lungs), and lungs. A bronchoscope is a thin, tubular instrument with a light and lens for viewing. Bronchus - (pronounced) (BRON-kus) A large airway leading from the trachea (trachea) to a lung. The plural form of bronchus is bronchi Brooke-Spiegler Syndrome - (pronounced) (Bach-SPEEG-ler SIN-drome) rare inherited disorder in which tumors form in the hair follicles and sweat glands of the skin. The tumors usually appear on the head and neck, but they can also appear in the salivary glands and other parts of the body. Brostallicin hydrochloride - (pronounced) (brah-STAH-lih-sin HY-droh-KLOR-ide) substance being studied to treat cancer. Brostallicin hydrochloride binds to DNA and can kill cancer cells. Broxuridine - (pronounced) (brox-YOOR-ih-deen) A drug that makes cancer cells more sensitive to radiation and is also used as a diagnostic to determine how fast cancer cells are growing Brukinsa - (pronounced) (BROO-kin-suh) A drug used to treat adults with certain types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, including mantle cell lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma, and Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Bryostatin 1 - (pronounced) (BRY-er-STA-tin) substance being studied to treat cancer and certain brain disorders, such as Alzheimer's and stroke. It binds to an enzyme involved in cell growth and can help cancer drugs work better. BuMel - (pronounced) Abbreviation for a chemotherapy combination used to prepare patients with high-risk neuroblastoma for stem cell transplantation. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. BuMel scheme - Abbreviation for a chemotherapy combination used to prepare patients with high-risk neuroblastoma for stem cell transplantation. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Buccal mucosa - (pronounced) (BUH-kul myoo-KOH-suh) The inner lining of the cheeks Bucket Trials - (pronounced) (BUH-ket TRY-ul) type of clinical trial that tests how well a new drug or other substance works in patients suffering from different types of cancer, all of which have the same mutation or biomarker. In bucket studies, patients all receive the same treatment that targets Budesonide - (pronounced) (byoo-DEH-suh-nide) A drug used to treat asthma and rhinitis. It is also being studied in the treatment of cancer. Bug Weed - (pronounced) (BUG seasoning) A perennial herb native to eastern North America. A substance extracted from the root of the plant has been used in some cultures to treat a range of medical problems. Bugbane - (pronounced) (BUG bay) perennial herb native to eastern North America. A substance extracted from the root of the plant has been used in some cultures to treat a range of medical problems. Bulbar conjunctivitis - (pronounced) (BUL-bar kun-JUNK-tih-VY-tis) A condition in which the thin layer of tissue covering the sclera (the white part of the eye) becomes inflamed. The cause is usually unknown, but it can occur in certain inflammatory diseases, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. Bupivacaine Hydrochloride - (pronounced) (byoo-PIH-vuh-kane HY-droh-KLOR-ide) A drug used to relieve pain by blocking signals at nerve endings. It is being studied to relieve pain after cancer surgery. Buprenorphine hydrochloride - (pronounced) (BYOO-preh-NOR-feen HY-droh-KLOR-ide) A drug used to treat moderate to severe pain. It is also used to treat addiction to heroin and other opiates such as morphine. Bupropion hydrochloride - (pronounced) (byoo-PROH-pee-on HY-droh-KLOR-ide) drug used to treat depression and certain other medical conditions. It is also used to help people quit smoking. Burkitt lymphoma - (pronounced) (BER kit lim-FOH-muh) An aggressive (rapidly growing) form of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma that occurs most commonly in children and young adults. The disease can affect the jaw, central nervous system, intestines, kidneys, ovaries, or other organs. Burkitt's leukemia - (pronounced) (BER kit loo-KEE-mee-uh) rare, fast-growing type of leukemia (blood cancer) in which too many white blood cells called B lymphocytes form in the blood and bone marrow. It can start in the lymph nodes as Burkitt lymphoma and then spread to the blood and bone marrow, Buspirone - (pronounced) (byoo-SPY-rone) A drug used to treat certain anxiety disorders. It belongs to the family of drugs called anti-anxiety drugs Busulfex - (pronounced) (byoo-SUL-fex) A drug that contains the active substance busulfan and is used with other drugs to prepare patients with chronic myeloid leukemia for donor stem cell transplantation. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Butane - (pronounced) (BYOO-tayn) colorless gas that is easily ignited and used as a fuel. It is found in gasoline, lighter fluid and some aerosol sprays. Buthionine sulfoximine - (pronounced) (byoo-THY-oh-neen sul-FOK-sih-meen) A drug that can help prevent resistance to some cancer drugs Buttocks - (pronounced) (BUH-tuk) One of two round, fleshy mounds of tissue behind the pelvis. The buttocks are made up of fat and thick muscle tissue that supports the body when sitting. Bypass - (pronounced) (BY-pas) A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new path for body fluids to flow C cell - cell type in the thyroid. C cells produce calcitonin, a hormone that helps control blood calcium levels C-Peptide - A substance made by the pancreas. C-peptide and insulin are both part of a larger molecule that is broken down before being released into the blood. C-peptide suppression test - A test used to diagnose a type of pancreatic tumor called an insulinoma. After the fast, the patient is given an injection of insulin and the level of C-peptide (a substance released by the pancreas with insulin) in the blood is measured. C-reactive protein - (. CA 15-3 - A protein found on epithelial cells and is part of a larger protein called MUC 1. CA 15-3 can be found in higher than normal levels in patients with some types of cancer, including breast cancer. CA 19-9 - A substance released into the bloodstream by both cancer cells and normal cells. Too much CA 19-9 in the blood can be a sign of pancreatic cancer or other cancers or diseases. CA 19-9 assay - laboratory test that measures the level of CA 19-9 in the blood. CA 19-9 is a substance released into the blood by both cancer cells and normal cells. CA 27. 29 - A protein found on epithelial cells lining the internal and external surfaces of the body. CA-125 - A substance found in large amounts in the blood of patients with certain types of cancer, including ovarian cancer. CA-125 levels can also help monitor how well cancer treatments are working or whether the cancer has come back. CAB - In medicine, a group of non-scientific volunteers who serve as a liaison between a community and clinical trial researchers. A CAB can review and monitor clinical trials and help inform the community about the trials. CABG - A surgical procedure in which a healthy blood vessel from another part of the body is used to create a new path for blood around a blocked artery leading to the heart. This restores the flow of oxygen and nutrients to the heart. CAD - A disease in which there is a narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries (blood vessels that carry blood and oxygen to the heart). CAD is usually caused by atherosclerosis (a buildup of fat and plaque in the coronary arteries). CAD system - computerized system that uses special software to help look for suspicious areas of tissue on an X-ray. A CAD system highlights these areas on the image for closer inspection. CAF - An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used alone or with other therapies to treat breast cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. CAF Therapy - An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used alone or with other therapies to treat breast cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. CALR gene - A gene that makes a protein involved in many cell functions. This protein helps control the amount of calcium stored in cells. CAM - (pronounced) A term used to describe a medical product or medical practice used together with (complementary) or in place of (alternative) standard medical care. Typically, less is known about most types of CAM than standard treatments, which go through a long and careful research process to p CAP-1 - A small piece of a tumor marker called carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). CEA can be found in the blood of people who have colon cancer, other cancers or diseases, or who smoke tobacco. CAPIRI - (pronounced) An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat colon cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It is also used to treat cancer of the esophagus and stomach that is advanced or has spread to other parts of the body. CAPIRI scheme - An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat colon cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It is also used to treat cancer of the esophagus and stomach that is advanced or has spread to other parts of the body. CAPOX - (pronounced) An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat advanced colon cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. CAPOX therapy - An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat advanced colon cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. CAR - A special receptor designed in the laboratory to bind to specific proteins on cancer cells. The CAR is then added to immune cells called T cells. CAT-8015 - A drug used to treat adults with hairy cell leukemia who have returned or not improved with at least two other systemic therapies, including treatment with a purine nucleoside analogue (a type of anticancer drug). CAT-8015 contains a monoclonal antibody that attaches to a protein called C CBC - A measure of the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in the blood. The amount of hemoglobin (substance in the blood that carries oxygen) and hematocrit (the amount of whole blood made up of red blood cells) are also measured. CBC with differential - measure of the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in the blood, including the different types of white blood cells (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, and eosinophils). The amount of hemoglobin (substance in the blood that carries oxygen) CBE - A physical examination of the breast performed by a healthcare provider to look for lumps or other changes. Also called clinical breast exam CBT - A type of psychotherapy that helps patients change their behavior by changing the way they think and feel about certain things. It is used to treat mental, emotional, personality, and behavioral disorders. CBT-1 - A plant-derived substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It can help drugs kill tumor cells that have become drug-resistant. CC-1088 - A drug being studied for the treatment of cancer. It is similar to thalidomide but not identical. CC-4047 - A drug similar to thalidomide used alone or with other drugs to treat adults with certain types of multiple myeloma or Kaposi's sarcoma. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. CC-49 - A type of monoclonal antibody used in cancer detection or therapy. Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-made substances that can locate and attach to cancer cells CC-5013 - A drug similar to thalidomide used alone or with other drugs to treat adults with certain types of follicular lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, multiple myeloma, or anemia caused by certain types of myelodysplastic syndromes. It is also being studied in the treatment CC-8490 - A substance being studied for the treatment of brain tumors. It belongs to the benzopyran family CC49-streptavidin - substance being studied to treat cancer. It's made by combining the monoclonal antibody CC49 with a chemical called streptavidin. CCI-779 - A drug used to treat advanced renal cell carcinoma (a type of kidney cancer). It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. CCNU - A drug used to treat brain tumors that have already been treated with surgery or radiation therapy and Hodgkin's lymphoma that got worse after treatment with other anticancer drugs. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. CCSG - Funds awarded by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) to certain US institutions to become cancer centers in the United States based on scientific merit. The funds will help cancer centers improve their operations and develop new ways to prevent, diagnose and treat cancer. CD117 - A protein found on the surface of many different cell types. It attaches to a substance called stem cell factor (SCF), which causes certain types of blood cells to grow. CD134 - A protein being studied for the treatment of cancer. Substances that attach to CD134 on the surface of T cells (a type of white blood cell) can help the T cells grow and kill more cancer cells. CD20 antigen - A protein found on B cells (a type of white blood cell). It can be found in higher than normal amounts in patients with certain types of B-cell lymphomas and leukemias. CD30 protein - protein found on some T cells and B cells (two types of white blood cells). It is a receptor for a protein called tumor necrosis factor, which is involved in cell growth and cell survival. CD33 positive - Describes cells that have a protein called CD33 on their surface. In normal cells, CD33 is involved in cell signaling, cell adhesion, and cell growth. CD34 antigen - A protein found on the surface of some bone marrow and blood cells CD40 Ligand - substance being studied to treat cancer. It binds to certain immune cells and can suppress cancer growth CD80 - A protein found on the surface of some cells in the immune system, including B cells and monocytes. Cells with CD80 on their surface trigger T cells to produce substances that help control immune responses. CDC - A United States federal agency tasked with protecting public health by preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. The CDC promotes healthy behaviors and safe, healthy environments. CDDO - A substance being studied to treat some types of cancer. CDDO can block enzymes involved in inflammation and cancer growth. CDK4 gene - A gene that makes a protein involved in the cell cycle (the process a cell goes through each time it divides). Mutations (changes) in theCDK4gene can cause cells to divide too quickly or out of control. CDK6 gene - A gene that makes a protein involved in the cell cycle (the process a cell goes through each time it divides). Mutations (changes) in theCDK6gene can cause cells to divide too quickly or out of control. CDKN2A gene - A gene that produces two major proteins involved in controlling cell growth, cell division, and a type of cell death called apoptosis. Mutations (changes) in theCDKN2Agene can cause cells to grow and divide too quickly or out of control, or prevent cells from undergoing apoptosis. CEA - A substance found in the blood of people who have colon cancer, other cancers or diseases, or who smoke tobacco. CEA levels can help keep track of how well cancer treatments are working or if the cancer has come back. CEA assay - laboratory test that measures the level of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in the blood. Elevated levels of CEA can be found in the blood of people who have colon or other cancers, certain other diseases, or smokers. CEA-peptide-1 - A small piece of a tumor marker called carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). CEA can be found in the blood of people who have colon cancer, other cancers or diseases, or who smoke tobacco. CEM - An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat high-risk neuroblastoma. It includes the active ingredients carboplatin, etoposide and melphalan. CEM schema - An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat high-risk neuroblastoma. It includes the active ingredients carboplatin, etoposide and melphalan. CEP-2563 dihydrochloride - substance being studied to treat some types of cancer. CEP-2563 dihydrochloride blocks certain proteins involved in the growth of some tumors and can kill cancer cells. CEP-701 - A drug being studied for the treatment of acute leukemia and some other types of cancer. It attaches to a protein present on the surface of some types of cancer cells and stops them from dividing. CEV - An acronym for a combination chemotherapy regimen used to treat retinoblastoma in children. It includes the drugs carboplatin, etoposide, and vincristine. CEV scheme - An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat retinoblastoma in children. It includes the drugs carboplatin, etoposide, and vincristine. CFC Syndrome - rare genetic condition that affects many parts of the body, particularly the heart, face, and skin. People with CFC syndrome typically have growth, development, and learning delays. CFS - A condition lasting more than 6 months in which a person feels tired most of the time. They may also have trouble concentrating and completing daily activities. CGP 48664 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase inhibitors CHF - A condition in which the heart has trouble pumping blood around the body. It can develop over a long period of time. CHIR-265 - A substance being studied for the treatment of melanoma. CHIR-265 can block the growth of tumors and the growth of blood vessels from the surrounding tissue to the tumor. CHOP scheme - An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and being studied to treat other types of cancer. It includes the drugs cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin hydrochloride (Hydroxydaunorubicin), vincristine sulfate (Oncovin), and prednisone. CHOPE - (pronounced) Abbreviation for a chemotherapy combination for the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It includes the drugs cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin hydrochloride (Hydroxydaunorubicin), vincristine sulfate (Oncovin), prednisone, and etoposide phosphate. CHOPE schema - Abbreviation for a chemotherapy combination for the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It includes the drugs cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin hydrochloride (Hydroxydaunorubicin), vincristine sulfate (Oncovin), prednisone, and etoposide phosphate. CHPP - A treatment during surgery in which a heated solution containing anticancer drugs is infused through a thin tube directly into the abdominal cavity. After surgically removing as much tumor tissue as possible, CHPP is given to kill any remaining tumor cells. CHS 828 - A drug being studied for the treatment of solid tumors CI-1033 - A substance being studied to treat some types of cancer. CI-1033 blocks the action of proteins called epidermal growth factor receptors and can cause cancer cells to die. CI-958 - A substance being studied for the treatment of some types of cancer. CI-958 binds to DNA and stops cells, including cancer cells, from repairing DNA damage and making more DNA, RNA, and protein. CI-980 - A cancer drug that belongs to the antimitotic family. Also called mivobulin isethionate CI-994 - A substance being studied for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Also called N-acetyldinalin CIN - (pronounced) Abnormal cells are found on the surface of the cervix. CIN is usually caused by certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV) and is found on a cervical biopsy. CIN 1 - (pronounced) Slightly abnormal cells are found on the surface of the cervix. CIN 1 is usually caused by infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV) and is found on a cervical biopsy. CIN 2 - (pronounced) Moderately abnormal cells are found on the surface of the cervix. CIN 2 is usually caused by certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV) and is found on a cervical biopsy. CIN 2/3 - (pronounced) Abnormal cells are found on the surface of the cervix. CIN 2/3 is usually caused by certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV) and is found on a cervical biopsy. CIN 3 - (pronounced) Severely abnormal cells are found on the surface of the cervix. CIN 3 is usually caused by certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV) and is found on a cervical biopsy. CIS - The National Cancer Institute's Cancer Information Service (CIS) provides free cancer-related information to the public. CIS employees provide personalized answers to questions in easy-to-understand language. CISNET - A group of researchers supported by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) who are using statistical models to understand how cancer prevention, screening, and treatment programs can affect the number of new cancer cases diagnosed each year and the number of deaths through cancer every year. T CLD - A type of disease that affects the lungs and other parts of the respiratory system. It usually develops slowly and can get worse over time. CLIA - (pronounced) (CLOVER-uh) Amendments to a 1988 US law that establishes the standards for all laboratory tests performed on human tissue, blood, and other bodily fluid samples used to screen, diagnose, prevent, or treat a disease or condition. The CLIA program ensures that laboratories follow t CLL - An indolent (slow-growing) cancer in which too many immature lymphocytes (white blood cells) are found primarily in the blood and bone marrow. Sometimes in the later stages of the disease, cancer cells are found in the lymph nodes and the disease is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. CLL/SLL - An indolent (slow-growing) cancer in which immature lymphocytes (white blood cells) are found in the blood and bone marrow and/or lymph nodes. CLL (chronic lymphocytic leukemia) and SLL (small lymphocytic lymphoma) are the same disease, but in CLL, cancer cells are mainly found in the bloo CM-AVM Syndrome - rare genetic disorder that causes blood vessel abnormalities, including swelling of the capillaries (small blood vessels) near the surface of the skin. The swollen veins usually appear as small, round, pink, or red patches on the skin of the face, arms, and legs. CMF - An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used alone or with other therapies to treat breast cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. CMF schema - An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used alone or with other therapies to treat breast cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. CML - An indolent (slow-growing) cancer in which too many myeloblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Myeloblasts are a type of immature blood cell that form white blood cells called myeloid cells. CMML - A slowly progressive type of myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative disorder in which there are too many myelomonocytes (a type of white blood cell) in the bone marrow, crowding out other normal blood cells, such as other white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. Also known as chronic my CMS - A condition that can occur in patients who have had surgery to remove a tumor in certain parts of the brain, including the cerebellum. CMS usually occurs 1 or 2 days after surgery. CMV - A virus that can be carried in a dormant state by healthy individuals for life. It is a cause of severe pneumonia in people with a weakened immune system, such as B. CNS - The brain and spinal cord. Also called the central nervous system CNS PNET - (pronounced) A type of cancer that starts from a specific type of cell in the brain or spinal cord. Also called primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the central nervous system CNS depressor - type of drug that slows down brain activity, which causes muscles to relax and calms and calms a person down. CNS depressants are used to treat insomnia (difficulty sleeping), anxiety, panic attacks, and seizures. CNS metastasis - Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the central nervous system (CNS). Also called central nervous system metastases CNS prophylaxis - A type of treatment that uses intrathecal chemotherapy (chemotherapy injected directly into the fluid-filled space between the thin layers of tissue that lines the brain and spinal cord) or high-dose chemotherapy injected into a vein used to kill cancer cells in the central nervous CNS stimulant - A type of drug that increases levels of certain chemicals in the brain, increasing alertness, alertness, energy, and physical activity. CNS stimulants also raise blood pressure and increase heart and respiratory rates. CNS tumor - A tumor of the central nervous system (CNS), including brainstem glioma, craniopharyngioma, medulloblastoma, and meningioma. Also called a tumor of the central nervous system CNTO 328 - A drug used to treat a rare condition called multicentric Castleman's disease in patients who do not have HIV or human herpesvirus 8. It is also being studied to treat some cancers and other conditions. COG - (pronounced) large group of researchers, hospitals and cancer centers supported by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) to study childhood cancers. The main goal of the COG is to conduct clinical trials that test new ways of preventing, diagnosing and treating cancer in children and adolescents COL-3 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. COL-3 can block the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. COL17A1 gene - A gene that makes a type of collagen that plays an important role in strengthening and supporting the layers of skin. Mutations (changes) in theCOL17A1-Gen can cause the skin to be easily damaged. COL18A1 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. COL18A1 is made from a type of collagen (a protein found in cartilage and other connective tissue). COL7A1 gene - A gene that makes a type of collagen that plays an important role in strengthening and supporting the layers of skin. Mutations (changes) in theCOL7A1-Gen can cause the skin to be easily damaged. COPD - A type of lung disease characterized by permanent damage to the tissues in the lungs, making it difficult to breathe. COPD includes chronic bronchitis, in which the bronchi (large airways) are inflamed and scarred, and emphysema, in which the alveoli (tiny air sacs) are damaged. COPDAC - An acronym for a combination of chemotherapy, often used with radiation therapy, to treat certain types of childhood Hodgkin's lymphoma in men. It includes the drugs cyclophosphamide, vincristine sulfate (Oncovin), prednisone, and dacarbazine. COPDAC schema - An acronym for a combination of chemotherapy, often used with radiation therapy, to treat certain types of childhood Hodgkin's lymphoma in men. It includes the drugs cyclophosphamide, vincristine sulfate (Oncovin), prednisone, and dacarbazine. COPP - (pronounced) An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It includes the drugs cyclophosphamide, vincristine sulfate (Oncovin), procarbazine hydrochloride, and prednisone. COPP scheme - An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It includes the drugs cyclophosphamide, vincristine sulfate (Oncovin), procarbazine hydrochloride, and prednisone. COPP-ABV - (pronounced) An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat Hodgkin lymphoma in children. It can be used with radiation therapy. COPP-ABV scheme - An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat Hodgkin lymphoma in children. It can be used with radiation therapy. CORE A type of tumor that usually begins in cells in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. Some GISTs can grow slowly over time, while others can grow and spread very quickly. COVID-19 - (pronounced) (KOH vid. COX inhibitors - (pronounced) (kox in-HIH-bih-ter) A type of drug used to treat inflammation and pain, and being studied to prevent and treat cancer. COX inhibitors belong to the family of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). COX-2 - (pronounced) An enzyme that accelerates the formation of substances that cause inflammation and pain. It can also cause tumor cells to grow. COX-2 inhibitors - A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug used to relieve pain and inflammation. COX-2 inhibitors are being studied to prevent colon polyps and as anticancer drugs. CP - A chemotherapy combination for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). It contains the drugs chlorambucil hydrochloride and prednisone. CP regime - A chemotherapy combination used to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). It contains the drugs chlorambucil hydrochloride and prednisone. CP-358,774 - A drug used alone to treat certain types of non-small cell lung cancer and together with gemcitabine hydrochloride to treat certain types of pancreatic cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. CP-4055 - A drug used to treat advanced acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It is a form of the cancer drug cytarabine that may work in patients with leukemia who are resistant to cytarabine. CP-547,632 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It belongs to a drug family called vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor inhibitors and angiogenesis inhibitors CP-609,754 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer CP-724,714 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of ErbB receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors CP/CPPS - A condition of the prostate that persists or worsens over a long period of time. Symptoms include body aches, lower back and genital pain, a burning sensation when urinating, and difficulty emptying the bladder completely. CP4071 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer CPM - Surgery to remove the healthy breast in a person who has had or has had their other cancerous breast removed. CPM can be done to reduce the risk of a second breast cancer in people who are at very high risk. CPR - An emergency procedure used to restart a person's heartbeat and breathing after one or both have stopped. It's about giving strong, quick thrusts to the chest to get the blood moving. CPT 11 - A drug used alone or with other drugs to treat colorectal cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It is used in patients whose cancer has not yet been treated or whose cancer has come back (came back) or gotten worse after treatment with anticancer medicines containing fluorourac CQS - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It's a type of topoisomerase inhibitor. CRA-024781 - A substance being studied for the treatment of various types of cancer. It blocks enzymes needed for cell division and can kill cancer cells. CRC - A cell type that is grown in the laboratory from samples of normal cells or cancer cells taken from patient tissue. These cells can be kept alive for as long as needed and grown in large numbers. CRISPR-Cas9 - (pronounced) laboratory tool used to alter or "edit" portions of a cell's DNA. CRISPR-Cas9 uses a specially designed RNA molecule to direct an enzyme called Cas9 to a specific DNA sequence. CRO - A company contracted by another company or research center to undertake certain parts of the conduct of a clinical trial. Company may design, administer and monitor the study and analyze the results. CRP - A protein made by the liver when there is inflammation or tissue damage in the body. CRP levels are usually low or undetectable in the blood of healthy people. CSF - The fluid that flows in and around the cavities of the brain and spinal cord and between two of the meninges (the thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord). CSF is made by tissues called the choroid plexus in the ventricles (cavities) in the brain. CSP - A rare tumor that usually forms in the connective tissue of the breast. CSPs tend to grow quickly and get large, but they rarely spread to other parts of the body. CSPC - Prostate cancer, which requires androgens (male hormones) to grow and therefore stops growing in the absence of androgens. Many early-stage prostate cancers are androgen-dependent, so reducing the amount of androgens in the body or blocking their effects can be an effective type of therapy. CSS - The length of time from either the date of diagnosis or the start of treatment for a disease such as B. Cancer, up to the date of death from the disease. CT angiography - A procedure that uses X-rays to create a series of detailed images of the blood vessels and blood flow in the body. The images are taken from different angles and created by a computer connected to an X-ray machine. CT colonography - method of examining the inside of the colon through a series of X-rays. A computer is used to create 2-dimensional (2-D) and 3-D images of the colon from these X-rays. CT scan - procedure that uses a computer connected to an X-ray machine to create a series of detailed images of areas inside the body. The images are taken from different angles and are used to create three-dimensional (3-D) views of tissues and organs. CT-2103 - A form of the cancer drug paclitaxel combined with a protein called polylumex that may have fewer side effects and work better than paclitaxel. It is being studied to treat breast cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, and other types of cancer. CT-2106 - A form of the cancer drug camptothecin that may have fewer side effects and work better than camptothecin. It is being studied in the treatment of cancer. CT-2584 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It can prevent the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue into a solid tumor CT-322 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. CT-322 can prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow and can kill cancer cells. CT-guided biopsy - A biopsy procedure that uses a CT scan (a special type of X-ray connected to a computer) to find an abnormal area in the body and help take a sample of tissue from that area. Usually, the sample is taken with a needle, which is then examined under a microscope for signs of disease CT53518 - A substance being studied to treat some types of cancer. It can stop cancer cells from growing by blocking certain enzymes. CTA - A procedure that uses X-rays to create a series of detailed images of blood vessels and blood flow in the body. The images are taken from different angles and created by a computer connected to an X-ray machine. CTC - A method of examining the interior of the colon through a series of X-rays. A computer is used to create 2-dimensional (2-D) and 3-D images of the colon from these X-rays. CTC1 gene - A gene that makes a protein involved in protecting and maintaining telomeres (the ends of chromosomes) and copying DNA. Mutations (changes) in theCTC1gene can cause damage to chromosomes and DNA, which can lead to abnormal cell growth. CTLA-4 - A protein found on T cells (a type of immune cell) that helps keep the body's immune responses in check. When CTLA-4 is attached to another protein called B7, it helps keep T cells from killing other cells, including cancer cells. CTX - A drug used to treat many types of cancer and a certain type of kidney disease in children. CTX damages the cell's DNA and can kill cancer cells. CUP - A case where cancer cells are found in the body, but the location where the cells first started growing (the origin or primary site) cannot be determined. Also referred to as cancer of unknown primary origin and carcinoma of unknown primary cause CVA - In medicine, a loss of blood flow to a part of the brain that damages brain tissue. CVAs are caused by blood clots and broken blood vessels in the brain. CVP - An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat slow-growing forms of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). It includes the drugs cyclophosphamide, vincristine sulfate, and prednisone. CVP scheme - Abbreviation for a chemotherapy combination for the treatment of slow-growing forms of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). It includes the drugs cyclophosphamide, vincristine sulfate, and prednisone. CYC116 - A substance being studied for the treatment of some types of cancer. It blocks certain enzymes involved in cell division and can kill cancer cells. CYLD gene - gene that produces a protein involved in controlling cell growth, cell division, and a type of cell death called apoptosis. Mutations (changes) in theCYLgene can cause cells to grow and divide too quickly or out of control. Cabazitaxel - (pronounced) (kuh-BA-zih-TAK-sil) drug used with prednisone to treat prostate cancer that has spread to other parts of the body and is resistant to castration (has not responded to treatments that lower testosterone levels). It is used in patients who have already been treated with ant Cablivi - (pronounced) (cab-LIH-vee) drug used in conjunction with plasma exchange and immunosuppressive therapy to treat acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (aTTP). aTTP is a rare blood disorder in which blood clots form in small blood vessels throughout the body. Cabozantinib s-malate - (pronounced) (KA-boh-ZAN-tih-feather. Cadmium - (pronounced) (KAD-mee-um) A metallic element that occurs naturally in minute amounts in air, water, soil, and food. It is a by-product of zinc refining and is used in the manufacture of batteries, pigments, plastics, alloys and electroplating. Caffeine - (pronounced) (ka-FAIRIES) substance found in the leaves and beans of the coffee tree, tea, yerba mate, guarana berries and, in small amounts, cocoa. It can also be made in the lab and is added to some soft drinks, foods, and medicines. Calaspargase Pegol - (pronounced) (kal-AS-par-jay's PEH-gol) A medicine used with other medicines to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children and young adults aged 1 month to 21 years. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Calcification - (pronounced) (KAL-sih-fih-KAY-shun) Deposits of calcium in tissues. Calcifications in the breast can be seen on a mammogram but cannot be seen by touch. Calcitonin - (pronounced) (KAL-sih-TOH-nin) A hormone made by the C cells of the thyroid gland. It helps maintain healthy blood calcium levels. Calcitriol - (pronounced) (KAL-sih-TRY-ol) The active form of vitamin D. Calcitriol is made in the kidneys or made in the laboratory. Calcium - (pronounced) (KAL-see-around) mineral needed for healthy teeth, bones and other body tissues. It is the most common mineral in the body. Calcium Carbonate - (pronounced) (KAL-see-um KAR-buh-nayt) form of the mineral calcium used to prevent or treat osteoporosis (a decrease in bone mass and density) and to treat heartburn and upset stomach. It is also being studied to prevent bone problems in cancer patients. Calcium Infusion Test - (pronounced) (KAL-see-um in-FYOO-zhun. Calcium antagonist - (pronounced) (KAL-see-um an-TA-guh-nist) A type of drug that prevents calcium from entering the muscle cells of the heart and blood vessels. This causes the blood vessels to relax and dilate, allowing blood to flow more easily and lowering blood pressure. Calcium channel blockers - (pronounced) (KAL-see-um CHA-nul BLAH-ker) A type of drug that prevents calcium from entering the muscle cells of the heart and blood vessels. This causes the blood vessels to relax and dilate, allowing blood to flow more easily and lowering blood pressure. Calcium gluconate - (pronounced) (KAL-see-um GLOO-koh-nayt) The mineral calcium combines with a form of the sugar glucose. It is used to prevent and treat osteoporosis (a decrease in bone mass and density). Calgranulin A - (pronounced) (kal-GRAN-yoo-lin. Calgranulin B - (pronounced) (kal-GRAN-yoo-lin. Calmette-Guerin bacillus - (pronounced) (boo-SIH-lus KAL-met-gay-RIN) A weakened form of the bacteriumMycobacterium bovis(Calmette-Guérin bacillus), which does not cause disease. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin is used in a solution to stimulate the immune system in the treatment of bladder cancer and as a Campath - (pronounced) (KAM path) drug used to treat B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Cancer - (pronounced) (KAN ser) term for diseases in which abnormal cells can divide uncontrollably and invade neighboring tissues. Cancer cells can also spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymphatic systems. Cancer Cluster - (pronounced) (KAN-ser KLUS-ter) The occurrence of a greater than expected number of cancer cases within a group of people in a geographic area over a specified period of time Cancer Information Service - (pronounced) (KAN-ser in-fer-MAY-avoid SER-vis) The National Cancer Institute's Cancer Information Service (CIS) provides free cancer-related information to the public. CIS employees provide personalized answers to questions in easy-to-understand language. Cancer Intervention and Surveillance Modeling Network - (pronounced) (KAN-ser IN-ter-VEN-shun … ser-VAY-lents MAH-duh-ling NET-wurk) group of researchers, supported by the National Cancer Institute (NCI), uses statistical models to understand how cancer prevention, screening and treatment programs c Cancer of the adrenal cortex - (pronounced) (KAN-ser. Cancerous Meningitis - (pronounced) (KAR-sih-NOH-muh-tus MEH-nin-JY-tis) serious condition in which cancer cells spread from the original (primary) tumor to the meninges (the thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord). This can cause the meninges to become inflamed, caus Canertinib dihydrochloride - (pronounced) (can-ER-tih-nib dy-HY-droh-KLOR-ide) substance being studied to treat some types of cancer. Canertinib dihydrochloride blocks the action of proteins called epidermal growth factor receptors and can cause cancer cells to die. Cannabis - (pronounced) (KA-nuh-bis) The dried leaves and flowering tops of theCannabis sativaorCannabis indicaplant, plant. Cannabis contains active chemicals called cannabinoids that produce drug-like effects throughout the body, including the central nervous system and immune system. Capecitabine - (pronounced) (ka-peh-SY-tuh-been) A medicine used alone or with other medicines to treat certain types of colon cancer, breast cancer, cancer of the esophagus, cancer of the gastroesophageal junction, cancer of the stomach and cancer of the pancreas. It is also being studied in the tr Capillary Leak Syndrome - (pronounced) (KA-pih-layr-ee leek SIN-drome) A condition in which fluid and proteins leak from tiny blood vessels and flow into surrounding tissues, leading to dangerously low blood pressure. Capillary leak syndrome can lead to multiple organ failure and shock Capillary malformation - (pronounced) (KA-pih-layer-ee MAL-for-MAY-avoid) An overgrowth of capillaries (small blood vessels) near the surface of the skin. Capillary malformations are present at birth and look like pink, red, or purple patches on the skin. Capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation syndrome - (pronounced) (KA-pih-layr-ee MAL-for-MAY-avoid-ar-TEER-ee-oh-VEE-nus MAL-for-MAY-avoid SIN-drome) rare genetic disorder that causes blood vessel abnormalities, including swelling of the capillaries (small blood vessels) near the surface of Caplacizumab - (pronounced) (KAP-luh-SIH-zoo-mab) drug used in conjunction with plasma exchange and immunosuppressive therapy to treat acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (aTTP). aTTP is a rare blood disorder in which blood clots form in small blood vessels throughout the body. Capmatinib hydrochloride - (pronounced) (kap-MA-tih-nib HY-droh-KLOR-ide) A drug used to treat adults with non-small cell lung cancer that has spread and has a specific mutation (change). METGen. Caprelsa - (pronounced) (ka-PREL-suh) drug used to treat medullary thyroid cancer that is locally advanced and cannot be surgically removed or has spread to other parts of the body. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Capromabpendetid - (pronounced) (KAP-roh-mab PEN-deh-flood) substance used to detect prostate cancer. It contains a monoclonal antibody that binds to prostate cells, linked to a substance that can bind radioisotopes. Capsaicin - (pronounced) (kap-SAY-ih-sin) An ingredient of certain plants, including cayenne pepper and red pepper, used topically for peripheral nerve pain. It is also being studied for controlling mucositis pain after chemotherapy and radiation therapy Capsule endoscope - (pronounced) (KAP-sul EN-doh-SKOPE) A device used to examine the inside of the intestine and other parts of the digestive tract. It's a capsule about the size of a large pill, containing a lens, light, camera, radio transmitter and battery. Capsule endoscopy - (pronounced) (KAP-sul en-DOS-koh-pee) A procedure used to examine the inside of the intestine and other parts of the digestive tract. The patient swallows a capsule the size of a large tablet. Captopril - (pronounced) (KAP-toh-pril) A drug used to treat high blood pressure that is also being studied to prevent side effects caused by radiation therapy used to treat cancer. It belongs to a family of medicines called ACE inhibitors Carac - (pronounced) (KAYR-ak) medicine containing the active ingredient fluorouracil used as a cream to treat actinic keratosis (a skin condition that can become cancerous). Carac stops cells from making DNA and can kill cancer cells. Carbendazim - (pronounced) (kar-BEN-duh-zim) An anticancer medicine that belongs to the antifungal family Carbohydrates - (pronounced) (KAR-boh-HY-drayt) A sugar molecule. Carbohydrates can be small and simple (e. Carbon Dioxide - (pronounced) (KAR-bun dy-OK side) A colorless, odorless gas. It is a waste product produced by the body. Carbon Monoxide - (pronounced) (KAR-bun muh-NOK side) A toxic gas that has no color or odor. It is emitted through the combustion of fuel (such as in car or domestic heating exhaust fumes) and tobacco products. Carbonation - (pronounced) (kar-BAH-lik A-sid) very toxic chemical substance made from tar and also found in some plants and essential oils (fragrant liquid derived from plants). Carbolic acid is used to make plastics, nylon, epoxy, medicines, and to kill germs. Carboplatin - (pronounced) (KAR-boh-platinum) drug used to treat advanced ovarian cancer that has never been treated or has come back after treatment with other anticancer drugs. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Carboplatin taxol - (pronounced) (KAR-boh-platinum-TAK-sol) chemotherapy combination used to treat endometrial, ovarian and head and neck cancer and non-small cell lung cancer that has spread. It includes the active ingredients carboplatin and paclitaxel (taxol). Carboplatin-Taxol-Bevacizumab Scheme - (pronounced) (KAR-boh-platin-TAK-sol-beh-vuh-SIH-zoo-mab REH-jih-men) chemotherapy combination for the treatment of advanced non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer. It includes the drugs carboplatin, paclitaxel (Taxol), and bevacizumab. Carboplatin-paclitaxel-bevacizumab regimen - (pronounced) (KAR-boh-platin-PA-klih-TAK-sil-beh-vuh-SIH-zoo-mab REH-jih-men) A chemotherapy combination for the treatment of advanced non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer. It includes the drugs carboplatin, paclitaxel (Taxol), and bevacizumab. Carcinoembryonic antigen peptide-1 - (pronounced) (KAR-sih-noh-EM-bree-AH-nik AN-tih-jen PEP-tide-1) A small piece of a tumor marker called carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). CEA can be found in the blood of people who have colon cancer, other cancers or diseases, or who smoke tobacco. Carcinogen - (pronounced) (kar-SIH-noh-jin) Any substance that causes cancer Carcinogenesis - (pronounced) (KAR-sih-noh-JEH-neh-sis) The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells Carcinoid Syndrome - (pronounced) (KAR-sih-noyd SIN-drome) combination of symptoms caused by the release of serotonin and other substances from carcinoid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms can include facial flushing, flat angiomas (small collections of enlarged blood vessels) on the ski Carcinoid tumor - (pronounced) (KAR-sih-noyd TOO-mer) A slow-growing type of tumor that is usually found in the gastrointestinal system (usually the small intestine and rectum) and sometimes in the lungs or other locations. Carcinoid tumors can spread to the liver or other parts of the body and secr Carcinoma - (pronounced) (KAR-sih-NOH-moo) Cancer that starts in the skin or tissues that line or cover internal organs Carcinoma in situ - (pronounced) (KAR-sih-NOH-moo in SY-too) condition in which abnormal cells that look like cancer cells under a microscope are found only at the site where they first formed and have not spread to nearby tissue. Eventually, these cells can become cancerous and spread to nearby nor Carcinomatosis - (pronounced) (KAR-sih-NOH-muh-TOH-sis) A serious condition in which cancerous cells from an original (primary) tumor spread and form many tumors throughout the body or in a large area of the body. In most cases, carcinomatosis is a sign that the cancer is getting worse and cannot be Carcinomatous lymphangitis - (pronounced) (KAR-sih-NOH-muh-tus LIM-fan-JY-tis) A serious condition in which cancer cells spread from the original (primary) tumor into the lymphatic vessels (the thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells through the body's lymphatic system). The cancer cells a Carcinosarcoma - (pronounced) (KAR-sih-noh-sar-KOH-muh) A malignant tumor that is a mixture of carcinoma (cancer of the epithelial tissue, which is the skin and tissue that lines or covers the internal organs) and sarcoma (cancer of the connective tissues such as bone, cartilage and fat) Carcinosis - (pronounced) (KAR-sih-noh-sis) serious condition in which cancerous cells from an original (primary) tumor spread and form many tumors throughout the body or in a large area of the body. Carcinosis is in most cases a sign that the cancer is getting worse and cannot be cured. Cardiac sarcoma - (pronounced) (KAR-dee-ak sar-KOH-muh) A rare cancer that develops in the tissues of the heart. Also called heart cancer Cardiology - (pronounced) (KAR-dee-AH-loh-jee) A branch of medicine that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the heart, blood vessels, and circulatory system. These diseases include coronary artery disease, cardiac arrhythmias and heart failure Cardiotoxicity - (pronounced) (KAR-dee-oh-tok-SIH-sih-tee) Toxicity affecting the heart Cardiovascular disease - (pronounced) (KAR-dee-oh-VAS-kyoo-ler dih-ZEEZ) type of disease that affects the heart or blood vessels. The risk of certain cardiovascular diseases can be increased by smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, an unhealthy diet, lack of exercise and being overweight. Cardura - (pronounced) (kar-DOO-ruh) A drug used to treat high blood pressure and urinary problems caused by an enlarged prostate. It relaxes the muscle tissue in the blood vessels and in the prostate. Care of older patients who have age and/or disease related decremental pulmonary changes. Diagnosis and treatment is very important for this group since chronic lung disease is the major cause of morbidity and mortality among them. Furthermore, as this segment of the population increases, life exp Care of residents in a long-term care environment. Respiratory modalities delivered include those similar in the general care and critical care areas but provided to less critical patients. Carfilzomib - (pronounced) (kar-FIL-zoh-mib) drug used alone or with other drugs to treat adults with multiple myeloma that has come back or not improved after treatment with one or more other therapies. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Carina of the trachea - (pronounced) (kuh-RY-nuh. Carmustine - (pronounced) (kar-mus-teen) medicine used alone or with other medicines to treat certain types of brain tumours, Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and with prednisone to treat multiple myeloma. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Carmustine implant - (pronounced) (kar-mus-teen IM attachment) drug used with surgery and radiation therapy to treat high-grade glioma that has not been treated and with surgery to treat glioblastoma multiforme that has come back (returned). The carmustine implant is a form of carmustine contained i Carney Syndrome - (pronounced) (KAR-nee SIN-drome) A rare inherited disorder characterized by dark patches on the skin and tumors in the heart, endocrine glands, skin, and nerves. There are two types of Carney syndrome, caused by mutations (changes) in different genes. Carney complex - (pronounced) (KAR-nee KOM-plex) rare inherited disorder characterized by dark patches on the skin and tumors in the heart, endocrine glands, skin, and nerves. There are two types of Carney complexes, caused by mutations (changes) in different genes. Carney dyad - (pronounced) (KAR-nee DY ad) A rare inherited disorder characterized by tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and tumors that form in the embryonic nerve tissue of the head, neck, and trunk. Also called Carney-Stratakis dyad and Carney-Stratakis syndrome Carney triad - (pronounced) (KAR-nee TRY indicator) A very rare disease characterized by tumors of the gastrointestinal tract (usually the stomach), tumors that form in the embryonic nerve tissue in the head, neck and trunk, and tumors that form in the cartilage of the lungs. Sometimes tumors also f Carney-Stratakis dyad - (pronounced) (KAR-nee-STRA-tuh-kis DY ad) A rare inherited disorder characterized by tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and tumors that form in the embryonic nerve tissue of the head, neck, and trunk. Also called Carney dyad and Carney Stratakis syndrome Carnitine - (pronounced) (KAR-nih-teen) A substance made in muscle and liver tissue and found in certain foods such as meat, poultry, fish and some dairy products. It is used by many cells in the body to convert fatty acids into energy Carnitor - (pronounced) (KAR-nih-tor) A form of carnitine, a substance made in muscle and liver tissue and found in certain foods such as meat, poultry, fish and some dairy products. Carnitor is also a drug used to treat patients who don't produce enough carnitine and is being studied as a means of Carotid artery - (pronounced) (kuh-RAH-tid AR-tuh-ree) A large artery that carries blood from the heart to the head. There is a carotid artery on each side of the neck, each of which splits into two branches. Carrier - (pronounced) (KAYR-ee-er) In genetics, a person who has one copy of a mutated (altered) disease-causing gene but has no symptoms or mild symptoms. Carriers can pass the mutated gene on to a biological child. Carrier Oil - (pronounced) (KAYR-ee-er oyl) An oil with little or no fragrance used to dilute or "carry" essential oils (fragrant liquid made from plants) Carvedilol phosphate - (pronounced) (KAR-vuh-DIH-lol FOS-fayt) drug used to treat high blood pressure and certain heart problems. It's also being studied to prevent and treat side effects caused by some cancer drugs. Carvykti - (pronounced) (Auto VIK Tea) drug used to treat adults with multiple myeloma that has come back or failed to improve after treatment with at least four other cancer therapies, including a proteasome inhibitor, an immunomodulatory agent and an anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody. Carvykti is made Carzelesin - (pronounced) (kar-ZEH-leh-sin) A cancer medicine that belongs to the family of medicines called alkylating agents Case Management Nurse - A Registered Nurse who has specialized training in planning, managing and evaluating all aspects of patient care, particularly for patients treated over a long period of time. Also called Nurse Case Manager Casodex - (pronounced) (KA-soh-dex) drug used with another drug to treat prostate cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Caspofungin Acetate - (pronounced) (KAS-poh-fun-jin A-seh-tayt) A medicine used to prevent or treat infections caused by a fungus (a type of microorganism). It belongs to the antifungal family Castleman's disease - (pronounced) (KA-sel-man dih-ZEEZ) rare condition in which benign (noncancerous) growths form in the lymph node tissue. Castleman's disease occurs in two main ways: localized (unicentric) and multicentric. Cataract - (pronounced) (KA-tuh-RAKT) A condition in which the lens of the eye becomes cloudy. Symptoms include blurred, cloudy, or double vision; sensitivity to light; and difficulty seeing at night. Catechin - (pronounced) (KA-teh-kin) substance found in tea that helps protect cells from free radical damage. Free radicals are unstable molecules that are formed during normal cellular metabolism (chemical changes that take place in a cell). Catecholamine - (pronounced) (ka-teh-KOH-luh-meen) type of neurohormone (a chemical made by nerve cells and used to send signals to other cells). Catecholamines are important in stress responses. Catheter - (pronounced) (KA-theh-ter) A flexible tube used to bring fluids into the body or remove fluids from the body Cedarwood - (pronounced) (SEE-of-HOLZ) An evergreen species of hard, fragrant wood that belongs to the cypress family. The oil from the wood is used in soaps, shampoos, bath salts, perfumes, aromatherapy and to repel insects. Celexa - (pronounced) (seh-LEK-suh) A drug used to treat depression. It belongs to the drug families called antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Cell Respiration - (pronounced) (sel RES-pih-RAY-shun) A chemical process that uses oxygen to convert carbohydrates (sugars) into energy. Also called aerobic metabolism, aerobic respiration and oxidative metabolism Cell motility - (pronounced) (sel moh-TIH-lih-tea) A cell's ability to move CellCept - (pronounced) (SEL-September) A drug used to prevent graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after organ transplantation. It is also being studied for the prevention of GVHD after stem cell transplants for cancer and for the treatment of some autoimmune diseases. Cemiplimab - (pronounced) (seh-MIP-lih-mab) A drug that binds to the protein PD-1 to help immune cells kill cancer cells better and is used to treat various types of cancer. Cemiplimab is used to treat certain types of basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin (skin cancers) that Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - (pronounced) (SEN-terz . Central nervous system depressant - (pronounced) (SEN-trul NER-vus SIS-tem dee-PREH-sunt) A type of drug that slows down brain activity, which causes muscles to relax and calms and calms a person down. Central nervous system calmers are used to treat insomnia (difficulty sleeping), anxiety, panic at Central nervous system stimulant - (pronounced) (SEN-trul NER-vus SIS-tum STIM-yoo-lunt) A type of drug that increases levels of certain chemicals in the brain, increasing alertness, alertness, energy, and physical activity. Central nervous system stimulants also raise blood pressure and increase he Central venous access catheter - (pronounced) (SEN-trul VEE-nus AK-ses KA-theh-ter) device used for blood collection and treatment, including intravenous fluids, medication, or blood transfusions. A thin, flexible tube is inserted into a vein, usually below the collarbone. Cephalexin - (pronounced) (seh-fuh-LEK-sin) An antibiotic that belongs to the cephalosporin family of drugs Cephalosporin - (pronounced) (SEH-fuh-loh-SPOR-in) A drug used to treat bacterial infections. It belongs to the family of antibiotics called antibiotics Ceramide - (pronounced) (SAYR-uh-mide) type of lipid (fat) found in the membranes of cells and the coverings of nerves. Some ceramides are important in signaling (the process by which a cell responds to substances in its environment) and can cause some cell types to die. Cerebrospinal fluid - (pronounced) (seh-REE-broh-SPY-null FLOO-id) The fluid that flows in and around the cavities of the brain and spinal cord and between two meninges (the thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord). Cerebrospinal fluid is made by tissues called the cho Ceritinib - (pronounced) (seh-RIH-tih-feather) A drug used to treat adults with non-small cell lung cancer that has spread and is ALK-positive. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Cerubidine - (pronounced) (seh-ROO-bih-deen) A drug derived from the bacteriumStreptomyces coeruleorubidusand is used with other medicines as remission induction therapy to treat adults with acute myeloid leukemia and adults and children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. It is also being studied in Cervarix - (pronounced) (SER-vuh-rix) vaccine that is no longer available in the United States but is still used in other countries to prevent infection with the two types of human papillomavirus (HPV) that most commonly cause cervical cancer and lesions that become cervical cancer be able. Cervarix CerviPrep - (pronounced) (SER-vih-PREP) device used to deliver medication directly into the cervix (the lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a passage between the uterus and the vagina). CerviPrep covers the cervix and protects the surrounding tissue. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2/3 - (pronounced) (SER-vih-kul IN-truh-eh-pih-THEE-lee-ul NEE-oh-PLAY-zhuh. Cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasia 1 - (pronounced) (SER-vih-kul SKWAY-mus IN-truh-eh-pih-THEE-lee-ul NEE-oh-PLAY-zhuh. Cesamet - (pronounced) (SEH-suh-met) A synthetic pill form of an active chemical in marijuana called delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Cesamet is used to treat nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy in patients who have not been helped by other therapies. CgA - A protein in neuroendocrine cells that releases CgA and certain hormones into the blood. CgA can be found in higher than normal levels in patients with certain neuroendocrine tumors, small cell lung cancer, prostate cancer, and other conditions. Ch14. 18 - A drug used with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), aldesleukin (IL-2), and 13-cis-retinoic acid to treat children with high-risk neuroblastoma. Chamomile - (pronounced) (KA-moo-mile) A family of plants with daisy-like flowers. Two types are German chamomile and Roman or English chamomile. Chancellorship Proceedings - (pronounced) (CHAYM-ber-len proh-SEE-jer) procedure in which a tube is inserted into the chest to view the tissues and organs in the area between the lungs and between the breastbone and the heart. The tube is inserted through an incision near the breastbone. Chantix - (pronounced) (CHAN-tix) drug that helps people quit smoking by acting in the brain in the same way as nicotine. It is a type of partial nicotinic receptor agonist. Cheers 30 - (pronounced) (cheers. Chemabrasion - (pronounced) (KEE-muh-BRAY-zhun) A procedure to improve the appearance of certain skin problems. These problems include acne scars, wrinkles, or skin changes caused by long-term sun exposure. Chemexfoliation - (pronounced) (KEH-mex-FOH-lee-AY-shun) procedure to improve the appearance of certain skin problems. These problems include acne scars, wrinkles, or skin changes caused by long-term sun exposure. Chemical imbalance - (pronounced) (KEH-mih-kul im-BA-lunts) Too much or too little of a substance to help the body work as it should. A chemical imbalance can be caused by certain tumors and lead to changes in behavior or feelings Chemo Brain - (pronounced) (KEE-moh brayn) term commonly used to describe thinking and memory problems a cancer patient may have before, during, or after cancer treatment. Signs and symptoms of chemo brain include disorganized behavior or thinking, confusion, memory loss, and problems concentrating, Chemoembolization - (pronounced) (KEE-moh-EM-boh-lih-ZAY-shun) procedure in which the blood supply to a tumor is blocked after anti-cancer drugs have been injected into blood vessels near the tumor. Sometimes the cancer drugs are attached to small beads that are injected into an artery that supplies Chemoimmunotherapy - (pronounced) (KEE-moh-IH-myoo-noh-THAYR-uh-pee) Chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy. Chemotherapy uses different drugs to kill cancer cells or slow their growth; Immunotherapy uses treatments to stimulate or restore the immune system's ability to fight cancer Chemokine - (pronounced) (KEE-moh-kine) One of a large group of proteins made by certain immune cells and other cells in the body. Chemokines play an important role in the body's immune response. Chemoprotectant - (pronounced) (KEE-moh-proh-TEK-tiv AY-jent) type of drug that helps protect healthy tissue from some of the side effects caused by certain cancer drugs. For example, in patients receiving certain cancer drugs, amifostine helps protect the kidneys, mesna helps protect the bladder, a Chemoreduction - (pronounced) (KEE-moh-ree-DUK-avoid) Chemotherapy to shrink a retinoblastoma tumor before radiation or surgery. It is a form of neoadjuvant therapy Chemosensitivity - (pronounced) (KEE-moh-SEN-sih-TIH-vih-tea) The susceptibility of tumor cells to the cell-killing effects of anti-cancer drugs Chemosensitivity test - (pronounced) (KEE-moh-SEN-sih-TIH-vih-tee A-say) A laboratory test that measures the number of tumor cells killed by an anticancer drug. The test is done after the tumor cells have been removed from the body. Chemosensitizer - (pronounced) (KEE-moh-SEN-sih-TY-zer) A drug that makes tumor cells more sensitive to the effects of chemotherapy Chemotherapy - (pronounced) (KEE-moh-THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment that uses drugs to stop cancer cells from growing by either killing the cells or stopping them from dividing. Chemotherapy can be given orally, by injection or IV, or on the skin, depending on the type and stage of the cancer being treated Chest X-ray - (pronounced) (chest ex recording) An X-ray of the structures in the chest. An X-ray is a type of high-energy radiation that can pass through the body and onto film, creating images of areas in the chest that can be used to diagnose diseases ChiRhoStim - (pronounced) (KY-raw-stim) A drug used to help diagnose gastrinomas (tumors that cause excess stomach acid) and other problems with the pancreas. It is also used to increase secretions from the pancreas and help identify a duct called the ampulla of vater. Chickenpox - (pronounced) (CHIH-Ken Pox) highly contagious disease characterized by an itchy, blister-like rash caused by the varicella-zoster virus (a type of herpesvirus). The virus is easily transmitted from person to person through contact with mucus, saliva, or fluid from an infected person's b Child & Adolescent Psychiatry is a subspecialty of psychiatry with additional skills and training in the diagnosis and treatment of developmental, behavioral, emotional, and mental disorders of childhood and adolescence. Childhood Cancer - (pronounced) (pee-dee-A-trik KAN-ser) A term used to describe cancers that occur between birth and 14 years of age. Childhood cancer is very rare and can differ from adult cancer in the way it grows and spreads, how it is treated, and how it responds to treatment. Chinese Rhubarb - (pronounced) (chy-NEEZ ROO barbs) The root of this plant has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It can have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. Chinese meridian theory - (pronounced) (chy-NEEZ meh-RIH-dee-un THEER-ee) In Traditional Chinese Medicine, meridians are channels that form a network in the body through which Qi (life energy) flows. Blocked Qi causes pain or disease. Chiropodist - (pronounced) (puh-DY-uh-dreary) A doctor who has special training in the diagnosis and treatment of foot and ankle problems Chiropractic Nutrition is that specialty within the chiropractic profession that deals with the overall factors that affect the patient's ability to maintain the manipulative correction and thus sustain better neurological integrity. The Chiropractic Nutrition Specialist will perform extensive resea Chitin - (pronounced) (KY Tin) A type of polysaccharide (sugar molecule) made by some plants and animals. The hard outer shell of shrimp, lobster, and many insects is made of chitin Chlamydophila psittaci - (pronounced) (kluh-mih-doh-FIH-luh see-TAH-chee) type of bacteria that can infect humans and animals. It spreads to humans from infected birds and can cause a lung infection called psittacosis. Chlorambucil - (pronounced) (klor-AM-byoo-sil) A drug used to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and certain types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Chlorambucil-Prednisone - (pronounced) (klor-AM-byoo-sil-PRED-nih-sone) chemotherapy combination used to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). It contains the drugs chlorambucil hydrochloride and prednisone. Chlorambucil-Prednisone Scheme - (pronounced) (klor-AM-byoo-sil-PRED-nih-sone REH-jih-men) A chemotherapy combination used to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). It contains the drugs chlorambucil hydrochloride and prednisone. Chloroma - (pronounced) (kloh-ROH-moo) rare type of cancer consisting of myeloblasts (a type of immature white blood cell) that forms outside of the bone marrow and blood. The tumor cells may appear green when viewed under a microscope. Chloroquinoxalinesulfonamide - (pronounced) (KLOR-oh-kwih-NOK-sah-leen sul-FAH-nuh-MIDE) A substance being studied to treat cancer. It's a type of topoisomerase inhibitor. Chlorotoxin - (pronounced) (KLOR-oh-TOK-sin) substance being studied for the diagnosis and treatment of glioma (a type of brain tumor) and other types of cancer. It binds to cancer cells in the brain and peripheral nervous system and can prevent them from spreading. Cholangiosarcoma - (pronounced) (koh-LAN-jee-oh-sar-KOH-muh) A tumor of the connective tissue of the bile ducts Chondrocytes - (pronounced) (KON-droh side) cartilage cell. Chondrocytes form the structural components of cartilage Chondroitin Sulfate - (pronounced) (kon-DROY-tin SUL-fayt) The main glycosaminoglycan (a type of sugar molecule) in cartilage Chondroma - (pronounced) (kon-DROH-moo) rare, slow-growing tumor composed of cartilage that forms on or in bone or soft tissue. It's not cancer. Chondrosarcoma - (pronounced) (KON-droh-sar-KOH-muh) type of cancer that forms in bone cartilage. It usually starts in the pelvis (between the hip bones), the shoulder, the ribs or at the ends of the long bones of the arms and legs. Choriocarcinoma - (pronounced) (KOR-ee-AH-nik KAR-sih-NOH-muh) malignant, fast-growing tumor that develops from trophoblast cells (cells that help an embryo attach to the uterus and help form the placenta). Almost all choriocarcinomas form in the uterus after a sperm fertilizes an egg, but a small n Chromatography - (pronounced) (KROH-muh-TAH-gruh fee) A laboratory technique for separating different substances in a mixture. A gas or liquid is used to force the mixture through a column, paper, or special plate containing absorbent materials. Chromgranin A - (pronounced) (KROH-moh-GRA-nin. Chromosome 17 - (pronounced) (KROH-moo-some. Chromosome 3 - (pronounced) (KROH-moo-some. Chromosome 7 - (pronounced) (KROH-moo-some. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia - (pronounced) (KRAH-nik MY-eh-loyd loo-KEE-mee-uh) An indolent (slow-growing) cancer in which too many myeloblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Myeloblasts are a type of immature blood cell that form white blood cells called myeloid cells. Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia - (pronounced) (KRAH-nik MY-eh-loh-MAH-noh-SIH-tik loo-KEE-mee-uh) A slowly progressive form of myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative disorder in which there are too many myelomonocytes (a type of white blood cell) in the bone marrow, crowding out other normal blood cell Chronic bronchitis - (pronounced) (KRAH-nik bron-KY-tis) lung disease that develops over time, in which the bronchi (large airways that lead to the lungs) become inflamed and scarred. As a result, the bronchi produce large amounts of mucus and can lead to chronic coughing and breathing difficulties. Chronic cough - (pronounced) (KRAH-nik kof) cough that lasts 8 weeks or more. It can occur along with other symptoms, including a runny or stuffy nose, extra mucus in the throat, wheezing, shortness of breath, or heartburn. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - (pronounced) (KRAH-nik ub-STRUK-tiv PUL-muh-NAYR-ee dih-ZEEZ) A type of lung disease characterized by permanent damage to the tissues in the lungs, making it difficult to breathe. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease includes chronic bronchitis, in which the Chrysotherapy - (pronounced) (KRIH-soh-THAYR-uh-pee) A procedure that uses gold salts (a salt form of the metal element gold) to treat diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. The gold salts stop the cells from releasing chemicals that can damage tissues. Cialis - (pronounced) (see-A-lis) drug used to treat erectile dysfunction. It is also being studied to treat sexual problems in patients who have had radiation or surgery for prostate cancer. Cidofovir - (pronounced) (sy-DOH-foh-veer) A drug used to treat infections caused by viruses Cigarette - (pronounced) (SIH-guh-ret) tubular tobacco product consisting of finely cut, dried tobacco leaves wrapped in thin paper. It may also contain other ingredients, including substances to add different flavors. Cilengitide - (pronounced) (sy-LEN-gih flood) substance being studied as an anticancer and antiangiogenesis drug. Also called EMD 121974 Ciltacabtagen-Autoleucel - (pronounced) (SIL-tuh-KAB-tuh-jeen AW-toh-LOO-sel) drug used to treat adults with multiple myeloma that has come back or failed to improve after treatment with at least four other cancer therapies, including a proteasome inhibitor, an immunomodulatory agent and an anti-CD3 Cimetidine - (pronounced) (sy-MEH-tih-deen) drug usually used to treat stomach ulcers and heartburn. It is also commonly used in a regimen to prevent allergic reactions Cinvanti - (pronounced) (Sin VAN Tee) drug used with other medicines to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy and nausea and vomiting caused by surgery. Cinvanti blocks the effects of a certain chemical in the central nervous system that can cause nausea and vomiting. Ciprofloxacin - (pronounced) (SIH-proh-FLOK-suh-sin) drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and being studied to treat bladder cancer. Ciprofloxacin is a type of fluoroquinolone. Cisplatin - (pronounced) (sis-PLA-tin) drug used alone or with other drugs to treat certain types of bladder cancer, ovarian cancer, and testicular cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Citrovorum factor - (pronounced) (sih-troh-VOR-at FAK-ter) form of folic acid used alone or with other drugs to treat certain types of colon cancer and anemia and to reduce the toxic effects of the cancer drug methotrexate or other substances that block the effects of folic acid. Citrovorum factor i Cixutumumab - (pronounced) (SIK-syoo-TOO-myoo-mab) A substance being studied to treat some types of cancer. It is a monoclonal antibody made in the laboratory that can bind to substances in the body. Clark Planes - (pronounced) (Klark LEH-vulz) A system for describing how deep skin cancer has spread into the skin. Levels IV describe the skin layers involved Claus model - A computer program that uses statistics to predict a person's risk of developing breast cancer based on family history Clear - (pronounced) (KLOH-lar) A drug used to treat children and young adults ages 1 to 21 with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. It is used in patients whose cancer has come back or has not improved after at least two other types of cancer treatments. Clear cell adenocarcinoma - (pronounced) (kleer sel A-deh-noh-KAR-sih-NOH-muh) A rare type of cancer where the cells look clear under a microscope. Clear cell adenocarcinoma most commonly occurs in the kidney and female reproductive organs. Clear cell sarcoma of soft tissue - (pronounced) (kleer sel sar-KOH-muh. Clergyman - (pronounced) (KLER jee) Ordained persons performing spiritual and/or religious functions Clinical Neurophysiology is a subspecialty with psychiatric or neurologic expertise in the diagnosis and management of central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous system disorders using combined clinical evaluation and electrophysiologic testing such as electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography Clinical Researcher - (pronounced) (KLIH-nih-kul REE-ser-cher) A healthcare professional who works directly with patients or uses patient data to conduct research into health and disease and to develop new treatments. Clinical researchers can also explore how health practices affect health and disea Clinical Staging - (pronounced) (KLIH-nih-kul STAY-jing) A method of determining the cancer stage (how much or how far the cancer has spread in the body) through tests done before surgery. These include physical exams, imaging tests, laboratory tests (such as blood tests), and biopsies Clinical Study Sponsor - (pronounced) (KLIH-nih-kul TRY-ul SPON-ser) A person, company, institution, group, or organization that oversees or pays for a clinical trial and collects and analyzes the data. Also called study sponsor Clinical pharmacology encompasses the spectrum of activities related to the discovery, development, regulation, and utilization of safe and effective drugs. Clinical stage - (pronounced) (KLIH-nih-kul stayj) The cancer stage (amount or spread of cancer in the body) based on tests done before surgery. These include physical exams, imaging tests, laboratory tests (such as blood tests), and biopsies Clivus - (pronounced) (KLY-vus) A bone at the base of the skull, near the spine. Tumors such as chordomas and chondrosarcomas can form on the clivus Clofarabine - (pronounced) (kloh-FAYR-uh-been) drug used to treat children and young adults ages 1 to 21 with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. It is used in patients whose cancer has come back or has not improved after at least two other types of cancer treatments. Clostridium difficile - (pronounced) (klah-STRIH-dee-um dih-FIH-sih-lee) A type of bacteria found in human and animal feces. Clostridium difficileis a common cause of diarrhea occurring in hospitals. Co-payment - (pronounced) (KOH payment) The amount of money a health-insured patient pays for each healthcare service, e. g. Co-trimoxazole - (pronounced) (KOH-try-MOK-suh-zole) drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and protozoa. It is a combination of two anti-infectives, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim CoQ10 - A nutrient that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Coenzyme Q10 helps the mitochondria (small structures in the cell) to generate energy. Coat Panel - (pronounced) (MAN-tul. Cobalamin - (pronounced) (koh-ba-luh-min) nutrient in the vitamin B complex that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Cobalamin helps form red blood cells, DNA, RNA, energy and tissues and keeps nerve cells healthy. Cobalt 60 - (pronounced) (KOH-Bawlt…) A radioactive form of the metal cobalt used as a source of radiation to treat cancer Cobimetinib fumarate - (pronounced) (KOH-bih-MEH-tih-nib FYOO-muh-rayt) drug used alone to treat adults with a group of blood disorders called histiocytic neoplasms, and with vemurafenib to treat adults with melanoma that has spread or cannot be surgically removed and has a specific mutation (change Coccyx - (pronounced) (KOK-six) The small bone at the bottom of the spine. It consists of 3-5 fused bones. Cockayne Syndrome - (pronounced) (KAH-kayn SIN-drome) genetic condition characterized by short stature, premature aging, sensitivity to light, and possibly deafness and mental retardation Coculture - (pronounced) (ko-KUL-cher) A mixture of two or more different types of cells grown together Codeine phosphate - (pronounced) (KOH-deen FOS-fayt) A drug used to treat pain, cough and diarrhea. It is made from opium or morphine and binds to opioid receptors in the central nervous system. Coenzyme Q10 - (pronounced) (koh-EN-zime. Cohort - (pronounced) (KOH hort) A group of people who share a common trait, e. g. Colchicine - (pronounced) (KOL-chih-seen) A drug used to treat gout (inflamed joints caused by a buildup of uric acid). It comes from the crocus plantColchicum autumnaleColchicine blocks cell division and the movement of certain immune cells to inflamed areas. Cold Knife Cone Biopsy - (pronounced) (kold nife kone BY-op-see) A procedure in which a cone-shaped piece of abnormal tissue is removed from the cervix using a scalpel or laser knife. Some of the tissue is then examined under a microscope for signs of diseases such as cervical cancer. Colectomy - (pronounced) (koh-LEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove all or part of the colon. When only part of the colon is removed, it is called a partial colectomy. In an open colectomy, a long incision is made in the abdominal wall and the doctor can see the colon directly. In a laparoscopically-assist Colloidal Oatmeal - (pronounced) (kuh-LOY-dul.. meel) A special form of oatmeal that helps to soothe, soften and increase moisture levels in the skin. It can be used in a cream or lotion, or as a powder added to a soak to treat rashes and burns, as well as dry, rough, scaly, or itchy skin. Colloidal Colloidal gold bound tumor necrosis factor - (pronounced) (kuh-LOY-dul.. TOO-mer neh-KROH-sis FAK-ter) A substance being studied to treat some types of cancer. Tumor necrosis factor bound to colloidal gold is made in the laboratory by attaching a cancer-killing protein called tumor necrosis factor ( Colon cancer - (pronounced) (REK-tul KAN-ser) Cancer that forms in the tissues of the rectum (the last few inches of the colon closest to the anus) Colonoscope - (pronounced) (koh-LAH-noh-SKOPE) A thin, tubular instrument used to examine the inside of the bowel. A colonoscope has a light and lens for viewing and may have a tool for removing tissue Colonoscopy - (pronounced) (KOH-luh-NOS-koh-pee) Examination of the inside of the colon with a colonoscope inserted into the rectum. A colonoscope is a thin, tubular instrument with a light and lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue to be examined under a microscope for signs of Combination antiretroviral therapy - (pronounced) (KOM-bih-NAY-shun AN-tee-REH-troh-VY-rul THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment that uses a combination of three or more drugs to treat HIV infection. Combination antiretroviral therapy prevents the virus from making copies of itself in the body. This can reduce th Combination chemotherapy - (pronounced) (KOM-bih-NAY-shun KEE-moh-THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment with more than one cancer drug Combination therapy - (pronounced) (KOM-bih-NAY-shun THAYR-uh-pee) Therapy that combines more than one treatment method. Also called multimodality therapy and multimodality treatment Combretastatin A4 phosphate - (pronounced) (kum-BREE-tuh-STA-tin.. FOS-fayt) substance being studied to treat cancer. It decreases blood flow to tumors and can kill cancer cells. Combretastatin A4 phosphate comes from the African bush willow. It is a type of tubulin binding agent and a type of vascu Comedocarcinoma - (pronounced) (KAH-meh-doh KAR-sih-NOH-moo) A type of ductal carcinoma in situ (very early stage breast cancer) Cometriq - (pronounced) (koh-MEH-trik) A drug that contains the active substance cabozantinib s-malate and is used to treat progressive medullary thyroid cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Cometriq blocks certain pro Comfort care - (pronounced) (KUM-furt kayr) Caring for people who are nearing the end of their lives and who have stopped treatment to cure or control their disease. Comfort care includes physical, emotional, social, and spiritual support for patients and their families. The goal of comfort care is Common hepatic duct - (pronounced) (KAH-mun heh-PA-tik duct) tube that carries bile from the liver. The common hepatic duct begins where the right and left hepatic ducts meet outside the liver and ends where a duct from the gallbladder joins it to form the common bile duct. It is part of the biliary Community Advisory Board - (pronounced) (cow-MYOO-nih-tee ad-VIZE-ree bord) In medicine, a group of non-scientific volunteers who serve as a liaison between a community and clinical trial researchers. A Community Advisory Board can review and oversee clinical trials and help inform the community abo Community Immunity - (pronounced) (cow-MYOO-nih-tee ih-MYOO-nih-tee) Protection from an infectious disease by living in a community where large numbers of people are vaccinated against that disease. When enough people are vaccinated against a disease, it becomes more difficult for the disease to spr Community health workers (CHW) are lay members of communities who work either for pay or as volunteers in association with the local health care system in both urban and rural environments and usually share ethnicity, language, socioeconomic status and life experiences with the community members the Comorbidity - (pronounced) (koh-mor-BIH-dih-tea) The condition of having two or more diseases at the same time Comparative anatomy - (pronounced) (kum-PAYR-uh-tiv uh-NA-toh-mee) The comparison of the structure (anatomy) of an animal or plant with the structure of another animal or plant Complementary and alternative medicine - (pronounced) (KOM-pleh-MEN-tuh-ree.. all-TER-nuh-tiv MEH-dih-sin) term used to describe a medical product or medical practice used together with (complementary) or in place of (alternative) standard medical care. Typically, less is known about most types of c Complementary medicine - (pronounced) (KOM-pleh-MEN-tuh-ree MEH-dih-sin) Treatments that are used in conjunction with standard treatments but are not considered standard. Standard treatments are based on the results of scientific research and are currently accepted and widely used. Less research has Complication - (pronounced) (kom-plih-kay-shun) In medicine, a medical problem that occurs during an illness or after an intervention or treatment. The complication may or may not be caused by the disease, procedure, or treatment Compression bandage - (pronounced) (kum-PREH-avoid BAN-dij) A bandage designed to apply pressure to a specific area Compression clothing - (pronounced) (kum-PREH-shun GAR-ment) close-fitting, elastic garment, such as B. a sleeve or a stocking. Compression garments are used to treat lymphedema (swelling caused by a build-up of lymph fluid in the tissues). They are also used to improve blood circulation Compression fracture - (pronounced) (kum-PREH-avoid FRAK-sher) A type of bone fracture caused by pressure that causes the bone to collapse. Compression fractures usually occur in the spine (backbone) and bones that have been weakened by cancer or osteoporosis (a decrease in bone mass and density) Computational Biology - (pronounced) (kom-pyoo-TAY-shuh-nul from-AH-loh-jee) field of science that uses computers, databases, mathematics, and statistics to collect, store, organize, and analyze large amounts of biological, medical, and health information. Information can come from many sources, inc Computed Tomography - (pronounced) (Kum-PYOO-teh-RIZED toh-MAH-gruh-fee) procedure that uses a computer connected to an X-ray machine to create a series of detailed images of areas inside the body. The images are taken from different angles and are used to create three-dimensional (3-D) views of tis Computed tomography angiography - (pronounced) (kum-PYOO-ted toh-MAH-gruh-fee an-jee-AH-gruh-fee) procedure that uses X-rays to create a series of detailed images of the blood vessels and blood flow in the body. The images are taken from different angles and created by a computer connected to an X-r Computed tomography colonography - (pronounced) (kum-PYOO-ted toh-MAH-gruh-fee KOH-luh-NAH-gruh-fee) method of examining the inside of the colon through a series of X-rays. A computer is used to create 2-dimensional (2-D) and 3-D images of the colon from these X-rays. The images can be saved, manipu Computed tomography scan - (pronounced) (kum-PYOO-ted toh-MAH-gruh-fee skan) procedure that uses a computer connected to an X-ray machine to create a series of detailed images of areas inside the body. The images are taken from different angles and are used to create three-dimensional (3-D) views of Conception - (pronounced) (kun-SEP-shy) In biology, the beginning of a pregnancy, characterized by the fertilization of an ovum by a sperm Concert - (pronounced) (kon-SER-tuh) A drug used to treat certain behavioral disorders, such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). It is also being studied as a way to improve brain function in patients being treated with cancer drugs. Concerta acts on specific parts of the brain. It i Condition - (pronounced) (kun-DIH-shy) In medicine, a health problem with specific characteristics or symptoms Condyloma - (pronounced) (KON-dih-LOH-muh) A raised growth on the surface of the genitals caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. HPV in condyloma is highly contagious and can be spread through skin-to-skin contact, usually during oral, anal, or genital sex with an infected partner. Also cal Congenital Pure Red Cell Aplasia - (pronounced) (kun-JEH-nih-tul … sel uh-PLAY-zhuh) A very rare condition in which the bone marrow does not produce enough red blood cells. It is usually seen in the first year of life. Congenital mesoblastic nephroma - (pronounced) (kun-JEH-nih-tul MEH-zoh-BLAS-tik neh-FROH-muh) type of kidney tumor that is usually detected by ultrasound before birth or within the first 3 months of life. It contains fibroblastic cells (connective tissue cells) and can spread to the other kidney or Congestive Heart Failure - (pronounced) (kun-JES-tive hard FAYL-yer) Weakness of the heart muscle causing fluid to build up in body tissues Connexin gene - (pronounced) (kuh-NEK-sin jeen) One of a group of related genes called connexins. Connexin genes make proteins that form channels that connect neighboring cells. Consensus Development Program - (pronounced) (kun-SEN-sus dee-VEH-lup-ment PROH-gram) Consent Form (in-FORMD kun-SENT) A process by which patients receive important information, including potential risks and benefits, about a medical procedure or treatment, genetic testing, or clinical trial. This is to help them decide whether to treat, get tested, or participate in the study. Consent Process - (pronounced) (kun-SENT PRAH-ses) A process by which patients receive important information, including potential risks and benefits, about a medical procedure or treatment, genetic testing, or clinical trial. This is to help them decide whether to treat, get tested, or participate i Consolidation therapy - (pronounced) (kun-SAH-lih-DAY-shun THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment given after the cancer has gone away after initial therapy. Consolidation therapy is used to kill any cancer cells that may remain in the body. Constipation - (pronounced) (KON-stih-PAY-avoid) A condition in which stool is hard, dry, and difficult to pass, and bowel movements do not occur very often. Other symptoms can include painful bowel movements and bloating, discomfort, and sluggishness Constitutional DNA - (pronounced) (KAWNT-stool-TOO-shoe-nul. Contact CIS - by phone at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237) or through LiveHelp's instant messaging service at Contents - (pronounced) (SOO tent) drug used to treat adults with certain types of gastrointestinal stromal tumors, neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas, or renal cell carcinoma (a type of kidney cancer). It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Contraception - (pronounced) (KON-truh-SEP-avoid) The use of drugs, devices, or surgery to prevent pregnancy. There are many different types of birth control. Contract research organization - (pronounced) (KON-tract REE-serch OR-guh-nih-ZAY-shun) company contracted by another company or research center to undertake certain parts of the conduct of a clinical trial. Company may design, administer and monitor the study and analyze the results. Contracture - (pronounced) (kun-TRAK-cher) A permanent tightening of muscles, tendons, skin and surrounding tissues, causing joints to shorten and become very stiff. This prevents normal movement of a joint or other body part. Contraindication - (pronounced) (KON-truh-IN-dih-KAY-shun) Anything (including a symptom or medical condition) that is a reason for a person not to receive a particular treatment or procedure because it might be harmful. For example, a bleeding disorder is a contraindication to taking aspirin becaus Contrast Material - (pronounced) (KON-trast muh-TEER-ee-ul) A dye or other substance that helps show abnormal areas in the body. It is given by injection into a vein, through an enema, or by mouth. Contrast esophagram - (pronounced) (KON-trast ee-SAH-fuh-gram) series of X-rays of the esophagus taken after a patient drank a liquid containing barium sulfate (a form of the silver-white metal element barium). The barium sulfate coats and outlines the inner wall of the esophagus so it shows up on x Conventional medicine - (pronounced) (MAYN stream MEH-dih-sin) A system in which doctors and other healthcare professionals (e. g. Conventional medicine - (pronounced) (OR-thuh-DOX MEH-dih-sin) A system in which doctors and other healthcare professionals (e. g. Copictra - (pronounced) (koh-PIK-truh) drug used to treat adults with chronic lymphocytic leukemia or small lymphocytic lymphoma that has come back or has not improved after treatment with at least two other therapies. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Coping Skills - (pronounced) (KOH-ping skilz) The methods a person uses to deal with stressful situations. These can help a person face a situation, take action, and be flexible and persistent in solving problems Copper Cu 64-ATSM - (pronounced) (KAH-pro…) substance that is examined in PET imaging to detect certain types of tumors. Copper Cu 64 is a radioactive substance. Cordectomy - (pronounced) (kor-DEK-toh-mee) An operation on the vocal cords or spinal cord Corderone - (pronounced) (KOR-deh-rone) drug used to treat certain types of abnormal heart rhythms that have not been improved by other drugs. Corderone affects the electrical activity of the heart. Cordotomy - (pronounced) (kor-DAH-toh-mee) A surgical procedure used to relieve pain by severing certain nerves in the spinal cord that send pain signals. Cutting these nerves blocks the sensation of pain, heat, and cold. Core - (pronounced) (NOO-klee-us) In biology, the structure in a cell that contains the chromosomes. The nucleus is surrounded by a membrane and this is where RNA is made from the DNA in the chromosomes Coriolus versicolor extract - (pronounced) (KOR-ee-OH-lus VER-sih-KUH-ler EK-strakt) A substance being studied for the treatment of breast cancer and other types of cancer. Coriolus versicoloris a type of fungus. Coronavirus - (pronounced) (kuh-ROH-nuh-VY-rus) Belongs to a large family of viruses that can infect humans and some animals and cause respiratory illness. There are many different corona viruses. Coronavirus disease 19 - (pronounced) (kuh-ROH-nuh-VY-rus dih-ZEEZ …) highly contagious respiratory disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. SARS-CoV-2 is believed to spread from person to person through droplets released when an infected person coughs, sneezes or speaks. Corticotropin - (pronounced) (KOR-tih-koh-TROH pen) A hormone made in the pituitary gland. Corticotropin acts on the outer part of the adrenal gland to control the release of corticosteroid hormones. Cortisol - (pronounced) (KOR-tih-sol) hormone made by the adrenal cortex (the outer layer of the adrenal gland). It helps the body use glucose (a sugar), protein and fats. Corynebacterium granulosum - (kah-RY-nee-bak-TEER-ee-um GRAN-yoo-LOH-sum) A bacterium that can cause skin diseases. Substances taken from this bacterium can stimulate the immune system and help kill cancer cells Cosmegene - (pronounced) (KOS-muh-jin) A drug derived from the bacteriumStreptomyces parvulusand is used alone or with other medicines to treat adults and children with Ewing's sarcoma, gestational trophoblastic tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, Wilms' tumor, or certain types of testicular cancer and adults Cost Sharing - term used to describe the practice of splitting the cost of healthcare between the patient and the insurance plan. For example, if a plan pays 80% of the cost of a service, the patient pays the remaining 20% of the cost. Cost out of pocket - In medicine, the amount of money a patient pays for medical expenses not covered by health insurance. Excess costs include deductibles, coinsurance, co-payments, and costs for uncovered healthcare Costello Syndrome - (pronounced) (KOS-teh-loh SIN-drome) A rare genetic disorder characterized by developmental problems that are shorter than normal, intellectual disability, heart problems, unusual facial features, and extra folds of skin around the neck, hands, and feet. People with Costello synd Cotellic - (pronounced) (coh-TEL-lik) A drug used alone to treat adults with a group of blood disorders called histiocytic neoplasms, and with vemurafenib to treat adults with melanoma that has spread or cannot be surgically removed and has a specific mutation (change). , is appliedBRAFGen. Cotinine - (pronounced) (KOH-tuh-neen) chemical produced by the breakdown of nicotine in the body. Nicotine is an addictive, harmful chemical found in tobacco and tobacco products, including cigarettes and chewing tobacco. Cowden Syndrome - (pronounced) (KOW-den SIN-drome) A rare inherited disorder characterized by the presence of many benign (noncancerous) growths called hamartomas and an increased risk of cancer. Hamartomas form in various parts of the body, particularly in the skin, mouth, and gastrointestinal trac Cowden's disease - (pronounced) (KOW-den dih-ZEEZ) rare inherited disorder characterized by the presence of many benign (noncancerous) growths called hamartomas and an increased risk of cancer. Hamartomas form in various parts of the body, particularly in the skin, mouth, and gastrointestinal tract. CpG 7909 - A substance being studied to treat some types of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called biological response modifiers. Cramps - (pronounced) (kun-VUL-zhun) condition in which muscles contract and relax rapidly, causing uncontrolled shaking of the body. Head injuries, high fevers, some medical disorders, and certain medications can cause convulsions. Craniopharyngioma - (pronounced) (KRAY-nee-oh-fuh-RIN-jee-oh-moo) A rare, benign (noncancerous) brain tumor that usually forms near the pituitary gland and hypothalamus. Craniopharyngiomas grow slowly and do not spread to other parts of the brain or to other parts of the body. Craniotomy - (pronounced) (KRAY-nee-AH-toh-mee) An operation in which a small hole is made in the skull or a piece of bone is removed from the skull to expose part of the brain. A craniotomy may be performed to remove a brain tumor or a sample of brain tissue. Crestor - (pronounced) (KREH-stor) drug used to lower the amount of cholesterol and other harmful substances such as triglycerides in the blood. It is also being studied to prevent and treat some cancers and other conditions. Crisis Intervention - (pronounced) (KRY-sis IN-ter-VEN-avoid) Immediate, short-term counseling (talking to a professional counselor) to prevent a critical emotional event (eg, attempted suicide or drug overdose) from getting worse. Crisis intervention is not intended to solve the problem that led to Crizotinib - (pronounced) (krih-ZOH-tih feather) drug used to treat certain types of ALK-positive inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors in adults and children 1 year and older, ALK-positive systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma in young adults and children 1 year and older, and ALK-positive or ROS1- Crohn's disease - (pronounced) (crown dih-ZEEZ) condition in which the gastrointestinal tract is inflamed for a long period of time. Crohn's disease usually affects the small and large intestines. Cross-sectional study - (kros-SEC-shuh-nul STUH-dee) type of research study that observes a group of people or collects specific information at a specific point in time or over a short period of time. For example, a survey may be conducted to collect information about the total number of people in a Crossover Study - (pronounced) (KROS-oh-ver CHAIR-dee) A type of clinical trial in which all participants receive the same two or more treatments, but the order in which they receive them depends on the group they are randomly assigned to. For example, a group is randomly assigned drug A followed by Crosstalk - (pronounced) (KROS tawk) Describes the process within a cell that occurs when the same signal is shared by two or more signaling pathways. Normally, a signal caused by the binding of a substance to a molecule on or in a cell is passed from one molecule to another in the same way Cryoablation - (pronounced) (KRY-oh-a-BLAY-avoid) procedure that uses an extremely cold liquid or an instrument called a cryoprobe to freeze and destroy abnormal tissue. A cryoprobe is cooled with substances such as liquid nitrogen, liquid nitrous oxide or compressed argon gas. Cryobanking - (pronounced) (KRY-oh-banking) The process of refrigerating and storing cells, tissues, or organs at very low or freezing temperatures in order to preserve them for future use. Also called cryopreservation Cryopreservation of oocytes - (pronounced) (OH-oh-site KRY-oh-PREH-zer-VAY-shun) The process of freezing one or more unfertilized eggs (eggs that have not been combined with sperm) to preserve them for future use. The eggs are thawed and fertilized in the laboratory to produce embryos that can be pl Cryopreservation of ovarian tissue - (pronounced) (oh-VAYR-ee-un TIH-shoo KRY-oh-PREH-zer-VAY-shun) The process of freezing ovarian tissue to preserve it for future infertility treatment. All or part of an ovary is removed, and the tissue containing the eggs is sliced thinly and frozen. Cryopreservation of testicular tissue - (pronounced) (tes-TIH-kyoo-ler TIH-shoo KRY-oh-PREH-zer-VAY-shun) procedure being developed to freeze testicular tissue from boys who have not yet gone through puberty in order to save it for future infertility treatments. Tissue containing sperm-forming cells Cryosurgery - (pronounced) (KRY-oh-SER-juh-ree) A procedure that uses an extremely cold liquid or an instrument called a cryoprobe to freeze and destroy abnormal tissue. A cryoprobe is cooled with substances such as liquid nitrogen, liquid nitrous oxide or compressed argon gas. Cryotherapy - (pronounced) (KRY-oh-THAYR-uh-pee) A procedure that uses an extremely cold liquid or an instrument called a cryoprobe to freeze and destroy abnormal tissue. A cryoprobe is cooled with substances such as liquid nitrogen, liquid nitrous oxide or compressed argon gas. Cryptorchidism - (pronounced) (krip-TOR-kih-dih-to) A condition in which one or both testicles cannot move from the abdomen, where they developed before birth, into the scrotum. Cryptorchidism can increase the risk of developing testicular cancer. Cubicin - (pronounced) (KYOO-bih-sin) A drug used to treat certain bacterial skin and bloodstream infections in adults. Cubicin is also being studied to treat fever and neutropenia (an abnormal decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell) in cancer patients. Cultural - (pronounced) (KUL-cher-EL) living form of a bacterium that produces lactic acid (a substance made from sugars found in milk and also made in the body). Culturelle is given to support digestion and normal bowel function. Culture - (pronounced) (KUL-cher) The beliefs, values and behaviors shared within a group, e. g. Cumestrol - (pronounced) (KOO-meh-strol) A kind of Coumestan. Coumestane are estrogen-like substances (phytoestrogens) produced by some plants. Cushing's Syndrome - (pronounced) (KUSH-ing SIN-drome) condition in which there is too much cortisol (a hormone made by the outer layer of the adrenal gland) in the body. Cushing's syndrome can be caused by taking too many steroid medications or by certain types of tumors. Cushing's disease - (pronounced) (KUSH-ing dih-ZEEZ) A condition in which there is too much cortisol (a hormone made by the outer layer of the adrenal gland) in the body. In Cushing's disease, this occurs when an adenoma (benign tumor) in the pituitary gland produces too much adrenocorticotropic hor Custirsen Sodium - (pronounced) (KUS-tir-sen SOH-dee-um) substance being studied to treat cancer. It blocks production of a protein called clusterin, which helps cells live longer. Cyclin-D1 - (pronounced) (SY-Klin…) A protein that helps control cell division. It is found in higher than normal amounts in several types of cancer cells. Cyproheptadine - (pronounced) (SY-proh-HEP-tuh-deen) A drug used to treat asthma, allergies, and the common cold, and to relieve itching caused by certain skin conditions. It has also been used to stimulate appetite and weight gain and is being studied to treat and treat cancer-related weight loss. Cyproterone acetate - (pronounced) (sy-PROH-teh-rone A-seh-tayt) A synthetic hormone being studied to treat hot flashes in men with prostate cancer who have had both testicles surgically removed Cyramza - (pronounced) (sy-RAM-zuh) drug that binds to the protein vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to prevent new blood vessels from forming and is used to treat various types of cancer. It is used alone or with other medicines to treat certain types of non-small cell lung cancer, hepatoce Cystic duct - (pronounced) (SIS-tik duct) A tube that carries bile from the gallbladder. It joins with the hepatic duct to form the common bile duct. Cystoprostatectomy - (pronounced) (SIS-toh-pros-tuh-TEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove the bladder and prostate. The seminal vesicles and nearby lymph nodes may also be removed. Cystourethrectomy - (pronounced) (SIS-toh-yoo-ree-THREK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove the bladder (the organ that holds urine) and the urethra (the tube through which urine leaves the body) Cytarabine - (pronounced) (sy-TAYR-uh-been) medicine used with other medicines to treat adults and children with acute myeloid leukemia and to prevent and treat a type of leukemia that has spread to the meninges (the tissue that covers and protects the brain and spinal cord ). It can also be used to Cytochrome P450 enzyme system - (pronounced) (SY-tuh-krome . Cytokine Release Syndrome - (pronounced) (SY-toh-kine deer-LEES SIN-drome) condition that can occur after treatment with some types of immunotherapy, such as monoclonal antibodies and CAR-T cells. Cytokine release syndrome is caused by a large, rapid release of cytokines into the blood from immune c Cytomegalovirus - (pronounced) (SY-toh-MEH-guh-loh-VY-rus) virus that can be carried in a dormant state by healthy individuals for life. It is a cause of severe pneumonia in people with a weakened immune system, such as B. Cytosine - (pronounced) (SY-toh-seen) A chemical compound used to make one of the building blocks of DNA and RNA. It's a type of pyrimidine D&C - A procedure to scrape and remove tissue from the inner lining of the uterus. The cervix is dilated (enlarged) and a curette (a spoon-shaped instrument) is inserted into the uterus to remove tissue. D-1MT - A substance being studied for the treatment of melanoma and many other types of cancer. D-1MT blocks the breakdown of the amino acid tryptophan, which is needed by T cells (a type of cell in the immune system) to kill tumor cells. D-20761 - A synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) antagonist that suppresses LH and sex steroid levels D-cycloserine - drug used to treat tuberculosis. It is also being studied to treat pain and nerve problems (numbness, tingling) caused by chemotherapy, back pain, autism, certain anxiety disorders, and schizophrenia. DA-EPOCH-R - An acronym for a combination chemotherapy regimen used to treat certain types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It includes the drugs etoposide phosphate, prednisone, vincristine sulfate (Oncovin), cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin hydrochloride (hydroxydaunorubicin), and rituximab. DA-EPOCH-R scheme - An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat certain types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It includes the drugs etoposide phosphate, prednisone, vincristine sulfate (Oncovin), cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin hydrochloride (hydroxydaunorubicin), and rituximab. DACA - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It's a type of topoisomerase inhibitor. DAR - A study drug record maintained by an investigator conducting a clinical study. It lists many things about each drug, including the drug name, lot number, expiration date, amount of drug received, used, returned, or discarded, and how much is left. DBA - A very rare condition in which the bone marrow does not produce enough red blood cells. It is usually seen in the first year of life. DBVE - An acronym for a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy used to treat childhood Hodgkin lymphoma. It includes the drugs doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin), bleomycin sulfate, vincristine sulfate, and etoposide. DBVE Schema - An acronym for a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy used to treat childhood Hodgkin lymphoma. It includes the drugs doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin), bleomycin sulfate, vincristine sulfate, and etoposide. DBVE-PC - An acronym for a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy used to treat childhood Hodgkin lymphoma. It includes the drugs doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin), bleomycin sulfate, vincristine sulfate, etoposide, prednisone, and cyclophosphamide. DBVE-PC schema - An acronym for a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy used to treat childhood Hodgkin lymphoma. It includes the drugs doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin), bleomycin sulfate, vincristine sulfate, etoposide, prednisone, and cyclophosphamide. DCF - An acronym for a combination chemotherapy regimen used to treat certain types of head and neck cancer and stomach cancer. It includes the drugs docetaxel (Taxotere), cisplatin (Platinol), and fluorouracil. DCIS - A condition in which abnormal cells are found in the lining of a breast duct. The abnormal cells have not spread outside the milk duct to other tissues in the breast. DDB2 gene - A gene that makes a protein involved in many cell functions, including repairing damaged DNA. Mutations (changes) in theDDB2gene can cause cells to lose their ability to repair damaged DNA, which can lead to abnormal cell growth. DDS - A rare disease that causes kidney failure before the age of 3, abnormal development of the sex organs and, in most cases, Wilms' tumor (a type of kidney cancer). Children with Denys-Drash syndrome are also at high risk for some other cancers. DEB - A rare, inherited condition in which blisters form on the skin and the moist inner lining of some organs and body cavities. The blisters usually appear at birth and can appear on specific parts of the body (like the hands, feet, elbows, and knees) or all over the body (including the mouth, eso DES - A synthetic form of the hormone estrogen prescribed to pregnant women between about 1940 and 1971 because it was believed to prevent miscarriage. DES can increase the risk of uterine, ovarian, or breast cancer in women who have taken it. DEXA Scan - procedure that measures the amount of calcium and other minerals in a bone by passing X-rays through the bone at two different energy levels. A DEXA scan shows the strength and thickness of a bone and is usually done on the lower spine, hip, forearm, wrist, fingers and heel. DFMO - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. Also called difluoromethylornithine DFS - For cancer, the length of time after the end of initial treatment for a cancer that the patient survives without signs or symptoms of that cancer. In a clinical trial, measuring DFS is one way to see how well a new treatment is working. DHA-paclitaxel - combination of DHA (a natural fatty acid) and paclitaxel (an anticancer medicine) that is being studied as a treatment for cancer. It's a kind of mitotic inhibitor DHEA - A substance being studied to prevent cancer. It's a type of steroid. DHFR inhibitors - substance that can accumulate in cancer cells and prevent them from using folic acid. Folate is a nutrient that rapidly dividing cells need to make DNA. DHHS - The U. S. DHL - A rare, aggressive (rapidly growing) type of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma caused by changes in the DNA that carry a gene called the MYC gene and either the BCL2 gene or the affect the BCL6 gene. DHL can be difficult to deal with and has a poor prognosis. DHPLN - A childhood disease in which abnormal tissue grows on the outer part of one or both kidneys. DHPLN usually progresses to Wilms' tumor (a type of childhood kidney cancer) if left untreated. DHT - A hormone made from testosterone in the prostate, testicles and certain other tissues. It is needed to develop and maintain male sex characteristics such as facial hair, deep voice and muscle growth. DICER1 syndrome - rare inherited disorder caused by a mutation (change) in a gene called DICER1. The presence of this mutation increases the risk of certain types of tumors, including tumors of the kidney, thyroid, ovaries, cervix, testicles, brain, eye and lung lining. DIEP flap - A type of breast reconstruction in which blood vessels called deep inferior epigastric perforators (DIEP) and associated skin and fat are removed from the lower abdomen and used for reconstruction. The muscle stays in place DIM - A substance being studied for the treatment of prostate cancer and the prevention of cervical cancer. DIM is found in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, cabbage, and kale. DIN - A condition in which abnormal cells are found in the lining of a milk duct (milk duct). The presence of DIN can increase the risk of breast cancer, in which these abnormal cells become cancerous and spread outside the milk duct to other tissues in the breast. DIPG - A rare, fast-growing tumor that forms in cells called glial cells in a part of the brainstem called the pons. DIPGs tend to spread to nearby tissues and other parts of the brainstem, are difficult to treat, and have a poor prognosis (outcome). DJ-927 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It's a type of taxane derivative DKC - A rare, inherited condition that can affect many parts of the body, particularly the nails, skin, and mouth. It is characterized by abnormally shaped fingernails and toenails that can grow poorly; changes in skin color, especially of the neck and chest; and white patches in the mouth. DKC1 gene - A gene that makes a protein involved in protecting and maintaining telomeres (the ends of chromosomes) and making a molecule called ribosomal RNA. Mutations (changes) in theDKC1gene can cause damage to chromosomes and DNA, which can lead to abnormal cell growth. DNA - The molecules in cells that carry genetic information and transmit it from one generation to the next. Also called deoxyribonucleic acid DNA Crosslinking Agent - substance that binds DNA nucleotides together and blocks DNA synthesis. In cancer treatment, DNA cross-linking agents can kill cancer cells by damaging their DNA and preventing them from dividing DNA intercalating agent - substance that inserts itself into the DNA structure of a cell and binds to the DNA. This causes DNA damage. DNA methylase - An enzyme (a protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body) that attaches methyl groups to DNA. A methyl group is a chemical group containing one carbon and three hydrogen atoms. DNA methyltransferase - An enzyme (a protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body) that attaches methyl groups to DNA. A methyl group is a chemical group containing one carbon and three hydrogen atoms. DNA repair deficiency syndrome - type of inherited disease caused by mutations (changes) in certain genes involved in DNA repair. Changes in these genes can cause breaks, rearrangements, and other problems in DNA. DNA repair disorder - type of inherited disease caused by mutations (changes) in certain genes involved in DNA repair. Changes in these genes can cause breaks, rearrangements, and other problems in DNA. DNA replication - The process by which a copy of DNA is made in a cell before the cell divides DNA sequencing - laboratory process used to learn the precise order (sequence) of the four building blocks, or bases, that make up DNA. Information is stored in DNA in a code created by arranging the four bases (denoted by the letters A, C, G, and T) in different orders. DOI - A technique that uses light waves to create two-dimensional (2-D) or three-dimensional (3-D) images of tissues in the body. DOI can be used to study blood flow to tissues and measure changes in the amount of oxygen in them. DOT - A technique that uses light waves to create three-dimensional (3-D) images of tissues inside the body. The images are created by a computer connected to the light source. DPA - A kind of power of attorney. A Power of Attorney is a legal document that gives one person (such as a relative, attorney, or friend) authority to make legal, medical, or financial decisions for another person. DPPE - Belongs to a group of anti-hormone drugs DR4 - A protein on the surface of certain cells that binds another protein called TRAIL, which can kill some cancer cells. Increasing the amount or activity of DR4 on cancer cells can kill more cells. DR5 - A protein on the surface of certain cells that binds another protein called TRAIL, which can kill some cancer cells. Increasing the amount or activity of DR5 on cancer cells can kill more cells. DRE - An exam in which a doctor inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the rectum to feel for abnormalities. Also called digital rectal exam DRI - A set of guidelines developed by American and Canadian scientists to provide information on the role of nutrients in human health. These guidelines include the Reference Daily Intakes (RDI), which are the recommended amounts of nutrients that should be consumed each day to meet the needs of mo DSMB - Data and Security Monitoring Board. An impartial group that oversees a clinical trial and reviews the results to determine if they are acceptable. DT2219ARL Immunotoxin - A substance being studied to treat some types of B-cell cancer. It contains an antibody linked to a toxic substance. DT388IL3 fusion protein - substance being studied for the treatment of myeloid leukemia (a disease in which too many immature non-lymphocyte white blood cells are found in the blood and bone marrow). The DT388IL3 fusion protein is made by combining IL-3 with a toxic substance. DTGM fusion protein - An anticancer drug formed from the combination of diphtheria toxin and a colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Colony stimulating factor is attracted to cancer cells and diphtheria toxin kills the cells DTH - An inflammatory response that develops 24 to 72 hours after exposure to an antigen that the immune system recognizes as foreign. This type of immune response mainly affects T cells and not antibodies (which are made by B cells). DU 145 - A cell line made from human prostate cancer cells, used in the laboratory to study how prostate cancer cells grow DVT - The formation of a blood clot in a deep vein of the leg or lower pelvis. Symptoms can include pain, swelling, warmth, and redness in the affected area. DX-52-1 - A cancer drug that is a type of antitumor antibiotic. It's an anthracycline DX-8951f - A cancer drug that is a type of topoisomerase inhibitor. Also called exatecan mesylate DXA - A method that measures the amount of calcium and other minerals in a bone by passing X-rays through the bone at two different energy levels. A DXA shows the strength and thickness of a bone and is usually done on the lower spine, hip, forearm, wrist, fingers and heel. Dabrafenib mesylate - (pronounced) (duh-BRA-feh-nib MEH-zih-layt) A drug used alone or with trametinib to treat certain types of anaplastic thyroid cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, melanoma, and other solid tumors that have a specific mutation (change) in the skinBRAFGen. It is also being studied Dacliximab - (pronounced) (duh-KLIK-sih-mab) A drug used to stop the body from rejecting kidney transplants. It is also being studied in the treatment of some cancers and other conditions. Daclizumab - (pronounced) (duh-KLIH-zoo-mab) drug used to stop the body from rejecting kidney transplants. It is also being studied in the treatment of some cancers and other conditions. Dacogen - (pronounced) (DA-koh-jen) A drug used to treat adults with myelodysplastic syndromes, including chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Dacomitinib - (pronounced) (DA-koh-MIH-tih feather) drug used to treat non-small cell lung cancer that has spread, has not yet been treated and has certain mutations (changes). EGFRGen. Dactinomycin - (pronounced) (DAK-tih-noh-MY-sin) A drug derived from the bacteriumStreptomyces parvulusand is used alone or with other medicines to treat adults and children with Ewing's sarcoma, gestational trophoblastic tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, Wilms' tumor, or certain types of testicular cancer a Daidzein - (pronounced) (DAYD zine) An isoflavone found in soy products. Soy isoflavones are being studied to prevent cancer Dalteparin Sodium - (pronounced) (dul-TEH-puh-rin SOH-dee-um) A drug used to prevent blood clots from forming or to treat blood clots that have formed in patients with cancer or other diseases. Dalteparin sodium is a type of anticoagulant. Dam - (pronounced) (PAYR-ih-NEE-um) The area of the body between the anus and vulva in women and between the anus and scrotum in men Danazol - (pronounced) (DA-nuh-zole) synthetic hormone that is a type of androgen used to treat endometriosis. It is being studied to treat endometrial cancer Danyelza - (pronounced) (dan-YEL-zah) A drug used with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to treat children from 1 year of age and adults with certain types of high-risk neuroblastoma in the bone or bone marrow that have come back or have come back with others no better were t Dapsone - (pronounced) (DAP-sone) drug used to treat acne. It is also used to treat other types of skin diseases and certain bacterial infections such as leprosy. Daptomycin - (pronounced) (dap-toh-MY-sin) A drug used to treat certain bacterial skin and bloodstream infections in adults. Daptomycin is also being studied to treat fever and neutropenia (an abnormal decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell) in cancer patients. Daratumumab - (pronounced) (DAYR-uh-TOOM-yoo-mab) medicine used alone or with other medicines to treat adults with multiple myeloma. It is used in patients whose cancer has been newly diagnosed and who may or may not be treated with autologous stem cell transplantation. Daratumumab and hyaluronidase - (pronounced) (DAYR-uh-TOOM-yoo-mab. Darolutamide - (pronounced) (DAR-oh-LOO-tuh-mide) drug used alone or with docetaxel to treat adults with certain types of prostate cancer. Darolutamide is used in patients whose cancer has spread to other parts of the body and is responding to treatment that lowers testosterone levels, or whose canc Darzalex - (pronounced) (DAR-number-lex) medicine used alone or with other medicines to treat adults with multiple myeloma. It is used in patients whose cancer has been newly diagnosed and who may or may not be treated with autologous stem cell transplantation. Darzalex Faspro - (pronounced) (DAR-zah-lex FAS-proh) combination of daratumumab and hyaluronidase used alone or with other medicines to treat adults with certain types of multiple myeloma or light chain amyloidosis. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Dasatinib - (pronounced) (da-SA-tih feather) medicine used alone or with other medicines to treat adults and children from 1 year of age with certain types of chronic myeloid leukemia or acute lymphoblastic leukemia that are Philadelphia chromosome positive. It is also being studied in the treatment Daunomycin hydrochloride - (pronounced) (DAW-noh-MY-sin HY-droh-KLOR-ide) A drug derived from the bacteriumStreptomyces coeruleorubidusand is used with other medicines as remission induction therapy to treat adults with acute myeloid leukemia and adults and children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia Daunorubicin hydrochloride - (pronounced) (DAW-noh-ROO-bih-sin HY-droh-KLOR-ide) A drug derived from the bacteriumStreptomyces coeruleorubidusand is used with other medicines as remission induction therapy to treat adults with acute myeloid leukemia and adults and children with acute lymphoblastic l Daunorubicin hydrochloride and cytarabine liposome - (pronounced) (DAW-noh-ROO-bih-sin HY-droh-KLOR-ide …sy-TAYR-uh-been LY-poh-some) form of the cancer drugs daunorubicin hydrochloride and cytarabine contained in very small, fat-like particles, used to treat adults with certain types of newly diagn Daurismo - (pronounced) (DOOR-is-moh) drug used with low-dose cytarabine to treat newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia. It is used in patients aged 75 years and older, or in patients who cannot be treated with other anticancer medicines. De Qi Sensation - (pronounced) (duh chee sen-SAY-shun) Tingling, numbness, heaviness, and other feelings that occur after an acupuncture needle is properly placed in the body. The needle can be twisted, moved up and down at different speeds and depths, heated or charged with a small electric current De novo variant - (pronounced) (deh NOH-voh VAYR-ee-unt) term used to describe a change in a gene's DNA sequence that is first seen in a person and has not occurred in previous generations. A de novo variant can explain how a person can have a genetic condition that did not occur in their parents. Death Cap - (pronounced) (deth kap) A type of poisonous mushroom that has harmful effects on the kidneys and liver. It is responsible for most fatal cases of mushroom poisoning. Deathrattle - A gurgling sound coming from a dying person's throat. It is caused by the buildup of saliva and mucus in the throat and upper airways when the person is too weak to cough Debulking - (pronounced) (Dee-BUL-King) Surgical removal of as large a tumor as possible. Debulking can increase the chance that chemotherapy or radiation therapy will kill all of the tumor cells. Decitabine and Cedazuridine - (pronounced) (deh-SY-tuh-been. Declomycin - (pronounced) (DEH-kloh-MY-sin) substance being studied to measure bone growth in patients taking bisphosphonates (a type of medicine used to treat bone pain caused by some types of cancer) for breast cancer. It binds to newly formed bone. Decoration - (pronounced) (deh-KOR-tih-KAY-shy) Removal of part or all of the outer surface of an organ Decubitus - (pronounced) (PREH-sher UL-ser) Damage to an area of skin caused by constant pressure on the area over a long period of time. This pressure can reduce blood flow to the affected area, which can lead to tissue damage and death. Deductible - (pronounced) (dee-DUK-tih-bul) The amount of money a health-insured patient pays for health care services before health insurance begins paying. Healthcare services can include doctor visits, laboratory tests, prescription medications, and hospital stays. Deduction - (pronounced) (TRIH-ger) In medicine, a specific event that initiates a process or produces a specific result. For example, chemotherapy, painful treatments, or the smells, sounds, and sights that accompany them can induce anxiety and fear in a patient with cancer. Defbrotide Sodium - (pronounced) (dee-FY-broh-tide SOH-dee-um) drug used to treat hepatic veno-occlusive disease (a condition in which small veins in the liver become blocked) in adults and children who also have kidney or lung problems after a stem cell transplant. Defibrotide sodium can affect the Defect - (pronounced) (deh-FIH-avoid-see) In medicine, a deficiency in a substance (such as a vitamin or mineral) that the body needs Deferasirox - (pronounced) (deh-FER-a-ser-ox) A drug used to treat excess iron in the blood caused by blood transfusions. It is being studied for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes (a group of diseases in which the bone marrow does not produce enough healthy blood cells) and other conditions Defitelio - (pronounced) (DEH-fih-TEH-lee-oh) A drug used to treat hepatic veno-occlusive disease (a condition in which small veins in the liver become blocked) in adults and children who also have kidney or lung problems after a stem cell transplant. Defitelio can affect the cells that line the ins Dehydroepiandrosterone - (pronounced) (dee-HY-droh-EH-pee-an-DROS-teh-rone) A substance being studied to prevent cancer. It's a type of steroid. Delete cell - (pronounced) (small sel) A type of cell whose interior appears transparent under a microscope Demerol - (pronounced) (DEH-meh-ROL) A drug used to treat moderate to severe pain. It binds to opioid receptors in the central nervous system. Denileukin Diftitox - (pronounced) (DEH-nih-LOO-kin DIF-tih-tox) drug used to treat adults with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma that has come back (recurred) or has not improved with other treatments. It is used in patients whose cancer has a receptor for the protein interleukin-2 (IL-2). Denys-Drash Syndrome - (pronounced) (deh-NEES-drash SIN-drome) rare condition that causes kidney failure before the age of 3, abnormal development of the sex organs and, in most cases, Wilms' tumor (a type of kidney cancer). Children with Denys-Drash syndrome are also at high risk for some other can Deoxycytidine - (pronounced) (dee-OK-see-SY-tih-deen) A drug that protects healthy tissues from the toxic effects of anticancer drugs Depakene - (pronounced) (DEH-puh-KEEN) drug used to treat epileptic seizures and bipolar disorder, and to prevent migraine headaches. It is also being studied in the treatment of various types of cancer. Department of Health and Human Services - (pronounced) (deh-PART-ment … helth … HYOO-mun SER-vih-ses) The US federal agency responsible for protecting public health and providing essential services, particularly to people in need. The Department of Health and Human Services works with state and loca Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Pharmacy means any place under VA jurisdiction where drugs are dispensed and Pharmaceutical Care is provided to enrolled Veterans, by licensed pharmacists. The Pharmacy is reviewed by JCAHO, utilizes the VA hospital's DEA number, and has a designated NCPDP number. Depressions - (pronounced) (dee-PREH-avoid) mental condition characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, despair, loss of energy, and difficulty coping with normal daily living. Other symptoms of depression include feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness, loss of pleasure in activities, chan Dermabrasion - (pronounced) (THE-muh-BRAY-zhun) type of surgery used to smooth the skin and improve the appearance of deep scars, pits, and wrinkles. After numbing the skin, a doctor removes the top layer of skin with sandpaper or a brush or burr (small file) rotating at high speed Dermatitis - (pronounced) (THE-muh-TY-tis) inflammation of the skin Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans - (pronounced) (THE-moo-toh-FY-broh-sar-KOH-moo-proh-TOO-beh-ranz) A type of tumor that starts as a hard lump and grows slowly. These tumors are usually found in the dermis (the inner layer of the two main layers of tissue that make up the skin) of the body's limbs or Dermatologist - (pronounced) (the-moo-TAH-loh-jist) doctor who has special training to diagnose and treat skin problems Dermatomyositis - (pronounced) (THE-muh-toh-MY-oh-SY-tis) disease that causes inflammation of the skin and muscles. Signs and symptoms include a red or bluish-purple blotchy rash on the face, eyelids, ankles, elbows, knees, toes, chest, or back. Designation - (pronounced) (deh-NAH-mih-NAY-shy) In religion, describes a group whose members are organized under a common name, common rules, and share common beliefs and practices Desire - (pronounced) (KRAY-ving) A strong, urgent, or abnormal craving for a specific substance or activity. There are different types of food cravings, such as food cravings or cravings for addictive substances, including alcohol, drugs, or nicotine. Deslorelin - (pronounced) (DES-loh-REH-lin) A substance being studied to treat cancer by blocking sex hormones made by the ovaries or testicles. It is a type of gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue Desmoid tumor - (pronounced) (DEZ-moyd TOO-mer) type of soft-tissue tumor that forms in fibrous (connective) tissue, usually in the arms, legs, or abdomen. It can also appear in the head and neck area. Desmoid-type fibromatosis - (pronounced) (DEZ-moyd. Desmoplasty - (pronounced) (DES-moh-PLAS-tik) Causing or forming adhesions or fibrous connective tissue within a tumor Development Stage - (pronounced) (dee-VEH-lup-MEN-tul stayj) The physical, mental, and emotional stages a child goes through as they grow and mature Device - (pronounced) (dee-VISE) An object that has a specific use. In medicine, wheelchairs, pumps, and artificial limbs are examples of devices Dexamethasone - (pronounced) (DEK-suh-MEH-thuh-sone) drug used to reduce inflammation and decrease the body's immune response. It is used with other medicines to treat leukaemia, lymphoma, mycosis fungoides (a type of skin lymphoma) and multiple myeloma. Dexmethylphenidate - (pronounced) (dex-MEH-thul-FEH-nih-dayt) A substance being studied to treat fatigue and nervous system side effects caused by chemotherapy. It is a type of central nervous system stimulant Dextromethorphanacetic acid - (pronounced) (DEK-straw-meh-THOR-fan uh-SEE-tik A-sid) A cancer drug that is a type of angiogenesis inhibitor Diabetes insipidus - (pronounced) (dy-uh-BEE-teez in-SIH-pih-dus) condition in which a person is very thirsty and produces large amounts of urine. The most common types of diabetes insipidus are central diabetes insipidus (a disease of the pituitary gland) and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (kidney Diabetes mellitus - (pronounced) (dy-uh-BEE-teez MEH-lih-tus) A disease in which the body does not control the amount of glucose (a type of sugar) in the blood and the kidneys produce large amounts of urine. This disease occurs when the body doesn't produce enough insulin or doesn't use it the way i Diacetylmorphine hydrochloride - (pronounced) (dy-A-seh-til-MOR-feen HY-droh-KLOR-ide) substance made from morphine. Diacetylmorphine hydrochloride is highly addictive and illegal to use or sell in the United States. Diagnoses, treats, and cares for patients, using system of practice that bases treatment of physiological functions and abnormal conditions on natural laws governing human body: Utilizes physiological, psychological, and mechanical methods, such as air, water, light, heat, earth, phototherapy, food Diagnosis - (pronounced) (DY-ug-NOH-sis) The process of identifying a disease, condition, or injury from its signs and symptoms. A medical history, physical exam, and tests such as blood tests, imaging tests, and biopsies can be used to make a diagnosis Diagnostic technology - (pronounced) (DY-ug-NAH-stik tek-NEEK) A type of method or test used to diagnose a disease or condition. Imaging tests and tests to measure blood pressure, pulse and temperature are examples of diagnostic procedures Diagnostic test - (pronounced) (DY-ug-NAH-stik. Diaphragmatic breathing - (DY-uh-early-MA-tik BREE thing) relaxation technique in which a person focuses on taking slow, deep breaths. Diaphragmatic breathing involves slowly inhaling through the nose and then exhaling through the mouth, using the diaphragm (the thin muscle that separates the chest Diarrhea - (pronounced) (dy-uh-REE-uh) Frequent and watery bowel movements Diaziquon - (pronounced) (dy-A-zih-kwone) A cancer drug capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier and killing cancer cells in the central nervous system. Also called AZQ Diclofenac - (pronounced) (dy-KLOH-feh-nak) The active ingredient in a drug used to treat the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and being studied to prevent and treat some types of skin cancer. It blocks substances that cause inflammation and pain. Diclofenac Sodium - (pronounced) (dy-KLOH-feh-nak SOH-dee-um) drug used to treat the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and is being studied to prevent and treat some types of skin cancer. It blocks substances that cause inflammation and pain. Diclofenac Sodium Gel - (pronounced) (dy-KLOH-feh-nak SOH-dee-um jel) The gel form of a drug used to treat the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and being studied to prevent and treat some types of skin cancer. It blocks substances that cause inflammation and pain. Didanosine - (pronounced) (dy-DA-noh-seen) A drug used to treat infections caused by viruses Diet - (pronounced) (DY et) The things a person eats and drinks Diethylstilbestrol - (pronounced) (dy-EH-thul-style-BES-trol) synthetic form of the hormone estrogen prescribed to pregnant women between about 1940 and 1971 because it was believed to prevent miscarriage. Diethylstilbestrol may increase the risk of uterine, ovarian, or breast cancer in women who ha Differentiating agent - (pronounced) (DIH-feh-REN-shee-AY-ting AY-jent) A substance that causes a cell to transition from an immature form to a mature form. In cancer, a differentiation agent can help cancer cells become more like normal cells and grow and spread more slowly. Differentiation - (pronounced) (DIH-feh-REN-shee-AY-shun) In biology, describes the processes by which immature cells become mature cells with specific functions. In cancer, this describes how much or how little tumor tissue looks like the normal tissue it came from. Differentiation Syndrome - (pronounced) (DIH-feh-REN-shee-AY-shun SIN-drome) serious side effect that can occur in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia or other types of acute myeloid leukemia who have been treated with certain types of anticancer medicines. Differentiation syndrome usually oc Diffuse hyperplastic perilobar nephroblastomatosis - (pronounced) (dih-FYOOS HY-per-PLAS-tik payr-ee-LOH-bar NEH-froh-blas-TOH-muh-TOH-sis) A childhood disease in which abnormal tissue grows on the outer part of one or both kidneys. Diffuse hyperplastic perilobar nephroblastomatosis usually progress Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma - (pronounced) (dih-FYOOS in-TRIN-sik PON-teen joy-oh-moo) A rare, fast-growing tumor that forms in glial cells in a part of the brain stem called the pons. Diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas tend to spread to nearby tissues and other parts of the brainstem, are diffi Difluoromethylornithine - (pronounced) (dy-FLOOR-oh-MEH-thul-OR-nih-theen) A substance being studied to treat cancer. Also called DFMO Digital photography - (pronounced) (DIH-jih-tul fuh-TAH-gruh fee) A type of photography that allows images to be viewed on a computer screen Digitalis - (pronounced) (DIH-jih-TA-lis) substance used in the manufacture of drugs used to treat various heart conditions, including congestive heart failure. Digitalis is made from the dried leaves ofDigitalis purpurea(common foxglove) plants. Dihematoporphyrin ether - (pronounced) (dy-HEE-muh-toh-POR-fih-rin EE-ther) Used in photodynamic therapy, a drug absorbed by tumor cells; When exposed to light, it becomes active and kills the cancer cells Dihydrotestosterone - (pronounced) (dy-HY-threatening-tes-TOS-teh-rone) hormone made from testosterone in the prostate, testicles, and certain other tissues. It is needed to develop and maintain male sex characteristics such as facial hair, deep voice and muscle growth. Diindolylmethane - (pronounced) (dy-IN-doh-lil-MEH-thayn) A substance being studied to treat prostate cancer and prevent cervical cancer. Diindolylmethane is found in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, cabbage, and kale. Dilantine - (pronounced) (dy-LAN-tin) drug used to treat or prevent seizures or convulsions that can be caused by epilepsy, brain surgery, or treatment for brain tumors. It's a type of anticonvulsant. Dilatation and curettage - (pronounced) (DIH-luh-TAY-shun … kyoo-reh-TAZH) A procedure to scrape and remove tissue from the inner lining of the uterus. The cervix is dilated (enlarged) and a curette (a spoon-shaped instrument) is inserted into the uterus to remove tissue. Dilaudid - (pronounced) (dy-LAW-tat) drug used to treat moderate to severe pain. It can also be used to treat certain types of coughs. Dimensions - (pronounced) (mas) In medicine, a knot in the body. It can be caused by abnormal cell growth, a cyst, hormonal changes, or an immune response. Dimericine - (pronounced) (dy-MAYR-ih-seen) lotion being studied to treat skin cancer and a skin condition called xeroderma pigmentosum. It has an enzyme contained in very small, fat-like particles. Dinutuximab - (pronounced) (din-yoo-TUK-sih-mab) drug used with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), aldesleukin (IL-2), and 13-cis-retinoic acid to treat children with high-risk neuroblastoma. It is used in patients whose disease has improved with other cancer treatments. Diphenhydramine - (pronounced) (dy-fen-HY-druh-meen) A drug used to treat allergies and relieve cough and itching caused by insect bites, sunburn, and poison oak or ivy. It is also used to treat mild Parkinson's disease, prevent and treat motion sickness, relieve cough and cold symptoms, and as a sl Diphosphonate - (pronounced) (dy-FOS-foh-nayt) drug or substance used to treat hypercalcaemia (abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood) and bone pain caused by some types of cancer. Forms of diphosphonates are also used to treat osteoporosis and for bone imaging. Dipyridamole - (pronounced) (DY-pih-RIH-duh-mole) A drug that prevents blood cells from clumping together and increases the effectiveness of fluorouracil and other chemotherapy drugs Disability insurance - (pronounced) (dih-suh-BIH-lih-tee in-SHOOR-ents) An insurance plan that pays a portion of a person's income when they are disabled and unable to work due to illness or injury. The two main types of disability insurance are short-term disability (STD) and long-term disability ( Discharge - (pronounced) (DIS-charj) In medicine, a liquid that exits the body. The discharge can be normal or a sign of illness. Disease progression - (pronounced) (dih-ZEEZ pruh-GREH-avoid) Cancer that keeps growing or spreading Disorientation - (pronounced) (dis-OR-ee-en-TAY-avoid) A mental state characterized by confusion about time, place, or who one is Disturbance - (pronounced) (Avoid PER-ter-BAY) A disorder or disruption Disulfiram - (pronounced) (dy-SUL-fih-ram) A drug that slows down the metabolism of retinoids, allowing them to work for a longer period of time Diuresis - (pronounced) (DY-yoo-REE-sis) An increase in the amount of urine produced by the kidney and excreted from the body Diversion - (pronounced) (dis-TRAK-avoid) In medicine, a pain relief method that takes the patient's attention away from the pain Diversion of cerebrospinal fluid - (pronounced) (seh-REE-broh-SPY-nul FLOO-id dih-VER-zhun) A process used to drain fluid that has collected around the brain and spinal cord. A shunt (a long, thin tube) is placed in a ventricle of the brain and passed under the skin to another part of the body, usua Diversity - (pronounced) (dih-VER-sih-tee) Having people with different physical, social, and personal characteristics or traits in a group or organization. These characteristics may include race, ethnicity, age, gender, sexual identity, religion, physical and mental ability, language, income, and e Diverticulitis - (pronounced) (DY-ver-TIH-kyoo-LY-tis) Inflammation of one or more pockets or sacs emerging from the wall of a hollow organ, such as a B. the large intestine, protrude. Diverticulosis - (pronounced) (DY-ver-TIH-kyoo-LOH-sis) A condition characterized by small sacs or pockets in the walls of a hollow organ such as the colon. These sacs can become inflamed and cause a condition called diverticulitis Docetaxel - (pronounced) (DOH-seh-TAK-sil) A drug used alone or with other drugs to treat certain types of breast cancer, stomach cancer, gastroesophageal junction cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, prostate cancer, and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. It is also being studied in the t Doctor's assistant - (pronounced) (fih-ZIH-shun uh-SIS-tunt) medical professional licensed to perform certain medical procedures under the direction of a physician. A physician assistant can take medical histories, perform physical exams, collect blood and urine samples, tend wounds, and administer Doctors of optometry (ODs) are the primary health care professionals for the eye. Optometrists examine, diagnose, treat, and manage diseases, injuries, and disorders of the visual system, the eye, and associated structures as well as identify related systemic conditions affecting the eye. An optom Dolasetron mesylate - (pronounced) (doh-LAH-seh-tron MEH-zih-layt) drug used to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy. Dolasetron mesylate blocks the effects of the chemical serotonin, which attaches to certain nerves and can trigger nausea and vomiting. Dolastatin 10 - (pronounced) (DOH-luh-STA-tin. Dong Quai - (pronounced) (Dong Kwye) A herb native to China. A substance extracted from the root is used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat menstrual and menopausal symptoms. Donor - (pronounced) (DOH-ner) In medicine, a person who donates blood, cells, tissue, or an organ for use in another person, such as in a blood transfusion or organ transplant Donor Lymphocyte Infusion - (pronounced) (DOH-ner LIM-foh site in FYOO-zhun) form of therapy in which lymphocytes from a donor's blood are given to a patient who has already received a stem cell transplant from the same donor. The donor lymphocytes can kill remaining cancer cells. Dornase alfa inhalation solution - (pronounced) (DOR-no AL-fuh in-huh-LAY-shun suh-LOO-shun) A drug given as an aerosol mist to reduce the thickness of mucus in the lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis. It is also being studied as a treatment to reduce the thickness of saliva in patients being tre Dosimetrist - (pronounced) (doh-SIH-meh-dreary) A person who determines the correct dose of radiation for treatment Dosimetry - (pronounced) (doh-SIH-meh tree) Measurement of radiation exposure from X-rays, gamma rays, or other types of radiation used in the treatment or detection of diseases, including cancer Double balloon endoscopy - (pronounced) (DUH-bul boo-LOON en-DOS-koh-pee) procedure used to look inside the small intestine. A special instrument consisting of two tubes inserted into each other is inserted into the small intestine through the mouth or rectum. Double contrast barium enema - (pronounced) (DUH-bul-KON-trast BAYR-ee-um EH-neh-muh) A procedure in which X-rays of the colon and rectum are taken after a liquid containing barium is placed in the rectum. Barium is a silver-white metal compound that outlines the colon and rectum on an X-ray, making Doulas work in a variety of settings and have been trained to provide physical, emotional, and informational support to a mother before, during, and just after birth and/or provide emotional and practical support to a mother during the postpartum period. Down syndrom - genetic disorder caused by an extra chromosome 21 in some or all of the body's cells. Down syndrome is characterized by mild to severe growth, development, and learning delays. Doxazosin mesylate - (pronounced) (dok-SAY-zoh-sin MEH-zih-layt) A drug used to treat high blood pressure and urinary problems caused by an enlarged prostate. It relaxes the muscle tissue in the blood vessels and in the prostate. Doxercalciferol - (pronounced) (DOK-ser-kal-SIH-feh-rol) A substance being studied to prevent prostate cancer from recurring. It's a type of vitamin D analog Doxil - (pronounced) (DOK-sil) form of the cancer drug doxorubicin, contained in very small, fat-like particles, used alone or with other drugs to treat certain types of ovarian cancer, AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma, and multiple myeloma. Doxil may have fewer side effects and work better than other Doxorubicin hydrochloride - (pronounced) (DOK-soh-ROO-bih-sin HY-droh-KLOR-ide) A drug derived from the bacteriumStreptomyces peucetiusand is used alone or with other medicines to treat many cancers, including leukemia, lymphoma, neuroblastoma, sarcoma, Wilms' tumor, and certain cancers of the lung, Doxycycline hyclate - (pronounced) (DOK-suh-SY-kleen HY-klayt) A drug used to treat many types of bacterial infections. It stops bacteria from growing by preventing them from making proteins. Drama therapists are trained in the intentional use of drama and theatre processes to achieve therapeutic goals. Drama therapists provide psychotherapy for individuals living with mental health and behavioral concerns that may result in psychological suffering, impaired relationships, or distress in Driver mutation - (pronounced) (DRI-ver myoo-TAY-avoid) A term used to describe changes in the DNA sequence of genes that cause cells to become cancerous and grow and spread throughout the body. Examining tumor tissue for driver mutations can help plan treatment to stop cancer cells from growing, in Droperidol - (pronounced) (droh-PAYR-ih-dol) drug used to prevent nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing anesthesia before surgery. It is also used to treat anxiety. Droxia - (pronounced) (DROK-see-uh) A drug that contains the active ingredient hydroxyurea and is used to treat certain patients with sickle cell disease. It is also being studied in the treatment of other conditions and some types of cancer. Drug Resistance - When cancer cells or microorganisms such as bacteria or viruses do not respond to a drug that can normally kill or weaken them. Drug resistance may be present before treatment, or may occur during or after treatment with the drug. Drug Therapy - Treatment with substances other than food used to prevent, diagnose, treat or alleviate symptoms of a disease or abnormal condition Drug Tolerance - A condition that occurs when the body has become accustomed to a drug such that either more or a different drug is needed Ductal carcinoma in situ - (pronounced) (DUK-tul KAR-sih-NOH-moo in SY-too) condition in which abnormal cells are found in the lining of a breast duct. The abnormal cells have not spread outside the milk duct to other tissues in the breast. Dukes Classification - (pronounced) (dooks KLA-sih-fih-KAY-shun) A staging system to describe the extent of colorectal cancer. Stages range from A (early stage) to D (advanced stage) Duloxetine hydrochloride - (pronounced) (duh-LOK-suh-teen HY-droh-KLOR-ide) A drug used to treat depression and peripheral neuropathy (pain, numbness, tingling, burning, or weakness in the hands or feet) that can occur with diabetes. It's also being studied to treat peripheral neuropathy caused by c Dumping Syndrome - (pronounced) (DUM ping SIN drome) condition that occurs when food or liquid enters the small intestine too quickly. Symptoms include cramps, nausea, diarrhea, sweating, weakness and dizziness. Duodenal inflammation - (pronounced) (DOO-ah-deh-NY-tis) Inflammation of the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine that connects to the stomach) Duodenum - (pronounced) (DOO-ah-DEE-num) The first part of the small intestine. It connects to the stomach. Dutasteride - (pronounced) (doo-TAS-the-ride) drug used to treat symptoms of an enlarged prostate. It is being studied for the treatment of hair loss in men and prostate cancer. Dysautonomia - (pronounced) (dis-aw-toh-NOH-mee-uh) condition affecting the part of the nervous system called the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The ANS controls many important automatic bodily processes such as blood pressure, heart rate, respiration, body temperature, digestion, sweating, urinati Dyscrasia - (pronounced) (dis-KRAY-zhuh) Illness. Usually refers to diseases of the blood Dysgerminoma - (pronounced) (DIS-jer-mih-NOH-moo) type of cancer that starts in the germ cells in women. Gametes are cells that make sperm in men or eggs in women. Dysgeusia - (pronounced) (dis-GOO-zee-uh) A bad taste in the mouth. Also called parageusia Dysphonia - (pronounced) (dis-FOH-nee-uh) Problems with your voice when trying to speak, including hoarseness and changes in pitch or quality or voice E-cigarette (. E7070 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the sulfonamide family E7389 - A medicine used to treat certain types of breast cancer and liposarcoma (a type of soft tissue sarcoma) that have already been treated with other anticancer medicines. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. EBM - A systematic medical approach in which physicians and other healthcare professionals use the best available scientific evidence from clinical research to make decisions about the treatment of individual patients. A physician's clinical experience and the patient's values and preferences are al EBS-DM - A rare, inherited disorder in which there are many clusters of blisters all over the body, particularly on the face, hands, feet, arms, legs and trunk. Blisters can also form in the inner lining of the mouth and other parts of the gastrointestinal tract and upper respiratory tract. EBV - A common virus that remains dormant in most people. EBV causes infectious mononucleosis and has been linked to certain types of cancer, including Burkitt's lymphoma, immunoblastic lymphoma, nasopharyngeal cancer and gastric cancer. ECD - A very rare condition in which too many histiocytes (a type of white blood cell) accumulate in certain tissues and organs, causing damage. ECD most commonly affects the long bones of the arms and legs, but can also affect the skin, lungs, heart, kidneys, brain, tissues behind the eyes, and the ECG - A line graph showing changes in the heart's electrical activity over time. It is made by an instrument called an electrocardiograph. ECM - A large network of proteins and other molecules that surround, support and structure cells and tissues in the body. The ECM helps cells attach to and communicate with neighboring cells and plays an important role in cell growth, cell movement, and other cell functions. ECT - A treatment for major depression and certain mental disorders. A brief seizure is triggered by electrical stimulation of the brain through electrodes placed on the scalp. EDTA - A chemical that binds to certain metal ions such as calcium, magnesium, lead and iron. It is used in medicine to prevent blood samples from clotting and to remove calcium and lead from the body. EEG - A recording of electrical activity in the brain. It's made by placing electrodes on the scalp (the skin that covers the top of the head) and sending pulses to a special machine. EEG biofeedback (…BY-oh-FEED-bak) A treatment being studied to improve brain function in certain brain disorders and in patients being treated with chemotherapy for breast cancer to enhance. Sensors are attached to a person's head, allowing brain activity to be displayed as a pattern on a computer s EF5 - A drug used to plan cancer treatment by measuring oxygen levels in tumor cells EFS - In cancer, the length of time after the end of initial treatment for a cancer that the patient remains free of specified complications or events that should prevent or delay treatment. These events may include the cancer coming back or the appearance of certain symptoms, such as B. EFTs - A group of cancers that includes Ewing's bone tumors (ETB or Ewing's sarcoma of bone), extraosseous Ewing's tumors (EOE), primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET or peripheral neuroepithelioma), and Askin's tumors (PNET of the chest ) include wall). These tumors all come from the same type of EGCG - A substance found in green tea. It is being studied to prevent cancer and some other diseases. EGF - A protein made by many cells in the body and by some types of tumors. It causes cells to grow and differentiate (become more specialized). EGFR - A protein found on certain cell types that binds to a substance called epidermal growth factor. The EGFR protein is involved in cell signaling pathways that control cell division and survival. EGFR gene (. EGFR inhibitor (. EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (. EGb761 - A substance being studied for the prevention of cognitive dysfunction (decreased ability to think, judge, concentrate or remember) in patients receiving chemotherapy. It comes from ginkgo biloba leaves EHR - An electronic (digital) collection of medical information about an individual, stored on a computer. An EHR contains information about a patient's medical history, such as diagnoses, medications, tests, allergies, vaccinations, and treatment plans. EIS An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat non-Hodgkin's and Hodgkin's lymphoma that has come back and is unresponsive to other treatments. It includes the drugs ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide phosphate. EKB-569 - A substance being studied for the treatment of some types of cancer. It blocks the action of certain proteins that are part of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family of proteins. ELF-EMF - A type of very low-energy radiation that travels in long waves. Although there have been health concerns, it is not known to cause any adverse health effects, including cancer. ELISA (ee-LY-suh) A laboratory technique that uses antibodies linked to enzymes to measure the amount of a substance in a solution, such as B. serum to detect and measure. EM-1421 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It blocks proteins needed for cancer growth. EMC - A rare, slow-growing cancer that forms in soft tissues outside of the bone and usually has certain changes in the NR4A3 gene that cause abnormal fusion proteins to form. EMCs usually occur in the thigh but can also occur in the knee, buttocks, or chest and abdomen. EMD 121974 - A substance being studied as an anticancer and antiangiogenesis drug. Also called cilengitide EMF - A range of electric and magnetic forces caused by electromagnetic radiation. Researchers are studying whether the EMFs from power lines, electrical appliances, and wireless and cell phones can cause cancer or other adverse health effects. EMR - Radiation that has both electric and magnetic fields and propagates in waves. It comes from natural and artificial sources. ENT doctor (… DOK-ter) A doctor who has special training in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ear, nose and throat area. Also called an ENT doctor EOB - A summary of the cost of medical treatment or other healthcare service that an insurance company may send to a patient after the patient has received the service. An EOB usually includes the date the patient received the service, how much the service cost, how much the health insurance paid, a EP-2101 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It belongs to a family of medicines called cancer vaccines EPO906 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the epothilone family of medicines. EPOCH An acronym for a combination chemotherapy regimen used to treat aggressive forms of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, including mantle cell lymphoma. It includes the drugs etoposide phosphate, prednisone, vincristine sulfate (Oncovin), cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin hydrochloride (hydroxydaunorubicin EPOCH schema (. EPOCH-R An acronym for a combination chemotherapy regimen used to treat certain types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It includes the drugs rituximab, etoposide phosphate, prednisone, vincristine sulfate (Oncovin), cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin hydrochloride (hydroxydaunorubicin). EPOCH-R schema (. EPT - Treatment that generates electrical impulses through an electrode placed in a tumor to improve the ability of cancer drugs to penetrate tumor cells. Also called electroporation therapy ER - A protein found in the cells of female reproductive tissue, some other types of tissue and some cancer cells. The hormone estrogen binds to the receptors in the cells and can cause the cells to grow. ER negative (. ER positive (. ER-negative PR-negative HER2/neu-negative breast cancer (. ERA-923 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It belongs to a family of medicines called antiestrogens ERBB1 gene (. ERCC2 gene (. ERCC3 gene (. ERCC4 gene (. ERCC5 gene (. ERCP - A procedure in which an endoscope is used to examine and X-ray the pancreatic duct, liver duct, common bile duct, duodenal papilla, and gallbladder. An endoscope is a thin, tubular instrument with a light and lens for viewing. ERMS - A soft tissue tumor that is most common in infants and young children. It starts in the muscles, usually in the head, neck, or genitourinary tract. ERT - Treatment with the hormone estrogen to increase the amount of estrogen in the body. It is given to women who have been through the menopause or who have had a premature menopause because of cancer treatment or surgery to remove the ovaries. ERUS - A procedure in which a probe that emits high-energy sound waves is inserted into the rectum. The sound waves are reflected from internal tissues or organs and create echoes. ESA - A substance that stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells. ESAs are used to treat anemia caused by chronic kidney failure, some cancer drugs, and certain treatments for HIV. ESR - The distance red blood cells in a blood sample travel in one hour when they settle to the bottom of a test tube. In the case of inflammations, infections, cancer, rheumatic diseases and diseases of the blood and bone marrow, the blood sedimentation rate is increased. ESS - A rare type of cancer that forms in the connective tissue of the lining of the womb. It can also form in the ovaries, cervix and vagina, but this is very uncommon. ET 743 - A medicine used to treat liposarcoma and leiomyosarcoma (types of soft tissue sarcoma) that cannot be surgically removed or that have spread to other parts of the body. It is used in patients who have already been treated with other anticancer medicines. ETS - Smoke produced when a tobacco product is burned and smoke exhaled by smokers. Inhaling ETS is referred to as involuntary or passive smoking. EUS - A procedure in which an endoscope is inserted into the body. An endoscope is a thin, tube-shaped instrument that has a light and lens for viewing. EUS-FNA - A procedure to remove a sample of tissue for examination under a microscope. An endoscope with an ultrasound probe and a biopsy needle on the end is inserted through the mouth into the esophagus. EZH2 gene (…jeen) A gene that makes a protein involved in controlling the activity of certain genes and in cell division. Mutations (changes) in the EZH2 gene can cause the protein made by this gene to become overactive, which can lead to the growth of cancer cells. EZN-2285 - A medicine used with other medicines to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children and young adults aged 1 month to 21 years. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Early intervention services are an effective way to address the needs of infants and toddlers who have developmental delays or disabilities. The services are made available through a federal law known as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). IDEA provides states and territories wit Early stage breast cancer (ER-lee-stayj brest KAN-ser) Breast cancer that has not spread to the breast or axillary lymph nodes. This includes ductal carcinoma in situ and stage I, stage IIA, stage IIB and stage IIIA breast cancer Eastern red cedar (EE-heck red SEE-der) An evergreen species of tree with hard, fragrant wood, belonging to the cypress family. The oil from the wood is used in soaps, shampoos, bath salts, perfumes, aromatherapy and to repel insects. Echinacea (EH-kih-NAY-shuh) A herb native to North America used to prevent and treat colds and other respiratory infections. Echinacea can interfere with a treatment that the immune system uses to fight cancer. Eczema (EK-zeh-moo) A group of conditions in which the skin becomes inflamed, blistered and crusted, thick and scaly. Eczema causes burning and itching and can last for a long time. Edge - (pronounced) (MAR-jin) The edge or border of tissue removed in cancer surgery. The edge is described as negative or clean when the pathologist finds no cancer cells at the edge of the tissue, indicating that all of the cancer has been removed. Edwards syndrome (ED-wurdz SIN-drome) A genetic disorder caused by an extra chromosome 18 in some or all of the body's cells. Edwards syndrome is characterized by low birth weight and certain abnormal features. Effexor (eh-FEK-sor) A drug used to treat depression and certain anxiety disorders. It can also be used to treat hot flashes in menopausal women or to treat breast cancer. Efficacy (EH-fih-kuh-see) Efficacy. In medicine, the ability of an intervention (such as a drug or surgery) to produce the desired beneficial effect Eflornithine (eh-FLOR-nih-theen) A substance being studied to prevent cancer. It belongs to the antiprotozoal family Efudex (EH-fyoo-dex) A medicine containing the active substance fluorouracil, used as a cream to treat actinic keratosis (a skin condition that can become cancer) and basal cell skin cancer , which is non-invasive and cannot be treated with other therapies. Efudex stops cells from making DNA and can Ejection - (pronounced) (SPYOO-tum) Mucus and other matter brought up from the lungs by coughing Eklund views (EH-klund vyooz) A procedure for performing a mammography (X-ray of the breasts) on women with breast implants. The implant is pressed against the chest wall and the breast tissue is pulled forward and around it so that the tissue is visible on the mammogram. Eklund-displacement views (EH-klund dis-PLAYS-ment vyooz) A procedure for performing a mammogram (X-ray of the breasts) on women with breast implants. The implant is pressed against the chest wall and the breast tissue is pulled forward and around it so that the tissue is visible on the mammogram. Elacyt (EH-luh-SITE) A drug used to treat advanced acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It is a form of the cancer drug cytarabine that may work in patients with leukemia who are resistant to cytarabine. Elahere - (el-ah-HERE) A drug used to treat adults with folate receptor alpha-positive ovarian epithelial, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer who have not improved after treatment with platinum chemotherapy. It is used in patients whose cancer has been treated with 1 to 3 other systemic th Electro-desiccation (ee-LEK-troh-deh-sih-KAY-shy) The drying of tissue using a high-frequency electric current applied with a needle-shaped electrode Electroacupuncture (ee-LEK-troh-AK-yoo-PUNK-cher) A procedure in which pulses of weak electrical currents are sent through acupuncture needles to acupuncture points in the skin. This procedure is being studied to prevent nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy Electroarynx (ee-LEK-troh-LAYR-inx) A battery-powered device that emits a buzzing sound. It is used to help a person speak after the larynx (voice box) has been removed Electrocautery (ee-LEK-troh-KAW-teh-ree) A procedure that uses the heat from an electric current to destroy abnormal tissue, such as a tumor or other lesion. It can also be used to control bleeding during surgery or after an injury. Electrocoagulation (ee-LEK-troh-koh-A-gyuh-LAY-shun) A procedure that uses the heat of an electric current to treat abnormal tissue such as a tumor or other to destroy the lesion. It can also be used to control bleeding during surgery or after an injury. Electrodiagnostic medicine is the medical subspecialty that applies neurophysiologic techniques to diagnose, evaluate, and treat patients with impairments of the neurologic, neuromuscular, and/or muscular systems. Qualified physicians are trained in performing electrophysiological testing and inter Electrosurgery (ee-LEK-troh-SER-juh-ree) A procedure that uses electrical current to cut, remove, or destroy tissue and control bleeding. The current is passed through an electrode placed on or near the tissue. Elgard (EH-lih-gard) A drug used to treat prostate cancer, problems with the endometrium (the lining of the womb), and uterine fibroids (benign growths in the womb). It is also being studied in the treatment of other diseases and cancers. Elitek (EH-lih-tek) A drug used to treat high levels of uric acid in the blood of adults and children with leukemia, lymphoma, or other cancers who are receiving certain types of cancer treatments. Uric acid is a natural substance that can build up in the blood as tumors break down. Ellence (eh-LENTS) A medicine used with other medicines to treat breast cancer that has been surgically removed and has spread to the lymph nodes under the arm. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Elocon (EH-loh-kon) A drug used in a cream used to treat certain skin conditions and in a nasal spray used to treat sinus problems caused by allergies. It is being studied to treat skin inflammation caused by radiation therapy. Elotuzumab (EH-loh-TOO-zoo-mab) A drug used with dexamethasone and either lenalidomide or pomalidomide to treat adults with multiple myeloma. It is used in patients whose cancer has already been treated with other cancer treatments. Eloxatin (eh-LOK-sah-zinn) A drug used with other drugs to treat stage III colon cancer that has been removed by surgery and advanced colon cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Elspar (EL-Holm) A drug used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and being studied to treat some other types of cancer. It is an enzyme from the bacterium Escherichia coli (E. Elzonris (el-ZON-ris) A drug used to treat adults and children 2 years and older with a rare blood cancer called blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Embalmer (em-BAL-mer) A person who treats corpses with embalming fluid (a chemical like formaldehyde) to keep them from decaying Embolization (EM-boh-lih-ZAY-shun) A procedure that uses particles such as tiny gelatin sponges or beads to block a blood vessel. Embolization can be used to stop bleeding or block blood flow to a tumor or abnormal area of tissue. Emitenfell (eh-MIH-teh-fell) An anticancer drug that belongs to the antimetabolite family Emphysema (EMP-fuh-ZEE-muh) A condition affecting the alveoli (tiny air sacs) of the lungs. The transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs takes place in the walls of the alveoli. Emplicide (em-PLIH-sih-tee) A drug used with dexamethasone and either lenalidomide or pomalidomide to treat adults with multiple myeloma. It is used in patients whose cancer has already been treated with other cancer treatments. Enalapril (eh-NA-luh-pril) An antihypertensive drug that may also be used to slow or prevent the progression of heart disease in patients with childhood cancer who are being treated with drugs which can be harmful to the heart Encephalitis (en-SEH-fuh-LY-tis) A rare condition in which the tissues in the brain become inflamed. Encephalitis is usually caused by a viral infection but can also be caused by bacterial or parasitic infections, cancer, or certain drugs or toxins. Encorafenib (EN-kor-A-feh-Feder) A drug used with cetuximab to treat certain types of colon cancer and with binimetinib to treat certain types of melanoma. It is used in patients whose cancer has a certain mutation (change) in the BRAF gene. End-stage cancer - (pronounced) (TER-mih-nul KAN-ser) Cancer that cannot be cured and leads to death. Also called terminal cancer Endo-Pat 2000 (DE-doh-pat. EndoPat (DE-doh-pat) A medical device that tests whether endothelial cells are damaged. Endothelial cells line the inner walls of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and the heart, and damage to them can be an early sign of heart disease. Endocarditis (EN-doh-kar-DY-tis) A condition in which the tissue lining the inside of the heart and heart valves becomes inflamed (red and swollen). Endocarditis can be caused by infection with microorganisms such as bacteria or fungi Endocervical canal (EN-doh-SER-vih-kul kuh-NAL) The inner part of the cervix that forms a canal that connects the vagina to the uterus. The endocervical canal is lined with glandular cells that produce mucus. Endocervix (EN-doh-SER-vix) The inner part of the cervix that forms a canal that connects the vagina to the uterus. The endocervix is lined with glandular cells that produce mucus. Endocrine gland (DE-doh-krin. Endocrine therapy (EN-doh-krin THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment that adds, blocks, or removes hormones. For certain medical conditions (e. Endocrine tumor of the pancreas - (pronounced) (PAN-kree-A-tik EN-doh-krin TOO-mer) tumor that forms in islet cells (hormone-producing cells) in the pancreas. Endocrine tumors of the pancreas can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Endocrinologist (EN-doh-krih-NAH-loh-jist) A doctor with special training in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the endocrine system (the glands and organs that produce hormones). These disorders include diabetes, infertility, and thyroid, adrenal, and pituitary gland problems Endocrinology (EN-doh-krih-NAH-loh-jee) A branch of medicine that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the endocrine system, which includes the glands and organs belong that produce hormones. These disorders include diabetes, infertility, and thyroid, adrenal, and pituitary gla Endometrial cancer (EN-doh-MEE-Baum-ul KAN-ser) Cancer that forms in the tissue lining the uterus (the small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis in which a fetus develops). Most endometrial cancers are adenocarcinomas (cancers that start in cells that produce and release mucus and other f Endometrial disorder (EN-doh-MEE-Baum-ul dis-OR-der) Abnormal cell growth in the endometrium (the lining of the womb) Endometrial hyperplasia (EN-doh-MEE-baum-ul HY-per-PLAY-zhuh) An abnormal growth of the endometrium (the cell layer that lines the uterus). There are four types of endometrial hyperplasia: simple endometrial hyperplasia, complex endometrial hyperplasia, simple endometrial hyperplasia with atypia, an Endometriosis (EN-doh-MEE-tree-OH-sis) A benign condition in which what appears to be endometrial tissue grows in abnormal locations in the abdomen Endometrium (EN-doh-MEE-Baum-ul) Has to do with the endometrium (the layer of tissue lining the uterus) Endometrium (en-doh-MEE-tree-um) The layer of tissue lining the uterus Endorphins (en-DOR-fin) One of several endorphins in the body that can relieve pain and induce a sense of well-being. Endorphins are peptides (small proteins) that bind to opioid receptors in the central nervous system. Endoscopy (en-DOS-koh-pee) A procedure in which an endoscope is used to examine the inside of the body. An endoscope is a thin, tubular instrument with a light and lens for viewing. Endosonography (EN-doh-soh-NAH-gruh-fee) A procedure in which an endoscope is inserted into the body. An endoscope is a thin, tube-shaped instrument that has a light and lens for viewing. Endostatin (EN-doh-STA-tin) A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. Endostatin is made from a type of collagen (a protein found in cartilage and other connective tissue). Endothelin-1 protein receptor antagonist (EN-doh-THEE-lin-1 PROH-teen reh-SEP-ter an-TA-guh-nist) A substance that the Binding of the endothelin-1 protein to its receptor is blocked. Endothelin-1 is a small molecule that causes changes in blood vessels and helps regulate blood pressure. Energy balancing (EH-ner-jee BA-Lunts) In biology, the state in which the number of calories ingested equals the number of calories expended. Energy balance is affected by physical activity, height, percentage of body fat and muscle, and genetics Enfortumab Vedotin (en-FOR-too-mab veh-DOH-zinn) A drug used to treat adults with urothelial cancer (a type of cancer in the bladder or urinary tract) that has spread has or cannot be surgically removed. It is used in patients who have received platinum chemotherapy and an immunotherapy drug, or who Engagement - (pronounced) (if-do-tag-avoid) A blunted or reduced attention or awareness Engine - (pronounced) (MOH-ter) In medicine, to do with the movement of body parts English chamomile (. English lavender (ING-ish LA-ven-der) A plant with aromatic leaves and flowers that belongs to the mint family. Oil from the flowers has been used in some cultures to treat certain medicinal problems, keep insects away, and wash away. Enhertu (de-HER-also) A drug used to treat adults with certain types of HER2-positive or HER2-low breast cancer, HER2-positive gastric cancer, or cancer of the gastroesophageal junction or non-small cell Lung cancer that has a specific mutation in the HER2 gene. It is also being studied in the treat Enteral nutrition (EN-teh-rul noo-TRIH-avoid) A form of food that is introduced to the digestive system as a liquid. Drinking nutritional beverages or food and tube feeding are forms of enteral feeding. Enterostomal Therapist (EN-teh-roh-STOH-mul THAYR-uh-piste) A healthcare professional involved in the care of people with stomas, such as B. colostomies or urostomies trained Entrectinib (de-TREK-tih-nib) A drug used in adults to treat non-small cell lung cancer that has spread and is spreadingROS1-positive and in adults and children 12 years and older to treat solid tumors that have specific changes in the NTRK gene. It is also being studied in the treatment of other ty Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (EN-zime-linkt IH-myoo-noh-SOR-bent A-say) A laboratory technique that uses enzyme-linked antibodies to measure the amount of a substance in a solution such as B. serum to detect and measure. Eosinophilia (EE-oh-SIH-noh-FIH-lee-uh) A condition in which the number of eosinophils (a type of white blood cell) in the blood is abnormally high. Eosinophilia is often a reaction to infection or allergens (substances that cause an allergic reaction) Ephedra (eh-FEH-druh) A shrub native to China and India. The stems and roots are used in traditional medicine as a diuretic and for asthma, bronchitis and coughs. Epidemiology (EH-pih-dee-mee-AH-loh-jee) The study of the patterns, causes, and control of disease in groups of people Epidermolysis bullosa (EH-pih-der-MAH-lih-sis buh-LOH-suh) A group of chronic skin disorders in which fluid-filled blisters develop on the skin and mucous membrane (der moist inner lining of some organs and body cavities). Epidermolysis bullosa is inherited and usually begins at birth. Epidermolysis bullosa simplex, Dowling-Meara (EH-pih-der-MAH-lih-sis boo-LOH-suh SIM-plex, DOW-ling-MEER-uh) A rare, hereditary A condition in which there are many clusters of blisters all over the body, especially on the face, hands, feet, arms, legs and trunk. Blisters can also form in the inner l Epididymis (eh-pih-DIH-dih-mis) A narrow, tightly coiled tube attached to each of the testicles (the male sex glands that produce sperm). Sperm cells (male reproductive cells) travel from the testicles to the epididymis where they finish maturing and are stored Epidural (EH-pih-DER-ul) Has to do with the space between the wall of the spinal canal and the lining of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space Epogen (EE-poh-jen) A drug used to treat anemia caused by chronic kidney disease, some types of chemotherapy, and an antiviral drug for HIV infection called zidovudine. It is also used to reduce the number of donor blood transfusions needed during and after certain types of surgery. Epratuzumab (EH-pruh-TOO-zoo-mab) A substance being studied for the treatment of certain types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). It's also being studied to treat an autoimmune disease called systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). ErbB1 - A protein found on certain cell types that binds to a substance called epidermal growth factor. The ErbB1 protein is involved in cell signaling pathways that control cell division and survival. Erbitux (ER-bih-tux) A medicine used alone or with other medicines to treat certain types of head and neck cancer and colorectal cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Erdafitinib (ER-duh-FIH-tih-feather) A drug used to treat adults with urothelial cancer (a type of bladder or urinary tract cancer) that is locally advanced or has spread and certain Mutations (changes) in the tumor have FGFR3 or FGFR2 gene or a fusion gene involving these genes. It is used in patie Erdheim-Chester disease (ERD-hime-CHEH-sterdih-ZEEZ) A very rare condition in which too many histiocytes (a type of white blood cell) build up in certain tissues and organs and damage them. Erdheim-Chester disease most commonly affects the long bones of the arms and legs, but can also affect the ski Erivedge (AYR-ih-vej) A drug used to treat advanced basal cell carcinoma that has spread to other parts of the body or has come back after surgery. It is also used in patients who cannot be treated with surgery or radiation therapy. Erleada (er-LEE-duh) A drug used to treat prostate cancer that has spread to other parts of the body and is castration-sensitive (has responded to treatments that lower testosterone levels) and prostate cancer that Has not spread to other parts of the body and is resistant to castration (has not res Erwinaze (ER-wih-nayz) A medicine that contains the active substance asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi and is used with other medicines to treat acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. It is used in people who cannot tolerate the enzyme asparaginase, which comes from the bacterium E coli. Escitalopram (es-sy-TA-loh-stroller) A drug used to treat depression and certain anxiety disorders. It belongs to the family of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Esophageal language (ee-SAH-fuh-JEE-ul. Esophagitis (ee-SAH-fuh-JY-tis) Inflammation of the esophagus (the tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach) Essiac (EH-see-ak) An herbal tea blend containing burdock root, Indian rhubarb root, sheep sorrel, and slippery elm bark. It has been claimed to remove toxins from the body, boost the immune system, reduce pain, control diabetes, treat AIDS, reduce tumor size, increase cancer survival, and improve q Estrogen Replacement Therapy (ES-truh-jin reh-PLAYS THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment with the hormone estrogen to increase the amount of estrogen in the body. It is given to women who have been through the menopause or who have had a premature menopause because of cancer treatment or surgery to remove the ov Etaracizumab (eh-TAR-uh-SIH-zoo-mab) A substance being studied to treat some types of cancer and other diseases. Etaracizumab attaches to a protein on the surface of blood vessels and can prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. Ethiodol (eh-your-oh-dol) A form of poppyseed oil that contains iodine. Ethiodol is given by injection and accumulates in the blood and lymphatic vessels of tumors. Ethylol (eh-THY-ol) A drug used to protect the kidneys in patients receiving cisplatin for advanced ovarian cancer and to relieve dry mouth in patients undergoing surgery received radiation therapy for head and neck cancer. Ethyol helps protect healthy tissue from some of the side effects caused by Etidronate (ee-tih-DROH-nayt) A drug that belongs to the bisphosphonate family. Bisphosphonates are used to treat hypercalcaemia (abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood) and cancer that has spread to the bones (bone metastases) Etophophos (ee-toh-POH-fos) A medicine used with other medicines to treat small cell lung cancer and certain types of testicular cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Eucalyptus (YOO-kuh-LIP-tus) A species of evergreen tree belonging to the myrtle family. Oil from the leaves is used in very small amounts in mouthwash and in medicines and sweets used to treat and relieve sore throats and coughs. Everolimus (eh-veh-ROH-lih-mus) A drug used alone or with other drugs to treat certain types of breast cancer, kidney cancer, and neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract gastrointestinal tract is used. It is used under the brand name Afinitor to treat these types of Evidence-based medicine (EH-vih-dents-bayst MEH-dih-sin) A systematic medical approach in which physicians and other health professionals use the best available scientific evidence derived from clinical research use to make decisions about the treatment of individual patients. A physician's clinical Evista (ee-VIS-tuh) A drug used to reduce the risk of invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women who are at high risk of developing this disease or who have osteoporosis, and for Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Evista is also being studied to treat other types o Evomela (eh-voh-MEH-lah) A drug used to treat multiple myeloma in patients who cannot take melphalan by mouth and to prepare patients with multiple myeloma for stem cell transplantation. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Evoxac (EE-voh-ZAK) A drug used to treat certain disorders of the salivary glands. It's also being studied to treat dry mouth caused by radiation therapy to the head and neck. Ewing's sarcoma (YOO-ing sar-KOH-muh) A type of cancer that forms in bone or soft tissue. Also called peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor and pPNET Exalgo (eg-ZAL-goh) A drug used to treat moderate to severe pain. It can also be used to treat certain types of coughs. Exemestane (EK-seh-MEH-stay) A drug used to treat postmenopausal women with advanced or early-stage breast cancer that is estrogen receptor positive (ER+). It is used in patients whose cancer has already been treated with tamoxifen. Exenteration (eg-ZEN-teh-RAY-avoid) Surgery to remove organs in a body cavity Exjade (EX-Jayd) A drug used to treat excess iron in the blood caused by blood transfusions. It is being studied for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes (a group of diseases in which the bone marrow does not produce enough healthy blood cells) and other conditions. Exocervix (EK-soh-SER-vix) The outer part of the cervix that opens into the vagina. The exocervix is lined with squamous epithelial cells (thin, flat-looking cells under the microscope). Extra skeleton (EK-struh-SKEH-leh-tul) Located or occurring outside the bone. Also called extraosseous Extraskeletal Osteosarcoma (EK-struh-SKEH-leh-tul OS-tee-oh-sar-KOH-muh) A rare, fast-growing type of cancer composed of bone and cartilage cells and growing forms in soft tissue near bones. It usually occurs in the thigh, buttocks, shoulder, or trunk (chest and abdomen). Extravasation (ek-STRA-vuh-SAY-scheu) The leakage of blood, lymph or other fluid, e. g. Extravasation injury (ek-STRA-vuh-SAY-avoid IN-jer-ee) Blister formation and tissue damage caused by certain drugs when they leak from a vein into surrounding tissue. The damage is sometimes severe and can lead to tissue necrosis (tissue death) F1CDx test A laboratory test performed on a sample of tumor tissue to match a patient's tumor to a specific drug or therapy. An F1CDx test looks at many different genes in the tissue sample to determine whether a patient's tumor has a specific gene mutation (change) or biomarker that is targeted by F511 cream (… cream) A substance used to prevent palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia (pain, swelling, numbness, tingling, or redness of the palms or soles) in breast cancer patients who are being treated with anticancer drugs , is examined. F511 cream contains a substance used in products to control e FAMMM syndrome (…SIN-drom) An inherited disorder characterized by: (1) one or more first or second degree relatives (parent, sibling, child, grandparent, grandchild , aunt or uncle) with malignant melanoma; (2) many moles, some of which are atypical (asymmetrical, raised, and/or varying shades of ta FAP - An inherited condition in which many polyps (usually hundreds to thousands) form on the inner walls of the colon and rectum. Polyps are abnormal growths that can become cancer if not removed. FAU - A substance being studied for the treatment of advanced solid tumors and lymphoma. It blocks the growth of cells and can cause cancer cells to die. FDA - An agency of the United States federal government tasked with protecting public health by ensuring that foods, cosmetics, and dietary supplements are safe to use and truthfully labeled. The FDA also ensures that drugs, medical devices, and equipment are safe and effective, and that blood for t FDR - A parent, brother, sister or child. Also called first degree relatives FEC - An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used with other types of therapies to treat breast cancer, including breast cancer that has spread or come back. It includes the drugs fluorouracil, epirubicin hydrochloride, and cyclophosphamide. FEC scheme (. FGFR2 gene (…jeen) A gene that makes a protein involved in cell division, cell maturation, new blood vessel formation, wound healing, and bone growth and development. A mutation (change) in the FGFR2 gene can cause the FGFR2 protein to become overactive in certain bone disorders, genetic disorders, FGFR3 gene (…jeen) A gene that makes a protein involved in cell division, cell maturation, new blood vessel formation, wound healing, and bone growth, development, and maintenance. A mutation (change) in the FGFR3 gene can cause the FGFR3 protein to become overactive in certain bone disorders, genet FH gene (. FIH study (. FIHP - A rare inherited disorder in which one or more tumors develop in the parathyroid glands (four pea-sized organs on top of the thyroid gland), causing them to produce too much parathyroid hormone. The increased parathyroid hormone causes a loss of calcium from the bones and too much calcium in FISH A laboratory method for examining genes or chromosomes in cells and tissues. Pieces of DNA containing a fluorescent dye are made in the laboratory and added to a sample of cells or tissue. FIT - A test that checks for occult (hidden) blood in the stool. A small sample of stool is placed in a special collection tube or card for testing. FK463 - An antibiotic/antifungal used to treat infections FLCN gene (. FLT3 gene (. FMISO - A radioactive substance being studied as an imaging agent in head and neck cancer and other cancers. It binds to large molecules in cancer cells that are low in oxygen. FNA biopsy (. FOBT - A test that checks for occult (hidden) blood in the stool. A small sample of stool is placed in a special collection tube or card and sent to a doctor or laboratory for testing. FOLFIRI An acronym for a combination chemotherapy regimen used to treat advanced colon cancer that has spread. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. FOLFIRI scheme (. FOLFIRI-Avastin regimen (. FOLFIRI-bevacizumab (. FOLFIRI-bevacizumab regimen (…. beh-vuh-SIH-zoo-mab REH-jih-men) A chemotherapy combination for the initial treatment of colon cancer that has spread. FOLFIRI-cetuximab (. FOLFIRI-cetuximab regimen (. FOLFIRINOX An acronym for a combination chemotherapy regimen used to treat pancreatic cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It includes the drugs leucovorin calcium (folinic acid), fluorouracil, irinotecan hydrochloride, and oxaliplatin. FOLFIRINOX scheme (. FOLFOX An acronym for a combination chemotherapy regimen used to treat colorectal cancer. It includes the drugs leucovorin calcium (folinic acid), fluorouracil, and oxaliplatin. FOLFOX-4 An acronym for a combination chemotherapy regimen used to treat colorectal cancer. It includes the drugs leucovorin calcium (folinic acid), fluorouracil, and oxaliplatin. FOLFOX-4-scheme (. FOLFOX-6 An acronym for a combination chemotherapy regimen used to treat colorectal cancer. It includes the drugs leucovorin calcium (folinic acid), fluorouracil, and oxaliplatin. FOLFOX-6 therapy (. FOLFOX-7 An acronym for a combination chemotherapy regimen used to treat colorectal cancer. It includes the drugs leucovorin calcium (folinic acid), fluorouracil, and oxaliplatin. FOLFOX-7-scheme (. FOLFOX-scheme (. FR901228 - A drug used to treat adults with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma who have been previously treated with at least one other systemic therapy. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. FSH - A hormone produced in the pituitary gland. In women, it acts on the ovaries to grow the follicles and eggs. Family therapy (FA-mih-lee THAYR-uh-pee) A form of therapy in which the whole family talks to a professional counselor to resolve family problems Fanconi anemia (Fan-KOH-nee uh-NEE-mee-uh) A rare inherited disorder in which the bone marrow does not produce enough blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It is usually diagnosed before the age of 15. Fanconi syndrome (Fan-KOH-nee SIN-drome) A group of kidney diseases that cause protein, sugar, minerals, and other nutrients to be lost in the urine. Symptoms include weakness, bone pain, and passing more urine than normal. Fareston (FAYR-es-ton) A drug used to treat postmenopausal women with breast cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It is used in patients whose cancer is estrogen receptor positive (ER+) or when it is not known whether the cancer is ER+ or estrogen receptor negative (ER-). Faslodex (FAZ-loh-dex) A drug used to treat certain types of breast cancer. It is used alone or with ribociclib succinate in postmenopausal women who have not received hormone therapy or whose disease has gotten worse after hormone therapy. Father's ampoule (am-PUH-luh . Fazarabine (fuh-ZAR-uh-been) An anti-cancer drug that is a type of antimetabolite FdCyd - A substance being studied to treat some types of cancer. It can prevent tumors from growing by stopping cancer cells from dividing and killing them. Fear (ang-ZY-eh-tee) Feelings of fear, terror, and uneasiness that can occur in response to stress. A person with anxiety may sweat, feel restless and tense, and have a fast heartbeat. Fedratinib hydrochloride (feh-DRAH-tih-nib HY-droh-KLOR-ide) A drug used to treat adults with moderate- or high-risk myelofibrosis (MF), including primary MF, MF post Polycythemia vera and MF after essential thrombocythemia. It is also being studied in the treatment of other conditions. Femara (FEH-muh-ruh) A drug used to treat certain types of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Fenretinide LXS (fen-REH-tih-nide…) A powder form of fenretinide that is being studied for the treatment of neuroblastoma. It can be used by the body more easily than the pill form. Fenretinide Lym-X-Sorb (fen-REH-tih-nide…) A powder form of fenretinide that is being studied for the treatment of neuroblastoma. It can be used by the body more easily than the pill form. Ferguson-Smith Syndrome (FER-guh-son. Ferrlecit (FAYR-leh-sitz) A form of the mineral iron used to treat anemia caused by low levels of iron in the blood. Anemia is a condition in which the red blood cell count is below normal. Fertility (fer-TIH-lih-tee) The ability to father children Fertility Specialist - (fer-TIH-lih-tee SPEH-shuh-list) A doctor specially trained to help people who are having difficulty conceiving or carrying a pregnancy to term. Fertility specialists may use surgery, medication, or procedures such as in vitro fertilization to treat fertility-related condition Ferumoxtran-10 (fayr-yoo-MOX-tran…) A substance being studied to improve magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in diagnosing cancer and finding lymph nodes which the cancer has spread. Ferumoxtran-10 consists of nanoparticles (ultra small pieces) of iron oxide coated with dextran (a type of sugar). Filgrastim (fil-GRAS-tim) A drug used under the brand names Neupogen, Zarxio and Nivestym to treat neutropenia (a lower than normal white blood cell count), prevent infections and to prepare blood for certain types of blood cells to be drawn, and under the brand name Granix, to treat neutropenia. Fi Firmagon (FER-muh-gon) A drug used to treat advanced prostate cancer. Firmagon binds to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors in the pituitary gland. First line therapy (. First treatment - (pronounced) (PRY-mayr-ee TREET-ment) The first treatment of a disease. It's often part of standard treatment, such as surgery followed by chemotherapy and radiation. Five Element Acupuncture (. Five-year survival rate (. Flagyl (FLA-July) A drug used to treat infections and being studied to treat cancer. It is a type of antibacterial, antiprotozoal and anthelmintic agent. Flecainide (FLEH-kuh-nide) A drug used to treat abnormal heart rhythms. It can also relieve neuropathic pain, burning, stabbing, or stabbing pain that can result from nerve damage from certain types of cancer or cancer treatments Flomax (FLOH-max) A drug used to treat urinary problems caused by an enlarged prostate. Flomax relaxes the muscles of the prostate and bladder, which increases the flow of urine. Fluconazole (Floo-KAH-nuh-zole) A drug that treats infections caused by fungi Fludrocortisone (floo-droh-KOR-tih-sone) A synthetic corticosteroid. It is used to replace steroid hormones normally produced by the adrenal gland Fluid Replacement Therapy (FLOO-id reh-PLAYS THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment to replace fluids lost from the body due to surgery, injury, dehydration, illness or other conditions Fluorine F 18 sodium fluoride PET (FLOOR-een … SOH-dee-um FLOOR-ide …) A method of determining whether cancer has spread to the bone. A small amount of a radioactive substance called fluorine F 18 sodium fluoride is injected into a vein. Fluorine F 18-16 alpha-fluoroestradiol (FLOOR-een. Fluorine F 18-EF5 (FLOOR-een. Fluorine F 18-FEQA (FLOOR-een. Fluoro F 18-Fluormisonidazole (FLOOR-een. Fluoroquinolone (FLOOR-oh-KWIH-noh-lone) A type of drug used to prevent and treat infections Fluoroscope (FLOOR-oh-Scope) An X-ray machine that allows internal organs to be seen in motion Fluorouracil (Boden-oh-YOOR-uh-sil) A drug given as an injection to treat breast, colon, rectum, stomach and pancreas cancer and as a cream to treat actinic keratosis (a skin condition that can become cancer) and certain types of basal cell skin cancer. It is used under the brand names Carac, Tolak, Fluorplex (BODEN-oh-plex) A drug that contains the active ingredient fluorouracil and is used as a cream to treat actinic keratosis (a skin condition that can become cancerous). Fluoroplex stops cells from making DNA and can kill cancer cells. Fluoxetine (fleh-ok-seh-teen) A drug used to treat depression. It's a type of antidepressant Folliculitis (fuh-LIH-kyoo-LY-tis) Inflammation of a follicle (a sac- or sac-like cavity), usually a hair follicle Folotin (FOH-loh-zinn) A drug used to treat peripheral T-cell lymphoma (a rapidly growing form of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma) that has come back (come back) or is getting worse other cancer therapies did not improve. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Fondaparinux sodium (fon-duh-PAYR-ih-nux SOH-dee-um) A drug used to prevent blood clots from forming in the blood vessels in the leg. It is being studied to prevent blood clots in some cancer patients, including women having surgery for reproductive tract cancer. Food and Drug Administration (. Forecast - (pronounced) (Forecast) The likely outcome or course of an illness; the chance of recovery or recurrence Forensic Psychiatry is a subspecialty with psychiatric focus on interrelationships with civil, criminal and administrative law, evaluation and specialized treatment of individuals involved with the legal system, incarcerated in jails, prisons, and forensic psychiatry hospitals. Foretinib (for-eh-TIH-pen) A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. Foretinib blocks enzymes involved in the growth and spread of tumor cells. Form FDA 1572 – Investigator Statement (. Fosamax (FAH-suh-max) A drug used to treat certain bone disorders such as osteoporosis and Paget's disease of the bone. It is also being studied for the treatment of hypercalcemia (high levels of calcium in the blood) and cancer-related bone pain. Foscarnet sodium (fos-KAR-net SOH-dee-um) A drug used to treat herpes virus infections in people whose immune systems are weakened by AIDS. It prevents the viruses from making copies of themselves. Foscavir (FOS-kuh-veer) A drug used to treat herpesvirus infections in people whose immune systems are weakened by AIDS. It prevents the viruses from making copies of themselves. Fotivda (foh-TIV-dah) A drug used to treat adults with advanced renal cell carcinoma (a type of kidney cancer). It is used in patients whose cancer has come back (came back) or has not improved after treatment with at least two other systemic therapies. FoundationOne CDx test (Fown-DAY-Avoid…) A laboratory test performed on a sample of tumor tissue to match a patient's tumor to a specific drug or therapy. A FoundationOne CDx test looks at many different genes in the tissue sample to determine if a patient's tumor has a specific gene mutation (chang Fragmin (FRAG-min) A drug used to prevent blood clots from forming or to treat blood clots that have formed in patients with cancer or other diseases. Fragmin is a type of anticoagulant. Free radical scavenger (free RA-dih-kul SKA-ven-jer) A substance, e. g. Fresolimumab (FREH-soh-LIM-yoo-mab) A substance being studied to treat breast cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It is also being studied in the treatment of other cancers and diseases. Ftorafur (FTOR-uh-fer) A substance being studied to treat some types of cancer. It is a combination of tegafur and uracil. Fulphila (FUL-fih-luh) A drug that is a form of filgrastim and is used to prevent infections in adults and children with neutropenia (a lower than normal white blood cell count), caused by some types of chemotherapy. Fulphila helps the bone marrow make more white blood cells and can stay in the body Fulvestrant (ful-VES-trut) A drug used to treat certain types of breast cancer. It is used alone or with ribociclib succinate in postmenopausal women who have not received hormone therapy or whose disease has gotten worse after hormone therapy. Fumarase (FYOO-moo-rays) An enzyme that helps cells in the body use oxygen and make energy. Mutations (changes) in the gene that makes fumarase can cause cells to lose their ability to use oxygen, which can increase the growth of some cells, including abnormal cells and cancer cells. Fumarate hydratase (FYOO-muh-rayt HY-druh-tays) An enzyme that helps cells in the body use oxygen and produce energy. Mutations (changes) in the gene that makes fumarate hydratase can cause cells to lose their ability to use oxygen, which can increase the growth of some cells, including abnormal cel Fundus (FUN-dus) That part of a hollow organ opposite or farthest from the opening of the organ. Depending on the organ, the fundus may be at the top or bottom of the organ. Furanocoumarin (fyoor-A-noh-KOO-muh-rin) A substance derived from certain plants and found in citrus fruits such as grapefruit, Seville oranges, grapefruit, and lime. Although citrus fruits have health benefits, furanocoumarins can affect how certain enzymes in the liver and small intestine break do Furnishes only nonmedical nursing items and services to patients who choose to rely solely upon a religious method of healing, and for whom the acceptance of medical services would be inconsistent with their religious beliefs. Furnishes nonmedical items and services exclusively through nonmedical n Futibatinib - (FYOO-tih-BA-tih-feather) A drug used to treat adults with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (a type of cancer that forms in the bile ducts inside the liver) that has spread or has not spread through surgery can be removed and has an FGFR2 gene fusion or other alteration in the structure Fyarro (fy-AR-oh) A form of the drug sirolimus used to treat adults with malignant perivascular epitheloid cell tumor that has spread or cannot be surgically removed. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Fömustin (foh-teh-MUS-teen) A substance being studied for the treatment of advanced melanoma, recurrent glioblastoma (a type of brain tumor) and certain types of lymphoma. Fotemustine damages the cell's DNA and can kill cancer cells. Füsilew (FYOO-sih-lev) A drug used to reduce the toxic effects of the cancer drug methotrexate or other substances that block the effects of folic acid. It is also used along with fluorouracil as palliative therapy to treat advanced colorectal cancer. G-CSF - A drug used under the brand names Neupogen, Zarxio, and Nivestym to treat neutropenia (a below-average white blood cell count), prevent infection, and prepare the blood for the collection of certain types of blood cells and under the brand name Granix for the treatment of neutropenia. G-CSF G6PD deficiency (. GAD - A condition characterized by excessive worry and feelings of fear, terror, and discomfort lasting six months or more. Other symptoms of GAD include restlessness, tiredness or irritability, muscle tension, difficulty concentrating or sleeping, shortness of breath, rapid heartbeat, sweating, and GBM - A fast-growing central nervous system tumor that forms from glial (supportive) tissue of the brain and spinal cord and has cells that differ greatly from normal cells. GBM usually occurs in adults and affects the brain more often than the spinal cord. GBS - A rare condition in which the body's immune system attacks nerves located outside of the brain and spinal cord. Symptoms of GBS include muscle weakness, muscle pain, numbness, and tingling, which often starts in the legs or back and can spread to the arms, upper body, and face. GC1008 - A substance being studied for the treatment of breast cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It is also being studied in the treatment of other cancers and diseases. GCP - An international set of guidelines to ensure that the results of a clinical trial are reliable and patients are protected. GCP covers the way a clinical trial is designed, conducted, conducted, monitored, reviewed, recorded, analyzed and reported. GCT - A rare tumor that usually forms in bone but can also form in cartilage, muscle, fat, blood vessels, or other supporting tissues in the body. Most GCTs occur at the ends of the long bones of the arms and legs near a joint (eg, knee, wrist, hip, or shoulder). GDC-0449 - A drug used to treat advanced basal cell carcinoma that has spread to other parts of the body or has come back after surgery. It is also used in patients who cannot be treated with surgery or radiation therapy. GEM 231 - A drug that can inhibit the growth of malignant tumors GEM640 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. GEM640 can kill cancer cells by blocking production of a protein called XIAP, which helps cells live longer. GEMOX - A chemotherapy combination used to treat pancreatic cancer and some other cancers. It contains the active substances gemcitabine hydrochloride and oxaliplatin. GEP-NET - A rare type of tumor that can form in the pancreas or other parts of the gastrointestinal tract, including the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and appendix. GEP-NETs normally form in cells that secrete hormones. GG745 - A drug used to treat symptoms of an enlarged prostate. It is being studied for the treatment of hair loss in men and prostate cancer. GI - Refers to the stomach and intestines. Also called gastrointestinal GI14721 - An antitumor drug that belongs to the family of topoisomerase inhibitors. It is a camptothecin analogue GM-CSF secreting breast tumor vaccine (. GM2-KLH vaccine (. GPX-100 - A cancer drug that belongs to the antitumor antibiotic family. It's an anthracycline GSD - A type of inherited disorder in which there are problems with the body's storage and use of a form of glucose (sugar) called glycogen. Certain enzymes that help build or break down glycogen are missing or not working as they should. GSK1070916A - A substance being studied to treat some types of cancer. It blocks certain enzymes (aurora kinases) involved in cell division and can kill cancer cells. GTD - A rare condition in which abnormal cells grow in the uterus from tissue that forms after conception (the junction of sperm and egg). This tissue is made up of trophoblast cells that normally surround the fertilized egg in the uterus and help attach the fertilized egg to the uterine wall. GTI-2040 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It blocks production of a protein called ribonucleotide reductase, which helps cells make DNA. GTT - A rare condition in which abnormal cells grow in the uterus from tissue that forms after conception (the junction of sperm and egg). This tissue is made up of trophoblast cells that normally surround the fertilized egg in the uterus and help attach the fertilized egg to the uterine wall. GVHD - A condition that occurs when donated stem cells or bone marrow (the transplant) mistake the healthy tissues in the patient's (the host) body and attack it. It can also occur after an organ transplant. GW572016 - A drug used with capecitabine or letrozole to treat certain types of HER2-positive breast cancer that have progressed or spread. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. GW786034 - A medicine used to treat adults with advanced renal cell carcinoma (a type of kidney cancer) or advanced soft tissue sarcoma who have already been treated with other cancer medicines. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. GWAS A study comparing DNA markers throughout the genome (a person's complete genetic material) in people with a disease or trait to people without the disease or trait. These studies can uncover clues to prevent, diagnose, and treat disease. Gadolinium (GA-duh-LIH-nee-um) A metal element used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and other imaging techniques. It's a contrast agent that helps show abnormal tissues in the body during imaging with a special machine Gail's Risk Model (. Galiximab (guh-LIK-sih-mab) A substance being studied for the treatment of follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It attaches to the CD80 protein found on certain normal white blood cells and white blood cells that are cancerous. Gamifant (GA-mih-fant) A drug used to treat a rare immune system disorder called primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). It is used in patients whose disease has come back, gotten worse, has not improved, or cannot be treated with other therapy. Gardasil (GAR-duh-sil) A vaccine that is no longer available in the United States but is still used in other countries to treat infection with the four types of human papillomavirus (HPV) to prevent the most common genital warts, certain precancerous lesions and cancer of the cervix, vagina, vulva a Gardasil 9 (GAR-duh-sil …) An FDA-approved vaccine for use in women and men ages 9 to 45 to prevent infection with the nine types of human papillomavirus (HPV), most commonly genital warts, certain precancerous lesions, and cancers of the cervix, vagina, vulva, anus, and head and neck, including the Gardner syndrome (GARD-ner SIN-drome) A rare, inherited condition in which many polyps (abnormal growths of tissue) form on the inner walls of the colon and rectum. Other signs and symptoms of Gardner syndrome include dental problems and benign (noncancerous) growths or tumors in the bones, soft tis Gastric acid secretion test (GAS-trik A-sid seh-KREE-shun …) A test used to measure the amount of gastric acid produced by the stomach. The patient is given an injection of the hormone gastrin or insulin. Gastrin (GAS-trin) A hormone released by special cells in the lining of the stomach after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to release an acid that helps digest food Gastroenteritis (GAS-troh-EN-teh-RY-tis) Inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines. Symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps (dull or stabbing pains). Gastrojejunostomy (GAS-troh-JEH-joo-NOS-toh-mee) A surgical procedure that connects part of the stomach to the jejunum (the middle part of the small intestine). This allows food and other stomach contents to pass directly from the stomach to the jejunum without passing through the first part of the Gavreto (gav-REH-toh) A drug used to treat adults with non-small cell lung cancer that causes aRET fusion gene and adults and children 12 years and older with certain types of thyroid cancer, including medullary thyroid cancer, that aRET fusion gene or a mutation (change) in the RETG gene. It is use Gazywa (guh-ZY-vuh) A medicine used with other medicines to treat certain types of follicular lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Gd-DTPA - A substance used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to make clear images of the brain, spine, heart, soft tissues of joints, and inside bones. Gd-DTPA is studied in cancer diagnosis. Gefitinib (go-FIH-tih-feather) A drug used to treat non-small cell lung cancer that has spread to other parts of the body and has certain mutations (changes) in the EGFR gene. It is used in patients whose cancer has not been treated with other cancer treatments. Gelclair (JEL-klayr) A gel used to soothe sores in the mouth caused by chemotherapy or radiation therapy, oral surgery, braces, or disease. Gelclair is being studied for the treatment of pain caused by mouth sores in children receiving cancer treatment. Gemcitabine-Tarceva Scheme (jem-SY-tuh-been-tar-SEE-vuh REH-jih-men) A combination chemotherapy regimen used to treat locally advanced and metastatic pancreatic cancer. It includes the active ingredients gemcitabine hydrochloride and erlotinib hydrochloride. Genase (JEH-nuh-sends) A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It can kill cancer cells by blocking the production of a protein that allows cancer cells to live longer and makes them more sensitive to anti-cancer drugs. General anesthesia (JEH-neh-rul A-nes-DIE-zhuh) A temporary loss of feeling and a complete loss of consciousness that feels like a very deep sleep. It is caused by special drugs or other substances called anesthetics. General classification identifying individuals trained on specific equipment and technical procedures in one of a collection of miscellaneous healthcare disciplines. General classification identifying individuals who are trained on a specific piece of equipment or technical procedure. Genetic susceptibility (jeh-NEH-tik suh-SEP-tih-BIH-lih-tee) An inherited increase in the risk of developing a disease. Also called genetic predisposition, hereditary predisposition and inherited predisposition German Commission E (JER-mun kuh-MIH-scheu . German chamomile (JER-mun KA-muh-mile) A plant whose daisy-like flowers are used in tea to calm and relax, improve sleep, and help stomach problems. German chamomile has been studied to prevent mucositis (mouth sores) caused by chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Gerota's capsule (gay-ROH-tuz KAP-sul) A fibrous tissue covering that surrounds the kidney. Also called Gerota fascia and kidney fascia Gerota's fascia (gay-ROH-tuz FA-shuh) A fibrous tissue covering that surrounds the kidney. Also called Gerota's capsule and renal fascia Gerson Therapy (GER-Sonne THAYR-uh-Pee) A diet plan that is said to treat cancer, migraines, tuberculosis, and other diseases. It is a vegetarian diet that includes consumption of organic fruits and vegetables and 13 glasses of fresh juice per day. Gestational Trophoblastic Disease (jeh-STAY-shuh-nul troh-fuh-BLAS-tik dih-ZEEZ) A rare condition in which abnormal cells grow in the uterus from tissue that forms after conception (the union of sperm and egg). This tissue is made up of trophoblast cells that normally surround the fertilized egg in Gigantism (jy-GAN-tih-zum) A condition in which all or part of the body grows much larger than normal Gilotrif (JEE-loh-trif) A drug used to treat certain types of non-small cell lung cancer that have spread to other parts of the body. It is used in patients whose cancer has not yet been treated and who have certain mutations (changes) in the cancer's EGFR gene, or whose cancer has gotten worse afte Ginkgo (GING-koh) A tree native to China. Substances from the leaves and seeds have been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. Ginkgo biloba (GING-koh from-LOH-boo) A tree native to China. Substances from the leaves and seeds have been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. Gleason score (GLEE sun. Gleevec (GLEE-vek) A drug used to treat certain types of leukemia and other blood cancers, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, skin tumors called dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, and a rare condition called systemic mastocytosis. It is also being studied in the treatment of other diseases and cancers. Gleolan (GLEE-oh-lan) A drug containing the active ingredient aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride that is used in surgeries to help look for certain types of brain tumors. When gleolan is taken up by cancer cells and then exposed to certain types of light, it becomes active and can make the cancer cel Gleostin (GLEE-oh-steen) A drug used to treat brain tumors that have already been treated with surgery or radiation therapy and Hodgkin's lymphoma that got worse after treatment with other anticancer drugs . It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Gliadelwaffel (GLY-uh-del WAY-fer) A drug used with surgery and radiation therapy to treat high-grade glioma that has not been treated, and with surgery to treat Glioblastoma multiforme that has come back (return) is used. Gliadel Wafer is a form of carmustine contained in a wafer. Glioblastoma multiforme (GLEE-oh-blas-TOH-muh MUL-tih-form) A rapidly growing central nervous system tumor that forms from glial (supportive) tissue of the brain and spinal cord and cells which differ greatly from normal cells. Glioblastoma multiforme usually occurs in adults and affects the brain m Glomerulonephritis (gloh-MAYR-yoo-loh-neh-FRY-tis) A condition in which the tissue in the kidney becomes inflamed and has trouble filtering waste from the blood. Glomerulonephritis can be caused by infections, inflammatory conditions (like lupus), certain genetic conditions, and other diseases or co Glossectomy (glah-SEK-toh-mee) Surgical removal of all or part of the tongue Glottis (GLAH-tis) The middle part of the larynx; the area where the vocal cords are located Glucarpidase (gloo-KAR-pih-dayz) A drug used to treat toxic blood levels of the cancer drug methotrexate in adults and children with kidney problems. Glucarpidase is a bacterial enzyme that helps break down and remove methotrexate from the body. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (GLOO-kose-6-FOS-fayt dee-hy-DRAH-jeh-nays deh-FIH-shun-see) An inherited disease, bei which a person does not have enough of an enzyme called G6PD, which helps red blood cells work as they should. In glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, red bloo Glutamine (GLOO-tuh-meen) An amino acid used in nutritional therapy. It's also being studied to treat diarrhea caused by pelvic radiation therapy Glutathione-S-Transferase (GLOO-tuh-THY-one . Glycogen Storage Disease (GLY-koh-jen STOR-ij dih-ZEEZ) A type of inherited disorder in which there are problems with the body's storage and use of a form of glucose (sugar) called glycogen . Certain enzymes that help build or break down glycogen are missing or not working as they should. Glycolic acid (gly-KAH-lik A-sid) A substance found in some fruits, sugar beet, and sugar cane. It is used in skin care products to reduce wrinkles and soften skin. Glycolysis (gly-KAH-lih-sis) A process in which glucose (sugar) is partially broken down by cells in enzymatic reactions that do not require oxygen. Glycolysis is a method by which cells produce energy. GnRH - A hormone produced by a part of the brain called the hypothalamus. GnRH causes the pituitary gland in the brain to make and secrete the hormones luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). GnRH agonist (. GnRH antagonist (. GnRHa - A substance that stops the testicles and ovaries from producing sex hormones by blocking other hormones needed for their production. In men, GnRHas cause the testicles to stop producing testosterone. Gold Seed Markers (. Golgi apparatus (GOL-jee A-puh-RA-tus) A stack of small flat sacs formed by membranes in the cell's cytoplasm (gel-like fluid). The Golgi prepares proteins and lipid (fat) molecules for use elsewhere inside and outside the cell. Golgi body (GOL-jee BAH-dee) A stack of small flat sacs formed by membranes in the cell's cytoplasm (gel-like fluid). The Golgi body prepares proteins and lipid (fat) molecules for use elsewhere inside and outside the cell. Golgi complex (GOL-jee COMP-plex) A stack of small flat sacs formed by membranes in the cell's cytoplasm (gel-like fluid). The Golgi complex prepares proteins and lipid (fat) molecules for use elsewhere inside and outside the cell. Gonadal shield (goh-NA-dul SHEEL-ding) A procedure used to keep a person fertile by preventing damage to the reproductive organs during radiation therapy. A protective shield is placed on the outside of the body to cover the area of the gonads (the testicles or ovaries) and other parts of the reprod Gonioscopy (GOH-nee-OS-koh-pee) A procedure that uses a gonioscope (special lens) to examine the front part of the eye between the cornea (the clear layer) and of the iris (the colored part of the eye). Gonioscopy checks the area where fluid drains from the eye for blockages Gonzalez therapy (gun-ZAH-les REH-jih-men) An alternative therapy being studied for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. It includes a special diet, supplements, pancreatic enzymes, and coffee enemas Good clinical practice (… KLIH-nih-kul PRAK-tis) An international set of guidelines that help ensure that the results of a clinical trial are reliable and patients are protected. Good clinical practice includes the way a clinical study is designed, conducted, conducted, monitored, reviewed, recorded Gorlin Syndrome (GOR-lin SIN-drom) A rare, inherited disorder that affects many organs and tissues in the body. People with this disorder have a very high risk of developing basal cell skin cancer during adolescence or early adulthood. Grade 1 follicular lymphoma (. Grade 2 follicular lymphoma (. Grade 3 follicular lymphoma (. Grade IV astrocytoma (. Graft-versus-host disease (. Grain cell tumor (GRAN-yoo-lur sel TOO-mer) A rare type of soft-tissue tumor that usually begins in Schwann cells (cells that hold nerve cells in place). It can occur anywhere in the body, but it usually occurs in or under the skin of the head and neck (especially the mouth or tongue). Green Tea Extract (green tee EK-strakt) A blend made from the leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant. It contains substances called flavonoids and polyphenols, which are antioxidants. Greene Menopause Index (green MEH-nuh-pawz IN-dex) A tool used by researchers to study the symptoms of menopause. It is a standard list of 21 questions that women use to rate how much they are bothered by menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes, night sweats, rapid heartbeat and trouble sleeping Growth and Development Milestones (grothe. Guadecitabine (GWAH-deh-SY-tuh-been) A substance being studied to treat some types of cancer. Guadecitabine can stop tumor cells from growing by blocking some of the enzymes needed for cell division. Guiac Swab (GWY-ak smeer . Guillain Barre Syndrome (gee-YAN-bah-RAY SIN-drome) A rare condition in which the body's immune system attacks nerves located outside of the brain and spinal cord. Symptoms of Guillain-Barré syndrome include muscle weakness, muscle pain, numbness, and tingling, which often starts in the legs or back Gutka (GUT-kuh) A type of smokeless tobacco made in India and widely used throughout Asia. It is a mixture of tobacco, crushed betel nut (also called betel nut), spices and other ingredients. Gynecologist (GY-neh-KAH-loh-jist) A physician who has specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the female reproductive system Gynecomastia (GY-neh-koh-MAS-tee-uh) The abnormal growth of mammary gland tissue in men. Gynecomastia in infants and boys can be caused by an imbalance in certain hormones. H and E staining (. H. pylori (. HAART Treatment that uses a combination of three or more drugs to treat HIV infection. HAART stops the virus from making copies of itself in the body. HACK - (pronounced) An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and being studied to treat other types of cancer. It includes the drugs cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin hydrochloride (Hydroxydaunorubicin), vincristine sulfate (Oncovin), and prednisone. HBOC syndrome (… SIN-drom) An inherited disorder in which there is a higher than normal risk of breast cancer (particularly before the age of 50) and ovarian cancer. Most cases of HBOC syndrome are caused by certain mutations (changes) in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene. HBV - A virus that causes hepatitis (inflammation of the liver). It is carried through the blood and other bodily fluids and passed on to others. HCA - A chemical formed when meat, poultry or fish is cooked at high temperatures, such as B. when roasting, roasting and grilling. HCD20 - A substance being studied to treat different types of lymphoma. It attaches to the protein CD20, which is found on B cells (a type of cell in the immune system) and some types of lymphoma cells. HCP - deputy health care. A type of living will that gives one person (such as a relative, lawyer, or friend) authority to make medical decisions for another person. HCT - The amount of whole blood made up of red blood cells. It depends on the number and size of red blood cells. HCV - A virus that causes hepatitis (inflammation of the liver). It is carried through the blood and other bodily fluids and passed on to others. HDAC - An enzyme that removes a small molecule called an acetyl group from histones (proteins found in chromosomes). This changes the way the histones bind to DNA and can affect their activity. HDAC inhibitor (. HDAC inhibitor SNDX-275 (. HDGC - A rare, inherited condition that increases the risk of developing a type of stomach cancer called diffuse gastric cancer. This cancer grows in the lining of the stomach, causing the lining of the stomach to become thick and hard. HDR - An amount of radiation greater than typical radiation therapy. HDR is aimed precisely at the tumor to avoid damage to healthy tissue and can kill more cancer cells in fewer treatments. HE4 - A protein found on cells lining the lungs and reproductive organs such as the ovaries. HE4 can be found in higher than normal levels in patients with some types of cancer, including ovarian epithelial cancer. HER1 A protein found on certain cell types that binds to a substance called epidermal growth factor. The HER1 protein is involved in cell signaling pathways that control cell division and survival. HER1 gene A gene that makes a protein involved in cell growth and cell survival. Mutated (altered) forms of the HER1 gene and protein have been found in some types of cancer, including non-small cell lung cancer. HER2 A protein involved in normal cell growth. HER2 can be produced in higher than normal amounts by some types of cancer cells, including breast, ovarian, bladder, pancreatic, stomach and gullet cancer. HER2 negative (…NEH-guh-tiv) Describes cells that have a small amount or no protein called HER2 on their surface. In normal cells, HER2 helps control cell growth. HER2 test A laboratory test that measures the amount of HER2 protein on cancer cells, or how many copies of the HER2 gene are in the DNA of cancer cells. The HER2 protein helps control normal cell growth. HER2-positive (…PAH-zih-tiv) Describes cells that have a protein called HER2 on their surface. In normal cells, HER2 helps control cell growth. HER2/neu A protein involved in normal cell growth. HER2/neu can be produced in higher than normal amounts by some types of cancer cells, including breast, ovarian, bladder, pancreatic, stomach and gullet cancer. HER2/neu test A laboratory test that measures the amount of HER2/neu protein on cancer cells, or how many copies of the HER2/neu gene are in the DNA of cancer cells. The HER2/neu protein helps control normal cell growth. HGS-ETR1 - A substance being studied to treat some types of cancer. It attaches to a protein called TRAIL R1 on the surface of some tumor cells. HGS-ETR2 - A substance being studied to treat some types of cancer. It attaches to a protein called TRAIL-R2 on the surface of some tumor cells, which can kill the tumor cells. HHV - A type of virus that causes herpes infections and contains DNA as genetic material. There are two types of HHVs. HHV8 - A type of virus that causes Kaposi's sarcoma (a rare cancer in which lesions grow in the skin, lymph nodes, lining of the mouth, nose and throat and other body tissues). HHV8 also causes certain types of lymphoma (cancer that starts in cells of the immune system). HIF - One of a group of proteins that play an important role in how cells respond to changing oxygen levels. When oxygen levels in cells are low, HIFs turn on certain genes involved in cell growth and survival. HIFU - A procedure in which high-energy sound waves are directed at an area of abnormal cells or tissues in the body. The waves generate heat that kills the cells. HIPAA (HIH-phew) A 1996 US law that allows workers and their families to keep their health insurance if they change or lose their jobs. The HIPAA privacy rule protects the privacy of an individual's health information and prevents it from being misused. HIPEC - A treatment during surgery in which a heated solution containing anticancer drugs is infused through a thin tube directly into the abdominal cavity. After as much tumor tissue as possible has been surgically removed, HIPEC is given to kill any remaining tumor cells. HIV - The cause of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Also called human immunodeficiency virus HIV DNA test A test to check for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. HIV is the virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV RNA test A test to check for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. HIV is the virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV antibody (. HIV antibody test (…AN-t-BAH-dee…) A test to check for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. HIV is the virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV positive (. HIV test (…test) A test to check for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. HIV is the virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV window period (. HIV-negative (. HLA - A type of molecule found on the surface of most cells in the body. HLAs play an important role in the body's immune response to foreign substances. HLH - A rare condition in which histiocytes and lymphocytes (types of white blood cells) build up in organs such as the skin, spleen and liver and destroy other blood cells. HLH can be inherited or caused by certain conditions or diseases, including infections, immunodeficiency (the body's inability HLRCC - A rare, inherited condition in which benign (noncancerous) skin lesions called leiomyomas form in the smooth muscle tissue surrounding hair follicles. They usually form on the arms, legs, chest, and abdomen. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (HMG-koh-A ree-DUK-tays in-HIH-bih-ter) A substance that blocks an enzyme the body needs to make producing cholesterol and lowering the amount of cholesterol in the blood. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors are known as statins. HMGA1 - A protein that binds to DNA and certain proteins in chromosomes. It is involved in many functions in the cell and helps protect cells from dying. HMR 1275 - A substance being studied for the treatment of various types of cancer. It stops cell division and can kill cancer cells. HMT inhibitor (. HNPCC - An inherited condition that puts people at greater than average risk of developing colorectal cancer and certain other cancers, often before the age of 50. Also called hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer and Lynch syndrome HPPH - 2-(1-hexyloxyethyl)-2-devinylpyropeophorbide-a. A drug used in photodynamic therapy that is absorbed by tumor cells; When exposed to light, it becomes active and kills the cancer cells HPRC - A rare, inherited condition that increases the risk of a type of kidney cancer called type 1 papillary kidney cancer. This cancer forms in cells that line the small tubes in the kidney that filter waste from the blood and produce urine. HPRC often affects both kidneys, and often there is more HPV - A type of virus that can cause abnormal tissue growth (such as warts) and other cell changes. Prolonged infection with certain types of HPV can cause cervical cancer. HPV can also play a role in some other cancers, such as anal, vaginal, vulvar, penile, and oropharyngeal cancer. Also called hu HPV DNA test (.. test) A laboratory test in which cells are scraped from the cervix to look for human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA. HPV can cause abnormal tissue growth (such as warts) and other cell changes. Prolonged infection with certain types of HPV can cause cervical cancer. HPV may also play a ro HPV RNA test (.. test) A laboratory test in which cells are scraped from the cervix to look for RNA of the most common types of human papillomavirus (HPV). Certain types of HPV can cause abnormal tissue growth, such as warts and other cell changes. Long-term infection with other types of HPV can cau HPV test A laboratory test that tests cells for DNA or RNA of certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV), which are known to cause cervical cancer. These high-risk HPV types can also cause other cancers, including cancer of the anus, vagina, vulva, penis, and oropharynx. An HPV test can be used alo HPV vaccine (.. vak-SEEN) A vaccine that protects the body from infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV infection can cause abnormal tissue growths such as warts and other cell changes. Long-term infection with certain types of HPV can lead to cancers of the cervix, vagina, v HPV/Pap cotest A procedure in which a human papillomavirus (HPV) test and a Pap test are done at the same time to check for cervical cancer. The HPV test looks for DNA or RNA of certain high-risk HPV types in cell samples taken from the cervix. The Pap test checks for cervical cancer cells and cell HRAS gene (…jeen) A gene that makes a protein involved in cell signaling pathways that control cell growth and cell death. Mutated (altered) forms of the HRAS gene can be found in some types of cancer. These changes can cause cancer cells to grow and spread throughout the body HRR pathway (.. WEG pathway) Describes a process in a cell in which a group of proteins work together to repair DNA damage. Changes in the HRR signaling pathway that make DNA unable to repair can lead to diseases such as cancer. Drugs that affect this signaling pathway are being studied to prevent a HRT - Treatment with hormones to replace natural hormones when the body is not producing enough. For example, HRT may be given when the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone or when the pituitary gland does not produce enough growth hormone. Or it can be given to postmenopausal women HSIL - An area of abnormal cells that forms on the surface of certain organs such as the cervix, vagina, vulva, anus, and esophagus. HSILs look slightly to very abnormal under the microscope. They are usually caused by chronic infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV) and are found HSP - One of a group of proteins that help protect cells from stresses such as heat, cold, and small amounts of oxygen or glucose (sugar). HSPs support the function of other proteins in normal cells and can be present at high levels in cancer cells. Blocking the activity of an HSP called HSP90 is be HSPC - Prostate cancer, which requires androgens (male hormones) to grow and therefore stops growing in the absence of androgens. Many early-stage prostate cancers are androgen-dependent, so reducing the amount of androgens in the body or blocking their effects can be an effective type of therapy. A HSV - A type of virus that causes herpes infections and contains DNA as genetic material. There are two types of HSVs. Type 1 virus infections cause cold sores on the lips or nostrils. Type 2 virus infections cause sores on the genitals (external and internal sex organs and glands). Also called herp HTLV-1 - A type of virus that infects T cells (a type of white blood cell) and can cause leukemia and lymphoma. HTLV-1 is transmitted through sharing syringes or needles, through blood transfusions or sexual contact, and from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding. Also known as human T- Hadol (HAL-dol) A drug used to treat certain mental and neurological disorders. It's also being studied to treat nausea and vomiting caused by some cancer treatments. Hair follicle (…FAH-lih-kul) A shaft or opening on the skin's surface through which hair grows Hairy cell leukemia (HAYR-ee sel loo-KEE-mee-uh) A rare type of leukemia in which abnormal B lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) form in the bone marrow, in the spleen and are present in peripheral blood. Viewed under a microscope, these cells appear to be covered with tiny hair-like projection Halaven (HA-lih-ven) A drug used to treat certain types of breast cancer and liposarcoma (a type of soft tissue sarcoma) that have already been treated with other anticancer drugs. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Half-siblings (haf-SIB-ling) The brother or sister of a person who shares a common parent Haloperidol (ha-loh-PAYR-ih-dol) A drug used to treat certain mental and neurological disorders. It's also being studied to treat nausea and vomiting caused by some cancer treatments. Halsted radical mastectomy (HAWL-sted RA-dih-kul ma-STEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove the entire breast, all lymph nodes under the arm, and the chest wall muscles under the breast. For many years, the most common type of breast cancer surgery was the radical Halsted mastectomy, but it is rarely used t Hamaroma (HA-mar-TOH-muh) A benign (noncancerous) growth composed of an abnormal mixture of cells and tissues normally found in the area of the body in which growth occurs Harbor - (pronounced) (Harbor) A device used to draw blood and treat it, including intravenous fluids, blood transfusions, or medications such as chemotherapy and antibiotics. The port is placed under the skin, usually on the right side of the chest. Hashimoto's disease (HAH-shee-MOH-toh dih-ZEEZ) An autoimmune disease of the thyroid (a gland located under the larynx). It is caused by the build-up of antibodies that attack the thyroid gland and usually causes hypothyroidism (lack of thyroid hormone). Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HAH-shee-MOH-toh thy-roy-DY-tis) An autoimmune disease of the thyroid (a gland located under the larynx). It is caused by the build-up of antibodies that attack the thyroid gland and usually causes hypothyroidism (lack of thyroid hormone). Head and neck cancer (. Healing Touch (HEEL-ing tuch) A form of complementary and alternative medicine based on the belief that life energy flows through the human body. This energy is said to be balanced or enhanced when practitioners run their hands over or gently touch a patient's body. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (helth in-SHOOR-ents por-tuh-BIH-lih-tee . Health educators work in a variety of settings providing education to individuals or groups of individuals on healthy behaviors, wellness, and health-related topics with the goal of preventing diseases and health problems. Health educators generally require a bachelor's degree and may receive addit Heart - (pronounced) (KAR-dee-ak) to do with the heart Hedyotis diffusa (heh-dee-OH-tis dih-FYOO-suh) An herb used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat certain medical conditions. It has been used to boost the immune system and may have anti-cancer effects Helicobacter pylori (HEEL-ih-koh-BAK-ter py-LOR-ee) A type of bacteria that causes inflammation and ulcers in the stomach or small intestine. People with Helicobacter pylori infections may be more likely to develop cancers of the stomach, including mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. Hemangiopericytoma (hee-MAN-jee-oh-PAYR-ih-sy-TOH-muh) A type of cancer involving blood vessels and soft tissues Hemangiosarcoma (hee-MAN-jee-oh-sar-KOH-muh) A type of cancer that begins in the cells lining blood vessels Hematopoiesis (hee-MA-toh-poy-EE-sis) The formation of new blood cells Hematoporphyrin derivative (HEE-muh-toh-POR-fih-rin deh-RIH-vuh-tiv) A drug used in photodynamic therapy that is absorbed by tumor cells. When exposed to light, it becomes active and kills the cancer cells Hematuria (HEE-muh-TOOR-ee-uh) Blood in the urine Hemihyperplasia (HEH-mee-HY-pro-PLAY-zhuh) A condition in which one side of the body, or part of one side, is larger than the other. Children with hemihyperplasia have an increased risk of developing certain types of cancer, including Wilms' tumor (a childhood kidney cancer) and liver cancer. Hemochromatosis (HEE-moh-kroh-muh-TOH-sis) A condition in which the body absorbs and stores more iron than it needs. The extra iron gets stored in the liver, heart, and pancreas, which can lead to liver disease, heart problems, organ failure, and cancer. Hemophilia (HEE-moh-FIH-lee-uh) Group of inherited diseases in which people do not produce enough proteins needed to form blood clots Hepatectomy (HEH-puh-TEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove all or part of the liver Hepatitis (HEH-puh-TY-tis) Disease of the liver that causes inflammation. Symptoms include an enlarged liver, fever, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and dark urine Hepatitis A vaccine (HEH-puh-TY-tis . Hepatitis A virus (HEH-puh-TY-tis . Hepatitis B virus (HEH-puh-TY-tis . Hepatitis C virus (HEH-puh-TY-tis . Hepatitis D virus (HEH-puh-TY-tis … VY-rus) A type of hepatitis virus that can coexist in the body with the hepatitis B virus. It significantly worsens hepatitis (inflammation of the liver) caused by hepatitis B. Hepatitis E virus (HEH-puh-TY-tis … VY-rus) A virus that causes hepatitis (inflammation of the liver). It is usually transmitted through food handled by an infected person or through drinking water contaminated with human waste Hepatitis G virus (HEH-puh-TY-tis … VY-rus) A virus that can be found in patients with hepatitis (inflammation of the liver). It is transmitted to others through blood or sexual contact. Hepatomegaly (HEH-puh-toh-MEH-guh-lee) Enlarged liver Herceptin (her-SEP-Dose) A drug used alone or with other drugs to treat certain types of breast, stomach, and gastroesophageal junction cancers that are HER2 positive. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Herceptin Hylecta (her-SEP-tin hy-LEK-tuh) A combination of trastuzumab and hyaluronidase used alone or with other medicines to treat adults with certain types of HER2-positive breast cancer is applied. Trastuzumab attaches to a protein called HER2, which is found on some cancer cells. Herd immunity (…ih-MYOO-nih-tee) Protection from an infectious disease by living in a community where large numbers of people are vaccinated against that disease. When enough people are vaccinated against a disease, it becomes more difficult for the disease to spread. Herpes zoster (HER-peez ZOS-ter) A common condition that occurs when the virus that causes chickenpox becomes reactivated in the body. After chickenpox, the virus remains dormant in the body, usually in the nerves along the spinal cord or at the base of the skull. Herzuma (her-ZOO-muh) A drug used alone or with other drugs to treat certain types of breast, stomach, and gastroesophageal junction cancers that are HER2 positive. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. High-dose chemotherapy (Hy-dose kee-moh-THAYR-uh-pee) Intensive drug treatment designed to kill cancer cells but also destroys the bone marrow and can cause other serious side effects. High-dose chemotherapy is usually followed by a bone marrow or stem cell transplant to rebuild the bone marrow High-dose-rate remote radiation therapy (hy-dose-rayt ree-MOTE RAY-dee-AY-avoid THAYR-uh-pee) A type of internal radiation treatment in which the radioactive source is removed between treatments will. Also known as high dose rate remote brachytherapy and remote brachytherapy Highly active antiretroviral therapy (. Hirschsprung disease (HIRSH-federated dih-ZEEZ) A condition in which certain nerve cells in the muscular layers of part of the colon are missing. This leads to severe constipation or blockage of the colon. Histiocytosis (SEIN-tee-oh-sy-TOH-sis) A group of rare disorders in which too many histiocytes (a type of white blood cell) build up in certain tissues and organs, including skin , bones, spleen, liver, lungs and lymph nodes. This can cause tissue damage or tumors in one or more parts of the body. Histopathology (SEIN-toh-puh-THAH-loh-jee) The examination of diseased cells and tissues with a microscope Hodgkin's disease (HOJ-kin dih-ZEEZ) A cancer of the immune system characterized by the presence of a cell type called the Reed-Sternberg cell. The two main types of Hodgkin's disease are classic Hodgkin's lymphoma and nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma. Hodgkin's lymphoma (HOJ-kin lim-FOH-muh) A cancer of the immune system characterized by the presence of a type of cell called the Reed-Sternberg cell. The two main types of Hodgkin lymphoma are classic Hodgkin lymphoma and nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma. Home-delivered meals are those services or activities designed to prepare and deliver one or more meals a day to an individual's residence in order to prevent institutionalization, malnutrition, and feelings of isolation. Component services or activities may include the cost of personnel, equipment, Homeopathy (HOH-mi-AH-phew-you) An alternative approach to medicine based on the belief that natural substances are prepared in special ways and used mostly in very small amounts become, restore health. According to this belief, to be effective, a remedy must produce in a healthy person the same sym Homoharringtonine (hoh-moh-HAYR-ing-tuh-neen) A drug used to treat adults with certain types of chronic myeloid leukemia who are not treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (a type of cancer drug). or who have not improved after treatment with at least two tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Hookah (HOOK-uh) A device for smoking a special type of tobacco that comes in different flavors. In a hookah, charcoal is used to heat the tobacco. Hormonal system (EN-doh-krin SIS-tem) The glands and organs that produce hormones and secrete them directly into the blood for delivery to tissues and organs throughout the body. The hormones released by the endocrine system control many important functions in the body, including growth and developm Hormone Replacement Therapy (HOR-mone reh-PLAYT THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment with hormones to replace natural hormones when the body is not producing enough. For example, hormone replacement therapy may be given when the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone or when the pituitary gland do Hormone therapy (hor-MOH-nul THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment that adds, blocks, or removes hormones. For certain medical conditions (e. Horner syndrome (. Hospital - (pronounced) (NIH Sin) A substance found in certain plants, including Benedict thistle. It has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. Hu3S193 - A monoclonal antibody being studied to treat some types of cancer. Monoclonal antibodies are made in the laboratory and can locate and attach to substances in the body, including cancer cells. Hu3S193 binds to the Lewis(y) protein found on colon, breast, lung, ovarian and prostate cancer c HuAFP31 - A monoclonal antibody being studied to treat various types of cancer. Monoclonal antibodies are made in the laboratory and can locate and attach to substances in the body, including cancer cells. HuAFP31 binds to tumor cells that produce alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). This makes it easier for th HuHMFG1 - A monoclonal antibody that binds to the protein MUC1 found on breast, ovarian, pancreatic, gastric and colon cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies are made in the laboratory and can locate and attach to substances in the body, including cancer cells. HuHMFG1 is being studied to treat some ty HuLuc63 - A drug used along with dexamethasone and either lenalidomide or pomalidomide to treat adults with multiple myeloma. It is used in patients whose cancer has already been treated with other cancer treatments. HuLuc63 binds to a protein called CS1, which is found on myeloma cells and some typ HuMax-CD20 - A drug used alone or with other drugs to treat certain types of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. HuMax-CD20 attaches to a protein called CD20, which is found on B cells (a type of white blood cell) and some types of leukem Huang Lian (Hwang Lyan) A Chinese herb used to treat a variety of medical problems. It is being studied as a cancer drug Human Leukocyte Antigen (HYOO-mun LOO-koh-site AN-tih-jen) A type of molecule found on the surface of most cells in the body. Human leukocyte antigens play an important role in the body's immune response to foreign substances. They make up a person's tissue type, which varies from person to person. Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HYOO-mun T-sel loo-KEE-mee-uh VY-rus.. ) A type of virus that infects T cells (a type of white blood cells) and can cause leukemia and lymphoma. Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 is transmitted by sharing syringes or needles, through blood transfusions or sexual Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HYOO-mun T-sel LIM-foh-TROH-pik VY-rus.. ) A type of virus that infects T cells (a species white blood cells) and can cause leukemia and lymphoma. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 is transmitted from mother to child by sharing syringes or needles, throug Humor therapy (HYOO-mer THAYR-uh-pee) A type of therapy that uses humor to relieve pain and stress and improve a person's well-being. It can be used to help people deal with a serious illness like cancer. Humor therapy can include laughter exercises, clown and comedy films, books, games, and puzzles Hyaluronidase (HY-al-yoo-RAH-nih-days) An enzyme that breaks down a substance called hyaluronic acid in the body. Hyaluronic acid is found throughout the body in connective tissue, skin, and fluids in the joints and eye. It causes liquids to have a jelly-like thickness, which can help moisturize and Hycamtin (hy-KAM-Zinn) A medicine used alone or with other medicines to treat certain types of ovarian cancer, small cell lung cancer and cervical cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Hycamtin blocks a specific enzyme needed for cell division and DNA repair, an Hydatidiform mole (HY-duh-TIH-dih-shape.. ) A slow-growing tumor that develops after fertilization of an egg by a sperm from trophoblast cells (cells that help an embryo to attach to the uterus and form the placenta) develops. A hydatid mole contains many cysts (sacs of fluid). It is usually benign Hydraulic (HY-droh-SEH-fuh-lus) The abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain Hydrazine Sulfate (HY-druh-ZEEN SUL-fayt) A substance that has been studied for the treatment of cancer and for the treatment of cachexia (body wasting) associated with advanced cancer Hydrea (hy-DREE-uh) A drug that contains the active ingredient hydroxyurea and is used alone or with other cancer drugs or with radiation therapy to treat certain types of chronic myeloid leukemia and head and neck cancer is used. It is also being studied in the treatment of other diseases and cance Hydrocodone Bitartrate (HY-droh-KOH-done by-TAR-trayt) A drug used to treat moderate to severe pain and cough. Hydrocodone bitartrate is made from codeine and binds to opioid receptors in the central nervous system. It is a type of analgesic, a type of antitussive, and a type of opiate Hydrocortisone (HY-droh-KOR-tih-sone) A drug used to relieve the symptoms of a certain hormone deficiency and suppress an immune response Hydrocyanic acid (HY-droh-jen SY-uh-nide) A liquid or gaseous form of cyanide. Cyanide is a toxic chemical found in some foods and plants, in tobacco smoke, and when certain substances are burned. It is used to manufacture products such as paper, cloth and plastic and is used as a pesticide. Cyanide Hydrogen Peroxide (HY-droh-jen peh-ROK page) A chemical used in bleach, dye, detergent, antiseptic, and disinfectant. In concentrated form it is toxic and irritating to tissues Hydronephrosis (HY-droh-neh-FROH-sis) Abnormal enlargement of a kidney, which may be caused by a blockage in the ureter (such as a kidney stone) or chronic kidney disease, which prevents urine from draining into the bladder Hydrostat IR (HY-droh-STAT.. ) A drug used to treat moderate to severe pain. It can also be used to treat certain types of coughs. Hydrostat IR is made from morphine and binds to opioid receptors in the central nervous system. It's a type of opioid and a type of analgesic. Also called Dilaudid, Exal Hydroxychloroquine (hy-DROK-see-KLOR-oh-kwin) A substance that decreases immune responses in the body. It is used to treat some autoimmune diseases and is being studied to treat graft-versus-host disease. Hydroxychloroquine belongs to the family of medicines called antiprotozoals Hydroxydaunorubicin (hy-DROK-see-DAW-noh-ROO-bih-sin) A drug derived from the bacterium Streptomyces peucetius and used alone or with other drugs to treat many types of cancer, including leukemia, lymphoma, neuroblastoma, sarcoma, Wilms' tumor and certain cancers of the lung, breast, stomach, ovarie Hydroxyurea (hy-DROK-see-yoo-REE-uh) A drug used alone or with other cancer drugs or radiation therapy under the brand name Hydrea to treat certain types of chronic myeloid leukemia and head -throat cancer and used under the brand name Droxia to treat certain patients with sickle cell disease. It is Hydrureter (HY-droh-YER-eh-ter) Abnormal enlargement of the ureter caused by a blockage preventing urine from draining into the bladder Hyper-CVAD (HY-pro .. ) An acronym for a combination chemotherapy regimen used to treat some forms of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Hyper-CVAD includes the drugs cyclophosphamide, vincristine sulfate, doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin), and dexamethasone. T Hyper-CVAD scheme (HY-pro.. REH-jih-men) An acronym for a combination chemotherapy regimen used to treat some forms of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and non- Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). The hyper-CVAD regimen includes the drugs cyclophosphamide, vincristine sulfate, doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adria Hyperalgesia (HY-per-al-JEE-zee-uh) An increased sensitivity to pain and an extreme reaction to pain. Hyperalgesia can occur when there is damage to the nerves or chemical changes in the nerve pathways involved in pain perception. This can be caused by tissue injury or inflammation, or by taking cer Hypercytokinemia (HY-pro-SY-toh-kih-NEE-mee-uh) A severe immune reaction in which the body releases too many cytokines into the blood too quickly. Cytokines play an important role in normal immune responses, but when large amounts are released in the body at once, it can be harmful. Hypericum perforatum (hy-PAYR-ih-kum per-fuh-RAY-tum) An herbal product sold as an over-the-counter treatment for depression. It is being studied for its ability to reduce certain side effects of cancer treatment. Hyperthyroidism - condition that occurs when the thyroid produces more thyroid hormone than the body needs. Thyroid hormones control the way the body uses energy and affect the body's metabolism. Hyperuricemia (HY-pro-YOO-rih-SEE-mee-uh) A buildup of uric acid (a byproduct of metabolism) in the blood. Hyperuricemia is a side effect of some cancer drugs Hypofractionation (HY-poh-FRAK-shuh-NAY-shun) A treatment plan in which the total radiation dose is divided into large doses and treatments are given once a day or less frequently Hypogammaglobulinemia (HY-poh-GA-muh-GLAH-byoo-lih-NEE-mee-uh) A condition in which the levels of immunoglobulins (antibodies) in the blood are low and the risk of infection is high Hypohidrosis (HY-poh-hih-DROH-sis) A rare condition in which the sweat glands produce little or no sweat. It can affect the whole body or a small part of the body. Hypomagnesemia (HY-poh-MAG-neh-SEE-mee-uh) Lower than normal levels of magnesium in the blood Hyponatremia (HY-poh-nuh-BAUM-mee-uh) Less than normal blood sodium levels Hypophosphatemia (HY-poh-FOS-fuh-TEE-mee-uh) Lower than normal levels of phosphorus in the blood Hypospadias (HY-poh-SPAY-dee-uns) A birth defect in which the opening of the urethra (the tube through which urine leaves the body) is not in its normal location . In men with hypospadias, the urethra opens at the base of the penis or between the anus and the scrotum. Hypothalamus (HY-poh-THA-luh-mus) The area of the brain that controls body temperature, hunger, and thirst Hypotrichosis (HY-poh-trih-KOH-sis) A rare condition in which there is little or no hair growth on the head, including the brows over the eyes and the rim of the eyelids, or others Areas of the body where hair normally grows is present. The hair on the affected areas usually stays short and is dry a Hysterectomy (SEIN-teh-REK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove the uterus and sometimes surrounding organs and tissues. There are different types of hysterectomy. Hytrin (HY-trin) A drug used to treat urinary problems caused by an enlarged prostate. It is also used to treat high blood pressure and is being studied to treat other conditions. Hämangeol (hee-MAN-jee-ol) A medicine containing the active substance propranolol hydrochloride, used to treat infants aged 5 weeks to 5 months with infantile hemangioma (a benign tumor of blood vessels). will. I G (I-jee) A protein made by B cells and plasma cells (types of white blood cells) that helps the body fight infection. Some Igs can be found in higher than normal amounts in patients with certain diseases or certain types of cancer, including multiple myeloma and Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. IBMFS - Hereditary Bone Marrow Failure Syndrome. A rare condition in which a person's bone marrow is unable to make enough blood cells and there is a family history of the same condition. IBS - A disorder of the gut, usually characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in a person's bowel habits. This may include diarrhea or constipation, or both, occurring one at a time. ICD - A small device used to correct an abnormal heartbeat (too fast, too slow, or irregular). The device is surgically placed in the chest or abdomen. ICE scheme (. ICI 182780 - A drug used to treat certain types of breast cancer. It is used alone or with ribociclib succinate in postmenopausal women who have not received hormone therapy or whose disease has gotten worse after hormone therapy. ICI D1694 - A cancer drug that stops tumor cells from growing by blocking the cells' ability to make DNA. It belongs to the family of thymidylate synthase inhibitors. IDC-P - A type of cancer that usually begins in the glandular (secretory) tissue that lines the prostate and spreads to the ducts within the prostate. IDC-P tends to be large when found and tends to grow rapidly and spread to other parts of the body. IDEC-Y2B8 - A drug used with the drug rituximab to treat certain types of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It's also being studied to treat other types of B-cell tumors. IDH1 gene (. IDH2 gene (…jeen) A gene that makes a protein, found in small structures in cells called mitochondria, that helps the mitochondria provide energy for many cell functions to win. Mutations (changes) in the IDH2 gene have been found in certain genetic disorders and in some types of cancer, including a IE A unit used to measure the activity of many vitamins, hormones, enzymes, and drugs. An IE is the amount of a substance that has a specific biological effect. IEN - A condition in which abnormal cells are found on the surface or in the tissues lining an organ such as the prostate, breast or cervix. The changes in the cells can be minor or major, depending on how much tissue is affected and how abnormal the cells look under a microscope. IEP - An educational plan for children with certain disabilities or health conditions such as cancer. By law, these children must receive special education and other support they need in school. IFA - A mixture of oil and water combined with a specific antigen to enhance the immune response to that antigen. It is being studied in immunotherapy and as a means of boosting the immune response to cancer vaccines. IFN alpha-2B (…AL-fuh…) A drug used alone or with other drugs to treat adults with AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma, hairy cell leukemia, certain types of follicular lymphoma or melanoma, genital or perianal warts, or chronic hepatitis B or C is used to treat other cancers and other diseases. IFN alpha IGF - An endogenous protein that stimulates the growth of many cell types. IGF is similar to insulin (a hormone made in the pancreas). IGFR - A protein found on the surface of some cell types that binds to insulin-like growth factor (IGF). This causes the cells to grow and divide. IGRT - A procedure that uses a computer to create an image of a tumor to guide the beam path during radiation therapy. The recordings are made with CT, ultrasound, X-ray or other imaging methods. IH636 grape seed extract (. IL - One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. ILs regulate immune responses. IL-1 - One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. IL-1 is made primarily by one type of white blood cell called macrophages and helps another type of white blood cell called lymphocytes fight infection. IL-1-alfa (. IL-1-alpha (. IL-1-beta (. IL-10 - One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. IL-10 is made by activated macrophages and some T lymphocytes. IL-11 - One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. IL-11 is made by supporting cells in the bone marrow. IL-12 - One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. IL-12 is mainly produced by B lymphocytes and macrophages. IL-13 - One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. IL-13 is made by a type of T lymphocyte. IL-1B - One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. IL-1B, a form of IL-1, is made primarily by one type of white blood cell called macrophages and helps another type of white blood cell called lymphocytes fight infection. IL-2 - One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. IL-2 is made by a type of T lymphocyte. IL-3 - One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. IL-3 is primarily made by one type of T lymphocyte. IL-4 - One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. IL-4 is made by a type of T lymphocyte. IL-5 - One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. IL-5 is mainly made by some T lymphocytes. IL-6 - One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. IL-6 is mainly made by some T lymphocytes. IL-7 - One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. IL-7 is made by cells that line and support organs, glands, and other structures in the body. ILX-295501 - A substance under investigation as a cancer drug. It belongs to the diarylsulfonylurea family ILX23-7553 - A substance under investigation as a cancer drug IM - In or in the muscle. Also called intramuscular IM-862 - A cancer drug that belongs to the family of angiogenesis inhibitors IMC-1121B - A drug that binds to the protein vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to prevent the formation of new blood vessels and is used to treat various types of cancer. It is used alone or with other medicines to treat certain types of non-small cell lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma ( IMC-A12 - A substance being studied for the treatment of some types of cancer. It is a monoclonal antibody made in the laboratory that can bind to substances in the body. IMMU-106 - A substance being studied for the treatment of different types of lymphoma. It attaches to the protein CD20, which is found on B cells (a type of cell in the immune system) and some types of lymphoma cells. IMMU-110 - A substance being studied for the treatment of multiple myeloma and several other types of cancer. It binds to CD74, a protein on the surface of myeloma cells and certain other cell types. IMRT - A type of three-dimensional radiation therapy that uses computer-generated images to show the size and shape of the tumor. Thin beams of varying intensities are aimed at the tumor from many angles. IND - A substance that has been laboratory tested and approved for human testing by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Clinical trials test how well INDs work and whether they are safe to use. INS316 - A substance being studied to diagnose lung diseases, including lung cancer. It helps get a sample of mucus from deep in the lungs and improves the quality of the sample for the test. IORT - Radiation treatment aimed directly at a tumor during an operation. Also called intraoperative radiotherapy IOUS - A procedure that uses ultrasound (high-energy sound waves reflected from internal tissues and organs) during surgery. Sonograms (ultrasound images) of the inside of the body are viewed on a computer to help the surgeon find tumors or other problems during surgery. IP - Inside the peritoneal cavity (the area containing the abdominal organs). Also called intraperitoneal IP6 - A substance found in many foods derived from plants, including corn, wheat, rice and soybeans, and in large amounts in grains and legumes. It is being studied in cancer prevention. IRB - A group of scientists, physicians, ministers and patient advocates that reviews and approves the detailed plan for a clinical trial. IRBs are designed to protect people participating in a clinical trial. ISIS 2503 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer ISIS 3521 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer ISIS 5132 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer ITP - A condition in which platelets (blood cells that cause blood clots to form) are destroyed by the immune system. The low platelet count causes easy bruising and bleeding, which is visible as purple areas on the skin, mucous membranes, and the outer linings of the organs. IUD - A small plastic T-shaped device that is inserted into the uterus (the small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis where a fetus develops) to prevent pregnancy. IUDs prevent sperm from fertilizing an egg and prevent fertilized eggs from implanting in the uterus. IV - In or within a vein. IV usually refers to a way of giving a drug or other substance through a needle or tube inserted into a vein. IVF - A procedure in which egg cells are removed from a woman's ovary and combined with sperm outside the body to form embryos. The embryos are grown in the lab for several days and then either placed in a woman's uterus or cryopreserved (frozen) for future use. IVIG - A substance made from antibodies collected from the blood of many healthy donors. It is given to a patient through a needle or tube that is inserted into a vein. IVP - An X-ray of the kidneys, ureters, bladder and prostate in men taken after a contrast dye is injected into a vein. As the dye travels through the bloodstream, it collects in these organs, turning them bright white. IVU - An X-ray of the kidneys, ureters, bladder and prostate in men taken after a contrast dye is injected into a vein. As the dye travels through the bloodstream, it collects in these organs, turning them bright white. Ibrance (I-Kleien) A drug used to treat women and men with certain types of hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer that is advanced or has spread. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Ibuprofen (I-byoo-PROH-fen) A drug used to treat fever, swelling, pain, and redness by preventing the body from making a substance that causes inflammation. It is a type of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Iclusig (i-KLOO-sig) A drug used to treat adults with certain types of chronic myeloid leukemia or Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. It is used in patients whose cancer has the T315I mutation or whose cancer cannot be treated with other tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Idamycin-PFS (I-duh-MY-sin. Idecabtagen-Viceucel (I-deh-KAB-tuh-jeen vik-LOO-sel) A drug used to treat adults with multiple myeloma who have been treated with at least four other cancer therapies, including an anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody, a proteasome inhibitor, and an immunomodulating agent, relapsed (come back) or did not Idelalisib (i-deh-luh-LIH-sib) A drug used with rituximab to treat relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Idhifa (ide-HEE-fuh) A drug used to treat adults with acute myeloid leukemia that has come back or has not improved with other treatments. It is used in patients whose cancer has a mutation (change) in the IDH2 gene. Idoxifen (i-DOK-sih-feen) A drug that blocks the effects of estrogen Idoxuridine (I-dox-YOOR-ih-deen) A drug that reduces the risk of cancer cells growing by interfering with the cells' DNA Ifex (I-fex) A drug used with other drugs to treat malignant testicle germ cell tumors that have already been treated with two other types of cancer drugs. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Ifosfamide (i-FOS-fuh-mide) A drug used with other drugs to treat malignant testicular germ cell tumors that have already been treated with two other types of cancer drugs. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. IgG-RFT5-dgA - A monoclonal antibody linked to a toxic substance. It is being studied to treat melanoma that has spread to distant parts of the body. Ileostomy (IL-ee-OS-toh-mee) An opening into the ileum, part of the small intestine, from the outside of the body. An ileostomy provides a new route for waste to leave the body after part of the intestine has been removed Iloprost (I-loh-prost) A substance being studied to prevent lung cancer. It belongs to the family of prostaglandin analogues Imbruvica (im-BROO-vih-kuh) A medicine used alone or with other medicines to treat adults with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, small lymphocytic lymphoma, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma), mantle cell lymphoma or marginal zone lymphoma. It is also used to treat adults a Imfinzi (im-FIN-zee) A drug that binds to the protein PD-L1 to help immune cells kill cancer cells better and is used to treat various types of cancer. Imfinzi is used alone or with other medicines to treat adults with certain types of bile duct cancer (including bile duct cancer and gallbladder can Imlygian (im-LY-jik) A drug used to treat melanoma that has come back after surgery. It is used in patients whose cancer is in the skin and lymph nodes and cannot be surgically removed. Immune Competence (IH-myoo-noh-KOM-peh-tents) The ability to evoke a normal immune response Immune system disorder (ih-MYOON SIS-tem dis-OR-der) A disease that affects the immune system. The immune system is made up of cells, tissues, and organs that help the body fight infection and other diseases. Immunomodulation (IH-myoo-noh-MAH-juh-LAY-avoid) Alteration of the body's immune system, caused by agents that activate or suppress its function Immunotoxin (IH-myoo-noh-TOK-sin) An immune substance such as a monoclonal antibody, cytokine, or immunoglobulin that is chemically linked to a toxic substance. The immune substance binds to specific proteins or receptors found on some cancer cells. Imodium (ih-MOH-dee-um) A drug used to treat diarrhea. Imodium slows the movement of muscles in the small intestine to allow more water to be removed from the faeces (waste) and more nutrients to be absorbed. In general, a distinct unit of a general acute care hospital that provides care encompassing a comprehensive array of restoration services for the disabled and all support services necessary to help patients attain their maximum functional capacity. Source: AHA Annual Survey p. A10 1996 AHA Guide. F In general, a distinct unit of a hospital that provides acute or long-term care to emotionally disturbed patients, including patients admitted for diagnosis and those admitted for treatment of psychiatric problems on the basis of physicians' orders and approved nursing care plans. Long-term care may In vain - (pronounced) Abnormal cells are found in the tissue lining the vagina (birth canal). These abnormal cells can become cancerous and spread into the vaginal wall. In-transit metastases (in-TRAN-zit meh-TAS-tuh-sis) A type of metastasis in which skin cancer spreads through a lymphatic vessel and is more than 2 centimeters from the primary tumor begins to grow, but before it reaches the nearest lymph node Included in the area of pulmonary diagnostics are the following; collection and analysis of physiological specimens, interpretation of physiological data, administration of tests of the cardiopulmonary system, and the conduct of both neurophysiological and sleep disorders studies. Inderale (IN-deh-ral) A drug that contains the active ingredient propranolol hydrochloride and is used to treat high blood pressure, including before surgery in patients with pheochromocytoma, and many other conditions. It is also being studied in the treatment of other conditions and some types of Indian cress (IN-dee-un kres) Parts of the flowering plant were used in some cultures to treat certain medicinal problems. It may have anti-cancer effects. Indian elm (IN-dee-un elm) The inner bark of this plant was used in some cultures to treat certain medicinal problems. It can have antioxidant effects. Indian rhubarb (IN-dee-un ROO barb) The root of this plant was used in some cultures to treat certain medicinal problems. It can have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. Indian saffron (IN-dee-un SA-of) An East Indian plant that belongs to the ginger family and is used as a spice and food coloring. The underground stems are used in some cultures to treat certain stomach problems. Indian valerian (IN-dee-un vuh-LEER-ee-un) A plant whose roots are used as a sedative and to treat certain diseases. It is being studied to improve sleep in cancer patients undergoing treatment. Indinavir (in-DIH-nuh-veer) A drug that affects a virus' ability to make copies of itself Indium In 111-anti-CEA monoclonal antibody M5A (IN-dee-er. Indium In 111-pentetreotide (IN-dee-um. Indium-In-111-Ibritumomab-Tiuxetan (IN-dee-um … ih-brih-TOO-moh-mab ty-UK-seh-tan) A radiolabeled monoclonal antibody that used to find specific types of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It is also studied in the diagnosis of other types of B-cell tumors. Individuals certified to perform peer support services through a training process defined by a government agency, such as the Department of Veterans Affairs or a state mental health department/certification/licensing authority. Individuals experienced or trained in working with developmentally disabled individuals who need assistance in acquiring and maintaining life skills that enable them to cope more effectively with the demands of independent living. Individuals that are specially trained to assist patients living at home with urgent/emergent situations. These individuals must be able to perform CPR and basic first aid and have sufficient counseling skills to allay fears and assist in working through processes necessary to resolve the crisis. Individuals who test hearing for the selection, adaptation, fitting, adjusting, servicing, and sale of hearing aids. Hearing Instrument Specialist is a designation provided individuals who qualify by the National Hearing Aid Society Indole-3-carbinol (IN-dole … KAR-bih-nol) A substance being studied as a cancer prevention drug. It is found in cruciferous vegetables Indomethacin (IN-doh-MEH-thuh-sin) A drug that reduces pain, fever, swelling, and redness. It is also used to reduce tumor-induced suppression of the immune system and increase the effectiveness of anti-cancer drugs. Infigratinibphosphate (IN-fig-RA-tih-nib FOS-fayt) A drug used to treat adults with cholangiocarinoma (bile duct cancer) that is locally advanced and cannot be surgically removed or spread to has spread to other parts of the body. It is used in patients whose cancer has a FGFR2 gene fusion or other Infliximab (in-FLIK-sih-mab) A monoclonal antibody that blocks the action of a cytokine called tumor necrosis factor alfa. It is being studied to treat and prevent weight loss and loss of appetite in patients with advanced cancer. Influenza A virus (IN-floo-EN-zuh … VY-rus) One of three types of viruses that cause the disease known as influenza (flu). Influenza A virus can infect humans, birds, pigs, horses, and other animals. Infratentorium (IN-early-ten-TOR-ee-um) The lower posterior portion of the brain, containing the cerebellum and brainstem. Examples of tumors that form in the infratentorium are medulloblastomas and brainstem gliomas Infugem (in-FYOO-jem) A medicine used alone or with other medicines to treat certain types of breast, non-small cell lung, ovarian and pancreatic cancer that advanced or has spread to other parts of the body. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Ingestion (in-JES-chun) Ingestion into the body through the mouth Inhaler (in-HAY-ler) A drug delivery device in the form of a spray that is inhaled (breathed in) through the nose or mouth. Inhalers are used to treat certain medical problems, such as bronchitis, angina, emphysema, and asthma. Injection - (pronounced) (suh-RINJ) A small hollow tube used to inject or withdraw fluids. It can be attached to a needle to draw fluid from the body or inject medication into the body Inlyta (in-LY-tuh) A medicine used alone or with other medicines to treat advanced renal cell carcinoma (a type of kidney cancer). It is used in patients whose cancer has not yet been treated or whose cancer has not improved after treatment with another systemic therapy. Innohep (IH-noh-HEP) A drug used with another drug, warfarin, to treat blood clots that form deep in the veins and stop them from forming prevent new blood clots. It's kind of an anticoagulant. Inqovi (in-KOH-vee) A combination of decitabine and cedazuridine for the treatment of adults with myelodysplastic syndromes, including chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Inrebic (in-REH-bik) A drug used to treat adults with moderate- and high-risk myelofibrosis (MF), including primary MF, post-polycythemia vera MF, and post-essential thrombocythemia MF. It is also being studied in the treatment of other conditions. Institutional Review Board (IN-stih-TOO-shuh-nul reh-VYOO bord) A group of scientists, physicians, ministers, and patient advocates who review and approve the detailed plan for a clinical trial. Institutional review boards are designed to protect the people who participate in a clinical trial. Insulin-like growth factor receptor (IN-suh-lin-wie grothe FAK-ter reh-SEP-ter) A protein found on the surface of some cell types that binds to insulin-like growth factor (IGF). Insulinglulisin (IN-suh-lin GLOO-lih-seen) A drug used to control blood sugar levels in patients with diabetes mellitus. It is a laboratory-made form of the hormone insulin. Integrative Medicine (IN-teh-gray-tiv MEH-dih-sin) An approach to medical care that emphasizes the benefits of combining conventional (standard) therapies (such as drugs and surgery) with complementary therapies (such as acupuncture and yoga) proven to be safe and effective. For example, acupuncture Integrin (IN-teh-grin) A type of protein found on the surface of cells that helps them attach to and communicate with neighboring cells. Integrins also help cells attach to large molecules in the extracellular matrix, the substance that surrounds cells and gives them structure. Intercellular communication (IN-ter-SEL-yoo-ler kuh-MYOO-nih-KAY-shun) The transmission of information from one cell to another. Cells signal each other through direct contact with each other or through the release of a substance from one cell that is taken up by another cell. Interested persons - (pronounced) (pruh-SPEK-tiv) In medicine, a study or clinical trial in which participants are identified and then tracked over time Interleukin-1 (inter-LOO-kin …) One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. Interleukin-1 is made primarily by one type of white blood cell called macrophages and helps another type of white blood cell called lymphocytes fight infection. Interleukin-1-beta (inter-LOO-kin . Interleukin-10 (inter-LOO-kin …) One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. Interleukin-10 is produced by activated macrophages and some T lymphocytes. Interleukin-11 (inter-LOO-kin. Interleukin-12 (inter-LOO-kin . Interleukin-13 (inter-LOO-kin …) One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. Interleukin-13 is made by a type of T lymphocyte. Interleukin-2 (inter-LOO-kin. Interleukin-4 (inter-LOO-kin. Interleukin-5 (inter-LOO-kin …) One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. Interleukin-5 is mainly made by some T lymphocytes. Interleukin-6 (inter-LOO-kin. Interleukin-7 (inter-LOO-kin. International Unit (IN-ter-NA-shuh-nul YOO-nit) A unit used to measure the activity of many vitamins, hormones, enzymes, and drugs. An International Unit is the amount of a substance that has a specified biological effect. Interrupt - (pronounced) (kan-SEL) A liquid mixture advertised to treat cancer and other diseases. None of the ingredients believed to be found in Cancell have been shown to be effective in preventing or treating any type of cancer. Interventional Pain Medicine is the discipline of medicine devoted to the diagnosis and treatment of pain and related disorders principally with the application of interventional techniques in managing subacute, chronic, persistent, and intractable pain, independently or in conjunction with other mo Intestinal flora (in-TES-tih-nul FLOR-uh) Bacteria and other organisms that live in the gut. They help digest food. Intracavitary radiation therapy (IN-truh-KA-vih-tayr-ee RAY-dee-AY-shun THAYR-uh-pee) A type of internal radiation therapy in which radioactive material placed in needles, seeds, wires or catheters, is inserted directly into a body cavity such as the chest cavity or vagina Intraoperative ultrasound (IN-truh-AH-pruh-tiv UL-truh-sown) A procedure in which ultrasound (high-energy sound waves reflected from internal tissues and organs) is used during surgery is used. Sonograms (ultrasound images) of the inside of the body are viewed on a computer to help the surgeon find Intraperitoneal Radiation Therapy (IN-truh-PAYR-ih-toh-NEE-ul RAY-dee-AY-shun THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment in which a radioactive liquid is passed through a thin tube inserted directly into the abdomen Intraperitoneal chemotherapy (IN-truh-PAYR-ih-toh-NEE-ul KEE-moh-THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment in which cancer drugs are introduced directly into the abdominal cavity through a thin tube will Intravasation (in-TRA-vuh-SAY-avoid) The movement of a cell or foreign substance through the wall of a blood or lymphatic vessel into the vessel itself. In cancer, this is how cancer cells pass a vascular wall and get into the blood or lymphatic system. Intravenous pyelogram (IN-truh-VEE-nus PY-eh-loh-gram) An X-ray image of the kidneys, ureters and bladder, and prostate in men, taken after a contrast agent is injected into a vein was injected. As the dye travels through the bloodstream, it collects in these organs, turning them bright white. Intravenous urogram - (IN-truh-VEE-nus YOOR-oh-gram) An X-ray of the kidneys, ureters and bladder, and prostate in men, taken after a contrast medium is injected into a vein. As the dye travels through the bloodstream, it collects in these organs, turning them bright white. Intravenous urography - (IN-truh-VEE-nus yoor-AH-gruh-fee) An X-ray examination of the kidneys, ureters and bladder, and prostate in men, in which a contrast medium is injected into a vein. As the dye travels through the bloodstream, it collects in these organs, turning them bright white. Intron A (IN-tron…) A drug used alone or with other drugs to treat adults with AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma, hairy cell leukemia, certain types of follicular lymphoma, or Melanoma, genital warts or perianal warts, or chronic hepatitis B or C is used to treat other cancers and other disorders. Intro Inverted nipple (in-VER-ted NIH-pul) A nipple that turns inward into the chest or lies flat against the chest. An inverted nipple can be present at birth or it can be caused by aging, breastfeeding, breast surgery, injury, infection, or certain breast conditions. Invoice - (pronounced) (KAL-kwents) medicine used to treat adults with chronic lymphocytic leukemia or small lymphocytic lymphoma and adults with mantle cell lymphoma who have been treated with at least one other therapy. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Iobenguan scan (I-oh-BEN-gwayn skan) A method used to detect neuroendocrine tumors such as neuroblastoma and pheochromocytoma. A small amount of a substance called radioactive iobenguan is injected into a vein and travels through the bloodstream. Iodine I 123-metaiodobenzylguanidine (I-oh-dine. Iodine I 131 monoclonal antibody BC8 (I-oh-dine. Iodine I 131-Lipiodol (I-oh-eat. Iododoxorubicin (I-oh-doh-DOK-soh-ROO-bih-sin) A substance used to treat cancer and primary systemic amyloidosis (a disease in which proteins in certain organs be deposited) is examined. It's a type of anthracycline antitumor antibiotic Ionomycin (I-on-oh-my-sin) An antibiotic used to treat infections Iressa (i-REH-su) A drug used to treat non-small cell lung cancer that has spread to other parts of the body and has certain mutations (changes) in the EGFR gene. It is used in patients whose cancer has not been treated with other cancer treatments. Irritable bowel syndrome (EER-ih-tuh-bul BOW-ul SIN-drome) A disorder of the gut, often characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in a person's bowel habits. This may include diarrhea or constipation, or both, occurring one at a time. Isaac syndrome (I-zik SIN-drome) A rare nerve disorder that causes constant muscle activity that cannot be controlled even during sleep. It often affects the muscles in the arms and legs but can affect the whole body. Isatuximab (I-suh-TUK-sih-mab) A drug used with other drugs to treat adults with multiple myeloma. It is used in patients whose cancer has already been treated with at least two therapies, including lenalidomide and a proteasome inhibitor. Iseganan hydrochloride (i-seh-GAN-an HY-droh-KLOR-ide) A substance being studied for the treatment of oral mucositis (painful sores in the mouth) caused by cancer therapy and other diseases are caused. Iseganan hydrochloride kills certain bacteria, fungi, and viruses by piercing holes in their outer Islet cell carcinoma (I-lass sel KAR-sih-NOH-muh) A rare cancer that forms in islet cells (hormone-producing cells) of the pancreas. Islet cells produce several different hormones that affect bodily functions, including controlling the amount of glucose (sugar) in the blood and helping the stomach d Islet cell tumor (I-lass sel TOO-mer) A tumor that forms in islet cells (hormone-producing cells) of the pancreas. Islet cell tumors can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Isotretinoin (I-soh-TREH-tih-noyn) A drug closely related to vitamin A and used to treat severe acne and also to treat other skin conditions and some cancers, including neuroblastoma, can be used. It is also being studied to prevent and treat other types of cancer. Itraconazole (IH-truh-KAH-nuh-zole) A drug used to prevent or treat fungal infections. It belongs to the antifungal family Ixempra (ik-SEM-pruh) A drug used alone or with capecitabine to treat breast cancer that is locally advanced or has spread to other parts of the body and is getting worse not improved by treatment with other anticancer medicines. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. J-107088 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It's a type of topoisomerase I inhibitor. J-pouch colorectal anastomosis (. JAK2 gene (…jeen) A gene that makes a protein that sends signals into cells to encourage cell growth and helps reduce the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets to control, which are formed in the bone marrow. Mutated (altered) forms of the JAK gene have been found in several ty JEB schema (…REH-Jih-Men) An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat childhood ovarian and testicular germ cell cancer that has spread. It includes the drugs carboplatin (JM8), etoposide phosphate, and bleomycin sulfate. JM 216 - A substance being studied for the treatment of prostate cancer and other types of cancer. It contains the metal platinum and can kill cancer cells by damaging their DNA and stopping them from dividing. JMML - A rare form of childhood leukemia in which cancerous cells often spread to tissues such as the skin, lungs and intestines. Also called juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia JPS - A rare, inherited condition in which multiple abnormal growths called juvenile polyps form in the gastrointestinal tract, usually before the age of 20. To be diagnosed with JPS, an individual must have one or more of the following characteristics: (1) more than five juvenile polyps in the colo JS–101 - A liquid mixture advertised to treat cancer and other diseases. None of the ingredients believed to be found in JS-101 have been shown to be effective in preventing or treating any type of cancer. JS–114 - A liquid mixture advertised to treat cancer and other diseases. None of the ingredients believed to be found in JS-114 have been shown to be effective in preventing or treating any type of cancer. Jakafi (JA-kah-fy) A drug used to treat adults with certain types of primary myelofibrosis (MF), post-polycythemia vera MF, post-essential thrombocythemia MF, or polycythemia vera, and adults and Children 12 years and older with acute or chronic graft-versus-host disease. It is also being studied in Javlor (JAV-Lor) A substance being studied for the treatment of bladder cancer, lung cancer, and other cancers. Also called vinflunine Jelmyto (jel-MY-toh) A drug containing the active substance mitomycin, which comes from the bacterium Streptomyces, and is used to treat adults with a certain type of urothelial cancer. It is given as a solution through a catheter that is inserted into the ureter or kidney. Jemperli (jem-PER-lee) A drug used to treat adults with endometrial cancer or other solid tumors that have come back or progressed and have certain mutations (changes) in genes that are attached to DNA -Repair involved. It is used in patients whose cancer has gotten worse during or after other treat Jerome (jeh-JYOO-num) The middle part of the small intestine. It lies between the duodenum (first part of the small intestine) and the ileum (last part of the small intestine). Jevtana (jev-TA-nuh) A drug used along with prednisone to treat prostate cancer that has spread to other parts of the body and is resistant to castration (has not responded to treatments that lower testosterone levels). It is used in patients who have already been treated with anti-cancer medicines Jewett staging system (JOO-et STAY-jing SIS-tem) A prostate cancer staging system using ABCD. “A” and “B” refer to cancer that is limited to the prostate. Jiang Huang (jyong hwong) An East Indian plant that belongs to the ginger family and is used as a spice and food coloring. The underground stems are used in some cultures to treat certain stomach problems. Jim's Juice (Jimz Joos) A liquid concoction advertised to treat cancer and other diseases. None of the ingredients believed to be in Jim's Juice have been shown to be effective in preventing or treating any type of cancer. KGF - A natural substance that stimulates the growth of epithelial cells in the skin and lining of the mouth, stomach and intestines. A laboratory-made form of KGF is called recombinant human keratinocyte growth factor. KLH - A substance extracted from a marine organism that may be associated with a specific antigen to enhance the immune response to that antigen. KLH is being studied as a way to boost the immune response to cancer vaccines. KMT - A procedure in which a patient receives healthy stem cells (blood-forming cells) to replace their own stem cells that have been destroyed by treatment with radiation or high-dose chemotherapy. The healthy stem cells can come from the patient's bone marrow or from a related or unrelated donor. KOS-862 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It is a kind of mitosis inhibitor and epothilone. KPS - A standard method of measuring the ability of cancer patients to perform ordinary tasks. KPS scores range from 0 to 100. KRAS gene (KAY-ras jeen) A gene that makes a protein involved in cell signaling pathways that control cell growth, cell maturation, and cell death. The natural, unaltered form of the gene is called the wild-type KRAS. KRN5500 - A cancer drug that is a type of antitumor antibiotic. It's an anthracycline KRN7000 - A drug being studied for the treatment of cancer. It is a biological response modifier that is a type of glycosphingolipid or agelasphine KRT14 gene (. KRT5 gene (. KSHV - A type of virus that causes Kaposi's sarcoma (a rare cancer in which lesions grow in the skin, lymph nodes, lining of the mouth, nose and throat and other tissues of the body). KSHV also causes certain types of lymphoma (cancer that starts in cells of the immune system). KW2189 - A semi-synthetic anticancer drug that is a type of antitumor antibiotic KX2-391 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. KX2-391 blocks an enzyme needed for cell growth and can kill cancer cells. Kadcyla (kad-SY-luh) A drug used to treat certain patients with HER2-positive breast cancer who have already been treated with trastuzumab and a certain cancer drug called taxane. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Kahler's disease (KAH-ler dih-ZEEZ) A type of cancer that begins in plasma cells (white blood cells that produce antibodies). Also known as multiple myeloma, myelomatosis, and plasma cell myeloma Kaletra (kuh-LEH-truh) A combination of the drugs ritonavir and lopinavir. It is used to treat infection with HIV (the virus that causes AIDS). Kamptosar - (pronounced) (KAMP-toh-sar) medicine used alone or with other medicines to treat colorectal cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It is used in patients whose cancer has not yet been treated or whose cancer has come back (came back) or gotten worse after treatment with antic Kanjinti (Kan-JIN tea) A drug used alone or with other drugs to treat certain types of breast, stomach, and gastroesophageal junction cancers that are HER2 positive. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Kaposi's sarcoma (kuh-POH-zee sar-KOH-muh) A type of cancer in which lesions (abnormal areas) appear in the skin, lymph nodes, mouth, nose and and throat lining and other tissues of the body grow. The lesions are usually purple and consist of cancer cells, new blood vessels, and blood cells. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kuh-POH-zee sar-KOH-muh-uh-SOH-see-ay-ted HER-peez-VY-rus) A type of virus that Kaposi's sarcoma (a rare cancer in which lesions grow in the skin, lymph nodes, lining of the mouth, nose and throat and other tissues in the body). Kaposi's sarcoma-associated he Karenitecin (kuh-REH-nih-TEE-kan) A drug being studied to treat cancer. It's a type of topoisomerase inhibitor. Karnofsky performance status (kar-NOF-skee per-FOR-munts STA-tus) A standard way of measuring the ability of cancer patients to perform ordinary tasks. Karnofsky performance status ranges from 0 to 100. Karyotyping - (KAYR-ee-oh-ty-ping) A type of genetic test that analyzes the size, shape, and number of chromosomes in a cell sample taken from blood, amniotic fluid, bone marrow, or other tissue. Changes in the number or structure of chromosomes can be a sign of a birth defect or a genetic disease o Kasabach-Merritt Syndrome (KAS-uh-bak-MAYR-es SIN-drome) A rare condition in which the blood cannot clot and severe bleeding can occur. It occurs in some patients who have blood vessel tumors called tufted angiomas and kaposiform hemangioendothelioma. Kassebaum-Kennedy Act (KAH-seh-bawm KEH-nuh-dee . Kava-Kava (KAH-vuh KAH-vuh) An herb native to islands in the South Pacific. Substances derived from the root have been used in some cultures to relieve stress, anxiety, tension, insomnia and menopause issues. Kemstro (KEM-stroh) A drug used to treat certain types of muscle spasms and being studied to treat liver cancer. Kemstro relaxes muscles by blocking certain nerve receptors in the spinal cord. Keppra (KEH-pruh) A drug used to treat seizures (involuntary muscle movements) caused by epilepsy (a group of brain disorders). Keppra is being studied to treat seizures in patients with cancer that has spread to the brain. Keratoacanthoma (KAYR-uh-toh-AK-un-THOH-muh) A fast-growing, dome-shaped skin tumor that usually occurs on sun-exposed areas of the body, particularly the head, neck, arms, legs, and Back of Hand. Keratoacanthoma often starts in a hair follicle. Ketalar (KEE-tuh-lar) A drug used to cause a loss of sensation and consciousness and to induce sleep in patients undergoing surgery. It is also being studied to treat nerve pain caused by chemotherapy. Ketamine hydrochloride (KEE-tuh-meen HY-droh-KLOR-ide) A drug used to cause a loss of feeling and consciousness and in patients undergoing surgery to induce sleep. It is also being studied to treat nerve pain caused by chemotherapy. Ketoconazole (KEE-toh-KAH-nuh-zole) A drug used to treat an infection caused by a fungus. It is also used to treat prostate cancer as it can block the production of male sex hormones Ketoprofen (KEE-toh-PROH-fen) A drug used to treat mild pain. It is also used to treat menstrual cramps, fever, and symptoms of arthritis such as pain, tenderness, swelling, and stiffness. Ketorolac (KEE-tor-OH-lak) A drug that belongs to a family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. It is being studied in cancer prevention Keytruda (kee-TROO-duh) A drug that binds to the protein PD-1 to help immune cells kill cancer cells better and is used to treat many different types of cancer. These include cancers that express the protein PD-L1, that have certain mutations (changes) in genes involved in DNA repair, or that have a Kidney Failure (KID-nee FAYL-yer) A condition in which the kidneys stop working and are unable to remove waste and excess water from the blood or balance the body's chemicals to keep. Acute or severe kidney failure occurs suddenly (eg, after an injury) and can be treated and cured. Kidney failure - (pronounced) (REE-nul FAYL-yer) condition in which the kidneys stop working and are unable to remove waste and excess water from the blood or balance body chemicals. Acute or severe kidney failure occurs suddenly (eg, after an injury) and can be treated and cured. Kimmtrak (KIM-Trak) A drug used to treat adults with uveal melanoma (a type of eye cancer) that has spread or cannot be removed with surgery. It is used in patients who have the HLA-A02:01 antigen. King Treeberry - (pronounced) (chayst. Kisqali (kis-KAH-lee) A drug used to treat women with certain types of hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer that is advanced or has spread. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Kit-ligand (. Klatskin tumor (KLAT-Skin TOO-mer) Cancer that forms in the area where the left and right hepatic ducts meet just outside the liver, forming the common hepatic duct. Bile ducts transport bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine. Klebsiella (KLEB-see-EH-luh) A bacterium that commonly causes lung, urinary tract, intestinal, and wound infections Klinefelter syndrome (KLINE-fel-ter SIN-drome) A genetic disorder in males caused by one or more extra X chromosomes. Men with this disorder may have larger than normal breasts, a lack of facial and body hair, a round body type, and small testicles. Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome (klih-PEL-Tray-noh-NAY SIN-drome) A rare condition affecting blood vessels, soft tissues, and bones. It can also affect the lymphatic vessels. Korean acupuncture (kuh-REE-un AK-yoo-PUNK-cher) A type of acupuncture based on a form of Oriental medicine in which treatment is based on a person's constitution . According to this type of medicine, constitution is the specific way a person's organs affect health and how he or she looks, thinks, b Koreg - (pronounced) (KOR-eg) A drug used to treat high blood pressure and certain heart problems. It's also being studied to prevent and treat side effects caused by some cancer drugs. Koselugo (koh-SEL-yoo-goh) A drug used to treat children as young as 2 years old with a rare genetic condition called neurofibromatosis type 1. It is used in patients with plexiform neurofibromas that have symptoms cause and cannot be surgically removed. Kostmann neutropenia (KOST-mun noo-troh-PEE-nee-uh) An inherited disorder in which the number of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell important in fighting infection is) is below normal. Infants with this condition get infections caused by bacteria and are at increased risk of acute myeloid leuke Kostmann syndrome (KOST-mun SIN-drome) An inherited disorder in which the number of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell important in fighting infection) is below normal . Infants with this condition get infections caused by bacteria and are at increased risk of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or my Kostmann's disease (KOST-mun dih-ZEEZ) An inherited condition in which the number of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell important in fighting infection) is below normal . Infants with this condition get infections caused by bacteria and are at increased risk of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or m Kozaar - (pronounced) (KOH-zar) drug used to treat high blood pressure. Cozaar blocks the effects of chemicals that constrict (narrow) blood vessels. Krazati - (krah-ZAH-tee) A drug used to treat adults with non-small cell lung cancer that has spread and has a specific mutation (change) in the KRASGene. It is used in patients who have already received at least one other systemic therapy. Krukenberg tumor (KROO-ken-berg TOO-mer) A tumor in the ovary caused by the spread of stomach cancer Kymriah (Kim-RY-uh) A drug used to treat adults with certain types of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and people up to 25 years of age with certain types of acute lymphoblastic B -cell leukemia. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Kyprolis (ky-PROH-lis) A drug used alone or with other drugs to treat adults with multiple myeloma that has come back after treatment with one or more other therapies or has not improved. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. L A measure of volume for a liquid using the metric system. An L equals 1,000 cubic centimeters (cc), 1,000 milliliters (mL), or 1. L-3,5,5'-Tetraiodothyronine (. L-377,202 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer L-778,123 - A cancer drug that belongs to the family of enzyme inhibitors. It can inhibit the transformation of normal cells into cancer cells L-MTP-PE - A drug being studied for the treatment of young adults with bone cancer that has gotten worse or has come back. L-MTP-PE activates certain types of white blood cells and helps the immune system kill cancer cells. L-Norgestrel (. L-arginine (. L-carnitine (L-KAR-nih-teen) A form of carnitine, a substance made in muscle and liver tissue and found in certain foods such as meat, poultry, fish and some contains dairy products. L-carnitine is also a drug used to treat patients who do not produce enough carnitine and is being studied as a means L-glutamic acid (. LAK cell (. LAMA3 gene (. LAMB3 gene (. LAMC2 gene (. LC-MS - A laboratory technique that combines two different processes to separate, identify, and measure the amount of different substances in a liquid sample. In the liquid chromatography (LC) method, a liquid sample is passed through a column filled with a material that separates the different subs LCH - A group of rare diseases in which too many Langerhans cells (a type of white blood cell) grow in and damage certain tissues and organs, including bones, skin and lungs. LCH can also affect the pituitary gland (which produces hormones that control other glands and many bodily functions, particu LCIS - A condition in which abnormal cells are found in the lobules of the breast. This condition rarely becomes an invasive cancer. LDCT - A procedure that uses a computer connected to an X-ray machine, which emits a very small dose of radiation, to create a series of detailed images of areas inside the body. The images are taken from different angles and are used to create 3D views of tissues and organs. LDE225 - A drug used to treat locally advanced basal cell carcinoma (BCC) that has come back after surgery or radiation therapy. It is also used in patients who cannot be treated with surgery or radiation therapy. LED therapy (. LEEP A technique that uses an electric current passed through a thin loop of wire to remove abnormal tissue. Also known as electrosurgical excision procedures and loop excision LEP-ETU - A form of the cancer drug paclitaxel contained in very small, fat-like particles. It may have fewer side effects and work better than paclitaxel. LFS - A rare inherited disorder caused by mutations (changes) in the TP53 gene. Li-Fraumeni syndrome increases the risk of developing many types of cancer. LGD1069 - A drug used to treat skin problems caused by cutaneous T-cell lymphoma that did not improve after another treatment. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. LH - A hormone produced in the pituitary gland. In women, it acts on the ovaries to encourage the follicles to release their eggs and to produce hormones that prepare the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg. LH-RH - A hormone made by a part of the brain called the hypothalamus. LH-RH causes the pituitary gland in the brain to make and secrete the hormones luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). LHRH - A hormone made by a part of the brain called the hypothalamus. LHRH causes the pituitary gland in the brain to make and secrete the hormones luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). LHRH agonist (. LHRH antagonist (. LIN - A condition in which abnormal cells are found in the lobules (glands that produce milk) of the breast. This condition rarely turns into cancer. LITT - A type of treatment that uses heat generated by a laser beam to treat abnormal tissue, such as B. cancerous tissue to remove or destroy. LMB-1 immunotoxin (. LMB-2 immunotoxin (. LMB-7 immunotoxin (. LMB-9 immunotoxin (. LMP400 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It blocks certain enzymes that break DNA strands and put them back together. LMP776 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It blocks certain enzymes that break DNA strands and put them back together. LOXO-101 - A drug used to treat adults and children with certain types of solid tumors that have spread or cannot be surgically removed and have the NTRK gene fusion. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. LP - A procedure in which a thin, hollow needle is inserted into the lower part of the spine to collect a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). To do this, the needle is placed between two bones in the spine and into the subarachnoid space (the fluid-filled space between the thin layers of tissue aro LPHL - A rare type of Hodgkin's lymphoma (a cancer of the immune system). It is characterized by the presence of lymphocyte-predominant cells, formerly called popcorn cells. LRMDA gene (. LSIL - An area of abnormal cells that forms on the surface of certain organs such as the cervix, vagina, vulva, anus, and esophagus. LSILs look slightly abnormal under the microscope. LU 79553 - A cancer drug that kills cancer cells by affecting DNA synthesis LU-103793 - A cancer drug that reduces the risk of growth and reproduction of tumor cells LXR alpha pathway (. LY231514 - A drug used alone or with other drugs to treat certain types of non-small cell lung cancer and malignant pleural mesothelioma. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. LY293111 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of leukotriene B4 receptor antagonists LY317615 - A substance being studied for the treatment of certain types of cancer, including non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, breast, colon, lung, ovarian and prostate cancer. LY317615 blocks certain cell signaling pathways and can prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. LY335979 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. LY335979 may help kill cancer cells that are resistant to anti-cancer drugs. LY353381 hydrochloride (. Laboratory study (LA-bruh-tor-ee STUH-dee) Conducted research in a laboratory. A laboratory study can use special equipment and cells or animals to find out if a drug, procedure, or treatment is likely to be useful in humans. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LAK-toh-buh-SIH-lus ram-NOH-sus . Lactoferrin (LAK-toh-fayr-in) A protein found in milk, tears, mucus, bile and some white blood cells that is being studied to treat and prevent cancer. It is involved in fighting infection and inflammation and acts as an antioxidant Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LANG-er-hanz sel HIS-tee-oh-sy-TOH-sis) A group of rare disorders in which too many Langerhans cells (a type of white blood cells) grow in and damage certain tissues and organs, including bones, skin and lungs. Langerhans cell histiocytosis can also affect the pituitar Lanoxin (luh-NOK-sinde) A drug used to treat irregular heartbeat and some types of heart failure. It is also being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. Lantus (LAN-tus) A drug used to control blood sugar levels in patients with diabetes. It is a laboratory-made form of the hormone insulin. Laryngectomy (LAYR-in-JEK-toh-mee) An operation to remove all or part of the larynx (voice box) Laryngitis (LAYR-in-JY-tis) Inflammation of the larynx Laryngopharyngectomy (luh-RIN-goh-fayr-in-JEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove all or part of the larynx (larynx) and pharynx (pharynx). Part of the esophagus and all or part of the thyroid may also be removed. Laryngoscope (luh-RIN-goh-SKOPE) A thin, tubular instrument used to examine the larynx (larynx). A laryngoscope has a light and lens for viewing and may have a tool for removing tissue Latisse (LA-teas) The drug bimatoprost is used to increase the length, thickness and darkness of the eyelashes. It is being studied to increase the growth of eyelashes and eyebrows in patients receiving chemotherapy for cancer. Laughter Therapy (LAF-ter THAYR-uh-pee) A type of therapy that uses humor to relieve pain and stress and improve a person's well-being. It can be used to help people deal with a serious illness like cancer. Lead shield (LED screen) In medicine, a protective shield that can be attached to the outside of the body during radiation therapy or certain imaging procedures such as mammography. This helps protect organs such as the thyroid or reproductive organs (including the ovaries, fallopian tubes and uteru Leflunomide (leh-FLOO-noh-mide) A cancer drug that works by inhibiting a growth factor of cancer cells. Also called SU101 Legal Aid Organization (LEE-gul ayd OR-guh-nih-ZAY-shun) A group or agency that provides legal aid to people on low incomes. Healthcare paralegals help people with issues related to getting good healthcare and getting insurance that covers specific patients and medical conditions Legal Medicine is a special field of medicine that focuses on various aspects of medicine and law. Historically, the practice of legal medicine made contributions to medicine as a scientific instrument to solve criminal perplexities. Since World War II, the domain of legal medicine has broadened to Legius Syndrome (LEE-jus SIN-drome) A rare genetic disorder characterized by flat brown patches on the skin. The number of brown spots on the skin tends to increase throughout childhood. Leiomyosarcoma (LY-oh-my-oh-sar-KOH-muh) A malignant (cancer) tumor of smooth muscle cells that can arise almost anywhere in the body, but is most common in the uterus, abdomen or pelvis Lenalidomide (leh-nuh-LIH-doh-mide) A drug similar to thalidomide used alone or with other drugs to treat adults with certain types of follicular lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma , mantle cell lymphoma, multiple myeloma, or anemia caused by certain types of myelodysplastic syndromes. It is also bein Lentina (LEN-tih-nun) A beta-glucan (a type of polysaccharide) from the mushroom Lentinus edodes (shiitake mushroom). It has been studied in Japan to treat cancer Lenvima (len-VEE-muh) A medicine used alone or with other medicines to treat certain types of endometrial cancer, renal cell carcinoma (a type of kidney cancer), hepatocellular carcinoma (a type of liver cancer ) and thyroid cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Lepirudin (LEH-pih-ROO-din) A drug that inhibits blood clotting. It is being studied in cancer treatment Leptin (LEP-tin) A hormone produced by fat cells that helps control hunger, the amount of fat stored in the body, and body weight Letrozole (LEH-truh-zole) A drug used to treat certain types of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Leukeran (LOO-keh-lauf) A drug used to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and certain types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Leuvectin (loo-VEK-zinn) A drug that introduces the gene for interleukin-2 (IL-2) into cells to increase the cells' production of IL-2 Levamisole (lee-VA-mih-sole) An antiparasitic that is also being studied in cancer therapy with fluorouracil Level of Evidence (LEH-vulz . Levofloxacin (LEE-voh-FLOK-suh-sin) A substance used to treat bacterial infections. It belongs to the quinolone antibiotic family Levoleucovorin-Calcium (LEE-voh-LOO-koh-VOR-in KAL-see-um) A drug used to reduce the toxic effects of the cancer drug methotrexate or other substances , which block the action of folic acid. It is also used along with fluorouracil as palliative therapy to treat advanced colorectal cancer. Levonorgestrel (LEE-voh-yet-JES-trel) A form of the hormone progesterone made in a laboratory and used to prevent pregnancy. It is being studied to prevent ovarian and endometrial cancer and to treat other conditions. Levulan Kerastick (LEH-vyoo-lan KAYR-uh-stik) A medicine that contains the active substance aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride and is used together with photodynamic therapy to treat actinic keratosis (a skin disease that leads to cancer can be) is applied. When Levulan Kerastick is taken up by abnor Lexapro (LEK-suh-proh) A drug used to treat depression and certain anxiety disorders. It belongs to the family of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Lexatumumab (lek-suh-TOO-moo-mab) A substance being studied to treat some types of cancer. It attaches to a protein called TRAIL-R2 on the surface of some tumor cells, which can kill the tumor cells. Lhermitte's sign (Shift-MEETZ. Li-Fraumeni Syndrome (lee-FRAH-meh-nee SIN-drome) A rare inherited disorder caused by mutations (changes) in the TP53 gene. Li-Fraumeni syndrome increases the risk of developing many types of cancer. Liarozol (lee-AYR-oh-zole) A cancer drug that promotes differentiation by increasing levels of retinoic acid in the tumor Libido (lih-bee-doh) Sexual desire or the mental energy or emotion related to sex Libtayo (lib-TY-oh) A drug that binds to the protein PD-1 to help immune cells kill cancer cells better and is used to treat various types of cancer. Libtayo is used to treat certain types of basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin (skin cancers) that are locally advanced or hav Lieberkuhn gland (. Life quality - (pronounced) (KWAH-lih-tee. Light microscope (lite MY-kroh-SKOPE) A microscope (device for enlarging small objects) in which objects are directly illuminated with white light Light sensitivity - (pronounced) (FOH-toh-SEN-sih-TIH-vih-tea) condition in which the skin is very sensitive to sunlight or other forms of ultraviolet light and can burn easily. Photosensitivity usually causes a rash or sunburn, especially on areas of skin exposed to ultraviolet light. Linitis plastica (lih-NY-tis plas-TIH-kuh) A rare form of stomach cancer that begins in the lining of the stomach and spreads to the muscles of the stomach wall. This causes the stomach wall to become thick, hard, and rubbery, leading to digestive problems. Lintuzumab (lin-TOO-zoo-mab) A substance being studied for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes and some types of leukemia. It attaches to CD33, a protein on the surface of certain normal blood stem cells and some abnormal blood cells. Lioresal (lih-OR-eh-sal) A drug used to treat certain types of muscle spasms and being studied to treat liver cancer. Lioresal relaxes muscles by blocking certain nerve receptors in the spinal cord. Liothyronine sodium (LY-oh-THY-roh-neen SOH-dee-um) A drug used to treat certain disorders of the thyroid (a gland located near the voice box). Lipiodol (LIH-pipi-oh-dol) A form of poppy seed oil that contains iodine. Lipiodol is given by injection and accumulates in the blood and lymphatic vessels of tumors. Lipitor (LIH-pih-tor) A drug used to lower blood cholesterol and prevent stroke, heart attack and angina (chest pain). It is also being studied to prevent and treat some cancers and other conditions. LipoTaxen (LIH-poh-TAK-sen) A form of the cancer drug paclitaxel contained in very small, fat-like particles. It may have fewer side effects and work better than paclitaxel. Liposuction (LY-poh-SUK-shun) A surgical procedure that uses a vacuum device to remove excess fat from the body. Liposuction is usually performed to flatten and reshape an area of the body to improve appearance. Lisinopril (ly-SIH-noh-pril) A drug used to treat high blood pressure and certain heart conditions. It's also being studied to prevent and treat side effects caused by some cancer drugs. Lisocabtagene-Maraleucel (LIH-soh-KAB-tuh-jeen MAR-uh-LOO-sel) A drug used to treat adults with certain types of large B-cell lymphoma who are developing after have relapsed (recurred) or have not improved following treatment with at least one systemic therapy. It is also being studied in the treatm Lisofillin (lih-SAH-fuh-lin) A drug that can protect healthy cells from chemotherapy and radiation without inhibiting the effects of these therapies on tumor cells Lithium (LIH-thee-um) A soft metal. Lithium salts are used to treat certain mental disorders, particularly bipolar (manic-depressive) disorders. Liver and bile duct cancer (LIH-ver . Liver cancer (LIH-ver KAN-ser) Primary liver cancer is cancer that forms in the tissues of the liver. Secondary liver cancer is cancer that has spread to the liver from another part of the body Liver metastases (LIH-ver meh-TAS-tuh-sis) Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the liver Lobectomy (loh-BEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove an entire lobe (section) of an organ (such as the lungs, liver, brain, or thyroid) Lobel line (LOH-beh-leen) A substance derived from a plant known as Indian tobacco, distinct from the tobacco used in the manufacture of smoking products. Research has been done on how it can help people quit smoking. Lofibra (loh-FY-bruh) A drug used to treat high levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. Lofibra is being studied for the treatment of advanced cancer in young patients and for the treatment of other diseases. Lometrexol (loh-meh-TREK-sol) A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the antifolate family Lomustine (loh-mus-teen) A drug used to treat brain tumors that have already been treated with surgery or radiation therapy and Hodgkin's lymphoma that got worse after treatment with other anticancer drugs . It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Lonafarnib (loh-nah-FAR pen) A cancer drug that belongs to the family of enzyme inhibitors. Also called SCH 66336 Loncastuximab-tesirine (LON-kas-TUK-sih-mab TEH-sih-reen) A drug used to treat adults with certain types of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that have relapsed (returned) or not improved after treatment with at least two other systemic therapies. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types Long-term care hospitals (LTCHs) furnish extended medical and rehabilitative care to individuals who are clinically complex and have multiple acute or chronic conditions. Lonsurf (LON-serf) A combination of two medicines used to treat adults with certain types of cancer of the stomach, gastroesophageal junction or colorectal cancer. It is used in patients whose cancer has spread to other parts of the body and who have already been treated with other anticancer medici Loop Excision (. Loradimil (loh-BRAY-dih-mil) A substance being studied for its ability to help other drugs reach the brain. It belongs to the bradykinin agonist family. Lorazepam (lor-A-zeh-pam) A drug used to treat anxiety and certain seizure disorders (such as epilepsy) and to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy. It belongs to the antiemetic and benzodiazepine drug families Lorbrena (lor-BREH-nuh) A drug used to treat adults with non-small cell lung cancer that has spread to other parts of the body and is ALK-positive. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Lorlatinib (lor-LA-tih-quill) A drug used to treat adults with non-small cell lung cancer that has spread to other parts of the body and is ALK-positive. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Losoxantrone (loh-SOK-san-trone) A cancer drug that belongs to the antipyrazole family Lovastatin (LOH-vuh-STA-tin) A drug used to lower blood cholesterol levels. It is also being studied to prevent and treat some types of cancer. Low tar cigarette (loh tar SIH-guh-ret) A type of cigarette that is said to release less tobacco tar when smoked than a regular cigarette. Low tar cigarettes have been shown to be no safer than regular cigarettes and smoking them does not reduce the risk of cancer or other diseases. Lumigan (LOO-mih gun) The drug bimatoprost, used to treat glaucoma (a buildup of fluid in the eye). It lowers intraocular pressure by increasing the outflow of natural intraocular fluid from the eye. Lumoxiti (loo-MOK-sih-tee) A drug used to treat adults with hairy cell leukemia who have returned or not improved with at least two other systemic therapies, including treatment with a purine nucleoside analogue (a type of cancer drug). Lumoxiti contains a monoclonal antibody that attaches to a prot Lung Specialist - (pronounced) (PUL-muh-NAYR-ee SPEH-shoe list) A doctor who has special training in the diagnosis and treatment of lung diseases. Also called a pulmonologist Lung function test (. Lung infection - (pronounced) (NOO-moh-NY-tis) inflammation of the lungs. This can be caused by illness, infection, radiation therapy, allergy, or irritation of the lung tissue from inhaled substances Lunsumio - (lun-SUM-ee-oh) A drug used to treat adults with follicular lymphoma that has come back or has not improved after treatment with at least two other systemic therapies. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Lupron-Depot (LOO-pron DEE-poh) A drug used to treat prostate cancer, problems with the endometrium (the lining of the womb), and uterine fibroids (benign growths on the womb). It is also being studied in the treatment of other diseases and cancers. Lurbinectin (LOOR-bih-NEK-teh-din) A drug used to treat adults with small cell lung cancer that has spread to other parts of the body and has developed during or after treatment with a Platinum chemotherapy aggravated. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Lurtotecan (LOOR-toh-TEE-kan) A cancer drug that belongs to the family of topoisomerase inhibitors Lutathera (LOO-tuh-THAYR-uh) A radioactive drug used to treat adults with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors that are somatostatin receptor positive. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Lutetium Lu 177-dotatate (loo-TEE-shee-er. Lutropin (LOO-troh-pin) A hormone produced in the pituitary gland. In women, it acts on the ovaries to encourage the follicles to release their eggs and to produce hormones that prepare the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg. Luvox (LOO-vox) A drug used to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder. It is a type of antidepressant and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Lymph mapping (lim-FA-tik MA-ping) The use of dyes and radioactive substances to identify lymph nodes that may contain tumor cells. Also called lymph node mapping Lymph node drainage (Limf node DRAY-nij) The flow of lymph from an area of tissue into a specific lymph node Lymphadenectomy (LIM-fa-deh-NEK-toh-mee) A surgical procedure in which the lymph nodes are removed and a sample of tissue is examined under a microscope for signs of cancer. In a regional lymphadenectomy, some of the lymph nodes in the tumor area are removed; In a radical lymphadenectomy, most or al Lymphadenopathy (limf-A-deh-NAH-phew-you) Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes Lymphangiography (lim-FAN-jee-AH-gruh-fee) An X-ray examination of the lymphatic system. A dye is injected into a lymphatic vessel and travels through the lymphatic system. Lymphangiosarcoma (lim-FAN-jee-oh-sar-KOH-muh) A type of cancer that begins in the cells lining the lymphatic vessels Lymphatic system (lim-FA-tik SIS-tem) The tissues and organs that produce, store, and transport white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and lymphatics (a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells Lymphedema (LIM-fuh-DEE-muh) A condition in which extra lymph fluid builds up in tissues, causing swelling. It can occur in an arm or leg when lymph vessels become blocked, damaged, or removed through surgery Lymphopoietin-1 (LIM-foh-POY-eh-Tin. Lymphosarcoma (LIM-foh-sar-KOH-muh) An obsolete term for a malignant tumor of the lymphatic tissue Lymphoscintigraphy (LIM-foh-sin-TIH-gruh-fee) A method of examining the lymphatic system for disease. A radioactive substance is injected into the body, which flows through the lymphatic system and can be absorbed by the lymph nodes. Lynch syndrome (linch SIN-drome) An inherited disorder that puts people at a higher than average risk of developing colon cancer and certain other cancers, often before the age of 50 Lynparza (lin-PAR-zuh) A drug used to treat adults with certain types of prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer or ovarian cancer, fallopian tube cancer, or primary peritoneal cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Lyrica (LEER-ih-kuh) A drug used to treat nerve pain caused by diabetes or a herpes zoster infection and certain types of seizures. It is being studied to prevent and treat nerve pain in the hands and feet of cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Lytgobi - (lite-GOH bee) A drug used to treat adults with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (a type of cancer that forms in the bile ducts inside the liver) that has spread or cannot be removed with surgery and one has FGFR2 gene fusion or other alteration in the structure of the FGFR2 gene. It is use M protein - An antibody found in abnormally large amounts in the blood or urine of people with multiple myeloma and other types of plasma cell tumors. Also called monoclonal protein M-EDTA - A substance being studied to prevent bacterial infections that occur in catheters (thin tubes that carry fluids in or out of the body). It is a combination of minocycline, an antibiotic that inhibits the growth of bacteria, and EDTA, a substance that prevents blood clots from forming. M200 - A monoclonal antibody being studied to treat some types of cancer. Monoclonal antibodies are made in the laboratory and can locate and attach to substances in the body, including cancer cells. MAGE-3 antigen - A protein found in many types of tumors but not in most normal tissues. Vaccines using portions of the MAGE-3 protein are being studied for their ability to boost the immune response to cancer cells in cancer patients MALT lymphoma - A type of cancer that arises in cells in the mucous membrane tissue that are involved in the production of antibodies. Also called mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma MAMMOTOME - (pronounced) (MA-moh-tome) A device that uses a computer-controlled probe to perform breast biopsies. A biopsy procedure using the MAMMOTOME device can be performed on an outpatient basis with local anesthesia, removes only a small amount of healthy tissue, and does not require sutures ( MAOIs - A type of medication used to treat depression. It stops the breakdown of certain chemicals in the brain that help improve a person's mood. MAP - A rare, inherited condition in which multiple polyps (abnormal growths) form on the inner walls of the colon and rectum. People with MAP usually develop fewer than 100 colon polyps, and polyps can also occur in the stomach and small intestine. MAP2K gene - A member of a group of genes that make proteins that send chemical signals from outside the cell to the cell's nucleus to control many important cell functions, including cell growth, maturation, movement, and survival. Mutations (changes) in MAP2K genes can cause these proteins to be o MART-1 antigen - protein found on normal melanocytes (cells that produce the pigment melanin) in the skin and retina. It is also found in most melanomas (cancers that start in melanocytes). MBL - A condition in which a higher than normal number of identical B cells are found in the blood. People with MBL can develop other B-cell disorders, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). MC1R - A protein found in skin and eye cells that makes melanin (a pigment that gives skin color and helps protect it from damage caused by ultraviolet light). People with certain changes in the gene for MC1R have a higher risk of developing melanoma (skin cancer that starts in melanocytes). MC5-A Scrambler Therapy - A type of nerve pain treatment in which electrodes are placed on the skin. Current is passed through the skin from the electrodes, blocking the pain. MCD test - A type of blood test that is being studied to screen for many types of cancer at the same time. MCD tests measure biomarkers, such as pieces of DNA, that cancer cells release into the blood when they die. MDL 101,731 - A drug that belongs to a family of drugs called ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors MDR modulator CBT-1 - plant-derived substance being studied to treat cancer. It can help drugs kill tumor cells that have become drug-resistant. MDS - A type of cancer in which the bone marrow does not produce enough healthy blood cells (white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets) and there are abnormal cells in the blood and/or bone marrow. When there are fewer healthy blood cells, infection, anemia, or bleeding can occur. MDX-010 - A drug that binds to the protein CTLA-4 to help immune cells kill cancer cells better and is used to treat many different types of cancer. These include cancers that have certain mutations (changes) in genes involved in DNA repair. MDX-060 - A monoclonal antibody being studied for the treatment of some lymphomas. Monoclonal antibodies are made in the lab and can locate and attach to cancer cells MEDI-507 - A substance being studied for the treatment of certain types of T-cell lymphoma. It is also being studied to prevent organ or tissue rejection after kidney and/or bone marrow transplants. MEDI-522 - A substance being studied for the treatment of some types of cancer and other diseases. MEDI-522 binds to a protein on the surface of blood vessels and can prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. MEK gene - member of a group of genes that make proteins that send chemical signals from outside the cell to the cell's nucleus to control many important cell functions, including cell growth, maturation, movement, and survival. Mutations (changes) in MEK genes can cause these proteins to be overact MEK inhibitors - substance that blocks proteins called MEK1 and MEK2, which help control cell growth and survival. Blocking these proteins can help prevent cancer cells from growing and kill them. MEK1 protein - A protein involved in a cell signaling pathway that helps control cell division, cell maturation, and cell death. Mutations (changes) in the gene that makes the MEK1 protein or in other genes in this pathway can cause the MEK1 protein to become overactive in some types of cancer. MEK2 protein - protein involved in a cell signaling pathway that helps control cell division, cell maturation, and cell death. Mutations (changes) in the gene that makes the MEK2 protein or in other genes involved in this pathway can cause the MEK2 protein to become overactive in some types of cance MEN syndrome - An inherited condition that can lead to the development of cancer of the endocrine system. There are several types of MEN syndrome, and patients with each type can develop different types of cancer. MEN1 syndrome - A rare, inherited disorder that affects the endocrine glands and can cause tumors in the parathyroid, pituitary and pancreas glands. These tumors are usually benign (not cancer). MEN2 syndrome - rare genetic disorder that affects the endocrine glands and can cause tumors in the thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands. The affected endocrine glands can produce high levels of hormones, which can lead to other medical problems like high blood pressure and kidney stones. MEN2A - A rare, genetic disorder that affects the endocrine glands and causes a form of thyroid cancer called medullary thyroid cancer, pheochromocytoma, and parathyroid cancer. It can also cause benign (benign) tumors in the parathyroid and adrenal glands. MEN2A syndrome - rare genetic disorder that affects the endocrine glands and causes a form of thyroid cancer called medullary thyroid cancer, pheochromocytoma, and parathyroid cancer. It can also cause benign (benign) tumors in the parathyroid and adrenal glands. MEN2B - A rare genetic disorder that affects the endocrine glands and causes a form of thyroid cancer called medullary thyroid cancer, pheochromocytoma, and parathyroid cancer. It can also cause benign (benign) tumors in the adrenal glands and growths around nerves in the lips, tongue, lining of the MEN2B syndrome - rare genetic disorder that affects the endocrine glands and causes a form of thyroid cancer called medullary thyroid cancer, pheochromocytoma, and parathyroid cancer. It can also cause benign (benign) tumors in the adrenal glands and growths around nerves in the lips, tongue, lining MEPACT - A drug being studied for the treatment of young adults with bone cancer that has gotten worse or has come back. MEPACT activates certain types of white blood cells and helps the immune system kill cancer cells. MET gene - gene that makes a protein involved in sending signals within cells and in cell growth and survival. Mutated (altered) forms of the MET gene can cause abnormal cells to grow and spread throughout the body. MFS - The length of time from the start of cancer treatment that a patient is alive and the cancer has not spread to other parts of the body. In a clinical trial, measuring MFS is one way to see how well a new treatment is working. MG98 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It blocks the production of a protein called DNA methyltransferase, which helps control gene expression. MGCD0103 - A substance being studied for the treatment of various types of cancer. It blocks enzymes needed for cell division and can kill cancer cells. MGUS - A benign condition in which a higher-than-normal protein called M protein is present in the blood. Patients with MGUS have an increased risk of cancer. MHT - Treatment with the hormones estrogen and progesterone, or with estrogen alone, to relieve menopause symptoms. Symptoms can include hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, trouble sleeping, mood swings, and bone loss. MIBG Scan - method for finding neuroendocrine tumors such as neuroblastoma and pheochromocytoma. A small amount of a substance called radioactive MIBG is injected into a vein and travels through the bloodstream. MK-0646 - A substance being studied for the treatment of many types of cancer. MK-0646 binds to a protein called insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGFR) on the surface of cells. MK0752 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It blocks signals between growing cells and can kill cancer cells. MLH1 gene - gene that produces a protein involved in repairing DNA errors that can occur when DNA is copied in a cell. Mutations (changes) in the MLH1 gene can cause unrepaired errors in the DNA to accumulate in the cell, which can lead to abnormal cell growth and cancer. MLN1202 - A substance being studied for the treatment of atherosclerosis (a build-up of fat in the arteries). It is also being studied in the treatment of cancer that has spread to the bones. MLN2704 - A substance being studied for the treatment of prostate cancer. It belongs to the drug family called antibody-drug conjugates. MLN518 - A substance being studied to treat some types of cancer. It can stop cancer cells from growing by blocking certain enzymes. MLN591DM1 - A substance being studied for the treatment of prostate cancer. It belongs to the drug family called antibody-drug conjugates. MMMT - A rare type of tumor that is a mixture of carcinoma and sarcoma cells. MMMT usually occurs in the uterus. MOA - In medicine, a term used to describe how a drug or other substance produces an effect in the body. For example, a drug's MOA could be how it affects a specific target in a cell, such as B. MOAB Ch14. 18 - A drug used in conjunction with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), aldesleukin (IL-2), and 13-cis-retinoic acid to treat children with high-risk neuroblastoma . MOP - (pronounced) An acronym for a combination of chemotherapy used alone or with radiation therapy to treat Hodgkin lymphoma. It includes the drugs mechlorethamine hydrochloride, vincristine sulfate (Oncovin), procarbazine hydrochloride, and prednisone. MOPP scheme - An acronym for a combination of chemotherapy used alone or with radiation therapy to treat Hodgkin lymphoma. It includes the drugs mechlorethamine hydrochloride, vincristine sulfate (Oncovin), procarbazine hydrochloride, and prednisone. MORAb-009 - A substance being studied for the treatment of mesothelioma. MORAb-009 attaches to a protein called mesothelin, which is found on some cancer cells. MP470 - A substance being studied for the treatment of some types of cancer. It can block certain proteins involved in cancer cell growth and DNA repair. MPL gene - A gene that makes a protein that helps control the number of blood cells, particularly platelets, made in the bone marrow. Mutated (changed) forms of the MPL gene can cause the body to make abnormal blood cells or too many platelets. MPNST - A type of soft tissue sarcoma that develops in cells that form a protective sheath (sheath) around peripheral nerves, which are nerves that lie outside the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). Also called malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor MR - A measure of how fast cancer cells divide and grow. To find the MR, the number of cells dividing in a given amount of cancerous tissue is counted. MRA - A procedure that uses radio waves and a powerful magnet connected to a computer to create detailed images of blood vessels and blood flow in the body. A dye may be injected into a vein to make blood vessels and blood flow easier to see. MRD - A term used to describe a very small number of cancer cells that remain in the body during or after treatment. MRD can only be found by highly sensitive laboratory methods, capable of finding one cancer cell in a million normal cells. MRI - (pronounced) (NOO-klee-he likes-NEH-tik REH-zuh-nunts IH-muh-jing) A procedure that uses radio waves, a strong magnet, and a computer to create a series of detailed images of areas inside the body. A contrast agent, such as gadolinium, may be injected into a vein to help tissue and organs appe MRI - A procedure that uses radio waves, a powerful magnet, and a computer to create a series of detailed images of areas inside the body. A contrast agent, such as gadolinium, may be injected into a vein to help tissue and organs appear more clearly in the image. MRI Ultrasound Fusion Guided Biopsy - biopsy procedure that combines images from an MRI scan and an ultrasound to create a detailed 3D image of the prostate. This procedure makes it easier to see an abnormal area of tissue to guide the biopsy needle into the abnormal area. MRI-guided biopsy - procedure that uses an MRI scan to find an abnormal area in the breast or prostate to guide the removal of a sample of tissue from that area with a needle. The tissue sample is then examined under a microscope for signs of disease, such as cancer. MRSA - A type of bacteria that causes an infection unresponsive to conventional antibiotics, including methicillin, amoxicillin, and penicillin. Most MRSA infections occur on the skin and are mild. MRSI - A non-invasive imaging method that provides information about cell activity (metabolic information). It is used together with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which provides information about the shape and size of the tumor (location information). MS 209 - A substance being studied for its ability to make cancer cells more responsive to chemotherapy drugs to which they have become resistant. It's a type of quinolone antibiotic MS-275 - A substance being studied to treat blood cancer. It belongs to the histone deacetylase inhibitor family MSH2 gene - gene that produces a protein involved in repairing DNA errors that can occur when DNA is copied in a cell. Mutations (changes) in the MSH2 gene can cause unrepaired errors in the DNA to accumulate in the cell, which can lead to abnormal cell growth and cancer. MSH6 gene - gene that produces a protein involved in repairing DNA errors that can occur when DNA is copied in a cell. Mutations (changes) in the MSH6 gene can cause unrepaired errors in the DNA to accumulate in the cell, which can lead to abnormal cell growth and cancer. MSI - A change that occurs in certain cells (such as cancer cells) in which the number of repeating DNA bases in a microsatellite (a short, repeating DNA sequence) is different than inheritance of the microsatellite. MSI can be caused by errors that are not corrected when DNA is copied into a cell. MSI-H-Cancer - Describes cancer cells that have a high number of mutations (changes) within microsatellites. For example, a microsatellite test that shows mutations in 30% or more microsatellites is called microsatellite instability high. MSSE - A rare, inherited disorder in which multiple, fast-growing tumors that look like squamous cell carcinomas develop on the nose, face, ears, arms, and legs. The tumors usually go away on their own but often leave deep, pitted scars in the skin. MTD - The highest dose of a drug or treatment that does not cause unacceptable side effects. The MTD is determined in clinical trials by testing increasing doses in different groups of people until the highest dose with acceptable side effects is found. MTS - A rare, inherited disorder that causes tumors to form in the sebum glands of the skin and at least one internal organ. The skin tumors can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous) and usually appear on the face, scalp and eyelids. MTX - A drug used alone or with other drugs to treat many types of cancer, certain types of arthritis, and severe psoriasis (a type of skin condition). It is also being studied in the treatment of other diseases and cancers. MUC-1 - A protein found on certain epithelial cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. It can be found in higher than normal levels in patients with some types of cancer, including breast, ovarian, lung, and prostate cancer, or other conditions. MUSE - (pronounced) method of treating impotence (inability to have an erection). A suppository in the form of a very small pellet is inserted through the tip of the penis into the urethra. MUTYH-associated polyposis - rare, inherited condition in which multiple polyps (abnormal growths) form on the inner walls of the colon and rectum. People with MUTYH-associated polyposis usually develop fewer than 100 colon polyps, and polyps can also occur in the stomach and small intestine. MVAC - An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat advanced bladder cancer and urethral cancer. It includes the drugs methotrexate, vinblastine sulfate, doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin), and cisplatin. MVAC schema - An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat advanced bladder cancer and urethral cancer. It includes the drugs methotrexate, vinblastine sulfate, doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin), and cisplatin. MYC gene family - family of genes that makes proteins involved in many cell functions, including cell growth, cell maturation, and cell death. Genetic changes in the DNA sequence of the MYC genes have been found in many types of cancer, including leukemia and lymphoma. MZL - An indolent (slow-growing) type of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that begins to form in certain areas (the marginal zones) of the lymphatic tissue. There are three types, depending on whether it forms in the spleen, lymph nodes, or other lymphoid tissue that is high in B cells (a type of white Macrocalcification - (pronounced) (MA-kroh-KAL-sih-fih-KAY-shun) A small deposit of calcium in the breast that cannot be felt but can be seen on a mammogram. It is usually caused by aging, an old injury, or inflamed tissue and is not usually related to cancer Macroglobulinemia - (pronounced) (MA-kroh-GLAH-byoo-lih-NEE-mee-uh) A condition in which the blood contains large amounts of large proteins and is too thick to flow through small blood vessels. One type is Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, a type of cancer Maffucci Syndrome - (pronounced) (muh-FOO-chee SIN-drome) A very rare condition affecting the skin and cartilage. It is characterized by benign (noncancerous) cartilage growths in the bones. Mafosfamide - (pronounced) (muh-FOS-fuh-mide) form of cyclophosphamide that can be given as an intrathecal infusion. Mafosfamide is being studied as a cancer drug. Magi Drug - (pronounced) (OR fun. Magnesium - (pronounced) (mag-NEE-zee-um) In medicine, a mineral used by the body to maintain muscles, nerves, and bones. It is also used in energy metabolism and protein synthesis Magnesium Sulfate - (pronounced) (mag-NEE-zee-um SUL-fayt) medicine used to treat pre-eclampsia and eclampsia (severe pregnancy complications). Magnesium sulfate is also being studied for its ability to prevent the toxic side effects of certain drugs used to treat colon cancer. Magnetic Resonance Imaging - (pronounced) (mag-NEH-tik REH-zuh-nunts SPEK-troh-SKAH-pik IH-muh-jing) A non-invasive imaging technique that provides information about cell activity (metabolic information). It is used together with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which provides information about the Magnetic resonance angiography - (pronounced) (mag-NEH-tik REH-zuh-nunts an-jee-AH-gruh fee) A procedure that uses radio waves and a powerful magnet connected to a computer to create detailed images of blood vessels and blood flow in the body. A dye may be injected into a vein to make blood vessels Magnetic resonance imaging - (pronounced) (mag-NEH-tik REH-zuh-nunts IH-muh-jing) procedure that uses radio waves, a strong magnet, and a computer to create a series of detailed images of areas inside the body. A contrast agent, such as gadolinium, may be injected into a vein to help tissue and orga Magnetically Targeted Carrier - (pronounced) (mag-NEH-tik-TAR-go-ted KAYR-ee-er) tiny bead of iron and carbon particles that can be attached to a cancer drug. A magnet applied from outside the body can then direct the drug to the tumor site. Magnevist - (pronounced) (MAG-neh-vist) A substance used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to create clear images of the brain, spine, heart, soft tissues of joints, and inside bones. Magnevist is being studied in the cancer diagnosis. Maintenance therapy - (pronounced) (MAYN-teh-nunts THAYR-uh-pee) A treatment given to prevent the cancer from returning after it has gone away after initial therapy. It can involve treatment with drugs, vaccines, or antibodies that kill cancer cells, and it can be given over a long period of time Malabsorption Syndrome - (pronounced) (MA-lub-SORP-shun SIN-drome) group of symptoms such as bloating, gas, abdominal pain, and diarrhea that result from the body's inability to absorb nutrients properly Malfunction - (pronounced) (dis-FUNK-avoid) A state of not functioning normally Malignant ectomesenchymoma - (pronounced) (moo-LIG-now EK-toh-MEH-zen-ky-MOH-moo) A rare, fast-growing tumor of the nervous system or soft tissues that occurs in children and young adults. Malignant ectomesenchymomas can form in the head and neck, abdomen, perineum, scrotum, or on the limbs. Malignant fibrous cytoma - (pronounced) (moo-LIG-nunt FY-brus sy-TOH-moo) type of cancer that usually forms in soft tissue but can also form in bone. It can appear anywhere on the body, but it usually occurs in the legs (particularly the thighs), the arms, or the back of the abdomen. Malignant fibrous histiocytoma - (pronounced) (moo-LIG-nunt FY-brus HIS-tee-oh-sy-TOH-moo) type of cancer that usually forms in soft tissue but can also form in bone. It can appear anywhere on the body, but it usually occurs in the legs (particularly the thighs), the arms, or the back of the abdomen Malignant meningioma - (pronounced) (moo-LIG-now meh-NIN-jee-OH-moo) rare, fast-growing tumor that forms in one of the inner layers of the meninges (thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord). Malignant meningioma often spreads to other areas of the body Malignant mesothelioma - (pronounced) (moo-LIG-now MEH-zoh-THEE-lee-OH-moo) A rare type of cancer in which malignant cells are found in the lining of the chest or abdomen. Exposure to asbestos particles in the air increases the risk of developing malignant mesothelioma Malignant mixed Müllerian tumor - (pronounced) (muh-LIG-now miks myoo-LAYR-ee-un TOO-mer) A rare type of tumor that is a mixture of carcinoma and sarcoma cells. MMMT usually occurs in the uterus. Malignant peritoneal effusion - (pronounced) (muh-LIG-nunt PAYR-ih-toh-NEE-ul eh-FYOO-zhun) condition in which cancer causes extra fluid to accumulate between the thin layers of the peritoneum (tissue that lines the abdomen and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). Signs and symptoms may includ Malnutrition - (pronounced) (mal-noo-TRIH-avoid) condition caused by not consuming enough calories or the right amount of essential nutrients, such as vitamins and minerals, needed for health. Malnutrition can occur when there is a lack of nutrients in food or when the body cannot absorb nutrients f Malondialdehyde - (pronounced) (MA-lon-dy-AL-deh-Hide) A by-product of lipid (fat) metabolism in the body. It is also found in many foods and can be present in large amounts in rancid foods MammaPrint - (pronounced) (MA-moo-print) laboratory test used to predict whether breast cancer will spread to other parts of the body or come back. The test looks at the activity of 70 different genes in the breast cancer tissue of women with early-stage invasive breast cancer that has not spread to Mammary duct ectasia - (pronounced) (MA-muh-ree duct ek-TAY-zhuh) benign (non-cancerous) condition in which a milk duct under the nipple widens and thickens. This can cause the milk duct to become blocked and fluid to build up in it. MammoSite - (pronounced) (MA-moh page) A system used to give internal radiation therapy to breast cancer patients after surgery to remove their cancer. MammoSite only targets the part of the breast where the cancer has been found. Mammography - (pronounced) (ma-MAH-gruh fee) Using film or a computer to create an image of the breast Management - (pronounced) (duct) In medicine, a tube or vessel in the body through which fluids flow Map - (pronounced) (KAR-din) A plant whose leaves, stems, and flowers were used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. Cardin may have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. Marfan Syndrome - (pronounced) (MAR fan SIN-Drome) A genetic disorder affecting the connective tissues in many organs and tissues of the body, particularly the heart, eyes, bones, joints, and blood vessels, including the aorta. People with Marfan syndrome are often tall and thin, have very long arms Margenza - (pronounced) (mar-GEN-zuh) A medicine used with other medicines to treat adults with HER2-positive breast cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It is used in patients who have already received at least two anti-HER2 treatments, including at least one anti-metastatic treatment Marginal zone lymphoma - (pronounced) (MAR-jih-null zone lim-FOH-muh) An indolent (slow-growing) type of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that begins to form in certain areas (the marginal zones) of the lymphatic tissue. There are three types, depending on whether it forms in the spleen, lymph nodes, o Markaine - (pronounced) (MAR Kane) drug used to relieve pain by blocking signals at nerve endings. It is being studied to relieve pain after cancer surgery. Masolog - (pronounced) (muh-SOH-proh-kol) A drug applied to the skin to treat growths caused by sun exposure. A form of masoprocol taken by mouth is being studied for the treatment of prostate cancer. Mast cell leukemia - (pronounced) (Mast sel loo-KEE-mee-uh) very rare, aggressive (rapidly growing) form of systemic mastocytosis in which too many immature mast cells (a type of white blood cell) are found in the bone marrow and blood. It can develop in patients who have an accumulation of mast cel Mastalgia - (pronounced) (mas-TAL-juh) Pain or discomfort in one or both breasts. The pain can be mild or severe and can affect an area of the chest or the whole chest, including under the arm. Mastocytoma - (pronounced) (MAS-toh-sy-TOH-moo) A growth or clump of mast cells (a type of white blood cell). Mast cell tumors can affect skin, subcutaneous tissue, and muscle tissue. Matulane - (pronounced) (MA-choo-layn) medicine used with other medicines to treat advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Maxamine - (pronounced) (MAK-suh-meen) A substance being studied to treat some types of cancer and other diseases. When Maxamine is used with interleukin-2, it can help some immune cells find and kill tumor cells. Maytansinoid DM4-conjugated humanized monoclonal antibody huC242 - (pronounced) (may-TAN-sih-noyd DM4-KON-juh-GAY-ted HYOO-muh-nized MAH-noh-KLOH-nul AN-tee-BAH-dee. MeV linear accelerator - machine that uses electricity to create a stream of fast-moving subatomic particles. This creates high-energy radiation that can be used to treat cancer. Measles virus - (pronounced) (MEE-zulz VY-rus) The virus that causes measles (a highly contagious disease characterized by fever, cough, and raised red patches on the skin). The measles virus usually affects children and is spread through coughing or contact with fluid from the nose or mouth of an i Mechanism of action - (pronounced) (MEH-kuh-nih-to . Mechlorethamine hydrochloride - (pronounced) (meh-klor-EH-thuh-meen HY-droh-KLOR-ide) A medicine used on the skin to treat stage I mycosis fungoides (a form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma) in patients who have already been treated with another therapy. It is also being studied in the treatment of othe Medical toxicologists are physicians that specialize in the prevention, evaluation, treatment and monitoring of injury and illness from exposures to drugs and chemicals, as well as biological and radiological agents. Medical toxicologists care for people in clinical, academic, governmental and publi Medicare Part D - (pronounced) (MEH-dih-kayr. Medicine - (pronounced) (MEH-dih-sin) Refers to practices and procedures to prevent, treat, or alleviate symptoms of disease or abnormal conditions. This term can also refer to a legal drug used for the same purpose Megestrol Acetate - (pronounced) (meh-JES-trol A-seh-tayt) drug used in pill form to relieve the symptoms of advanced breast cancer and endometrial cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other diseases and cancers. Meiosis - (pronounced) (my-OH sister) A special form of cell division in which each daughter cell receives half the amount of DNA as the mother cell. Meiosis occurs during the formation of egg and sperm cells in mammals Mekinist - (pronounced) (MEH-kih-nist) drug used alone or with dabrafenib to treat certain types of anaplastic thyroid cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, melanoma, and other solid tumors that have a specific mutation (change) in the BRAF gene. It is also being studied in the treatment of other type Mektovi - (pronounced) (mek-TOH-vee) drug used with encorafenib to treat melanoma that has spread or cannot be surgically removed and has a specific mutation (change) in the BRAF gene. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Melanin - (pronounced) (MEH-luh-nin) A pigment that gives color to the skin and eyes and helps protect them from damage caused by ultraviolet light Melanocytes - (pronounced) (meh-lan-oh site) A cell in the skin and eyes that produces and contains the pigment melanin Melanoma - (pronounced) (MEH-luh-NOH-moo) form of cancer that starts in melanocytes (cells that produce the pigment melanin). It can start in a mole (skin melanoma) but can also start in other pigmented tissues such as the eye or intestines Melanoma in situ - (pronounced) (MEH-luh-NOH-moo in SY-too) Abnormal melanocytes (cells that produce melanin, the pigment that gives skin its natural color) are found in the epidermis (outer layer of skin). These abnormal melanocytes can become cancerous and spread to nearby normal tissue. Melanoma vaccine - (pronounced) (MEH-luh-NOH-muh vak-SEEN) cancer vaccine made from human melanoma cancer cells. It can be used alone or with other therapies to treat melanoma Melphalan - (pronounced) (MEL-fuh-lan) drug used to treat multiple myeloma and ovarian cell carcinoma that cannot be surgically removed. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Melphalan hydrochloride - (pronounced) (MEL-fuh-lan HY-droh-KLOR-ide) A drug used to treat multiple myeloma in patients who cannot take melphalan by mouth and to prepare patients with multiple myeloma for stem cell transplantation. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Memantine hydrochloride - (pronounced) (MEH-mun-teen HY-droh-KLOR-ide) drug used to treat dementia caused by Alzheimer's disease. It's also being studied to treat side effects of whole-brain radiation therapy in cancer and other conditions. Meningeal carcinosis - (pronounced) (meh-NIN-jee-ul KAR-sih-NOH-muh-TOH-sis) serious condition in which cancer cells spread from the original (primary) tumor to the meninges (the thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord). This can cause the meninges to become inflamed, Meninges - (pronounced) (meh-NIN-jeez) The three thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord Meningioma - (pronounced) (meh-NIN-jee-OH-moo) A type of slow-growing tumor that forms in the meninges (thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord). Meningiomas usually appear in adults Meningitis - (pronounced) (MEH-nin-JY-tis) Inflammation of the meninges (three thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord). Meningitis is usually caused by a bacterial or viral infection but is sometimes caused by cancer, drug allergies, or inflammatory diseases Menorrhagia - (pronounced) (MEH-nuh-RAH-juh) Unusually heavy menstrual bleeding Menstruation - (pronounced) (MEN-Stroo-WAY-Shunning) Periodic outflow of blood and tissues from the uterus. From puberty to menopause, menstruation occurs approximately every 28 days when a woman is not pregnant Mental Health Counselor - (pronounced) (MEN-tul helth KOWN-seh-ler) specialist who can talk to patients and their families about emotional and personal issues and help them make decisions. Also called advisor Mental health - (pronounced) (MEN-tul helth) A person's overall psychological and emotional state. Good mental health is a state of well-being in which a person is able to cope with everyday events, think clearly, be responsible, meet challenges, and relate well to others Menthol - (pronounced) (Menthol) A substance derived from mint oils or made in the laboratory. It is used to relieve itching and treat upper respiratory problems. Meperidine hydrochloride - (pronounced) (meh-PAYR-ih-deen HY-droh-KLOR-ide) A drug used to treat moderate to severe pain. It binds to opioid receptors in the central nervous system. Mercaptopurine - (pronounced) (mer-KAP-toh-PYOOR-een) medicine used with other medicines to treat adults and children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Mercury - (pronounced) (MER-kyoo-ree) A silver-white, toxic metal that is liquid at normal temperatures. It is commonly used in thermometers and amalgams, and has been used as an ingredient in some homeopathic medicines and in very small amounts as a preservative in viral vaccines Merkel cell - (pronounced) (MER-kul sel) A special type of cell found just below the epidermis (top layer of skin). These cells are very close to the nerve endings that receive touch and can be involved in touch. Merkel cell carcinoma - (pronounced) (MER-kul sel KAR-sih-NOH-muh) rare type of cancer that forms on or just under the skin, usually in parts of the body that have been exposed to the sun. It is most common in older people and in people with weakened immune systems. Mesothelin - (pronounced) (MEH-zoh-THE-lin) protein found on the surface of certain types of normal cells and cancer cells. Mesothelin can help these cells hold together and send signals. Mesothelioma - (pronounced) (MEH-zoh-THEE-lee-OH-moo) A benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous) tumor affecting the lining of the chest or abdomen. Exposure to asbestos particles in the air increases the risk of developing malignant mesothelioma Message Therapy - (pronounced) (muh-SAZH THAYR-uh-pee) A treatment that involves kneading, rubbing, patting and caressing the soft parts of the body. Massage therapy can help people relax, relieve stress and pain, lower blood pressure, and improve circulation. Messenger RNA - (pronounced) (MEH-sen-jer. Mestasectomy - (pronounced) (meh-TAS-tuh-SEC-toh-mee) Surgery to remove one or more metastases (tumors formed from cells that have spread from the primary tumor). When all metastases are removed, it is called a complete metastasectomy Metabolic syndrome - (pronounced) (MEH-tuh-BAH-lik SIN-drome) A condition characterized by extra fat around the abdomen, high levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood without eating, high levels of triglycerides (a type of fat) in the blood, low levels of high-density lipoproteins (a type of protein t Metabolic therapy - (pronounced) (MEH-tuh-BAH-lik THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment to correct changes in metabolism that can be caused by disease Metabolism - (pronounced) (meh-TA-boo-lih-zum) The chemical changes that take place in a cell or organism. These changes create energy and the materials that cells and organisms need to grow, reproduce, and stay healthy. Metabolomics - (pronounced) (meh-TA-buh-LOH mix) The study of substances called metabolites in cells and tissues. Metabolites are small molecules that are formed when the body breaks down food, drugs, chemicals, or its own tissues. Meteorism - (pronounced) (MEE-tee-oh-rih-zum) Swelling of the abdomen caused by gas in the intestines or abdominal cavity. Also called tympanites Metformin hydrochloride - (pronounced) (met-FOR-min HY-droh-KLOR-ide) drug used to treat diabetes mellitus (a condition in which the body cannot control blood sugar levels). It is also being studied in the treatment of cancer. Methadone hydrochloride - (pronounced) (MEH-thuh-FINISH HY-droh-KLOR-ide) A drug used to treat moderate to severe pain that is unresponsive to other types of pain relievers. It is also used to help people addicted to opioids like heroin. Methemoglobin - (pronounced) (met-HEE-moh-GLOH-bin) A form of hemoglobin found in small amounts in the blood. Unlike normal hemoglobin, methemoglobin cannot transport oxygen. Methemoglobinemia - (pronounced) (MET-hee-moh-GLOH-bih-NEE-mee-uh) condition in which an above-average amount of methemoglobin is found in the blood. Methemoglobin is a form of hemoglobin that cannot carry oxygen. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus - (pronounced) (MEH-thih-SIH-lin-reh-ZIH-stunt STA-fuh-loh-KAH-kus AW-ree-us) type of bacteria that causes an infection that doesn't respond to common antibiotics, including methicillin, amoxicillin, and penicillin. Most methicillin-resistant Staphylococcu Methodology - (pronounced) (MEH-thuh-DAH-loh-jee) In medicine, the rules and procedures for conducting research and evaluating results Methotrexate Sodium - (pronounced) (MEH-thoh-TREK-sayt SOH-dee-um) medicine used alone or with other medicines to treat many types of cancer, certain types of arthritis and severe psoriasis (a type of skin disease). It is also being studied in the treatment of other diseases and cancers. Methoxyamine hydrochloride - (pronounced) (meh-THOK-see-uh-meen HY-droh-KLOR-ide) substance being studied to treat cancer. It blocks a cell's ability to repair damage to its DNA and can kill cancer cells. Methoxypolyethylene glycol epoetin beta - (pronounced) (meh-THOK-see-PAH-lee-EH-thih-leen GLY-kol ee-POH-eh-tin BAY-tuh) A substance being studied to treat anemia in patients receiving chemotherapy. It is a laboratory-modified form of erythropoietin (a substance produced in the kidneys that stimulat Methoxysalen - (pronounced) (meh-THOK-wallow-len) A drug used in conjunction with UV light to treat psoriasis, vitiligo, and skin nodules of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. It is also being studied as a treatment for graft-versus-host disease. Methyl 5-aminolevulinate - (pronounced) (MEH-thul-5-uh-MEE-noh-LEH-vyoo-LIH-nayt) A drug used in photodynamic therapy; it is taken up by tumor cells and becomes active when exposed to light, killing the cancer cells Methylnaltrexone bromide - (pronounced) (MEH-thul-nal-TREK-sone BROH-mide) drug used to relieve constipation caused by taking opioids (painkillers that act like morphine). It is used in adults with pain caused by cancer or cancer treatment, or by another advanced disease. Methylphenidate hydrochloride - (pronounced) (MEH-thul-feh-NIH-dayt HY-droh-KLOR-ide) drug used to treat certain behavioral disorders, such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). It is also being studied as a way to improve brain function in patients being treated with cancer drugs. Methylprednisolone - (pronounced) (MEH-thul-pred-NIH-suh-lone) A corticosteroid hormone replacement Metoclopramide - (pronounced) (meh-toh-KLOH-pruh-mide) A drug that increases the motility (movements and contractions) of the stomach and upper intestine. It is used to treat certain stomach problems and nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy. Metronidazole - (pronounced) (MEH-troh-NY-duh-zole) drug used to treat infections and being studied to treat cancer. It is a type of antibacterial, antiprotozoal and anthelmintic agent. Mevacor - (pronounced) (MEH-vuh-kor) A drug used to lower blood cholesterol levels. It is also being studied to prevent and treat some types of cancer. Mexican Valerian - (pronounced) (MEK-sih-kun vuh-LEER-ee-un) A plant whose roots are used as a sedative and to treat certain medical conditions. It is being studied to improve sleep in cancer patients undergoing treatment. Micelle - (pronounced) (MY-sel) A tiny particle of water-soluble substances that together form a sphere-like shape. These particles can carry other substances. Microbicide - (pronounced) (my-KROH-bih-page) Any substance or process that kills germs (bacteria, viruses and other microorganisms that can cause infection and disease). Also called germicide Microcalcification - (pronounced) (MY-kroh-KAL-sih-fih-KAY-shun) A tiny deposit of calcium in the breast that cannot be felt but can be seen on a mammogram. A build-up of these very small spots of calcium can indicate cancer Microflora - (pronounced) (MY-kroh-FLOR-uh) Bacteria and other organisms that live in the gut. They help digest food. Micrometastasis - (pronounced) (MY-kroh-meh-TAS-tuh-sis) Small number of cancer cells that have spread from the primary tumor to other parts of the body and are too few to be detected by a screening or diagnostic test Micronutrient - (pronounced) (MY-kroh-NOO-tree-ent) A substance that the body needs in tiny amounts to grow and stay healthy. Examples are vitamins and minerals Microsatellite - (pronounced) (MY-kroh-SA-teh-lite) A short sequence of DNA, usually 1 to 4 base pairs (a DNA unit), repeated together in a row along the length of the DNA molecule. The number of repetitions varies from person to person. Microsatellite Instability - (pronounced) (MY-kroh-SA-teh-lite in-stuh-BIH-lih-tee) change that occurs in certain cells (such as cancer cells) in which the number of repeating DNA bases in a microsatellite (a short, repeating sequence of DNA) is different than the inheritance of the microsatellite. Microsatellite tumor - (pronounced) (MY-kroh-SA-teh-lite TOO-mer) small cluster of tumor cells in an area adjacent to or below, but separate from, the primary (original) melanoma. Microsatellite tumors can only be seen with a microscope. Microscope - (pronounced) (MY-kroh-SKOPE) An instrument used to view cells and other small objects that cannot be seen with the naked eye Microstaging - (pronounced) (MY-kroh-STAY-jing) A technique for determining the stage (extent) of melanoma and certain types of squamous cell carcinoma. A sample of skin containing tumor tissue is examined under a microscope to find out how thick the tumor is and/or how deep the tumor has grown into Microtubules - (pronounced) (MY-kroh-TOO-byool) narrow, hollow, tube-like structure found in the cytoplasm (the fluid inside a cell) of plant and animal cells. Microtubules support the shape of a cell. Microwave Therapy - (pronounced) (MY-kroh-WAYV THAYR-uh-pee) type of treatment that involves exposing body tissues to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells, or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain cancer drugs. Also called microwave thermotherapy Microwave Thermotherapy - (pronounced) (MY-kroh-WAYV THER-moh-THAYR-uh-pee) A type of treatment that involves exposing body tissues to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells, or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain cancer drugs. Also called microwave Midazolam hydrochloride - (pronounced) (mih-TAG-zoh-lam HY-droh-KLOR-ide) drug used to treat anxiety and tension and to relax muscles. Midazolam hydrochloride is also being studied to treat nausea and vomiting caused by some cancer treatments. Mifamurtide - (pronounced) (mih-FAM-your-tide) drug being studied to treat young adults with bone cancer that has gotten worse or has come back. Mifamurtide activates certain types of white blood cells and helps the immune system kill cancer cells. Mifeprex - (pronounced) (MIH-feh-PREX) A drug used to terminate early pregnancies. It is also being studied in the treatment of some cancers and other conditions. Mifepristone - (pronounced) (MIH-feh-PRIS tone) drug used to terminate early pregnancies. It is also being studied in the treatment of some cancers and other conditions. Milatuzumab - (pronounced) (MIH-luh-TOO-zoo-mab) A substance being studied for the treatment of multiple myeloma and several other types of cancer. It binds to CD74, a protein on the surface of myeloma cells and certain other cell types. Milk thistle - (pronounced) (Milk THIH-sul) plant used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems, including diseases of the stomach, liver, and gallbladder. The active extract from milk thistle seeds is called silymarin. Mind-body exercise - (pronounced) (ghost-BAH-dee EK-ser-SIZE) A form of exercise that combines body movement, mental focus, and controlled breathing to improve strength, balance, flexibility, and overall health. Examples of mind-body exercises include yoga, tai chi, and qigong Mindfulness Relaxation - A type of meditation based on the concept of being "mindful" or having a heightened awareness of the present. It uses breathing methods, guided imagery, and other practices to relax the body and mind and reduce stress Mineral Oil - (pronounced) (MIH-neh-rul oyl) A type of oil made from petroleum (a mixture of oily liquids found in the earth). Mineral oil is used in laxatives, lubricants, creams and lotions Minerals - (pronounced) (MIH-neh-rul) In medicine, a mineral is a nutrient that is needed in small amounts to keep the body healthy. The minerals include the elements calcium, magnesium and iron Minocycline EDTA - (pronounced) (meh-noh-SY-kleen. Miraluma test - (pronounced) (Meer-uh-LOO-moo. Mirtazapine - (pronounced) (mir-TA-zuh-peen) drug used to treat depression. Mirtazapine increases levels of the chemicals serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain, which help improve mood. Mirvetuximab soravtansine - (SEA-vehicle-TUK-sih-mab SOH-rav-TAN-seen) drug used to treat adults with folate receptor alpha-positive ovarian epithelial, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer that has not improved after treatment with platinum chemotherapy. It is used in patients whose cancer Mistletoe - (pronounced) (MIH-sul-toh) A semiparasitic plant that grows on some tree species. Mistletoe extracts are being studied to treat cancer Mistletoe lectin - (pronounced) (MIH-sul-toh LEK tin) A substance derived from the mistletoe plant that is being studied to treat cancer. A lectin is a complex molecule containing both protein and sugar. Mithracine - (pronounced) (MITH-ruh-sin) A drug used to treat some types of testicular cancer. It is also used to treat higher than normal levels of calcium in the blood or urine. Mithramycin - (pronounced) (MITH-ruh-MY-sin) drug used to treat some types of testicular cancer. It is also used to treat higher than normal levels of calcium in the blood or urine. Mitochondria - (pronounced) (MY-toh-KON-dree-uh) Small structures in a cell that are found in the cytoplasm (fluid that surrounds the cell's nucleus). Mitochondria provide most of the energy for the cell and have their own genetic material that is different from the genetic material found in the cel Mitoguazon dihydrochloride - (pronounced) (MY-toh-gwah-ZONE dy-HY-droh-KLOR-ide) substance being studied to treat some leukemias and lymphomas. It blocks the growth of cells and can cause cancer cells to die. Mitolactol - (pronounced) (MY-toh-LAK-tole) A cancer medicine that belongs to the family of medicines called alkylating agents Mitosis - (pronounced) (my-TOH-sister) The process by which a single parent cell divides to form two new daughter cells. Each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes from the parent cell. Mitotane - (pronounced) (MY-toh-tane) A cancer drug used to treat adrenal cortex cancer and ACTH-producing pituitary tumors (Cushing's disease) Mitotic Rate - (pronounced) (my-TAH-tik rayt) measure of how fast cancer cells divide and grow. To determine the rate of mitosis, the number of cells dividing in a given amount of cancerous tissue is counted. Mitoxantrone Hydrochloride - (pronounced) (MY-toh-ZAN-trone HY-droh-KLOR-ide) medicine used with other medicines to treat acute myeloid leukemia in adults, advanced prostate cancer that does not improve with hormone therapy, and certain forms of multiple sclerosis. It is also being studied in the tr Mixed germ cell tumor - (pronounced) (mikst jerm sel TOO-mer) rare type of cancer consisting of at least two different types of germ cell tumors (tumors that start in cells that make sperm or eggs). These may include choriocarcinoma, embryonic carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, teratoma and seminoma. Mixed glioma - (pronounced) (Mikst joy-oh-moo) A brain tumor that forms from more than one type of brain cell, usually astrocytes and oligodendrocytes MoAb HuM195 - A substance being studied for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes and some types of leukemia. It attaches to CD33, a protein on the surface of certain normal blood stem cells and some abnormal blood cells. Mobocertinib succinate - (pronounced) (MOH-boh-SER-tih-feather SUK-sih-nayt) drug used to treat adults with non-small cell lung cancer that has spread and has certain mutations (changes) in the EGFR gene. It is used in patients whose cancer has gotten worse during or after platinum chemotherapy. Mocetinostat - (pronounced) (MOH-seh-TIH-noh-stat) A substance being studied to treat various types of cancer. It blocks enzymes needed for cell division and can kill cancer cells. Modafinil - (pronounced) (moh-DA-fih-null) drug being studied to treat fatigue in cancer patients. It belongs to the stimulant family Modality - (pronounced) (moh-DA-lih-tea) A treatment method. For example, surgery and chemotherapy are treatment modalities Modification - (pronounced) (ree-NOH-vuh) A topical preparation of tretinoin used to treat acne. Tretinoin is a form of vitamin A Modified radical mastectomy - (pronounced) (MAH-dih-FIDE RA-dih-kul ma-STEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove the entire breast, which may include the nipple, areola (the dark skin around the nipple), and the skin over the breast. Most of the lymph nodes under the arm will also be removed Mogamulizumab - (pronounced) (moh-GAM-yoo-LIH-zoo-mab) medicine used to treat adults with mycosis fungoides or Sezary syndrome (types of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma) that have come back or have not improved after treatment with at least one systemic therapy. It is also being studied in the treatment o Mohs operation - (pronounced) (moze SER-juh-ree) procedure used to treat certain types of skin cancer, penile cancer and skin soft tissue sarcoma. During Mohs surgery, a layer of tissue is removed at each site of visible cancer and examined under a microscope for the presence of cancer. Mold - (pronounced) (Mold) A form of fungus. Some molds can cause disease in humans Mole - (pronounced) (Mole) benign (noncancerous) growth on the skin caused by a collection of melanocytes (cells that produce a substance called melanin, which gives color to the skin and eyes). A birthmark is usually dark and can be lifted off the skin. Molecular Medicine - (pronounced) (muh-LEH-kyoo-ler MEH-dih-sin) branch of medicine that develops ways to diagnose and treat disease by understanding how genes, proteins, and other cellular molecules work. Molecular medicine is based on research showing how certain genes, molecules and cellular func Mom - (pronounced) (MA-muh-ree) Has to do with the chest Mometasone furoate - (pronounced) (moh-MEH-tuh-sone FYOOR-oh-ayt) A drug used in a cream used to treat certain skin conditions and in a nasal spray used to treat sinus problems caused by allergies. It is being studied to treat skin inflammation caused by radiation therapy. Monitoring - (pronounced) (OB-ser-VAY-avoid) In medicine, observing a patient's condition but not administering treatment until symptoms appear or change Monitoring - (pronounced) (ser-VAY-lends) In medicine, a patient's condition is closely monitored but not treated unless there are changes in test results. Surveillance is also used to find early signs that a disease has returned. Monjuvi - (pronounced) (mon-JOO-vee) drug used with lenalidomide to treat adults with certain types of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma that have come back (come back) or have not improved after treatment with another cancer therapy. It is used in patients who cannot be treated with autologous stem cel Monoamine oxidase inhibitors - (pronounced) (MAH-noh-uh-MEEN OK-sih-days in-HIH-bih-ter) A type of medication used to treat depression. It stops the breakdown of certain chemicals in the brain that help improve a person's mood. Monotherapy - (pronounced) (MAH-noh-THAYR-uh-pee) Therapy, which uses a type of treatment such as B. Radiation therapy or surgery alone to treat a specific disease or condition. Montanide ISA-51 - (pronounced) (MON-tuh-nide. Montelukast Sodium - (pronounced) (mon-teh-LOO-kast SOH-dee-um) drug used to treat asthma symptoms such as difficulty breathing, chest tightness, wheezing, coughing, and runny nose. Montelukast sodium blocks the action of a substance that causes narrowing of the airways in the lungs and other asthma Moonlight Sickness - (pronounced) (ZEER-oh-DER-ma pigmen-TOH-sum) rare inherited disease characterized by extreme sensitivity to ultraviolet light, such as from the sun, and a high risk of cancer. The signs and symptoms of xeroderma pigmentosum usually appear in children as young as 2 years old. Morales - (pronounced) (MOR-ul) Has to do with beliefs about what is right and wrong in relation to people's behavior. Also called ethical Morinda citrifolia - (pronounced) (moh-RIN-duh sih-trih-FOH-lee-uh) A tropical shrub. An extract from the fruit is being studied to treat cancer, and extracts from the fruit, leaves, or roots have been used in some cultures to treat other diseases. Morphology - (pronounced) (mor-FAH-loh-jee) The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals and other life forms) Mosunetuzumab - (moh-SUN-eh-TOO-zoo-mab) drug used to treat adults with follicular lymphoma that has come back or has not improved after treatment with at least two other systemic therapies. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Motexafin Gadolinium - (pronounced) (moh-TEK-suh-fin GA-doh-LIH-nee-um) substance being studied for the treatment and diagnosis of some types of cancer. It accumulates in some cancer cells, making them easier to kill with radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Motexafin lutetium - (pronounced) (moh-TEK-suh-fin loo-TEE-shee-um) A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer using photodynamic therapy. It belongs to the metallotexaphyrin family. Motor neuron disease - (pronounced) (MOH-ter NOOR-on dih-ZEEZ) type of disease in which the nerve cells in the brain that act on muscle cells break down and stop functioning. This affects basic activities such as speaking, walking, breathing and swallowing. Motrin - (pronounced) (MOH-trin) A drug used to treat fever, swelling, pain, and redness by preventing the body from producing a substance that causes inflammation. It is a type of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Moxetumomab pasudotox - (pronounced) (MOK-see-TOO-moh-mab pah-SOO-doh-tox) A drug used to treat adults with hairy cell leukemia who have come back or not improved with at least two other systemic therapies, including treatment with a purine nucleoside analogue (a type of cancer drug). Moxetumomab Pa Mozobil - (pronounced) (MOH-zoh-bil) A drug used with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor before autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma or multiple myeloma. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma - (pronounced) (myoo-KOH-suh-uh-SOH-see-ay-ted LIM-foyd TIH-shoo lim-FOH-muh) A type of cancer that arises in cells in the mucous membrane tissue that are involved in the production of antibodies. Also called MALT lymphoma Mucositis - (pronounced) (myoo-koh-SY-tis) complication of some cancer treatments where the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth Muir-Torre Syndrome - (pronounced) (myoor-TOR-ay SIN-drome) A rare inherited disease that causes tumors to form in the sebum glands of the skin and in at least one internal organ. The skin tumors can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous) and usually appear on the face, scalp and eyelids. MultiHance - (pronounced) (MUL-TEE-HANTS) A drug used in MRI to take clear pictures of blood vessels in the brain, spine, and nearby tissues. It is also studied to find abnormal areas in the liver and other organs and to diagnose cancer. Multicentric breast cancer - (pronounced) (MUL-tee-SEN-trik brest KAN-ser) Breast cancer, where there is more than one tumor, all of which have formed separately. The tumors are likely to be in different quadrants (sections) of the breast. Multidrug Resistance - (pronounced) (MUL-tee. Multigene test - (pronounced) (MUL-tee-jeen. Multiple endocrine adenomatosis - (pronounced) (MUL-tih-pul EN-doh-krin A-deh-NOH-muh-TOH-sis) rare, inherited disorder that affects the endocrine glands and can cause tumors in the parathyroid, pituitary and pancreas glands. These tumors are usually benign (not cancer). Multiple endocrine adenomatosis type 2 - (pronounced) (MUL-tih-pul EN-doh-krin A-deh-NOH-muh-TOH-sis. Multiple endocrine adenomatosis type 2A - (pronounced) (MUL-tih-pul EN-doh-krin A-deh-NOH-muh-TOH-sis. Multiple endocrine adenomatosis type 2B - (pronounced) (MUL-tih-pul EN-doh-krin A-deh-NOH-muh-TOH-sis. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 syndrome - (pronounced) (MUL-tih-pul EN-doh-krin NEE-oh-PLAY-zhuh . Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 syndrome - (pronounced) (MUL-tih-pul EN-doh-krin NEE-oh-PLAY-zhuh . Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A syndrome - (pronounced) (MUL-tih-pul EN-doh-krin NEE-oh-PLAY-zhuh . Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B syndrome - (pronounced) (MUL-tih-pul EN-doh-krin NEE-oh-PLAY-zhuh . Multiple myeloma - (pronounced) (MUL-tih-pul MY-eh-LOH-muh) A type of cancer that starts in plasma cells (white blood cells that produce antibodies). Also called Kahler's disease, myelomatosis, and plasma cell myeloma Multiple sclerosis - (pronounced) (MUL-tih-pul skleh-ROH-sis) A disorder of the central nervous system characterized by weakness, numbness, loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is believed to be an autoimmune disease in which the body Multiple self-healing squamous epithelioma - (pronounced) (MUL-tih-pul. Mung Bean - (pronounced) (been hungry) A variety of bean grown in warm climates, usually for its seeds and for bean sprouts. Mung beans may have anti-cancer effects Muromonab-CD3 - (pronounced) (MYOO-raw-MOH-nab. Musculoskeletal - (pronounced) (MUS-kyoo-loh-SKEH-leh-tul) This has to do with muscles, bones, tendons, ligaments, joints and cartilage Music Therapy - (pronounced) (MYOO-sik THAYR-uh-pee) A type of therapy that uses music to improve a person's overall health and well-being. It may involve creating, singing, moving, listening and/or relaxing to music. Music therapists use music interventions to assess clients' strengths and needs, develop goals, implement services, and evaluate and document progress for individuals of all ages. Music therapists facilitate changes in physical, cognitive, emotional, and/or psychosocial health. Mvasi - (pronounced) (em-VAH-see) A drug that contains the active ingredient bevacizumab and is used to treat many different types of cancer. Mvasi is used alone or with other medicines to treat certain types of cervical cancer, colorectal cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma (a Myalgia - (pronounced) (my-AL-juh) Pain in a muscle or muscle group Mycobutin - (pronounced) (MY-koh-BYOO-tin) A drug used to prevent the spread of a bacterium used in patients with advanced HIV infection (the virus that causes AIDS). It blocks an enzyme that bacteria need to grow. Mycophenolate mofetil - (pronounced) (my-koh-FEH-noh-layt MOH-feh-til) A drug used to prevent graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after organ transplantation. It is also being studied for the prevention of GVHD after stem cell transplants for cancer and for the treatment of some autoimmune diseases. Mycosis fungoides stage IV/Sézary syndrome - When there are high numbers of Sézary cells in the blood, the disease is called Sézary syndrome. Stage IV is divided into stages IVA1, IVA2 and IVB. Mycostatin - (pronounced) (MY-koh-STA-tin) A medicine used to treat infections caused by fungi (a type of microorganism). It's made by certain strains of bacteria and kills fungi by attaching to their membranes. Myelin - (pronounced) (MY-eh-lin) The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves Myeloablation - (pronounced) (shun MY-eh-loh-a-BLAY) severe form of myelosuppression. Myelosuppression is a condition in which bone marrow activity is reduced, resulting in fewer red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Myeloblast - (pronounced) (MY-eh-loh-blast) A type of immature white blood cell that forms in the bone marrow. Myeloblasts become mature white blood cells called granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils) Myelodysplasia - (pronounced) (MY-eh-loh-dis-PLAY-zhuh) Abnormal bone marrow cells that can lead to myeloid leukemia Myeloma - (pronounced) (MY-eh-LOH-moo) Cancer that starts in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell Myelomatosis - (pronounced) (MY-eh-loh-muh-TOH-sis) A type of cancer that starts in plasma cells (white blood cells that produce antibodies). Also called Kahler's disease, multiple myeloma, and plasma cell myeloma Myelomonocytes - (pronounced) (MY-eh-loh-MAH-noh page) An abnormal type of white blood cell that occurs in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. These cells resemble both monocytes and myelocytes (immature cells that develop into different types of immune system cells) Myelosclerosis with myeloid metaplasia - (pronounced) (MY-eh-loh-skleh-ROH-sis. Myelosuppression - (pronounced) (MY-eh-loh-suh-PREH-avoid) A condition in which bone marrow activity is reduced, resulting in fewer red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Myelosuppression is a side effect of some cancer treatments. Myleran - (pronounced) (MY-leh-ran) A drug that contains the active ingredient busulfan and is used to treat chronic myeloid leukemia. Myleran damages the cell's DNA and can kill cancer cells. Myometrium - (pronounced) (my-oh-MEE-tree-um) The muscular outer layer of the uterus Myopericytoma - (pronounced) (my-oh-PAYR-ih-sy-TOH-muh) rare, slow-growing soft-tissue tumor that begins in cells lining blood vessels. Most myopericytomas are benign (not cancerous). Myxofibrosarcoma - (pronounced) (MIK-soh-FY-broh-sar-KOH-muh) rare type of cancer that forms in fibrous (connective) tissue, usually in or just under the skin of the arms and legs. There can be more than one tumor, and sometimes it spreads to nearby tissues or other parts of the body. Myxoid liposarcoma - (pronounced) (MIK-soyd LIH-poh-sar-KOH-muh) rare type of cancer that starts in fat cells. It usually occurs in the thigh, but can also occur in the buttocks, the back of the abdomen, or the trunk (chest and abdomen). Ménétrier's disease - (pronounced) (MAY-no-tree-AY dih-ZEEZ) condition characterized by inflammation and ulceration (breaks in the skin or on the surface of an organ) of the lining (inner lining) of the stomach and overgrowth of the cells that make up the lining. Symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, Müller tumor - (pronounced) (myoo-LAYR-ee-un TOO-mer) rare cancer of the uterus, ovaries, or fallopian tubes N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine - A drug usually used to reduce the thickness of mucus and make it easier to remove. It is also used to reverse the toxicity of high doses of acetaminophen. N-Benzoyl-staurosporine - drug used alone or with other anticancer drugs to treat adults with certain types of acute myeloid leukemia, mast cell leukemia, or systemic mastocytosis. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. N-acetylcysteine - A drug usually used to reduce the thickness of mucus and make it easier to remove. It is also used to reverse the toxicity of high doses of acetaminophen. N-acetyldinaline - A substance being studied as an anti-cancer drug to treat non-small cell lung cancer. Also called CI-994 N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine - ny-TROH-suh-meen) A substance used in cancer research to cause bladder tumors in laboratory animals. This is done to test new diets, drugs and procedures for use in cancer prevention and treatment NADC - A type of cancer that is more likely to occur in people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) than in people who are not infected. NADCs include Hodgkin lymphoma and cancers of the mouth, throat, liver, lungs and anus. NAE inhibitors - substance that blocks an enzyme called NEDD8-activating enzyme (NAE). NAE is involved in important cellular functions such as cell division. NASH - A type of liver disease in which fat builds up in the liver of people who drink little or no alcohol. This causes inflammation of the liver and damage to the cells in the liver, which can lead to cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) and liver failure. NB1011 - A substance being studied for its ability to trick cancer cells into responding to drugs to which they have become resistant. It's a kind of nucleoside analogue NBCCS - A rare, inherited condition that affects many organs and tissues in the body. People with this disorder have a very high risk of developing basal cell skin cancer during adolescence or early adulthood. NBI-3001 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It is made by combining interleukin-4 with a bacterial toxin. NCCIH - A federal agency that uses science to research complementary and integrative health (CIH) practices, trains CIH researchers, and provides authoritative information about CIH to professionals and the public. NCCIH provides grants for research projects, training and career development in CIH; NCI - NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the US Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's primary cancer research agency. It conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, education, health information dissemination, and other programs related to the caus NCTN - A National Cancer Institute (NCI) program that provides funding and other support for cancer research organizations to conduct cancer clinical trials. The NCTN supports these organizations in the development of new clinical trials and in the administration of their regulatory, financial, memb NCX 4016 - A substance being studied to prevent colon cancer. It is a form of aspirin that gives off nitric oxide gas and is less irritating to the stomach lining than pure aspirin. NDGA - A drug applied to the skin to treat growths caused by sun exposure. A form of NDGA taken orally is being studied for the treatment of prostate cancer. NDV - Newcastle disease virus. An avian virus that is being studied to treat cancer. NES - A procedure that uses small electrical pulses to stimulate weak or paralyzed muscles. It helps increase muscle strength, blood flow and range of motion, and relieves muscle spasms. NF-kB - A group of proteins that help control many functions in a cell, including cell growth and survival. These proteins also control the body's immune and inflammatory responses. NF-kappa B - group of proteins that help control many functions in a cell, including cell growth and survival. These proteins also control the body's immune and inflammatory responses. NF1 - A rare genetic disorder that causes brown spots and tumors on the skin, freckles on areas of skin not exposed to the sun, tumors on the nerves, and developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin. Also called neurofibromatosis type 1 NF2 - A genetic disorder in which tumors form on the nerves of the inner ear, causing hearing loss and loss of balance. Tumors can also occur in the brain and on nerves in the skull and spinal cord, causing speech, eye movement, and swallowing disorders. NFE2L2 - A protein that controls how certain genes are expressed. These genes protect the cell from damage caused by free radicals (unstable molecules produced during normal cell metabolism). NG pipe - tube that is inserted through the nose, throat, and esophagus and into the stomach. It can be used to administer medication, fluids and liquid food, or to remove substances from the stomach. NG-Nitro-L-Arginine - form of the amino acid arginine. An amino acid is a protein building block. NGR-TNF - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It is made by linking tumor necrosis factor (TNF) to a peptide. NHL - Any of a large group of lymphocyte (white blood cell) cancers. NHLs can occur at any age and are often characterized by larger than average lymph nodes, fever, and weight loss. NIH - A federal agency in the United States that conducts biomedical research in its own laboratories; supports research by non-federal scientists at universities, medical schools, hospitals and research institutions at home and abroad; helps train researchers; and promotes the communication of medi NILM - A Pap test finding that means no cancer cells or other abnormal cells were found on the surface or in the tissues lining the cervix. Cellular changes that indicate inflammation or infection may be included in this finding. NK cell - type of immune cell that contains granules (small particles) with enzymes that can kill tumor cells or cells infected with a virus. An NK cell is a type of white blood cell. NK-LGL - A type of immune cell that contains granules (small particles) with enzymes that can kill tumor cells or cells infected with a virus. An NK-LGL is a type of white blood cell. NK-LGL leukemia - A type of leukemia in which large natural killer (NK) cells (a type of white blood cell) containing granules (small particles) are found in the blood. It is a chronic disease that can last a long time and get worse. NK-LGLL - A type of leukemia in which large natural killer (NK) cells (a type of white blood cell) containing granules (small particles) are found in the blood. It is a chronic disease that can last a long time and get worse. NKT cell - type of immune cell that plays an important role in the body's initial immune response to invading microorganisms. NKT cells are a type of T cell that also exhibit certain characteristics of natural killer (NK) cells. NLPHL - A rare form of Hodgkin's lymphoma (a cancer of the immune system). It is characterized by the presence of lymphocyte-predominant cells, formerly called popcorn cells. NLST - A lung cancer screening study sponsored by the National Cancer Institute (NCI). In the study, low-dose spiral CT scans were compared to chest X-rays for their ability to detect lung cancer early. NMES - A procedure that uses small electrical impulses to stimulate weak or paralyzed muscles. It helps increase muscle strength, blood flow and range of motion, and relieves muscle spasms. NMP22 - A protein found in the cell nucleus. It is involved in the manufacture of DNA, RNA and proteins. NMRI - A procedure that uses radio waves, a powerful magnet, and a computer to create a series of detailed images of areas inside the body. A contrast agent, such as gadolinium, may be injected into a vein to help tissue and organs appear more clearly in the image. NMS - A life-threatening condition that can be caused by certain medications used to treat mental illness, nausea, or vomiting. Symptoms include high fever, sweating, unstable blood pressure, confusion, and stiffness. NOP10 gene - A gene that makes a protein involved in the formation of ribosomes (protein-making structures inside cells) and the maintenance of telomeres (the ends of chromosomes). Mutations (changes) in the NOP10 gene have been found in a rare inherited disease called dyskeratosis congenita, which NP - A registered nurse who has additional education and training in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. NPs are licensed at the state level and certified by national nursing organizations. NPO - A Latin abbreviation for "nothing by mouth" NPV - The probability that a person with a negative test result actually does not have the disease, condition, biomarker, or mutation (change) in the gene tested. NPV is a way to measure how accurate a particular test is. NR-LU-10 antigen - A protein found on the surface of some cancers NREM sleep - The phase of sleep known as the quiet or restful phase. During the three stages of NREM sleep, a person falls asleep and then moves from light sleep to deep sleep. NSAID - (pronounced) A drug that works differently than a steroid to reduce pain, redness, swelling, and fever in the body. Some NSAIDs can also help prevent blood clots from forming. NSC 655649 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the drug families called antitumor antibiotics and topoisomerase inhibitors. NTHL1 gene - A gene that makes a protein involved in repairing DNA damage. Mutations (changes) in the NTHL1 gene can prevent cells from repairing their damaged DNA, which can lead to the growth of cancerous cells. NTRK gene fusion - mutation (change) that occurs when a piece of the chromosome that contains a gene called NTRK breaks off and joins a gene on another chromosome. NTRK gene fusions result in abnormal proteins called TRK fusion proteins that can cause cancer cells to grow. NUT carcinoma - rare type of cancer that forms in the airways and other places down the middle of the body, from the head to the abdomen. This includes the thymus gland, the area between the lungs, pancreas, liver and bladder. NUT gene - A gene that causes a rare type of cancer called NUT midline carcinoma when mutated (changed). The mutation occurs when a piece of the chromosome that contains the NUT gene breaks off and attaches to another chromosome. NaCl - Chemical abbreviation for sodium chloride (common salt) Nabilone - (pronounced) (NA-bih-lonely) A synthetic pill form of an active chemical in marijuana called delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Nabilone is used to treat nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy in patients who have not been helped by other therapies. Nadofaragen Firadenovec - (NA-doh-FAR-uh-jeen FIR-uh-DEH-noh-vek) drug used to treat adults with a certain type of high-risk bladder cancer that has not spread to the muscular layers of the bladder. It is used in patients whose cancer has not improved after treatment with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (B Nail Dystrophy - Abnormal changes in the shape, color, texture, and growth of fingernails or toenails. Nail dystrophy is often caused by an infection or injury to the nail. Naloxone - (pronounced) (na-LOK-sone) A substance being studied for the treatment of constipation caused by narcotics. It belongs to the family of so-called narcotic antagonists Naltrexone hydrochloride - (pronounced) (nal-TREK-sone HY-droh-KLOR-ide) drug that blocks the effects of opiates (medicines used to treat pain). It can be used to treat intravenous opiate or alcohol addiction. Name day - (pronounced) (nuh-MEN-duh) A drug used to treat dementia caused by Alzheimer's disease. It's also being studied to treat side effects of whole-brain radiation therapy in cancer and other conditions. Nanoparticle Paclitaxel - (pronounced) (NA-noh-PAR-tih-kul PA-klih-TAK-sil) A form of the cancer drug paclitaxel used alone or with other medicines to treat certain types of breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and pancreatic cancer. Nanoparticle paclitaxel may have fewer side effects and work Naprapathy means a branch of medicine that focuses on the evaluation and treatment of neuron-muscular conditions. Doctors of naprapathy are connective tissue specialists. Education and training are defined through individual states' licensing/certification requirements. Naprosyn - (pronounced) (NA-proh-sin) drug used to treat mild pain and the symptoms of arthritis and several other conditions. It is also being studied to treat bone pain in cancer patients. Naproxen - (pronounced) (nuh-PROK-sen) A drug used to treat mild pain and the symptoms of arthritis and several other conditions. It is also being studied to treat bone pain in cancer patients. Naropin - (pronounced) (NUH raw pin) A drug used to relieve pain and temporary numbness in a part of the body during and after surgery. It is also being studied for pain control after cancer surgery. Nasonex - (pronounced) (NAY-zoh-nex) A drug used in a cream used to treat certain skin conditions and in a nasal spray used to treat sinus problems caused by allergies. It is being studied to treat skin inflammation caused by radiation therapy. Nasopharynx - (pronounced) (NAY-zoh-FAYR-inx) The upper part of the throat behind the nose. An opening on each side of the nasopharynx leads into the ear Nasoscopic - (pronounced) (no-ZOS-koh-pee) Examination of the inside of the nose with a nasoscope (or rhinoscope). A nasoscope is a thin, tubular instrument with a light and lens for viewing. National Cancer Institute - (pronounced) (NA-shuh-nul KAN-ser IN-stih-TOOT) The National Cancer Institute, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's primary cancer research agency. The National Cancer Institute National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health - (pronounced) (NA-shuh-nul SEN-ter . National Clinical Trials Network - (pronounced) (NA-shuh-nul KLIH-nih-kul TRY-uls NET-work) National Cancer Institute (NCI) program that provides funding and other support to cancer research organizations to conduct clinical cancer trials. The National Clinical Trials Network (NCTN) assists these or National Institutes of Health - program to bring together an independent group of experts to review scientific evidence related to an important public health issue. For a given topic, a panel of experts (such as physicians and scientists) reviews reports and papers on that topic, listens to informat National Lung Screening Trial - (pronounced) (NA-shuh-nul. Natural Medicine - (pronounced) (NAY-cher-AH-phew-you) A disease prevention and treatment system that avoids drugs and surgery. Naturopathy is based on the use of natural resources such as air, water, light, heat and massage to support the body's self-healing. Naxitamab - (pronounced) (nak-SIH-tuh-mab) A drug used with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to treat children from 1 year of age and adults with certain types of high-risk neuroblastoma in the bone or bone marrow that have come back or have come back with others no better w Nebulizer - (pronounced) (NEH-byoo-LY-zer) A device used to turn liquid into a fine spray Neck dissection - Surgery to remove lymph nodes and other tissue in the neck Necrosis - (pronounced) (neh-KROH-sis) Refers to the death of living tissue Needle-Located Biopsy - (pronounced) (NEE-dul-LOH-kuh-licized BY-op-see) procedure to mark and remove abnormal tissue when the doctor cannot feel a lump. An imaging machine is used to thread a thin wire with a hook on the end through a hollow needle to place the wire in or around the abnormal area. Needle/wire location - (pronounced) (NEE-dul. Nefazodone - (pronounced) (neh-FAY-zoh-done) drug used to treat depression. It belongs to the antidepressant family. Neoantigen - (pronounced) (NEE-oh-AN-tih-jen) A new protein that forms on cancer cells when certain mutations occur in the tumor's DNA. Neoantigens can play an important role in helping the body mount an immune response against cancer cells. Neoplasia - (pronounced) (NEE-oh-PLAY-zhuh) Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth Nephrectomy - (pronounced) (neh-FREK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove a kidney or part of a kidney. A partial nephrectomy removes part of a kidney or a tumor, but not an entire kidney. Nephritis - (pronounced) (neh-FRY-tis) condition in which the tissues in the kidney become inflamed and have trouble filtering waste from the blood. Nephritis can be caused by infections, inflammatory conditions (like lupus), certain genetic conditions, and other diseases or conditions. Nephrostomy - (pronounced) (neh-FROS-toh-mee) Surgery to create an opening from the outside of the body to the renal pelvis (part of the kidney that collects urine). This can be done to drain urine from a blocked kidney or ureter into a bag outside the body. Nephroureterectomy - (pronounced) (NEH-glad-YER-eh-ter-EK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove a kidney and its ureter. Also called ureteronephrectomy Nerlynx - (pronounced) (NAYR links) drug used alone or with capecitabine to treat adults with certain types of HER2-positive breast cancer who have already been treated. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Nerve transplant - (pronounced) (nerve-GRAF-ting) Replacing a damaged nerve with a section of healthy nerve removed from another part of the body. This procedure is being studied to prevent erectile dysfunction in men undergoing surgery for prostate cancer Netupitant and palonosetron hydrochloride - (pronounced) (neh-TOO-pih-tunt . Neulasta - (pronounced) (noo-LA-chair) medicine that is a form of filgrastim and is used to prevent infections in adults and children with neutropenia (a lower than normal white blood cell count) caused by some types of chemotherapy. Neulasta helps the bone marrow produce more white blood cells and Neumega - (pronounced) (no-MEH-guh) drug used to increase the number of blood cells, particularly platelets, in some cancer patients who are receiving chemotherapy. Neumega is a laboratory-made form of interleukin-11 (a cytokine normally made by supporting cells in the bone marrow). Neupogen - (pronounced) (NOO-poh-jen) medicine that contains the active substance filgrastim and is used to treat neutropenia (lower than normal white blood cell count), to prevent infections and to prepare the blood for certain types of blood cells to be drawn. Neupogen is used in patients with cer Neuro-oncologist - (pronounced) (NOOR-oh-on-KAH-loh-jist) doctor who has specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of brain tumors and other tumors of the nervous system Neuroblastoma - (pronounced) (NOOR-oh-blow-TOH-moo) A type of cancer that forms from immature nerve cells. It usually starts in the adrenal glands but can also start in the abdomen, chest, or nerve tissue near the spine. Neurofibroma - (pronounced) (NOOR-oh-fy-BROH-moo) A benign tumor that develops from the cells and tissues that cover nerves Neurofibromatosis type 1 - (pronounced) (NOOR-oh-FY-broh-muh-TOH-sis. Neurofibromatosis type 1-like syndrome - (pronounced) (NOOR-oh-FY-broh-muh-TOH-sis. Neurofibromatosis type 2 - (pronounced) (NOOR-oh-FY-broh-muh-TOH-sis. Neuroglia - (pronounced) (Noor-oh-joy-uh) Any of the cells that hold nerve cells in place and help them work as they should. The types of neuroglia include oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells. Neuroleptic - (pronounced) (NOOR-oh-LEP-tik AY-jent) type of medication used to treat symptoms of psychosis. These include hallucinations (images, sounds, smells, tastes, or touches that a person believes are real but are not real), delusions (false beliefs), and dementia (loss of the ability to thi Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome - (pronounced) (NOOR-oh-LEP-tik muh-LIG-nunt SIN-drome) A life-threatening condition that can be caused by certain medications used to treat mental illness, nausea, or vomiting. Symptoms include high fever, sweating, unstable blood pressure, confusion, and stiffness. Neuromyotonia - (pronounced) (NOOR-oh-my-oh-TOH-nee-uh) rare nerve disorder that causes constant muscle activity that cannot be controlled even during sleep. It often affects the muscles in the arms and legs but can affect the whole body. Neuropeptide - (pronounced) (NOOR-oh-PEP flood) member of a class of protein-like molecules made in the brain. Neuropeptides are made up of short chains of amino acids, some of which function as neurotransmitters and others as hormones Neuropsychologist - (pronounced) (NOOR-oh-sy-KAH-loh-jist) A psychologist who diagnoses and treats behavioral and other problems related to how the brain works. These can include problems with social interactions, the ability to control emotions and behaviors, and cognitive skills (thinking, learnin Neuropsychology - (pronounced) (NOOR-oh-sy-KAH-loh-jee) The study of how the brain and central nervous system are related to behavior Neuroradiologist - (pronounced) (NOOR-oh-RAY-dee-AH-loh-jist) physician trained in radiology, specializing in the creation and interpretation of images of the nervous system. The images are generated using forms of radiation such as X-rays, sound waves or other types of energy Neurosphere - (pronounced) (NOOR-oh-sfeer) A small cluster of nerve stem cells grown in the lab. Neurospheres can be grown to resemble normal human nerve tissue or a specific type of tumor. Neurosurgeon - (pronounced) (NOOR-oh-SER-jun) A doctor with special training in surgery of the brain, spine, and other parts of the nervous system Neurotoxic - (pronounced) (NOOR-oh-TOK-sin) A substance that is toxic to nervous tissue Neurotoxicity - (pronounced) (NOOR-oh-tok-SIH-sih-tee) The tendency of some treatments to damage the nervous system Neurotropism - (pronounced) (NOOR-oh-TROH-pih-to) An ability to invade and live in nervous tissue. This term is usually used to describe the ability of viruses to infect nerve tissue Neutropenia - (pronounced) (noo-troh-PEE-nee-uh) condition in which there are lower than normal levels of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell) in the blood Neutrophils - (pronounced) (NOO-troh-fil) A type of white blood cell that is an important part of the immune system and helps the body fight infection. When microorganisms such as bacteria or viruses enter the body, neutrophils are one of the first immune cells to respond. Nevus of Ota - (pronounced) (NEE-vus. New formation - (pronounced) (NEE-oh-PLA-to) An abnormal mass of tissue that results when cells grow and divide more than they should or don't die when they should. Neoplasms can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer). Newcastle Disease Virus - (pronounced) (NOO-ka-sul dih-ZEEZ VY-rus) An avian virus that is being studied to treat cancer. It can be used to kill cancer cells directly, or it can be given as a cancer vaccine to stimulate the body's immune system. Nexavar - (pronounced) (NEK-suh-var) A drug used to treat certain types of hepatocellular carcinoma (a type of liver cancer), renal cell carcinoma (a type of kidney cancer) and thyroid cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Nexium - (pronounced) (NEK-see-around) drug that blocks the formation of acid in the stomach. It is used to treat heartburn and prevent certain types of gastrointestinal ulcers. Niacin - (pronounced) (NY-uh-sin) nutrient in the vitamin B complex that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Niacin helps some enzymes work properly and helps the skin, nerves, and digestive tract stay healthy. Niacinamide - (pronounced) (NY-uh-SIH-nuh-MIDE) form of niacin (vitamin B3) that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Niacinamide is found in many plant and animal products, as well as in dietary supplements. Nicotinamide - (pronounced) (NIH-koh-TIH-nuh-MIDE) form of niacin (vitamin B3) that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Nicotinamide is found in many plant and animal products, as well as in dietary supplements. Nicotine - (pronounced) (NIH-cow-TEEN) An addictive, toxic chemical found in tobacco. It can also be made in the lab. Nicotine Nasal Spray - (pronounced) (NIH-cow-TEEN NAY-perm…) nasal spray containing a small dose of nicotine that enters the blood by being absorbed through the lining of the nose. This helps stop nicotine cravings and relieves symptoms that occur when a person tries to quit smoking. Nicotine Replacement Therapy - (pronounced) (NIH-cow-TEEN deer-PLAYS THAYR-uh-pee) type of treatment that uses specialized products to deliver small, constant doses of nicotine to stop cravings and relieve symptoms that occur when a person tries to quit smoking. These products include nicotine gum, Nicotine Vaccine - (pronounced) (NIH-cow-TEEN vak-SEEN) A substance being studied to see if it can help people quit smoking or prevent them from starting again. It can stimulate the body's immune system to form antibodies against nicotine. Nijmegen Hernia Syndrome - (pronounced) (NY-may-gen BRAY-kij SIN-drome) rare inherited disorder characterized by a small head, smaller-than-normal height, unusual facial features, and other growth and development problems. People with Nijmegen breakage syndrome have a weakened immune system, which c Nilandron - (pronounced) (nih-LAN-drun) drug used to treat prostate cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It is used in patients who have had an operation (orchiectomy) on their testicles. Nilotinib hydrochloride monohydrate - (pronounced) (ny-LOH-tih-nib HY-droh-KLOR-ide MAH-noh-HY-drayt) A drug used to treat certain types of chronic myeloid leukemia that are Philadelphia chromosome positive. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Nilutamide - (pronounced) (ny-LOO-tuh-mide) drug used to treat prostate cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It is used in patients who have had an operation (orchiectomy) on their testicles. Nimustine - (pronounced) (NY-mus-teen) A substance that has been studied to treat some types of cancer. Nimustine damages the cell's DNA and can kill cancer cells. Ninlaro - (pronounced) (nin-LAR-oh) drug used with lenalidomide and dexamethasone to treat multiple myeloma. It is used in patients who have received at least one other cancer treatment. Nipent - (pronounced) (NY-pent) The active ingredient in a drug used to treat hairy cell leukemia and being studied to treat other types of cancer. Nipent blocks a protein needed for cell growth and can kill cancer cells. Nipple discharge - (pronounced) (NIH-pul DIS-charj) Fluid that is not milk comes out of the nipple Niraparib Tosylate Monohydrate - (pronounced) (nih-RA-puh-rib TOH-suh-layt MAH-noh-HY-drayt) A drug used to treat adults with certain types of ovarian epithelial, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Nitric acid - (pronounced) (NY-Trik A-Sid) toxic, corrosive, colorless liquid used in the manufacture of fertilizers, dyes, explosives, and other chemicals Nitric oxide-releasing acetylsalicylic acid derivative - (pronounced) (NY-trik OK-side-reh-LEE-sing A-seh-til-SA-lih-SIH-lik A-sid deh-RIH-vuh-tiv) A substance being studied to prevent colon cancer. It is a form of aspirin that gives off nitric oxide gas and is less irritating to the stomach lining Nitroarginine - (pronounced) (NY-troh-AR-jih-neen) form of the amino acid arginine. An amino acid is a protein building block. Nitrocamptothecin - (pronounced) (NY-troh-KAMP-toh-THEH-kin) An alkaloid drug that belongs to a class of anticancer drugs called topoisomerase inhibitors Nitroglycerin - (pronounced) (NY-troh-GLIH-seh-rin) In medicine, a substance used as a drug to treat certain heart conditions and to widen the openings in blood vessels. Nitroglycerin is being studied to make chemotherapy work better by making tumor cells more sensitive to the drugs. Nitrosamine - (pronounced) (ny-TROH-suh-meen) A type of chemical found in tobacco products and tobacco smoke. Nitrosamines are also found in many foods, including fish, beer, fried foods, and meat. Nitrosourea - (pronounced) (ny-TROH-soh-YOO-ree-uh) A cancer drug that can cross the blood-brain barrier. Carmustine and lomustine are nitrosoureas Nivestym - (pronounced) (NY-ves-tim) medicine that contains the active substance filgrastim and is used to treat neutropenia (lower than normal white blood cell count), to prevent infections and to prepare the blood for certain types of blood cells to be drawn. Nivestym is used in patients with cert Nivolumab - (pronounced) (nih-VOL-yoo-mab) drug that binds to the protein PD-1 to help immune cells kill cancer cells better and is used to treat many different types of cancer. These include cancers that express the protein PD-L1 or have certain mutations (changes) in genes involved in DNA repair. Nocebo Effect - (pronounced) (noh-SEE-boh eh-FEKT) situation in which a patient develops side effects or symptoms that may occur with a drug or other therapy simply because the patient believes they may occur. For example, in a clinical trial, patients who are not receiving active treatment but are Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma - (pronounced) (NAH-juh-ler LIM-foh-site-preh-DAH-mih-nunt HOJ-kin lim-FOH-muh) rare form of Hodgkin's lymphoma (a cancer of the immune system). It is characterized by the presence of lymphocyte-predominant cells, formerly called popcorn cells. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - (pronounced) (Non-HOJ-kin lim-FOH-muh) Any of a large group of lymphocyte (white blood cell) cancers. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma can occur at any age and is often characterized by larger than average lymph nodes, fever, and weight loss. Non-REM sleep - The phase of sleep known as the quiet or restful phase. During the three stages of non-REM sleep, a person falls asleep and then transitions from light sleep to deep sleep. Non-Steroidal Aromatase Inhibitor - (pronounced) (NON-stand-ROY-dul uh-ROH-muh-tays in-HIH-bih-ter) A drug that decreases the production of sex hormones (estrogen or testosterone) and slows the growth of tumors that need sex hormones to grow Non-ionizing radiation - (pronounced) (Not-I-uh-NY-zing RAY-dee-AY-shun) type of low-energy radiation that does not have enough energy to remove an electron (negative particle) from an atom or molecule. Non-ionizing radiation includes visible, infrared, and ultraviolet light; microwaves; radio waves Non-melanoma skin carcinoma in situ of head and neck (not eyelid) - (pronounced) (Non-MEH-luh-NOH-muh skin KAR-sih-NOH-muh in SY-too. Non-melanoma skin carcinoma in situ on the eyelid - (pronounced) (Non-MEH-luh-NOH-muh skin KAR-sih-NOH-muh in SY-also. Non-opioid - (pronounced) (Non-OH-Pee-OYD) A drug that is not an opioid. Examples include acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) such as aspirin and ibuprofen Non-small cell lung cancer in the occult stage - (pronounced) (uh-KULT . Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug - (pronounced) (NON-stand-ROY-dul AN-tee-in-FLA-muh-TOR-ee. Nonalcoholic Stratohepatitis - (pronounced) (Non-AL-kuh-HAW-lik STEE-uh-toh-HEH-puh-TY-tis) type of liver disease in which fat builds up in the livers of people who drink little or no alcohol. This causes inflammation of the liver and damage to the cells in the liver, which can lead to cirrhosis (sc Nongerminoma - (pronounced) (not-JER-meh-NOH-moo) type of tumor that starts in gametes (cells that make sperm or eggs). Nongerminomas can occur in the ovaries or testicles or other parts of the body, but most commonly they occur in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). Noonan Syndrome - (pronounced) (NOO-nun SIN-drome) A genetic disorder characterized by unusual facial features, shorter than normal, learning problems, heart defects, bleeding problems, defects in the skeleton (body bones), and fertility problems in males. People with Noonan syndrome have an increas Norepinephrine - (pronounced) (NOR-eh-pih-NEH-frin) chemical produced by some nerve cells and in the adrenal gland. It can act both as a neurotransmitter (a chemical messenger used by nerve cells) and a hormone (a chemical that travels in the blood and controls the actions of other cells or organs). Norepinephrine - (pronounced) (NOR-uh-turn-nuh-lin) chemical produced by some nerve cells and in the adrenal gland. It can act both as a neurotransmitter (a chemical messenger used by nerve cells) and a hormone (a chemical that travels in the blood and controls the actions of other cells or organs). Normal range - (pronounced) (NOR-mul raynj) In medicine, a set of values used by a doctor to interpret a patient's test results. The normal range for a given test is based on the results observed in 95% of the healthy population. Nortriptyline - (pronounced) (nor-TRIP-tih-leen) drug used to treat depression. It can also be used to treat panic or anxiety disorders, certain types of pain, and to help people quit smoking. Norvir - (pronounced) (NOR turn) A medicine used to treat HIV infection (the virus that causes AIDS). It is also being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. Not - (pronounced) (dih-STRES) Emotional, social, spiritual, or physical pain or suffering that may cause a person to feel sad, anxious, depressed, anxious, or lonely. People in distress may also feel that they are unable to deal with or cope with changes brought on by normal life activities or by a Notary - (pronounced) (NOH-tuh-ree PUH-blik) person who holds a license giving him the legal authority to witness the signing of documents, certify that documents are genuine, and make statements made under oath Novobiocin - (pronounced) (NOH-voh-BY-oh-sin) An antibiotic used to treat infections Nplate - (pronounced) (DE-playt) medicine used to treat thrombocytopenia (low blood platelet counts) in adults and certain children with immune thrombocytopenic purpura that has not improved with other treatments. It is also being studied in the treatment of other diseases and cancers. Nrf2 - A protein that controls how certain genes are expressed. These genes protect the cell from damage caused by free radicals (unstable molecules produced during normal cell metabolism). Nubeqa - (pronounced) (NOO-beh-kuh) A drug used alone or with docetaxel to treat adults with certain types of prostate cancer. Nubeqa is used in patients whose cancer has spread to other parts of the body and is responding to treatment that lowers testosterone levels, or whose cancer has not spread Nuclear Factor (derived from Erythroid 2) -similar 2 - (pronounced) (NOO-klee-er FAK-ter eh-RITH-royd-deh-RIVED. Nuclear medicine - (pronounced) (NOO-klee-er MEH-dih-sin) branch of medicine that uses small amounts of radioactive substances to take pictures of areas in the body and treat diseases. For cancer, the radioactive substance can be used with a special device (such as a PET scanner) to find the cancer, Nucynta - (pronounced) (noo-SIN-tuh) A drug used to treat moderate to severe pain. It binds to opioid receptors and other molecules in the central nervous system. Nurse - A Registered Nurse who has additional education and training in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. Nurse practitioners are licensed at the state level and certified by national nursing organizations. Nursing - (pronounced) (Care) Feeding breast milk to an infant. Babies can be fed directly from the mother's breast, or breast milk can be expressed and then fed to the baby from a bottle. Nursing case manager - A Registered Nurse who has specialized training in planning, managing and evaluating all aspects of patient care, particularly for patients treated over a long period of time. Also called Case Management Nurse Nursing home - (pronounced) (Nursing home) A place to care for people with physical or mental disabilities who need help with activities of daily living (e. g. Nutraceutical - (pronounced) (noo-truh-SOO-tih-kul) A food or dietary supplement believed to provide health benefits Nutrient food - (pronounced) (NOO-tree-ent-dents. Nutrigenomics - (pronounced) (NOO-trih-jeh-NOH mix) The study of how food affects a person's genes and how a person's genes affect the way the body responds to food. Nutrigenomics is used to learn more about how genes and diet together can affect a person's health and risk of developing diseases suc Nutrition Log - (pronounced) (DY-uh-TAYR-ee PROH-tuh-KOL) A detailed meal plan detailing what, how, and when a person will eat and drink. It can be used to test how a particular diet affects a health outcome, e. Nutritional Therapy - (pronounced) (noo-TRIH-shun THAYR-uh-pee) nutritional treatment. It involves checking a person's nutritional status and giving them the right foods or nutrients to treat conditions such as those caused by diabetes, heart disease and cancer. Nutritional advice - (pronounced) (DY-uh-TAYR-ee KOWN-suh-ling) process in which a health professional with special nutrition training helps people make healthy food choices and develop healthy eating habits. In cancer treatment, the goal of nutritional counseling is to help patients stay healthy du Nutritional advice - (pronounced) (noo-TRIH-shuh-nul KOWN-suh-ling) process in which a health professional with special nutrition training helps people make healthy food choices and develop healthy eating habits. In cancer treatment, the goal of nutritional counseling is to help patients stay health Nutritional supplement - (pronounced) (noo-TRIH-shuh-nul SUH-pleh-ment) A product added to the diet. A dietary supplement is taken orally and usually contains one or more nutritional components (such as vitamins, minerals, herbs, amino acids and enzymes). Nutritional supplements - (pronounced) (DY-uh-TAYR-ee SUH-pleh-ment) A product added to the diet. A dietary supplement is taken orally and usually contains one or more nutritional components (such as vitamins, minerals, herbs, amino acids and enzymes). Nutritionist - (pronounced) (dy-eh-TIH-avoid) healthcare professional who has specialized training in diet and nutrition. Dietitians provide advice on nutrition and healthy eating habits to help people improve their health and well-being. Nutritionist - (pronounced) (noo-TRIH-shuh-nist) person who helps people develop healthy eating habits to improve health and prevent disease. They can offer nutrition counseling, meal planning, and nutrition education programs. Nuvigil - (pronounced) (NOO-vih-jil) A drug used to treat certain sleep disorders, such as narcolepsy. This makes patients feel more alert and awake. Nystatin - (pronounced) (ny-STA-tin) The active substance in a medicine used to treat infections caused by fungi (a type of microorganism). Nystatin is made by certain strains of bacteria and kills fungi by attaching to their membranes. Nyvepria - (pronounced) (ny-VEP-ree-ah) A medicine that is a form of filgrastim and is used to prevent infections in adults and children with neutropenia (a lower than normal white blood cell count) caused by some types of chemotherapy. Nyvepria helps the bone marrow produce more white blood cells a O(6) -Benzylguanine - drug that can improve how cancer cells respond to chemotherapy OCA - A group of rare, inherited disorders in which the skin, hair and eyes have little or no melanin (pigment). Most people with these disorders have very pale skin, white or light-colored hair, and light-colored eyes. OCT - A technique that uses infrared light waves to obtain three-dimensional (3-D) images of structures within tissues and organs. The images are created by a computer connected to the light source. OEPA - An acronym for a combination of chemotherapy, often used in conjunction with radiation therapy, to treat a specific type of childhood Hodgkin's lymphoma in men. It includes the drugs vincristine sulfate (Oncovin), etoposide, prednisone, and doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin). OEPA scheme - An acronym for a combination of chemotherapy, often used with radiation therapy, to treat a specific type of childhood Hodgkin's lymphoma in men. It includes the drugs vincristine sulfate (Oncovin), etoposide, prednisone, and doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin). OFF - An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat pancreatic cancer. It includes the drugs oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin (folinic acid). OFF regime - An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat pancreatic cancer. It includes the drugs oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin (folinic acid). OGF - A substance that relieves pain and is being studied to treat some types of cancer. OGFs bind to cells in the body, including tumor cells, that have OGF receptors on their surface. OHRP - The office within the United States Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) that protects the rights, welfare, and welfare of those involved in clinical trials. It also ensures that the research complies with Law 45 CFR 46 (Protection of Human Subjects). OLD A procedure in which weak electrical currents are applied to the skin at specific acupuncture points (places on the body where an acupuncture needle can be inserted to relieve pain and other symptoms). It is being studied to treat dry mouth caused by radiation therapy for cancer. ON 01910. Na - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. ONYX-015 - A modified common cold virus that selectively grows in and destroys certain types of cancer cells, leaving normal cells undamaged OPPA - An acronym for a combination of chemotherapy, often used in conjunction with radiation therapy, to treat a specific type of childhood Hodgkin's lymphoma in women. It includes the drugs vincristine sulfate (Oncovin), prednisone, procarbazine hydrochloride, and doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriam OPPA scheme - An acronym for a combination of chemotherapy, often used with radiation therapy, to treat a certain type of childhood Hodgkin's lymphoma in women. It includes the drugs vincristine sulfate (Oncovin), prednisone, procarbazine hydrochloride, and doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin). OS - The length of time from the date of diagnosis or the start of treatment for a disease, such as B. Cancer, the patients diagnosed with the disease are still alive. OSI-774 - A drug used alone to treat certain types of non-small cell lung cancer and together with gemcitabine hydrochloride to treat certain types of pancreatic cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. OSI-7904L - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of thymidylate synthase inhibitors OSI-906 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It blocks a protein called IGF-1R, which is found at high levels in some types of tumors. OTC - Denotes a medicine that can be bought without a prescription (doctor's prescription). Examples include analgesics (painkillers) such as aspirin and acetaminophen. OX-40 - A protein being studied for the treatment of cancer. Substances that attach to OX-40 on the surface of T cells (a type of white blood cell) can help the T cells grow and kill more cancer cells. Obatoclax mesylate - (pronounced) (oh-BA-toh-klax MEH-zih-layt) A substance being studied to treat various types of cancer. It is a form of obatoclax that blocks the activity of certain proteins needed for cells to live and can cause tumor cells to die. Obesity - (pronounced) (oh-bee-sih-tea) common, chronic disease characterized by an abnormally high, unhealthy amount of body fat. Obesity can lead to many health problems, including heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, diabetes, sleep apnea, arthritis, kidney disease, and certain types of ca Obligation - (pronounced) (kum-PUL-zhun) An uncontrollable urge to say or do something for no apparent reason. A person may repeat a behavior such as washing hands over and over again Oblimersen Sodium - (pronounced) (oh-blih-MER-sen SOH-dee-um) substance being studied to treat cancer. It can kill cancer cells by blocking the production of a protein that allows cancer cells to live longer and makes them more sensitive to anti-cancer drugs. Observance - (pronounced) (cum-PLY-unts) Correctly and consistently following a medical regimen or schedule, including taking medication or following a diet Observational study - (pronounced) (OB-ser-VAY-shuh-nul STUH-dee) A type of study that observes individuals or measures specific outcomes. No attempt is made to influence the outcome (e. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder - (pronounced) (ob-SEH-siv-kum-PUL-siv dis-OR-der) An anxiety disorder in which a person has intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that come up repeatedly and they feel compelled to perform certain behaviors over and over again. For example, a person may worry about germ Obstetrician - (pronounced) (OB-stand-TRIH-avoid) A doctor specializing in the care of women during pregnancy and childbirth. Obstetricians also care for the fetus (unborn child), treat pregnancy problems, and deliver babies Obstetrics and Gynecology - (pronounced) (ob-STEH-trix . Obstetrics/Gynaecology - (pronounced) Field of medicine that specializes in the care of women during pregnancy and childbirth and in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the female genital organs. It also specializes in other women's health issues, such as menopause, hormonal issues, birth con Occupational Health is that specialty within the chiropractic profession that deals with the prevention and management of work related injuries. It also considers and assists clients with State and Federal Compliance assistance. Occupational Health goes much farther than simply treating injured work Occupational medicine focuses on the health of workers, including the ability to perform work; the physical, chemical, biological, and social environments of the workplace; and the health outcomes of environmental exposures. Practitioners in this field address the promotion of health in the work pla Occupational therapists are experts at helping people lead as independent a life as possible. Occupational therapists bring an understanding of the physical and psychological implications of illness and injury and their effects on peoples' ability to perform the tasks of daily living. Occupational Occupational therapists can optimize and prolong an older driver's ability to drive safely and ease the transition to other forms of transportation if driving cessation becomes necessary. By identifying strengths as well as physical or cognitive challenges, occupational therapists can evaluate an i Occupational therapists enable children and adults with visual impairment to engage in their chosen daily living activities safely and as independently as possible. This is accomplished by 1) teaching the person to use their remaining vision as efficiently as possible to complete activities; (2) mo Occupational therapists provide interventions to clients of all ages with feeding, eating and swallowing difficulties. Occupational therapists provide comprehensive rehabilitative, habilitative, and palliative dysphagia care, which includes collaborating with clients to provide individualized compe Occupational therapists provide treatment for people recovering from a mental or physical illness to regain their independence and stability and to engage in normal daily occupations (work, home, family life, school, leisure). Occupational therapists provide particular emphasis on interventions tha Occupational therapists work with older adults in virtually every setting: assisted living, wellness programs, hospitals, nursing homes, senior centers, clinics and in the home. Occupational therapists bring an understanding of the importance of participation and occupation for overall well-being to Occupational therapy assistants provide environmental modifications under the supervision of an occupational therapist. OTAs develop and implement an individualized occupational therapy environmental modification plan that reflects the relevant contexts of the client and relevant others and maximiz Ocular Artery Infusion - (pronounced) (from-THAL-mik AR-tuh-ree in-FYOO-zhun) A method of delivering cancer drugs directly to a tumor in the eye. A catheter (a thin, flexible tube) is inserted into an artery that leads to the eye, and the cancer medicine is given through the catheter. Odivo - (pronounced) (op-DEE-voh) drug that binds to the protein PD-1 to help immune cells kill cancer cells better and is used to treat many different types of cancer. These include cancers that express the protein PD-L1 or have certain mutations (changes) in genes involved in DNA repair. Odomzo - (pronounced) (oh-DOM-zoh) A drug used to treat locally advanced basal cell carcinoma (BCC) that has come back after surgery or radiation therapy. It is also used in patients who cannot be treated with surgery or radiation therapy. Odor - (pronounced) (oh-the) a smell Odor - (pronounced) (ol-FAK-avoid) The sense of smell Odorant - (pronounced) (OH-deh-little) A substance that emits an odor Off-Target Effect - Describes the effects that can occur when a drug binds to targets (proteins or other molecules in the body) that the drug is not intended to bind to. This can lead to unexpected side effects that can be harmful. Office for Human Research Protection - (pronounced) (AH-fis. Ofloxacin - (pronounced) (oh-FLOK-suh-sin) An antibiotic used to treat infections. It belongs to the quinolone antibiotic family Ogivri - (pronounced) (oh-GIV-ree) drug used alone or with other drugs to treat certain types of breast, stomach, and gastroesophageal junction cancer that are HER2 positive. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Oil - (pronounced) (PEH-troh-LAY-tum) A thick, greasy substance with no odor or taste made from petroleum (mixture of oily liquids found in the earth). Petrolatum is used on the skin to prevent dehydration and to heal scratches and burns. Ointment - (pronounced) (OYNT-ment) A substance used on the skin to soothe or heal a wound, burn, rash, scrape, or other skin problem. Also called ointment Ointment - (pronounced) (UNG-gwent) A substance used on the skin to soothe or heal a wound, burn, rash, scrape, or other skin problem. Also called ointment Olanzapine - (pronounced) (oh-lan-zuh-peen) A drug used to treat certain mental disorders. It's also being studied to treat nausea and vomiting caused by some cancer treatments. Oletro - (pronounced) (oh-LEP-troh) A drug used to treat depression. It can also be used to relieve anxiety and insomnia (difficulty sleeping) and to treat certain other conditions. Oligoastrocytoma - (pronounced) (AH-lih-goh-AS-troh-sy-TOH-moo) A brain tumor that forms from both oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, which are types of glial cells (cells that cover and protect nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord and help them work the way they should). An oligoastrocytoma is a Oligodendroglioma - (pronounced) (AH-lih-goh-DEN-threatening-joy-OH-moo) A rare, slow-growing tumor that starts in oligodendrocytes (cells that cover and protect nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord). Also called oligodendroglial tumor Oligofructose-enriched inulin - (pronounced) (AH-lih-goh-FROOK-tose-en-DIRECTED IN-yoo-lin) substance used to improve digestive and bone health and is being studied to prevent colon cancer. Oligofructose-enriched inulin is made by combining two substances naturally found in many plants, including ch Oligopolyposis - (pronounced) (AH-lih-goh-PAH-lee-POH-sis) The condition of having between 10 and 100 polyps (abnormal growths) on the inner walls of the colon and rectum. This occurs in people who have certain types of inherited colon cancer syndromes, such as B. Ollier's disease - (pronounced) (oh-lee-AY dih-ZEEZ) rare condition that causes benign (noncancerous) growths of cartilage in the bones. These growths usually appear in the bones of the hands and feet, but can also appear in the skull, ribs, and spine. Olutasidenib - (oh-LOO-tuh-SIH-deh-nib) drug used to treat adults with acute myeloid leukemia that has come back or has not improved with other treatments and has a mutation (change) in the IDH1 gene. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Omacetaxine mepesuccinate - (pronounced) (OH-mah-seh-TAK-seen MEH-peh-SUK-sih-nayt) drug used to treat adults with certain types of chronic myeloid leukemia that cannot be treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (a type of cancer drug) or who have not improved after treatment with at least two tyros Omega-3 fatty acid - (pronounced) (oh-MAY-guh-3. Omentectomy - (pronounced) (OH-MEN-TEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove part or all of the omentum Omeprazole - (pronounced) (oh-MEH-pruh-zole) A drug that inhibits gastric acid secretion Oncogene - (pronounced) (ON koh jeen) mutated (altered) form of a type of gene called a proto-oncogene that is involved in normal cell growth and division. When a proto-oncogene is altered in a way that makes too many copies or becomes more active than normal, it is called an oncogene. Oncologist - (pronounced) (on-KAH-loh-jist) A doctor who has special training in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Some oncologists specialize in a specific type of cancer treatment. Oncology - (pronounced) (on-KAH-loh-jee) branch of medicine that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. It includes medical oncology (the use of chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and other drugs to treat cancer), radiation oncology (the use of radiation therapy to treat cancer), and surg Oncology Nurse - (pronounced) (on-KAH-loh-jee. Oncolysate - (pronounced) (on-KAH-lih-sayt) An extract from cancer cells Oncolysis - (pronounced) (on-KAH-lih-sis) The lysis (breakdown) of cancer cells. This can be caused by chemical or physical means (such as strong detergents or high-energy sound waves) or by infection with a strain of virus that can lyse cells Oncolytic viral therapy - (pronounced) (ON-koh-LIH-tik VY-rus THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment with an oncolytic virus (a virus that infects and breaks down cancer cells but not normal cells). Oncolytic viral therapy can facilitate the killing of tumor cells by chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Oncotype DX Breast Cancer Test - (pronounced) (ON-koh-tipe … brest KAN-ser A-say) laboratory test used to predict whether breast cancer will spread to other parts of the body or come back. The test looks at the activity of 21 different genes in the breast cancer tissue of women with invasive, early- Oncotype DX Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) Assay - (pronounced) (ON-koh-tipe. Oncovin - (pronounced) (ON-koh-vin) A drug that contains the active ingredient vincristine sulfate, which is used to treat many types of cancer. The Oncovin brand has been withdrawn from the market and is no longer available Onkaspar - (pronounced) (ON-kah-spar) medicine used with other medicines to treat adults and children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. It is used in patients whose cancer has not yet been treated or who cannot be treated with asparaginase. Onset of effect - The length of time it takes for a drug to start working Ontak - (pronounced) (ON tak) drug used to treat adults with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma that has come back (recurred) or has not improved with other treatments. It is used in patients whose cancer has a receptor for the protein interleukin-2 (IL-2). Ontruzant - (pronounced) (on-TROO-zant) drug used alone or with other drugs to treat certain types of breast, stomach, and gastroesophageal junction cancer that are HER2 positive. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Onureg - (pronounced) (ON-yoo-reg) drug that contains the active substance azacitidine and is used to treat adults with certain types of acute myeloid leukemia. It is used in patients whose cancer is in its first complete remission after intensive induction chemotherapy and who have not been able to Oophorectomy - (pronounced) (oh-oh-foh-REK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove one or both ovaries Oophoropexy - (pronounced) (oh-oh-FOR-oh-PEK-see) procedure designed to keep a woman fertile by preventing damage to the ovaries during radiation therapy. Before radiation therapy begins, one or both of the ovaries and fallopian tubes are separated from the uterus and attached to the wall of the abd Opana - (pronounced) (oh-PA-nuh) drug used to treat moderate to severe pain. It is also used as a sedative before surgery, to aid in anesthesia during surgery, during labor, and to treat anxiety caused by some medical conditions. Opdualag - (pronounced) (op-DOO-uh-lag) A combination of nivolumab and relatlimab used to treat adults and children 12 years and older with melanoma that has spread or cannot be surgically removed. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Open radical prostatectomy - Surgery to remove all of the prostate and some of the tissue around it, including the seminal vesicles (a gland that helps produce semen). Neighboring lymph nodes can also be removed. Ophthalmologist - (pronounced) (OF-thul-MAH-loh-jist) A doctor with special training in the diagnosis and treatment of eye problems, including injuries and diseases Ophthalmoscope - (pronounced) (from-THAL-moh-skope) A lighted instrument used to examine the inside of the eye, including the retina and optic nerve Opponent (an-TA-guh-nist) In medicine, a substance that stops the action or effects of another substance. For example, a drug that blocks the stimulatory effects of estrogen on a tumor cell is called an estrogen receptor antagonist Optimism - (pronounced) (OP-tih-MIH-to) The tendency to believe that all is well and to have positive thoughts about most things that happen Optometrists who specialize in low-vision care having training to assess visual function, prescribe low-vision devices, develop treatment plans, and recommend other vision rehabilitation services. Optometrists who specialize in vision therapy as a treatment process used to improve vision function. It includes a broad range of developmental and rehabilitative treatment programs individually prescribed to remediate specific sensory, motor and/or visual perceptual dysfunctions. Optometrists who work in Occupational Vision, the branch of environmental optometry, consider all aspects of the relationship between work and vision, visual performances, eye safety, and health. Oral - (pronounced) (OR-ul) To do by or by mouth Oral Cancer - (pronounced) (OR-ul KAN-ser) Cancer that forms in tissues of the oral cavity (mouth) or oropharynx (the part of the throat at the back of the mouth) Oral Surgeons - (pronounced) (OR-ul SER-jun) dentist with special training in oral and maxillofacial surgery Oral and maxillofacial surgeon - (pronounced) (OR-ul. Oral and maxillofacial surgeons are trained to recognize and treat a wide spectrum of diseases, injuries and defects in the head, neck, face, jaws and the hard and soft tissues of the oral and maxillofacial region. They are also trained to administer anesthesia, and provide care in an office setting Oral cancer - (pronounced) (OR-ul KA-vih-tee KAN-ser) Cancer that forms in the tissues of the oral cavity (mouth). The tissues of the oral cavity include the lips, the lining of the cheeks and lips, the front two-thirds of the tongue, the upper and lower gums, the floor of the mouth under the tongue Oral contraceptive pill - (pronounced) (OR-ul KON-truh-SEP-tiv. Orantinib - (pronounced) (oh-RAN-tih-nib) A substance being studied to treat cancer. Orantinib blocks proteins involved in the growth and spread of cancer cells. Orchidectomy - (pronounced) (or-kih-DEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove one or both testicles. Also called an orchiectomy Orchiectomy - (pronounced) (or-kee-EK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove one or both testicles. Also called an orchidectomy Oregovomab - (pronounced) (oh-reh-GOH-voh-mab) A monoclonal antibody being studied to treat ovarian cancer. Monoclonal antibodies are made in the laboratory and can locate and attach to substances in the body, including cancer cells. Organ - (pronounced) (OR pistol) A part of the body that performs a specific function. For example, the heart is an organ Organelle - (pronounced) (OR-guh-NEL) small structure in a cell that is surrounded by a membrane and has a specific function. Examples of organelles include the nucleus (a structure that contains the cell's chromosomes and where RNA is made), mitochondria (structures that generate energy for the cel Organic Food - (pronounced) (or-GA-nik…) Foods made without artificial fertilizers, growth-promoting drugs, or drugs that kill insects, bacteria, or other living things. In the United States, the Department of Agriculture sets standards for growing, harvesting, processing, and labeling organic foods Organism - (pronounced) (OR-guh-NIH-to) A living being such as an animal, plant, bacterium or fungus Organoid - (pronounced) (OR-guh-noyd) A tiny, three-dimensional mass of tissue made by growing stem cells (cells that develop into other cell types) in the laboratory. Organoids resembling human tissues and organs or a specific type of tumor can be grown. Orgasm - (pronounced) (OR-ga-to) The final part of the sexual act that involves the contraction of the sex organs and a sudden release of endorphins, resulting in a feeling of pleasure. In men, orgasm usually occurs with the release of semen Orgovyx - (pronounced) (or-GOH-vix) A drug used to treat adults with advanced prostate cancer. Orgovyx attaches to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors in the pituitary gland, which stops the pituitary gland from making the hormones follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormo Oriental medicine - (pronounced) (OR-ee-EN-tul MEH-dih-sin) medical system that has been used to prevent, diagnose and treat diseases for thousands of years. It is based on the belief that Qi (the body's life force energy) flows along meridians (channels) in the body and keeps a person's spiritual, Orientation and Mobility (O&M) specialists teach children and adults who have visual impairments the specific orientation skills used to find one's way in the environment and the mobility skills needed to travel safely and efficiently at home, school, work, and in the community. Instruction is usual Oropharyngeal cancer - (pronounced) (OR-oh-fuh-RIN-jee-ul-KAN-ser) Cancer that forms in the tissues of the oropharynx (the part of the throat at the back of the mouth, including the soft palate, base of the tongue and tonsils). Most oropharyngeal cancers are squamous cell carcinomas (cancer that beg Orphan medicinal products - (pronounced) (OR-fun. Orthopaedist - (pronounced) (OR-thuh-PEE-dik SER-jun) surgeon who has specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of injuries and disorders of the musculoskeletal system. This includes bones, joints, tendons, ligaments and muscles Orthopaedist - (pronounced) (PROS-theh-tist) person who has specialized training in the manufacture and customization of artificial body parts, such as arms or legs Oseltamivir phosphate - (pronounced) (oh-sel-TA-mih-veer FOS-fayt) drug used to prevent and treat influenza virus infections. It blocks the release of the virus from infected cells. Osimertinib mesylate - (pronounced) (OH-sih-MER-tih-nib MEH-zih-layt) A drug used to treat adults with certain types of non-small cell lung cancer that have certain mutations (changes) in the EGFR gene. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Osteitis deformans - (pronounced) (OS-tee-I-tis you-FOR-manz) A chronic disease in which both bone loss and bone regrowth are increased. Osteitis deformans most commonly occurs in the pelvic and leg bones, skull, and lower spine. Osteochondroma - (pronounced) (OS-tee-oh-kon-DROH-moo) benign (noncancerous) tumor that contains both bone and cartilage. This type of tumor usually occurs at the ends of the long bones of the arms and legs, or in the pelvis or shoulder. Osteomalacia - (pronounced) (OS-tee-oh-moo-LAY-shuh) condition in adults where bones become soft and deformed because they do not have enough calcium and phosphorus. It's usually caused by not enough vitamin D in the diet, not enough sunlight, or a problem with the way the body uses vitamin D. Osteomyelitis - (pronounced) (OS-tee-oh-MY-eh-LY-tis) Inflammation of the bone caused by an infection that can spread to the bone marrow and tissues near the bone. Osteomyelitis can cause severe pain in the infected bone. Osteonecrosis - (pronounced) (OS-tee-oh-neh-KROH-sis) condition in which there is a loss of blood flow to bone tissue, resulting in bone death. It's most common in the hips, knees, shoulders, and ankles. Osteopenia - (pronounced) (OS-tee-oh-PEE-nee-uh) A condition in which bone mass or bone mineral density (the amount of bone mineral contained in a given amount of bone) is below normal. Osteopenia is a less severe form of bone loss than osteoporosis Osteosarcoma - (pronounced) (OS-tee-oh-sar-KOH-moo) A bone cancer that usually affects the large bones of the arm or leg. It is most common in young people and affects more men than women. OvaRex - (pronounced) (OH-vuh-REX) A monoclonal antibody being studied to treat ovarian cancer. Monoclonal antibodies are made in the laboratory and can locate and attach to substances in the body, including cancer cells. Ovarian tumor with low malignant potential - (pronounced) (oh-VAYR-ee-un. Overall Survival - (pronounced) (oh-ver-AWL ser-VY-vul) The length of time from the date of diagnosis or the start of treatment for a disease, such as B. Cancer, the patients diagnosed with the disease are still alive. Overdiagnosis - (pronounced) (OH-ver-DY-ug-NOH-sis) Finding cases of cancer with an early detection test (such as a mammogram or PSA test) that never causes symptoms. These cancers can just stop growing or go away on their own. Overdose - (pronounced) (OH ver dose) A quantity of the drug that is greater than should be taken at one time Overgrowth Syndrome - (pronounced) (OH ver grothe SIN drome) group of genetic disorders in which there is an abnormal increase in body size or part of the body, often detected at birth. Examples of overgrowth syndromes are neurofibromatosis, Sotos syndrome, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Simpson-Golab Overtreatment - (pronounced) (OH-ver-TREET-ment) Unnecessary treatment for a condition that is not life-threatening or would never produce symptoms. Overtreatment can lead to problems and harmful side effects. Ovulation - (pronounced) (ov-yoo-LAY-avoid) The release of an egg from an ovary during the menstrual cycle Oxaliplatin - (pronounced) (ok-SA-lih-platinum) drug used with other drugs to treat stage III colon cancer that has been removed by surgery and advanced colon cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Oxandrolone - (pronounced) (ok-SAN-droh-lone) A drug that helps patients gain weight after injury, chronic infection, or serious illness. It belongs to the anabolic steroid family Oxidation-Reduction - (pronounced) (OK-sih-DAY-avoid-ree-DUK-avoid) chemical reaction that takes place between an oxidizing substance and a reducing substance. During the reaction, the oxidizing substance releases electrons and the reducing substance gains electrons. Oxycodone hydrochloride - (pronounced) (OK-see-KOH-ready HY-droh-KLOR-ide) A drug used to treat moderate to severe pain. It is made from morphine and binds to opioid receptors in the central nervous system. Oxygen Therapy - (pronounced) (OK-sih-jen THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment that uses an oxygen tank or a machine called a compressor to deliver oxygen to people with breathing problems. It can be administered through a nasal tube, mask, or tent. Oxygen saturation test - (pronounced) (OK-sih-jen avoid SA-chuh-RAY…) A test that measures the amount of oxygen carried by red blood cells. One method uses a device that shines light through a finger. Oxymorphone hydrochloride - (pronounced) (OK-see-MOR-fone HY-droh-KLOR-ide) A drug used to treat moderate to severe pain. It is also used as a sedative before surgery, to aid in anesthesia during surgery, during labor, and to treat anxiety caused by some medical conditions. P-32 - A radioactive form of the element phosphorus used to treat cancer P30 Cancer Center Support Grant - Funds awarded by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) to certain US institutions to become cancer centers in the United States based on scientific merit. The funds will help cancer centers improve their operations and develop new ways to prevent, diagnose and treat c PA - A medical professional licensed to perform certain medical procedures under the direction of a physician. A PA can take medical histories, perform physical exams, take blood and urine samples, dress wounds, and administer injections and vaccinations. PABA - (pronounced) nutrient in the vitamin B complex that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Bacteria that live in the gut need PABA to survive. PAD - An acronym for a combination chemotherapy regimen used to treat multiple myeloma. It includes the drugs bortezomib, doxorubicin (Adriamycin), and dexamethasone. PAH - A type of chemical produced when coal, oil, gas, garbage, tobacco, meat and other substances are burned. These chemicals are also manufactured for use in many products including coal tar, creosote, roof tar, pesticides, mothballs, dandruff shampoos and some medicines. PALA - A substance being studied for its ability to increase the effectiveness of the cancer drug fluorouracil PAP - An enzyme produced by the prostate. It can be found in elevated amounts in men with prostate cancer. PAR-101 - A substance being studied for the treatment of diarrhea caused by infection with Clostridium difficile (a type of bacteria that can grow without oxygen) in cancer patients. PAR-101 is a type of antibiotic. PARN gene - A gene that makes a protein involved in controlling gene expression and maintaining the telomeres (the ends of the chromosomes). Mutations (changes) in the PARN gene have been found in a rare inherited disease called dyskeratosis congenita, which causes abnormal changes in the skin and n PARP - (pronounced) A type of enzyme involved in many cell functions, including repairing DNA damage. DNA damage can be caused by normal cell action, UV light, some cancer drugs, and radiation used to treat cancer. PARP inhibitor AZD2281 - drug used to treat adults with certain types of prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer or ovarian cancer, fallopian tube cancer, or primary peritoneal cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. PARP inhibitors - substance that blocks an enzyme called PARP in cells. PARP helps repair DNA when it becomes damaged. PARP-1 - (pronounced) An enzyme involved in many cell functions, including repairing DNA damage. DNA damage can be caused by normal cell action, UV light, some cancer drugs, and radiation used to treat cancer. PARP-1 inhibitor ABT-888 - substance being studied to treat breast cancer caused by mutations (changes) in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. PATH - (pronounced) (Tray) A cellular protein that can attach itself to certain molecules in some cancer cells and kill the cells. TRAIL is being studied as a treatment for cancer. PBSCT - A procedure in which a patient receives healthy blood-forming cells (stem cells) to replace their own stem cells that have been destroyed by disease or radiation or high doses of anti-cancer drugs administered as part of the process. The healthy stem cells can come from the patient's blood o PC SPES - (pronounced) A blend of eight herbs sold as a dietary supplement and promoted as a means of maintaining prostate health and treating prostate cancer. PC-SPES was studied for the treatment of prostate cancer but was withdrawn from the US market due to safety concerns PC Therapy - chemotherapy combination used to treat endometrial, ovarian and head and neck cancer and non-small cell lung cancer that has spread. It includes the active ingredients carboplatin and paclitaxel (taxol). PCA - A method of pain relief in which the patient controls the amount of pain medication used. When pain relief is needed, the person can receive a preset dose of a pain reliever by pressing a button on a computer-controlled pump connected to a small tube in the body. PCB - One of a large group of man-made chemical compounds used in the manufacture of many products, including electrical equipment, insulation, fluorescent lighting, paint, plastics, rubber, dyes, inks, adhesives, and pesticides. Exposure to PCBs can cause skin conditions such as acne and rashes, as PCNSL - Primary CNS lymphoma. Cancer that forms in the lymphatic tissue of the brain, spinal cord, meninges (outer lining of the brain) or eye (called ocular lymphoma). PCO syndrome - (pronounced) (PAH-lee-SIS-tik OH-vuh-ree SIN-drome) A condition characterized by infertility, enlarged ovaries, menstrual problems, high levels of male hormones, excessive facial and body hair, acne and obesity. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome have an increased risk of diabetes, PCOS - A condition characterized by infertility, enlarged ovaries, menstrual problems, high levels of male hormones, excessive facial and body hair, acne and obesity. Women with PCOS are at increased risk of diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease and endometrial cancer. PCP - A physician or other licensed healthcare professional who manages an individual's health care over time. PCPs diagnose and treat a wide range of common diseases. PCR - A laboratory method used to make many copies of a specific piece of DNA from a sample containing very small amounts of that DNA. PCR makes it possible to amplify these pieces of DNA so that they can be detected. PCT - A rare condition that affects the skin and causes painful blisters on parts of the body that are exposed to the sun, usually the hands, arms and face. Affected skin may be fragile and may blister or peel after a minor injury. PCV - An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat certain types of brain tumors. It is often used with radiation therapy. PCV therapy - An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat certain types of brain tumors. It is often used with radiation therapy. PD-1 - A protein found on T cells (a type of immune cell) that helps keep the body's immune responses in check. When PD-1 is attached to another protein called PD-L1, it helps keep T cells from killing other cells, including cancer cells. PD-L1 - A protein that acts as a kind of "brake" to keep the body's immune responses under control. PD-L1 can be found on some normal cells and at higher than normal levels on some types of cancer cells. PDGF - A family of molecules released by platelets (tiny pieces of cells found in the blood that help blood to clot). Forms of PDGF help heal wounds and repair damage to blood vessel walls. PDGFRA gene - A gene that makes a protein involved in cell division and cell survival. Mutated (altered) forms of the PDGFRA gene and protein have been found in some cancers, including gastrointestinal stromal tumors and chronic eosinophilic leukemia. PDQ - PDQ is an online resource for cancer information developed and maintained by the National Cancer Institute (NCI). It provides timely, credible, and accurate cancer information to healthcare professionals and the general public. PDX - Tumor tissue removed from a patient and implanted into mice for research purposes. Cancer drugs and other types of treatments can be tested on xenografts to see how well they work before they are given to the patient. PEB - An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used in children to treat certain types of malignant (cancer) germ cell tumors that are not in the brain. It includes the drugs cisplatin (platinol), etoposide phosphate, and bleomycin sulfate. PEB schema - An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used in children to treat certain types of malignant (cancer) germ cell tumors that are not in the brain. It includes the drugs cisplatin (platinol), etoposide phosphate, and bleomycin sulfate. PEComa - A family of rare tumors that form in the soft tissues of the stomach, intestines, lungs, female reproductive tract and urogenital tract. Most PEComas are benign (not cancerous). PEG - A polymer made by joining ethylene oxide and water molecules in a repeating pattern. PEG can be a liquid or a waxy solid. PEG intron - A drug that contains the active substance peginterferon alfa-2b and is used to treat chronic hepatitis C. PEG-Intron is a type of cytokine and a type of immunomodulating agent PEG tube - tube that is inserted through the abdominal wall directly into the stomach. It allows air and fluid to leave the stomach and can be used to administer medication and fluids, including liquid food, to the patient. PEG-Asparaginase - medicine used with other medicines to treat adults and children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. It is used in patients whose cancer has not yet been treated or who cannot be treated with asparaginase. PEG-MGDF - A form of megakaryocyte growth and development factor (MGDF) made in the laboratory. MGDF comes from the protein thrombopoietin, which is normally made in the body to help make blood platelets. PEG-rhMGDF - A form of megakaryocyte growth and development factor (MGDF) made in the laboratory. MGDF comes from the protein thrombopoietin, which is normally made in the body to help make blood platelets. PEI - An injection of ethanol (alcohol) through the skin directly into a tumor to kill cancer cells. Ultrasound or a CT scan is used to guide the needle into the tumor. PEITC - A substance being studied to prevent cancer. It is a naturally occurring compound found in some cruciferous vegetables. PEP02 - A form of the cancer drug irinotecan hydrochloride, contained in very small, fat-like particles, used with other medicines to treat pancreatic cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It is used in patients whose cancer got worse after treatment with gemcitabine hydrochloride. PET Scan - A procedure in which a small amount of radioactive glucose (sugar) is injected into a vein and a scanner is used to create detailed, computerized images of areas in the body where the glucose is picked up. Because cancer cells often take up more glucose than normal cells, the images can b PF-00299804 - A drug used to treat non-small cell lung cancer that has spread, has not yet been treated and has certain mutations (changes) in the EGFR gene. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. PF-3512676 - A substance being studied to treat some types of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called biological response modifiers. PFIC - A rare, inherited disorder characterized by a buildup of bile (fluid that helps digest fat) in the liver. This can lead to liver disease and liver failure. PFS - The length of time during and after treatment of a disease, such as B. cancer, that a patient with the disease lives without it getting worse. PFT - A test to measure lung function. It measures how much air the lungs can hold and how fast air is moving in and out of the lungs. PG - One of several hormone-like substances made by the body. Various PGs control blood pressure, smooth muscle contraction, and other processes in the tissues where they are made. PGE1 - A drug used to treat impotence (inability to have an erection) and being studied to treat sexual problems in men who have had surgery for prostate cancer. It's a kind of vasodilator. PHA-739358 - A substance being studied for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia. PHA-739358 can stop tumor growth by blocking certain enzymes required for cancer cells to divide and causing them to die. PHACE syndrome - A rare condition characterized by a hemangioma (a benign blood vessel tumor) that spreads over an area of the body, usually the face, head or neck. Other health problems affecting the large blood vessels, heart, eyes, or brain can also occur. PHP - A rare condition in which the pituitary gland stops producing most or all hormones. Pituitary hormones help control the way many parts of the body work. PHR - A collection of information about an individual's health that enables the individual to manage and track their own health information. A PHR may contain information about allergies, medical conditions, surgery, vaccinations, and results of physical exams, tests, and screenings. PHTS - A group of inherited diseases caused by mutations (changes) in the PTEN gene. In people with PHTS, many benign (noncancerous) growths called hamartomas form in various parts of the body, particularly the skin, mouth, and gastrointestinal tract. PI - The person(s) responsible for a clinical trial or scientific research grant. The PI creates and conducts the clinical study protocol (plan for the study) or research paid for by the grant. PI-88 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of antiangiogenesis drugs PI3 kinase - A type of enzyme that transmits signals into cells and helps control cell growth. Some tumors have higher than normal levels of PI3 kinase. PI3K - A type of enzyme that transmits signals into cells and helps control cell growth. Some tumors have higher than normal levels of PI3K. PICC - (pronounced) A device used for blood collection and treatment, including intravenous fluids, medication, or blood transfusions. A thin, flexible tube is inserted into a vein in the upper arm and threaded (threaded) into a large vein above the right side of the heart called the superior vena c PID - A condition in which the female reproductive organs are inflamed. It can affect the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and certain ligaments. PIK3CA gene - gene that makes one of the proteins in an enzyme called PI3K, which is involved in many important functions in a cell. Mutations (changes) in the PIK3CA gene can cause the PI3K enzyme to become overactive, which can lead to the growth of cancer cells. PIN CODE - (pronounced) Benign growth of cells lining the inner and outer surfaces of the prostate. The presence of a high-level PIN can increase the risk of developing prostate cancer. PJS - A genetic disorder in which polyps form in the gut and dark spots appear on the mouth and fingers. PJS increases the risk of developing gastrointestinal cancer and many other types of cancer. PKC - An enzyme found in all tissues and organs of the body. Several forms of PKC are involved in many cellular functions. PKC412 - A drug used alone or with other anticancer drugs to treat adults with certain types of acute myeloid leukemia, mast cell leukemia, or systemic mastocytosis. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. PKU - An inherited disease that causes a build-up of phenylalanine (an amino acid) in the blood. This can lead to mental retardation, behavior and movement problems, seizures, and delayed development. PLCIS - A condition in which abnormal cells are found in the lobules (mammary glands) of the breast. The cells tend to look larger and more abnormal under the microscope than cells in the more common classic lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS). PLL - A form of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in which too many immature white blood cells (prolymphocytes) are found in the blood and bone marrow. The PLL usually progresses faster than the classic CLL. PLX4032 - A drug used to treat Erdheim-Chester disease (a very rare form of histiocytosis) and advanced melanoma, which have a specific mutation (change) in the BRAF gene. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. PML gene - gene that makes a protein that helps control cell growth and division. Mutations (changes) in the PML gene can occur when a piece of the chromosome that contains the PML gene breaks off and joins a gene called RARA on another chromosome. PMN - A type of immune cell that contains granules (small particles) containing enzymes that are released during infections, allergic reactions, and asthma. Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils are PMNs. PN401 - A drug used in the emergency treatment of adults and children who are receiving too much fluorouracil or capecitabine, or who have cardiac or central nerve toxicity, or other serious side effects that occur within 4 days of stopping treatment with these drugs. PN401 may help protect healthy PNA - A type of cancer drug that resembles a natural chemical compound called purine. Cells use purine to make the chemical building blocks of DNA and RNA. PNET - (pronounced) One of a group of cancers that develop from the same type of early cells and share certain biochemical and genetic characteristics. Some PNETs develop in the brain and central nervous system (CNS PNET), others develop in sites outside the brain such as the limbs, pelvis, and ches PNH - Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. A rare condition in which red blood cells are easily destroyed by certain proteins in the immune system. PNU 166148 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of topoisomerase inhibitors PNU-93914 - A form of the cancer drug paclitaxel contained in very small, fat-like particles. It may have fewer side effects and work better than paclitaxel. POLH gene - gene that makes a protein involved in copying DNA before a cell divides and repairing damaged DNA. Mutations (changes) in the POLH gene have been found in a hereditary disease called xeroderma pigmentosum. PP - A small protein produced by the pancreas that helps control the release of other substances produced by the pancreas. The amount of PP in the blood increases after eating. PPAR gamma pathway - Describes a group of proteins in a cell that work together to control the expression of certain genes and the body's use of lipids (fats) and glucose (sugars). Alterations in the PPAR gamma pathway can lead to diseases such as heart disease, diabetes and cancer. PPI - A substance used to treat certain stomach and intestinal disorders such as heartburn and ulcers. PPIs block the action of an enzyme in the stomach and reduce the amount of acid formed in the stomach. PPV - The probability that a person with a positive test result has the disease, condition, biomarker, or mutation (change) in the gene tested. The PPV is a way to measure how accurate a particular test is. PR - A protein found in the cells of female reproductive tissue, some other types of tissue and some cancer cells. The hormone progesterone binds to the receptors in the cells and can cause the cells to grow. PR negative - Describes cells that do not have a protein that binds to the hormone progesterone. Cancer cells that are PR negative do not need progesterone to grow. PR positive - Describes cells that have a protein that binds to the hormone progesterone. Cancer cells that are PR positive may need progesterone to grow. PR-104 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. PR-104 becomes active when cancer cells aren't getting enough oxygen. PRCA - A rare condition in which the bone marrow does not make enough red blood cells. Signs and symptoms include tiredness, pale skin, breathing problems, dizziness, and headaches. PRCC - A type of kidney cancer that forms in the lining of the tiny tubes in the kidney that return filtered substances the body needs to the blood and remove excess fluid and waste as urine. Most papillary tumors look like long, thin, finger-like growths under the microscope. PRES - A rare condition characterized by headache, blurred vision, mental changes, seizures and swelling in the brain. The symptoms of PRES usually come on quickly and can be severe and life-threatening. PRO - Information about a patient's health, coming directly from the patient. Examples of PROs include describing a patient's symptoms, their satisfaction with care, and how an illness or treatment affects their physical, mental, emotional, spiritual, and social well-being. PRRT - A type of radiation therapy used to treat certain types of neuroendocrine tumors. A radioactive chemical is attached to a peptide (small protein) that targets cancer cells. PS-341 - A drug used to treat adults with multiple myeloma or mantle cell lymphoma. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. PSA - A protein produced by the prostate and found in the blood. PSA blood levels may be higher than normal in men with prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), or infection or inflammation of the prostate. PSA Jump - brief rise and then fall in the level of PSA (prostate specific antigen) in the blood that occurs in some patients 1-3 years after radiation treatment for prostate cancer. PSA jump does not mean the cancer has returned. PSA error - An increase in PSA (prostate specific antigen) blood levels in patients with prostate cancer after surgery or radiation. PSA failure may occur in asymptomatic patients. PSA speed - A measure of how quickly the level of PSA in the blood increases over time. A high PSA velocity can be a sign of prostate cancer and can help identify fast-growing prostate cancers PSA test - laboratory test that measures the amount of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the blood. PSA is a protein produced by the prostate. PSC 833 - A substance being studied for its ability to prevent or overcome the resistance of tumor cells to some anticancer drugs. It belongs to the family of cyclosporine analogues PSMA - A protein normally found on the surface of normal prostate cells but found in greater amounts on prostate cancer cells. PSMA can be used as a target in imaging to find prostate cancer cells, particularly those that may have come back or spread to other parts of the body. PSMA PET Scan - An imaging test used to find prostate cancer cells in the body. In this procedure, a cell-targeting molecule attached to a radioactive substance is injected into the body and travels through the blood. PT-100 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer, including certain types of lung, pancreas and brain cancer. PT-100 can help the immune system block the growth of cancer cells. PTC - A procedure for x-raying the liver and common bile ducts. A dye is injected into the liver or bile duct, and the ducts are then X-rayed to find the site of the obstruction. PTCD - A bile drainage procedure to relieve pressure in the bile ducts caused by a blockage. An x-ray of the liver and bile ducts locates the blockage in bile flow. PTCH1 gene - gene that is part of a cell signaling pathway involved in tissue and organ formation, cell growth, and cell division during embryonic development. Mutations (changes) in the PTCH1 gene can cause cells to grow and divide too quickly or out of control. PTCH2 gene - gene that is part of a cell signaling pathway involved in tissue and organ formation, cell growth, and cell division during embryonic development. Mutations (changes) in the PTCH2 gene can cause cells to grow and divide too quickly or out of control. PTEN - A protein that helps control many cell functions, including cell division and cell death. Mutations (changes) in the gene that makes PTEN are found in many types of cancer and other diseases. PTEN gene - gene that makes a protein involved in controlling many cell functions, including cell division and cell death. The PTEN protein may also be involved in cell movement, attachment of cells to surrounding tissue, and the formation of new blood vessels. PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome - group of inherited disorders caused by mutations (changes) in the PTEN gene. In people with PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome, many benign (noncancerous) growths called hamartomas form in various parts of the body, particularly the skin, mouth, and gastrointestinal tract. PTEN tyrosine phosphatase - protein that helps control many cell functions, including cell division and cell death. Mutations (changes) in the gene that makes PTEN tyrosine phosphatase are found in many types of cancer and other diseases. PTH - A substance produced by the parathyroid gland that helps the body store and use calcium. A higher than normal amount of PTH causes high levels of calcium in the blood and can be a sign of disease. PTK787/ZK 222584 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the drug families called protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors and VEGF receptor kinase inhibitors. PTLD - A condition in which a group of B cells grow out of control after organ transplantation in patients with a weakened immune system. This usually happens when the patient has also been infected with the Epstein-Barr virus. PTSD - An anxiety disorder that develops in response to physical injury or severe mental or emotional distress, such as B. military battles, violent attacks, natural disasters or other life-threatening events. PUVA therapy - type of photodynamic therapy used to treat skin conditions such as psoriasis, vitiligo, and skin nodules of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. The patient is given psoralen (a drug that becomes active when exposed to light) by mouth or applied to the skin, followed by UV-A radiation. PV - The science and practice of continually reviewing the safety of drugs as they are tested in clinical trials and marketed for use. As part of PV, data is collected and analyzed about the problems caused by treatment with a drug. PV701 - A virus being studied to treat cancer. It belongs to the family of viruses that cause Newcastle disease in birds PXD101 - A drug used to treat adults with peripheral T-cell lymphoma that has come back or has not improved with other treatments. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Pacific Valerian - (pronounced) (puh-SIH-fik vuh-LEER-ee-un) plant whose roots are used as a sedative and to treat certain medical conditions. It is being studied to improve sleep in cancer patients undergoing treatment. Pacritinib citrate - (pronounced) (pak-RIH-tih-nib SIH tray) drug used to treat adults with intermediate- and high-risk myelofibrosis (MF), including primary MF, post-polycythemia vera MF, and post-essential thrombocythemia MF. It is used in patients with very low platelet counts. Padcev - (pronounced) (PAD sev) A drug used to treat adults with urothelial cancer (a type of cancer in the bladder or urinary tract) that has spread or cannot be surgically removed. It is used in patients who have received platinum chemotherapy and an immunotherapy drug, or who have received at lea Paget's Bone Disease - (pronounced) (PA-jet dih-ZEEZ. Palifermin - (pronounced) (pa-lee-FER-min) drug used to prevent and treat severe oral mucositis (inflammation in the mouth). It is used in blood cancer patients who are being treated with high-dose chemotherapy and radiotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation. Palliative Care - (pronounced) (PA-lee-uh-tiv kayr) Care to improve the quality of life and reduce pain for people suffering from a serious or life-threatening illness, such as cancer. The goal of palliative care is to prevent or treat the symptoms of the disease and the side effects caused by treat Palliative Care Practitioner - (pronounced) (PA-lee-uh-tiv kayr SPEH-shuh list) healthcare professional specially trained to care for people with a serious or life-threatening illness, such as cancer. Palliative care professionals prevent or treat, as early as possible, the symptoms of a disease, si Pamelor - (pronounced) (PA-meh-lor) A drug used to treat depression. It can also be used to treat panic or anxiety disorders, certain types of pain, and to help people quit smoking. Pamidronate disodium - (pronounced) (puh-MIH-droh-nayt dy-SOH-dee-um) drug used to treat hypercalcemia (high blood calcium levels) caused by cancer and bone damage caused by multiple myeloma or breast cancer that has spread to the bone. It is also used to treat Paget's bone disease. Pancoast tumor - (pronounced) (PAN-cost TOO-mer) A form of lung cancer that starts in the upper part of a lung and spreads to nearby tissues, such as the ribs and vertebrae. Most Pancoast tumors are non-small cell cancers. Pancreatic Polypeptide - (pronounced) (PAN-kree-A-tik PAH-lee-PEP flood) small protein made by the pancreas that helps control the release of other substances made by the pancreas. The amount of pancreatic polypeptide in the blood increases after a person eats. Panhypopituitarism - (pronounced) (pan-HY-poh-pih-TOO-ih-tuh-rih-zum) rare condition in which the pituitary gland stops producing most or all hormones. Pituitary hormones help control the way many parts of the body work. Pap smear - (pronounced) (pap smeer) A procedure that uses a small brush to gently remove cells from the surface of the cervix and the area around it so they can be examined under a microscope for cervical cancer, or cell changes that can lead to cervical cancer. A Pap smear can also help find other Pap smear - (pronounced) procedure that uses a small brush to gently remove cells from the surface of the cervix and the area around it so they can be examined under a microscope for cervical cancer, or cell changes that can lead to cervical cancer. A Pap test can also help find other conditions, su Pap/HPV Contest - (pronounced) procedure in which a human papillomavirus (HPV) test and a Pap test are done at the same time to check for cervical cancer. The HPV test looks for DNA or RNA of certain high-risk HPV types in cell samples taken from the cervix. Papanicolaou test - (pronounced) (PA-puh-NIH-koh-low. Papule - (pronounced) (PA pyool) A small, solid, raised bump on the skin that has a rim with clearly visible borders. Papules can be red, purple, brown, or pink Paracentesis - (pronounced) (PAYR-uh-sen-TEE-sis) procedure in which a thin needle or tube is inserted into the abdomen to remove fluid from the abdominal cavity (the space inside the abdomen that contains the intestines, stomach, and liver) Paracetamol (uh-see-tuh-MIH-nuh-fen) drug that reduces pain and fever (but not inflammation). It belongs to the analgesic family Paraesthesia - (pronounced) (payr-es-THE-zhuh) An abnormal sensation of touch, such as burning or tingling, that occurs in the absence of an external stimulus Paraganglia - (pronounced) (PAYR-uh-GANG-joy-uh) A collection of cells derived from embryonic nerve tissue and found near the adrenal glands and some blood vessels and nerves. Most paraganglia secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine Paraganglioma - (pronounced) (PAYR-uh-GANG-joy-oh-moo) rare, usually benign tumor that develops from cells in the paraganglia. Paraganglia are a collection of cells derived from embryonic neural tissue located near the adrenal glands and some blood vessels and nerves. Parageusia - (pronounced) (PAYR-uh-GOO-see-uh) A bad taste in the mouth. Also called dysgeusia Paralysis - (pronounced) (puh-RA-lih-sis) Loss of ability to move all or part of the body Paranoia - (pronounced) (PAYR-uh-noy-uh) A mental disorder in which a person experiences extreme fear and distrust of others. A paranoid person may have delusions that people are trying to harm him or her Parasite - (pronounced) (PAYR-uh-SITE) An animal or plant that obtains nutrients by living on or in an organism of another species. A full parasite gets all of its nutrients from the host organism, but a demi-parasite gets only a portion of its nutrients from the host Parasomnia - (pronounced) (PAYR-uh-SOM-nee-uh) An abnormal sleep disorder such as sleepwalking, talking in your sleep, nightmares, bedwetting, sleep apnea (breathing problems that cause loud snoring), or nocturnal seizures Parasympathetic nervous system - (pronounced) (PAYR-uh-SIM-puh-THEH-tik NER-vus SIS-tem) The part of the nervous system that slows the heart, dilates blood vessels, decreases pupil size, increases digestive juices, and relaxes muscles in the gastrointestinal tract Parathyrine - (pronounced) (PAYR-uh-THY-rin) A substance made by the parathyroid gland that helps the body store and use calcium. An above-average amount of parathyrin causes high levels of calcium in the blood and can be a sign of disease. Parathyroid hormone - (pronounced) (PAYR-uh-THOR-mone) A substance made by the parathyroid gland that helps the body store and use calcium. Too much parathyroid hormone causes high levels of calcium in the blood and can be a sign of disease. Parathyroid hormone - (pronounced) (PAYR-uh-THY-royd HOR-mone) A substance made by the parathyroid gland that helps the body store and use calcium. Too much parathyroid hormone causes high levels of calcium in the blood and can be a sign of disease. Parathyroid hyperplasia - (pronounced) (PAYR-uh-THY-royd HY-per-PLAY-zhuh) condition in which the parathyroid glands (four pea-sized glands in the neck) are larger than normal. This condition can cause the glands to produce too much parathyroid hormone, which can lead to loss of calcium from the bon Paricalcitol - (pronounced) (PAYR-ih-KAL-sih-tol) substance used to treat overactive parathyroid glands in patients with kidney failure. It is also being studied in the treatment of cancer. Parietal pericardium - (pronounced) (puh-RY-uh-tul PAYR-ih-KAR-dee-um) The outer layer of the pericardium, a thin sac of tissue that surrounds the heart Parkinson's disease - (pronounced) (PAR-Kin-Sun-Dih-ZEEZ) progressive disorder of the nervous system characterized by muscle tremors, muscle stiffness, decreased mobility, hunched posture, slow voluntary movements, and a mask-like facial expression Parotidectomy - (pronounced) (puh-RAH-tih-DEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove all or part of the parotid gland (a large salivary gland located in front of and just below the ear). In a radical parotidectomy, the entire gland is removed Partial breast irradiation - (pronounced) (PAR-shul-brest ih-RAY-dee-AY-shun) A type of radiation therapy given only to the part of the breast that contains cancer. Partial breast irradiation delivers a higher dose over a shorter period of time than standard whole breast irradiation. Passive smoke - (pronounced) (SEH-Kund-Hand . Paterson-Kelly Syndrome - (pronounced) (PA-ter-sonne-KEH-lee SIN-drome) Iron-deficiency anemia and web-like growths of mucous membranes in the throat that make swallowing difficult. Paterson-Kelly syndrome can increase the risk of developing esophageal cancer. Patient Advocate - (pronounced) (PAY shunt AD-vuh-kut) person who helps guide a patient through the healthcare system. This includes help with the evaluation, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of a condition such as cancer. Patient Navigator - (pronounced) (PAY shunt NA-vih-GAY-ter) person who helps guide a patient through the healthcare system. This includes help with the evaluation, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of a condition such as cancer. Paxil - (pronounced) (PAK-sil) A drug used to treat depression and anxiety disorders. It is a type of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Pazopanib hydrochloride - (pronounced) (puh-ZOH-puh-nib HY-droh-KLOR-ide) A drug used to treat adults with advanced renal cell carcinoma (a type of kidney cancer) or advanced soft tissue sarcoma who have already been treated with other anticancer medicines. It is also being studied in the treatment Peau d'Orange - (pronounced) (poh duh-RANJ) dimpled condition of the skin of the breast, resembling the skin of an orange, sometimes seen in inflammatory breast cancer PediaSure - (pronounced) (PEE-dee-uh-sher) A nutritious drink that helps children who cannot get all their nutritional needs from food and other beverages. It can be given through a small tube inserted through the nose into the stomach or small intestine. Pedigree - (pronounced) (PEH-dih-green) chart showing relationships between family members. In medicine, a family tree can also show the pattern of certain genes or diseases within a family Pedmark - (PED sign) A medicine used to reduce the risk of hearing loss in children from 1 month of age who are taking cisplatin (a type of cancer medicine) for solid tumors that have not spread to other parts of the body. It is also being studied for the prevention and treatment of other conditions Pegaspargase - (pronounced) (peg-a-spar-jays) medicine used with other medicines to treat adults and children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. It is used in patients whose cancer has not yet been treated or who cannot be treated with asparaginase. Pegasys - (pronounced) (PEH-guh-sis) drug used to treat hepatitis C infection. It is also being studied in the treatment and prevention of cancer. Pelargonium - (pronounced) (PEH-lar-GOH-nee-um) species of flowering plant native to southern Africa with white, pink, purple, or red flowers and 3- to 5-lobed leaves. An essential oil that smells like roses, extracted from the leaves, is used in perfumes, mosquito repellents, and in aromatherapy to Peldesin - (pronounced) (PEL-deh-seen) A substance being studied to treat cancer Pelitinib - (pronounced) (peh-LIH-tih-tip) substance being studied to treat some types of cancer. It blocks the action of certain proteins that are part of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family of proteins. Pelvic Lymphadenectomy - (pronounced) (PEL-vik LIM-fa-deh-NEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove lymph nodes in the pelvis for examination under a microscope to see if they contain cancer Pemacyre - (pronounced) (PEH-muh-zeer) A drug used to treat adults with certain types of cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer), myeloid cancer, or lymphatic cancer that have certain changes in the structure of the FGFR1 gene or FGFR2 gene. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of Pembrolizumab - (pronounced) (pem-broh-LIH-zoo-mab) drug that binds to the protein PD-1 to help immune cells kill cancer cells better and is used to treat many different types of cancer. These include cancers that express the protein PD-L1, that have certain mutations (changes) in genes involved in Pemetrexed disodium - (pronounced) (peh-meh-TREK-sed dy-SOH-dee-um) A medicine used alone or with other medicines to treat certain types of non-small cell lung cancer and malignant pleural mesothelioma. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Pemfexy - (pronounced) (pem-FEK-see) medicine used alone or with other medicines to treat certain types of non-small cell lung cancer and malignant pleural mesothelioma. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Pemigatinib - (pronounced) (PEH-mih-GA-tih feather) drug used to treat adults with certain types of cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer), myeloid cancer, or lymphatic cancer that have certain changes in the structure of the FGFR1 gene or FGFR2 gene. It is also being studied in the treatment of othe Penclomedin - (pronounced) (pen-KLOH-meh-deen) A substance being studied to treat cancer. It belongs to the alkylating agent family Penectomy - (pronounced) (Pee-NEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove part or all of the penis (an external male reproductive organ) Penicillamine - (pronounced) (PEH-nih-SIH-luh-MEEN) A drug that removes copper from the body and is used to treat conditions where there is an excess of copper. It is also being studied as a possible angiogenesis inhibitor in the treatment of brain tumors Pentamidine isethionate - (pronounced) (Pen-TA-mih-deen I-seh-THY-oh-nayt) A drug used to treat infections caused by certain microorganisms. It is also being studied in the treatment of melanoma. Pentosan polysulphate - (pronounced) (PEN-tuh-SAN PAH-lee-SUL-fayt) A drug used to relieve pain or discomfort associated with chronic bladder infection. It is also being studied for its protective effects on the gastrointestinal tract in people undergoing radiation therapy Pentostatin - (pronounced) (PEN-toh-STA-tin) The active ingredient in a drug used to treat hairy cell leukemia and being studied to treat other types of cancer. Pentostatin blocks a protein needed for cell growth and can kill cancer cells. Peptide 946 - (pronounced) (PEP flood…) A piece of a protein found only on melanoma cells (a type of skin cancer). It is used in vaccines to help the immune system kill melanoma cells Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy - (pronounced) (PEP flood reh-SEP-ter RAY-dee-oh-NOO-klide THAYR-uh-pee) type of radiation therapy used to treat certain types of neuroendocrine tumors. A radioactive chemical is attached to a peptide (small protein) that targets cancer cells. Performance Status - (pronounced) (per-FOR-munts STA-tus) measure of how well a patient can perform common tasks and carry out everyday activities Perfusion magnetic resonance imaging - (pronounced) (per-FYOO-zhun mag-NEH-tik REH-zuh-nunts IH-muh-jing) A special type of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that involves injecting a dye to see blood flow through tissue. Also called magnetic resonance perfusion imaging Perifosin - (pronounced) (PAYR-ih-FAH-seen) A substance being studied to treat cancer. It belongs to the family of alkyl phospholipids Perillyl alcohol - (pronounced) (PAYR-ih-lil AL-kuh-hol) A substance being studied to prevent cancer. It belongs to the family of plant drugs called monoterpenes Perimenopause - (pronounced) (PAYR-ee-MEH-nuh-PAW-zul) Describes the time in a woman's life when menstruation becomes irregular as she approaches menopause. This is usually three to five years before menopause and is often marked by many of the symptoms of menopause, including hot flashes, mood swin Peristalsis - (pronounced) (payr-ih-STAL-sis) The undulating movement of muscles in the intestine or other tubular organs, characterized by the alternating contraction and relaxation of the muscles that move the contents Peritoneal carcinosis - (pronounced) (PAYR-ih-toh-NEE-ul KAR-sih-NOH-muh-TOH-sis) A serious disease in which cancer, usually of the digestive tract or female reproductive system, spreads and causes tumors to grow in the peritoneum. The peritoneum is the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and cover Perjeta - (pronounced) (per-JEH-tuh) drug used with other drugs to treat HER2-positive breast cancer. It is used in patients whose cancer has spread to other parts of the body and who have not been treated with other anticancer medicines. Personalized Medicine - (pronounced) (PER-suh-nuh-LIZED MEH-dih-sin) form of medicine that uses information about a person's own genes or proteins to prevent, diagnose, or treat disease. In cancer, personalized medicine uses specific information about a person's tumor to make a diagnosis, plan treat Pertuzumab - (pronounced) (per-TOO-zoo-mab) drug used with other drugs to treat HER2-positive breast cancer. It is used in patients whose cancer has spread to other parts of the body and who have not been treated with other anticancer medicines. Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome - (pronounced) (plaster-JAY-gerz SIN-drome) genetic disorder in which polyps form in the gut and dark spots appear on the mouth and fingers. Peutz-Jeghers syndrome increases the risk of developing gastrointestinal cancer and many other types of cancer. Pexidartinib hydrochloride - (pronounced) (PEK-sih-DAR-tih-nib HY-droh-KLOR-ide) drug used to treat adults with tenosynovial giant cell tumor (a rare, usually benign tumor affecting the joints). It is used in patients who have a severe form of the disease that is unlikely to improve with surgery. Phantom Pain - (pronounced) (FAN-tum lim payn) The feeling of pain or other uncomfortable feelings in place of a missing (phantom) limb Pharmaceutical - (pronounced) (FAR-muh-koh-PEE-uh) A book describing chemicals, drugs and other substances and how they are used as medicines. It is created by a recognized body Pharmacist - (pronounced) (FAR-muh-sist) A healthcare professional who has specialized training in the preparation and dispensing (dispensing) of prescription medicines. Pharmacists were taught how drugs work, how to use them and what side effects they have Pharmacist Clinician/Clinical Pharmacy Specialist is a pharmacist with additional training and an expanded scope of practice that may include prescriptive authority, therapeutic management, and disease management. Pharmacogenetics - (pronounced) (FAR-muh-koh-jeh-NEH-tix) The study of how a person's genes affect how they respond to drugs. Pharmacogenetics is used to learn in advance what the best drug or dose of a drug is for a person. Pharmacogenomics - (pronounced) (FAR-muh-koh-jeh-NOH mix) The study of how a person's genes affect how they respond to drugs. Pharmacogenomics is used to learn in advance what the best drug or dose of a drug is for a person. Pharmacokinetics - (pronounced) (FAR-muh-koh-kih-NEH-tix) The activity of drugs in the body over time, including the processes by which drugs are absorbed, distributed throughout the body, localized in tissues, and excreted Pharmacology - (pronounced) (FAR-muh-KAH-loh-jee) The study of the origin, chemistry and uses of drugs and their effects on the body Pharmacovigilance - (pronounced) (FAR-muh-koh-VIH-juh-lunts) The science and practice of continually verifying the safety of drugs as they are tested in clinical trials and marketed for use. Pharmacovigilance collects and analyzes data about the problems caused by treatment with a drug. Pharmacy-based, decentralized patient care organization with expertise in USP 797-compliant sterile drug compounding that provides care to patients with acute or chronic conditions generally pertaining to parenteral administration of drugs, biologics and nutritional formulae administered through cat Pharyngectomy - (pronounced) (FAYR-in-JEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove all or part of the pharynx (throat). The pharynx is the hollow tube in the throat that begins behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that leads to the stomach). Phase I Detoxification - (pronounced) (fayz. Phase II Detoxification - (pronounced) (fayz. Phego - (pronounced) (FES-goh) combination of pertuzumab, trastuzumab and hyaluronidase used with other medicines to treat adults with HER2-positive breast cancer. It is used before surgery in patients with locally advanced, inflammatory or early-stage breast cancer and after surgery in patients wit Phenethyl isothiocyanate - (pronounced) (feh-NEH-thul I-soh-THY-oh-SY-uh-nayt) A substance being studied to prevent cancer. It is a naturally occurring compound found in some cruciferous vegetables. Phenobarbital - (pronounced) (FEE-noh-BAR-bih-tal) drug used to treat seizures and as a sedative. It is being studied for the treatment of diarrhea and for its ability to potentiate the anti-tumor effects of other therapies. Phenol - (pronounced) (Toll-free) A very toxic chemical substance made from tar and also found in some plants and essential oils (fragrant liquid derived from plants). Phenol is used to make plastics, nylon, epoxy, medicines, and to kill germs. Phenothiazine - (pronounced) (FEE-noh-THY-uh-zeen) A type of drug used to treat severe mental and emotional disorders, severe nausea and vomiting, and certain other medical conditions. It belongs to the antipsychotic and antiemetic drug families Phenotype - (pronounced) (FEES-noh-tip) The physical, biochemical, and behavioral characteristics that can be observed in an individual. Some examples of a person's phenotype include height, eye color, hair color, blood type, demeanor, and the presence of certain diseases. Phenoxodiol - (pronounced) (fih-NOK-soh-DY-ol) A substance being studied to treat cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs known as signal transduction inhibitors Phenyl acetate - (pronounced) (FEH-nil-A-seh-tayt) A substance being studied to treat cancer Phenylbutyrate - (pronounced) (FEH-nil-BYOO-tuh-rayt) A substance being studied to treat cancer. It belongs to the family of differentiators Phenylketonuria - (pronounced) (FEH-zero-KEE-sound-du-ee-uh) An inherited disorder that causes a build-up of phenylalanine (an amino acid) in the blood. This can lead to mental retardation, behavior and movement problems, seizures, and delayed development. Phenytoin Sodium - (pronounced) (FEH-nih-toh-in SOH-dee-um) A drug used to treat or prevent seizures or convulsions that can be caused by epilepsy, brain surgery, or treatment for brain tumors. It's a type of anticonvulsant. Pheochromocytoma - (pronounced) (FEE-oh-KROH-moh-sy-TOH-moo) Tumor that forms in the center of the adrenal gland (gland above the kidney) and causes overproduction of adrenaline. Pheochromocytomas are usually benign (noncancerous) but can cause high blood pressure, a pounding headache, palpitations, Philadelphia chromosome - (pronounced) (FIH-luh-DEL-fee-uh KROH-muh-something) An abnormality of chromosome 22 in which part of chromosome 9 is transferred to it. Bone marrow cells containing the Philadelphia chromosome are commonly found in chronic myeloid leukemia and sometimes in acute lymphocyti Phlebology is the medical discipline that involves the diagnosis and treatment of venous disorders, including spider veins, varicose veins, chronic venous insufficiency, venous leg ulcers, congenital venous abnormalities, venous thromboembolism and other disorders of venous origin. A phlebologist Phosphate - (pronounced) (FOS-fayt) A form of phosphoric acid that contains phosphorus. In the body, phosphates are found in the bones and teeth. Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase - (pronounced) (FOS-fuh-TY-duh-lih-NOH-sih-TOL-3 KY-no) A type of enzyme that transmits signals into cells and helps control cell growth. Some tumors have higher than normal levels of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Phospholipid - (pronounced) (FOS-foh-LIH-pid) A lipid (fat) that contains phosphorus. Phospholipids are a major component of cell membranes Phospholipid complex - (pronounced) (FOS-foh-LIH-pid COMPLEX) A chemical or drug bound to a phosphorus-containing lipid (fat) Phosphonoformate trisodium - (pronounced) (FOS-foh-noh-FOR-must not try-SOH-dee-um) A drug used to treat herpes virus infections in people whose immune systems are weakened by AIDS. It prevents the viruses from making copies of themselves. Phosphoric acid - (pronounced) (fos-FOR-ik A-sid) An acid containing phosphorus used in medicine and dentistry. It is also used to remove rust. Phosphorus - (pronounced) (FOS-for-us) A non-metallic element found in blood, muscles, nerves, bones and teeth and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary source of energy for the body's cells) Phosphorus P 32 - (pronounced) (FOS-for-us. Phosphorylation - (pronounced) (fos-FOR-ih-LAY-avoid) A process in which a phosphate group is attached to a molecule such as B. a sugar or a protein is added Photo Activity - (pronounced) (FOH-toh-ak-TIH-vih-tee) The effect that occurs when certain substances are exposed to light. In cancer treatment, some drugs become active when exposed to light and can then kill tumor cells Photo test - (pronounced) (FOH-toh-TES-ting) Special tests to measure the skin's response to ultraviolet radiation. Phototests are used to see if drugs taken by mouth to treat cancer make the skin more sensitive to ultraviolet radiation Photocoagulation - (pronounced) (FOH-toh-koh-A-gyuh-LAY-shun) The use of an intense beam of light, such as B. a laser to seal blood vessels or destroy tissue. Photodynamic Therapy - (pronounced) (FOH-toh-dy-NA-mik THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment with drugs that become active when exposed to light. These activated drugs can kill cancer cells Photofrin - (pronounced) (FOH toh frin) A drug used to treat some types of cancer. When absorbed by cancer cells and exposed to light, Photofrin becomes active and kills the cancer cells. Photon Beam Radiation Therapy - (pronounced) (FOH-ton beem RAY-dee-AY-shun THAYR-uh-pee) type of radiation therapy that uses X-rays or gamma rays that come from a special machine called a linear accelerator (LINAC). The radiation dose is delivered at the body surface and travels into the tumor and t Photopheresis - (pronounced) (FOH-toh-feh-REE-sis) A procedure in which blood is drawn from the body and treated with ultraviolet light and drugs that become active when exposed to light. The blood is then returned to the body. Photophobia - (pronounced) (FOH-toh-FOH-bee-uh) A condition in which the eyes are more sensitive to light than normal Photosynthesis - (pronounced) (FOH-toh-SIN-theh-sis) A chemical process that occurs in plants, algae, and some types of bacteria when exposed to sunlight. During photosynthesis, water and carbon dioxide combine to form carbohydrates (sugars) and give off oxygen. Phototherapy - (pronounced) (FOH-toh-THAYR-uh-pee) Treating diseases with certain types of light. Phototherapy can use lasers, LEDs, fluorescent lights, and ultraviolet or infrared radiation. Phototoxicity - (pronounced) (FOH-toh-tok-SIH-sih-tee) A condition in which the skin or eyes are very sensitive to sunlight or other forms of light. It can be caused by taking certain medications or rubbing certain essential oils (scented liquid made from plants) or other topical agents into the ski Phylodes tumor - (pronounced) (fih-LOH-deez TOO-mer) rare tumor that usually forms in the connective tissue of the breast. Phyllodes tumors tend to grow quickly and get large, but they rarely spread to other parts of the body. Physiatrist - (pronounced) (fih-ZY-uh-dreary) A doctor with special training in physical medicine. Physical medicine is the prevention and treatment of disease or injury using physical methods such as exercise and machines. Physical addiction - (pronounced) (FIH-zih-kul dee-PEN-dents) condition in which a person takes a drug for a long period of time and experiences uncomfortable physical symptoms when the drug is stopped suddenly or taken in smaller doses Physical medicine and rehabilitation, also referred to as rehabilitation medicine, is the medical specialty concerned with diagnosing, evaluating, and treating patients with physical disabilities. These disabilities may arise from conditions affecting the musculoskeletal system such as neck and back Physical therapists (PTs) are licensed health care professionals who diagnose and treat individuals of all ages, from newborns to the very oldest, who have medical problems or other health-related conditions that limit their abilities to move and perform functional activities in their daily lives. P Physical therapy - (pronounced) (FIH-zih-kul THAYR-uh-pee) The use of exercise and physical activity to condition muscles and restore strength and movement. For example, physical therapy can be used to restore arm and shoulder movement and build back strength after breast cancer surgery Physician - (pronounced) (fih-ZIH-avoid) A person trained and licensed to practice medicine. Doctors help prevent, diagnose, treat, and treat injuries, diseases, and other medical conditions. Physicians who practice Clinical Informatics collaborate with other health care and information technology professionals to analyze, design, implement and evaluate information and communication systems that enhance individual and population health outcomes, improve patient care, and strengthen the c Physiotherapist - (pronounced) (FIH-zih-kul THAYR-uh-piste) healthcare professional trained to evaluate and treat people with medical conditions or injuries that limit their mobility and physical activities. Physical therapists use methods such as exercise, massage, hot packs, ice, and electrical st Picato - (pronounced) (pih-KAY-toh) A drug applied to the skin to treat actinic keratosis (thick, scaly growths on the skin that can become cancerous). Picato can help kill abnormal cells. Pilot study - (pronounced) (PY-lut STUH-dee) The first study investigating a new method or treatment Pineal germinoma - (pronounced) (PIH-nee-ul JER-mih-NOH-muh) A type of germ cell tumor found in the pineal gland in the brain. Symptoms of pineal germinoma include headache, blurred vision, nausea, and vomiting Pinealoma - (pronounced) (PIH-nee-uh-LOH-moo) A type of brain tumor that forms in or around the pineal gland (a tiny organ near the center of the brain). Pinealoma can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancerous). Pineoblastoma - (pronounced) (PIH-nee-oh-blow-TOH-moo) fast-growing brain tumor that occurs in or around the pineal gland, a tiny organ near the center of the brain Pineocytoma - (pronounced) (PIH-nee-oh-sy-TOH-moo) A slow-growing brain tumor that occurs in or around the pineal gland, a tiny organ near the center of the brain Pioglitazone - (pronounced) (py-oh-GLIH-tuh zone) A drug used to treat type 2 diabetes and being studied to prevent head and neck cancer. It can potentially prevent leukoplakia (a condition affecting the mouth) from developing into cancer. Pipe - (pronounced) In relation to tobacco use, a device that has a mouthpiece on one end of a pipe and on the other end a small bowl filled with tobacco that is lit and smoked. The smoke from a pipe is not normally inhaled into the lungs. Piperacillin Tazobactam - (pronounced) (py-PER-uh-SIH-lin-TA-zoh-BAK-tam) A combination of medicines used to treat infections in people with cancer. Piperacillin is a synthetic penicillin; Tazobactam increases the effectiveness of piperacillin Piqray - (pronounced) (PIK ray) drug used with fulvestrant to treat postmenopausal women and men with hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer that is advanced or has spread and has a mutation (change) in the PIK3CA gene. It is used in patients whose cancer has gotten worse during or a Pirfenidone - (pronounced) (peer-FEH-nih-ready) A substance being studied for the prevention and treatment of scar tissue caused by radiation therapy. It belongs to the family of drugs called anti-inflammatory agents Piritrexim - (pronounced) (peer-ee-TREK-sim) substance being studied to treat cancer. It belongs to the family of folate antagonists Pixantron - (pronounced) (PIK-san-trone) substance being studied to treat cancer. It belongs to the antitumor antibiotic family. Placebo - (pronounced) (pluh-SEE-boh) An inactive substance or other intervention that looks and is administered in the same way as an active drug or treatment being tested. The effects of the active drug or other intervention are compared to the effects of the placebo Placebo therapy - (pronounced) (pluh-SEE-boh THAYR-uh-pee) An inactive treatment designed to mimic as closely as possible the active treatment being studied in a clinical trial. For example, a placebo pill made of an inactive drug is given instead of the pill with the active ingredient Placenta - (pronounced) (pluh-sen-tuh) The organ that nourishes the developing fetus in the uterus Plan B - (pronounced) (to plan …) A form of the hormone progesterone made in a laboratory and used to prevent pregnancy. It is being studied to prevent ovarian and endometrial cancer and to treat other conditions. Plant sterol - A plant compound that can compete with dietary cholesterol for absorption from the gut, resulting in lower blood cholesterol levels. Plant sterols may have some effect in preventing cancer. Plasma - (pronounced) (PLAZ-moo) The clear, yellowish, liquid part of blood that carries blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are found in the plasma Plasma Exchange - (pronounced) (PLAZ-muh EX-chaynj) A procedure that uses a machine to separate the plasma (the liquid part of the blood) from the blood cells. After the plasma is separated from the blood cells, the blood cells are mixed with a liquid to replace the plasma and returned to the body. Plasma Membrane - (pronounced) (PLAZ-muh MEM-Brayn) The outer membrane of a cell Plasma cell myeloma - (pronounced) (PLAZ-muh sel MY-eh-LOH-muh) A type of cancer that starts in plasma cells (white blood cells that produce antibodies). Also called Kahler's disease, multiple myeloma, and myelomatosis Plasmacytoma - (pronounced) (PLAZ-moo-sy-TOH-moo) type of cancer that starts in plasma cells (white blood cells that produce antibodies). Multiple myeloma can develop from a plasmacytoma Plasmapheresis - (pronounced) (PLAZ-muh-feh-REE-sis) A procedure that uses a machine to separate the plasma (the liquid part of the blood) from the blood cells. After the plasma is separated from the blood cells, the blood cells are mixed with a liquid to replace the plasma and returned to the body. Plastic surgeon - (pronounced) (PLAS-tik SER-jun) surgeon who has special training to reduce scars or disfigurements that may occur as a result of accidents, birth defects, or the treatment of disease Platelets - (pronounced) (THROM boh page) A tiny disc-shaped piece of cell found in the blood and spleen. Platelets are parts of very large cells in the bone marrow called megakaryocytes. Platinum - (pronounced) (PLA-tih-num) metal that is an important component of some cancer drugs such as cisplatin and carboplatin Plenaxis - (pronounced) (pleh-NAK-sis) A drug used to reduce the amount of testosterone in patients with advanced symptomatic prostate cancer who have no other treatment options. It belongs to the family of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists. Pleura - (pronounced) (PLOOR-uh) A thin layer of tissue that covers the lungs and lines the inside wall of the chest cavity. It protects and cushions the lungs. Pleural cavity - (pronounced) (PLOOR-ul-KA-vuh-tee) The space enclosed by the pleura, a thin layer of tissue that covers the lungs and lines the inner wall of the chest cavity Pleural effusion - (pronounced) (PLOOR-ul eh-FYOO-zhun) An abnormal accumulation of fluid between the thin layers of tissue (pleura) that line the lungs and the wall of the chest cavity Pleurodesis - (pronounced) (PLOOR-oh-DEE sister) A medical procedure that uses chemicals or drugs to cause inflammation and adhesions between the layers of the pleura (a thin layer of tissue that covers the lungs and lines the inside wall of the chest cavity). This prevents fluid from accumulating i Pleuropulmonary blastoma - (pronounced) (PLOOR-oh-PUL-moo-NAYR-ee blas-TOH-moo) A rare, fast-growing cancer that forms in the tissues of the lungs and pleura (the thin layer of tissue that covers the lungs and lines the inside of the chest). It can also form in the organs between the lungs, includin Plexopathy - (pronounced) (plek-SAH-poof-you) A disorder affecting a network of nerves, blood vessels, or lymphatics Plicycin - (pronounced) (PLY-cow-MY-sin) A drug used to treat some types of testicular cancer. It is also used to treat higher than normal levels of calcium in the blood or urine. Plummer-Vinson Syndrome - (pronounced) (PLUH-mer-VIN-sun SIN-drome) Iron-deficiency anemia and web-like growths of mucous membranes in the throat that make swallowing difficult. Plummer-Vinson syndrome can increase the risk of developing esophageal cancer. Pluvicto - (pronounced) (ploo-VIK-toh) radioactive drug used to treat adults with PSMA-positive prostate cancer that has spread to other parts of the body and has not responded to treatments that lower testosterone levels. It is used in patients whose cancer has been treated with an androgen recepto Pneumothorax - (pronounced) (NOO-moh-THOR-axe) An abnormal accumulation of air in the space between the thin layer of tissue that covers the lungs and chest cavity. This can cause all or part of the lung to collapse. Policy - (pronounced) (poh-LIH-vee) drug used with bendamustine hydrochloride and rituximab to treat adults with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma that has come back or has not improved after treatment with at least two other cancer therapies. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase - (pronounced) (PAH-Lee (. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 - (pronounced) (PAH-Lee (. Polychlorinated Biphenyl - (pronounced) (PAH-lee-KLOR-ih-NAY-ted BY-feh-nil) One of a large group of man-made chemical compounds used to manufacture many products, including electrical equipment, insulation, fluorescent lighting, paint, plastics, rubber, dyes, inks, glues, and pesticides. Exposure t Polycythemia vera - (pronounced) (PAH-lee-sy-THEE-mee-uh VAYR-uh) disease in which there are too many red blood cells in the bone marrow and blood, causing the blood to thicken. The number of white blood cells and platelets may also increase. Polyglutamate camptothecin - (pronounced) (PAH-lee-GLOO-tuh-mayt KAMP-toh-THEK-in) A form of the cancer drug camptothecin that may have fewer side effects and work better than camptothecin. It is being studied in the treatment of cancer. Polymer - (pronounced) (PAH-lih-mer) molecule made up of small identical molecules called monomers. The monomers are linked together in a repeating pattern Polymerase chain reaction - (pronounced) (puh-LIH-meh-rays Chayn Ree-AK-Shun) A laboratory method used to make many copies of a specific piece of DNA from a sample containing very small amounts of that DNA. The polymerase chain reaction makes it possible to amplify these pieces of DNA so that they c Polymyositis - (pronounced) (PAH-lee-MY-oh-SY-tis) An inflammatory disease of the muscles closest to the middle of the body. It causes weakness, inability to stand, climb, lift, or reach stairs. Polyneuritis - (pronounced) (PAH-lee-noo-RY-tis) Inflammation of several peripheral nerves at the same time Polyphenon E - (pronounced) (PAH-lee-FEE-nun. Pomalidomide - (pronounced) (PAH-muh-LIH-doh-mid) drug similar to thalidomide used alone or with other drugs to treat adults with certain types of multiple myeloma or Kaposi's sarcoma. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Pomalyst - (pronounced) (PAH-muh list) drug similar to thalidomide used alone or with other drugs to treat adults with certain types of multiple myeloma or Kaposi's sarcoma. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Pool - (pronounced) (PEL-vus) The area of the body below the abdomen that contains the hip bones, bladder, and rectum. In women, it also includes the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. Population Study - (pronounced) (PAH-pyoo-LAY-shun STUH-dee) A study of a group of people from the general population who share a common characteristic such as age, gender, or health status. This group can be studied for various reasons such as: B. Porphyria cutanea tarda - (pronounced) (por-FEER-ee-uh kyoo-TAY-nee-uh TAR-duh) rare condition that affects the skin and causes painful blisters on parts of the body that are exposed to the sun, usually the hands, arms and face. Affected skin may be fragile and may blister or peel after a minor inju Portrait - (pronounced) (por-TRA-zuh) drug used with gemcitabine and cisplatin to treat squamous non-small cell lung cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It is used in patients whose cancer has not been treated with any other cancer therapy. Potassium - (pronounced) (puh-TA-see-um) A metallic element important for bodily functions such as regulating blood pressure and water levels in cells, transmitting nerve impulses, digestion, muscle contraction and heartbeat Potassium hydroxide - (pronounced) (puh-TA-see-um hy-DROK page) A toxic and highly corrosive chemical used in soap making, bleaching, and as a color remover. It is used in small amounts as a food additive and in the manufacture of some medicines Poteligeo - (pronounced) (poh-teh-LIH-gee-oh) A medicine used to treat adults with mycosis fungoides or Sezary syndrome (types of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma) that have come back or have not improved after treatment with at least one systemic therapy. It is also being studied in the treatment of other Power of Attorney (HELTH Kayr PRAK-see) A type of living will that gives one person (e. g. Power of attorney - (pronounced) (POW-er. Pralatrexate - (pronounced) (PRA-luh-TREK-sayt) A drug used to treat peripheral T-cell lymphoma (a fast-growing form of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma) that has come back (come back) or has not improved with other cancer therapies. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Pralsetinib - (pronounced) (pral-SEH-tih feather) drug used to treat adults with non-small cell lung cancer that carries a RET fusion gene and adults and children 12 years and older with certain types of thyroid cancer, including medullary thyroid cancer, that carry a RET fusion gene or a mutation ( Pravachol - (pronounced) (PRA-vuh-KOL) drug used to lower blood cholesterol and prevent stroke and heart attack. It is also being studied in the treatment of cancer and other diseases. Pravastatin Sodium - (pronounced) (PRA-vuh-sta-tin SOH-dee-um) drug used to lower blood cholesterol and prevent stroke and heart attack. It is also being studied in the treatment of cancer and other diseases. Precancerous - (pronounced) (pree-KAN-seh-rus) term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) progress to cancer. Also called premalignant Precancerous dermatitis - (pronounced) (pree-KAN-sehr-rus DER-muh-TY-tis) A skin condition characterized by scaly or thickened patches on the skin, often caused by prolonged exposure to arsenic. The patches are common on sun-exposed areas of skin and in older white males. Precancerous polyps - (pronounced) (pree-KAN-sehr-rus PAH lips) Growths that can become cancerous and protrude from a mucous membrane Precision Medicine - (pronounced) (pree-SIH-zhun MEH-dih-sin) form of medicine that uses information about a person's own genes or proteins to prevent, diagnose, or treat disease. In cancer, precision medicine uses specific information about a person's tumor to make a diagnosis, plan treatment, find Precursor B-lymphoblastic leukemia - (pronounced) (pree-KER-ser B-LIM-foh-BLAS-tik loo-KEE-mee-uh) An aggressive (rapidly growing) type of leukemia (blood cancer) in which too many B-cell lymphoblasts (immature white blood cells) are found in the bone marrow and blood. It is the most common form of Precursor T-lymphoblastic leukemia - (pronounced) (pre-KER-ser T-LIM-foh-BLAS-tik loo-KEE-mee-uh) An aggressive (rapidly growing) type of leukemia (blood cancer). ) in which too many T-cell lymphoblasts (immature white blood cells) are found in the bone marrow and blood. Precursor lymphoblastic lymphoma - (pronounced) (pre-KER-ser LIM-foh-BLAS-tik lim-FOH-muh) An aggressive (rapidly growing) form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in which there are too many lymphoblasts (immature white blood cells) in the lymph nodes and thymus gland. These lymphoblasts can spread to other pl Prednisolone - (pronounced) (pred-NIH-suh-lone) drug that reduces inflammation and suppresses the body's immune response. It can also kill cancer cells. Prednisone - (pronounced) (PRED-nih-sone) drug used to reduce inflammation and decrease the body's immune response. It is used with other medicines to treat leukaemia, lymphoma and mycosis fungoides (a type of skin lymphoma). Preferred term for an Accredited Record Technician who is an individual with an associate's degree from an accredited college or independent study program who is skilled in analyzing health information and in examination of medical records for accuracy, reporting of patient data for reimbursement, a Pregnancy - (pronounced) (PREG-nun-see) The state between conception (fertilization of an egg by a sperm) and childbirth, during which the fertilized egg develops in the uterus. In humans, pregnancy lasts about 288 days Prescription - (pronounced) (prih-SKRIP-avoid) A doctor's prescription for medication or another procedure Prevacid - (pronounced) (PREH-vuh-sid) drug that reduces the amount of acid formed in the stomach. It is used to treat stomach ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease (a condition where acid from the stomach causes heartburn) and conditions where the stomach produces too much acid. Prevention - (pronounced) (pree-VEN-avoid) In medicine, actions taken to reduce the risk of a disease or condition. Cancer prevention includes, for example, avoiding risk factors (such as smoking, obesity, lack of exercise and exposure to radiation) and increasing protective factors (such as regular Prevention Professionals work in programs aimed to address specific patient needs, such as suicide prevention, violence prevention, alcohol avoidance, drug avoidance, and tobacco prevention. The goal of the program is to reduce the risk of relapse, injury, or re-injury of the patient. Prevention Priate - (pronounced) (PREE ult) drug used to treat chronic pain. Also called SNX 111 and ziconotide Primary CNS lymphoma - (pronounced) (PRY-mayr-ee. Primary cancer - (pronounced) (PRY-mayr-ee KAN-ser) A term used to describe the original or first tumor in the body. Cancer cells from a primary cancer can spread to other parts of the body and form new or secondary tumors. Primary care - (pronounced) (PRY-mayr-ee kayr) Health services that meet most basic health needs over time. Primary care includes physical examinations, treatment of common illnesses, and preventative measures such as vaccinations and health check-ups. Primary central nervous system lymphoma - (pronounced) (PRY-mayr-ee SEN-trul NER-vus SIS-tem lim-FOH-muh) Cancer that forms in the lymphatic tissue of the brain, spinal cord, meninges (outer lining of the brain) or eye (called ocular lymphoma). Also called PCNSL and primary CNS lymphoma Primary effusion lymphoma - (pronounced) (PRY-mayr-ee eh-FYOO-zhun lim-FOH-muh) rare, aggressive (rapidly growing) type of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma characterized by an abnormal accumulation of fluid in a body cavity. It usually occurs together with a human herpesvirus or Epstein-Barr virus in p Primary endpoint - (pronounced) (PRY-mayr-ee END-poynt) The main outcome measured at the end of a study to determine whether a particular treatment worked (e. g. Primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma - (pronounced) (PRY-mayr-ee MEE-dee-uh-STY-nul larj . Primary myelofibrosis - (pronounced) (PRY-mayr-ee MY-eh-loh-fy-BROH-sis) progressive, chronic disease in which the bone marrow is replaced by fibrous tissue and blood is produced in organs such as the liver and spleen instead of the bone marrow. This disease is characterized by an enlarged spleen an Primary ovarian failure - (pronounced) (PRY-mayr-ee oh-VAYR-ee-un IN-suh-FIH-shen-see) condition in which the ovaries stop working and menstruation stops before the age of 40. This can lead to fertility problems and menopause symptoms. Primary therapy - (pronounced) (PRY-mayr-ee THAYR-uh-pee) The first treatment of a disease. It's often part of standard treatment, such as surgery followed by chemotherapy and radiation. Primary tumor - (pronounced) (PRY-mayr-ee TOO-mer) A term used to describe the original or first tumor in the body. Cancer cells from a primary tumor can spread to other parts of the body and form new or secondary tumors. Principal - (pronounced) (PRIH-nih-vil) A drug used to treat high blood pressure and certain heart conditions. It's also being studied to prevent and treat side effects caused by some cancer drugs. Principal Researcher - (pronounced) (PRIN-sih-pul in-VES-tih-GAY-ter) The person(s) responsible for a clinical trial or scientific research grant. The principal investigator prepares and conducts the clinical trial protocol (plan for the study) or research paid for by the grant. Prinomastat - (pronounced) (prih-NOH-muh-stat) substance being studied to treat cancer. It is a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor and belongs to a family of medicines called angiogenesis inhibitors. ProMune - (pronounced) (PROH myoon) substance being studied to treat some types of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called biological response modifiers. Probenecid - (pronounced) (proh-BEH-neh-sid) A drug used to treat gout that is used with some antibiotics to make them work better. It is being studied in the treatment of cancer. Procarbazine hydrochloride - (pronounced) (proh-KAR-buh-zeen HY-droh-KLOR-ide) A medicine used with other medicines to treat advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Procedural Dermatology, a subspecialty of Dermatology, encompassing a wide variety of surgical procedures and methods to remove or modify skin tissue for health or cosmetic benefit. These methods include scalpel surgery, laser surgery, chemical surgery, cryosurgery (liquid nitrogen), electrosurgery, Prochlorperazine - (pronounced) (PROH-klor-PAYR-uh-zeen) A drug used to prevent or reduce nausea and vomiting. It belongs to the antiemetic family Procritus - (pronounced) (PROH-crit) drug used to treat anemia caused by chronic kidney disease, some types of chemotherapy, and an antiviral drug for HIV infection called zidovudine. It is also used to reduce the number of donor blood transfusions needed during and after certain types of surgery. Proctitis - (pronounced) (prok-TY-tis) Inflammation of the lining of the rectum (the last few inches of the colon closest to the anus). Also called rectitis Proctoscope - (pronounced) (PROK-toh area) thin, tubular instrument used to look inside the anus and rectum. A proctoscope has a light and lens for viewing. Proctoscopy - (pronounced) (prok-TOS-koh-pee) A procedure that uses a proctoscope to look inside the anus and rectum. A proctoscope is a thin, tubular instrument with a light and lens for viewing. Proctosigmoidoscopy - (pronounced) (PROK-toh-sig-moy-DOS-koh-pee) Examination of the lower colon with a sigmoidoscope inserted into the rectum. A sigmoidoscope is a thin, tubular instrument with a light and lens for viewing. Progeny - (pronounced) (PRAH-yeh-nee) Offspring; the product of reproduction or replication Progesterone - (pronounced) (proh-JES-teh-rone) A type of hormone produced by the body that plays a role in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. Progesterone can also be made in the laboratory. Progesterone Receptor Test - (pronounced) (proh-JES-teh-rone reh-SEP-ter test) A laboratory test to find out if cancer cells have progesterone receptors (proteins to which the hormone progesterone binds). If the cells have progesterone receptors, they may need progesterone to grow and this may affec Progesterone receptor negative - (pronounced) (proh-JES-teh-rone reh-SEP-ter NEH-guh-tiv) Describes cells that do not have a protein that binds to the hormone progesterone. Cancer cells that are progesterone receptor negative do not need progesterone to grow. Progesterone receptor positive - (pronounced) (proh-JES-teh-rone reh-SEP-ter PAH-zih-tiv) Describes cells that have a protein that binds to the hormone progesterone. Cancer cells that are progesterone receptor positive may need progesterone to grow. Progress - (pronounced) (pruh-GREH-avoid) In medicine, the course of a disease such as cancer, how it gets worse or spreads through the body Prolactin - (pronounced) (proh-LAK tin) A hormone made by the pituitary gland (a pea-sized organ in the center of the brain). Prolactin causes a woman's breasts to produce milk during and after pregnancy and has many other effects in the body Proleukin - (pronounced) (proh-LOO-kin) drug used to treat adults with melanoma or renal cell carcinoma (a type of kidney cancer) that has spread to other parts of the body. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Prolia - (pronounced) (PROH-lee-uh) drug that contains the active ingredient denosumab and is used to treat certain bone problems. Prolia is used to increase bone mass in certain patients with breast or prostate cancer who are at high risk of fractures. Proliferation Index - (pronounced) (proh-LIH-feh-ruh-tiv . Prolymphocytic Leukemia - (pronounced) (proh-LIM-foh-SIH-tik loo-KEE-mee-uh) A form of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in which too many immature white blood cells (prolymphocytes) are found in the blood and bone marrow. Prolymphocytic leukemia usually progresses faster than classic CLL. Promacta - (pronounced) (proh-MAK-tuh) drug used to treat thrombocytopenia (low blood platelet counts) in adults and children with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura that has not improved with other treatments. Promacta is also used to treat severe aplastic anemia. Promegapoietin - (pronounced) (proh-MEH-guh-POY-eh-tin) A drug given during chemotherapy to speed up the regeneration of blood cells. Promegapoietin is a colony stimulating factor that stimulates the production of blood cells, particularly platelets. Promyelocytic Leukemia - (pronounced) (proh-MY-eh-loh-SIH-tik loo-KEE-mee-uh) An aggressive (rapidly growing) form of acute myeloid leukemia in which there are too many immature haematopoietic cells in the blood and bone marrow. It is usually characterized by an exchange of parts of chromosomes 15 a Prooxidant - (pronounced) (proh-ok-sih-dunt) substance that can produce oxygen byproducts of metabolism that can damage cells Prophylaxis - (pronounced) (PROH-fih-LAK-sis) An attempt to prevent disease Propranolol hydrochloride - (pronounced) (proh-PRAN-uh-lol HY-droh-KLOR-ide) A drug used under the brand name Hemangeol to treat infants aged 5 weeks to 5 months with infantile hemangioma (a benign blood vessel tumor) and under other brand names to treat high blood pressure, including before surgery ProstaScint - (pronounced) (PROS-tuh-sint) A substance used to detect prostate cancer. It contains a monoclonal antibody that binds to prostate cells, linked to a substance that can bind radioisotopes. ProstaScint Scan - (pronounced) (PROS-tuh-sint-skan) An imaging test used to detect prostate cancer. The patient is given an injection of an Indium 111-labeled form of ProstaScint, which contains a monoclonal antibody that binds to prostate cells. Prostaglandin E1 - (pronounced) (PROS-tuh-GLAN-din. Prostaglandins - (pronounced) (PROS-tuh-GLAN-din) One of several hormone-like substances made by the body. Various prostaglandins control blood pressure, smooth muscle contraction, and other processes in the tissues where they are made. Prostate - (pronounced) (PROS-tayt) A gland in the male reproductive system. The prostate surrounds the part of the urethra (the tube that empties the bladder) just below the bladder and produces a fluid that forms part of semen Prostate Cancer - (pronounced) (PROS-tayt KAN-ser) Cancer that forms in the tissue of the prostate (a gland in the male reproductive system, located below the bladder and in front of the rectum). Prostate cancer usually occurs in older men Prostate specific antigen - (pronounced) (PROS-tayt-speh-SIH-fik AN-tih-jen) protein produced by the prostate and found in the blood. In men with prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), or infection or inflammation of the prostate, blood levels of prostate-specific antigen may be higher Prostatectomy - (pronounced) (PROS-tuh-TEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove part or all of the prostate and some of the tissues surrounding it, including the seminal vesicles (a gland that helps produce semen). Neighboring lymph nodes can also be removed. Prostatitis - (pronounced) (PROS-tuh-TY-tis) inflammation of the prostate Prostatocystectomy - (pronounced) (PROS-tuh-toh-sis-TEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove the bladder and prostate. The seminal vesicles and nearby lymph nodes may also be removed. Prosthodontist - (pronounced) (Pro-thoh-DON-tist) A dentist who has specialized training in replacing missing teeth or other structures of the mouth to restore a person's appearance, comfort, or health Prostration - (pronounced) (prah-STRAY-avoid) A condition in which a person is so tired or weak that they cannot do anything Protease Inhibitor - (pronounced) (PROH-tee-ays in-HIH-bih-ter) A compound that interferes with the ability of certain enzymes to break down proteins. Some protease inhibitors can stop a virus from making copies of itself (such as AIDS virus protease inhibitors), and some can stop cancer cells from Proteasome Inhibitor - (pronounced) (PROH-tee-uh-some in-HIH-bih-ter) drug that blocks the action of proteasomes. A proteasome is a large protein complex that helps destroy other cellular proteins when they are no longer needed. Protection Factor - (pronounced) (proh-TEK-tiv FAK-ter) Something that can reduce the chance of getting a certain disease. Some examples of cancer protective factors are regular physical activity, a healthy weight and a healthy diet Protection of Human Subjects - (pronounced) (proh-TEK-avoid. Protegrin - (pronounced) (proh-TEH-grin) One of a family of small proteins found in pig white blood cells. Protegrins kill certain bacteria, fungi, and viruses by boring holes in their outer membranes and causing them to rupture. Proteogenomics - (pronounced) (PROH-tee-oh-jeh-NOH mix) The study of how information about the DNA in a cell or organism relates to the proteins made by that cell or organism. This includes understanding how genes control when proteins are made and what changes occur to proteins after they are made Proteoglycan - (pronounced) (PROH-tee-oh-GLY-kan) A molecule containing both protein and glycosaminoglycans, which are a type of polysaccharide. Proteoglycans are found in cartilage and other connective tissue Proteome - (pronounced) (PROH-tee-ome) The complete set of proteins made by an organism. Proteins are made in different amounts and at different times depending on how they function, when they are needed, and how they interact with other proteins in cells. Proteomics - (pronounced) (proh-tee-OH mix) The study of the structure and function of proteins, including how they function and interact within cells Protocol - (pronounced) (PROH-tuh-KOL) A detailed plan of a scientific or medical experiment, treatment, or procedure. Clinical trials state what the trial will do, how it will be conducted, and why it is being conducted. Proton pump inhibitor - (pronounced) (PROH-ton … in-HIH-bih-ter) A substance used to treat certain disorders of the stomach and intestines, such as heartburn and ulcers. Proton pump inhibitors block the action of an enzyme in the stomach and reduce the amount of acid made in the stomach. Protozoa - (pronounced) (PROH-tuh-ZOH-ul) Has to do with the simplest organisms in the animal kingdom. Protozoa are single-celled organisms like amoebas and are distinct from bacteria, which are not part of the animal kingdom. Provenge - (pronounced) (PROH-venj) vaccine used to treat prostate cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It is used in patients who have few or no symptoms and whose cancer is resistant to castration (has not responded to treatments to lower testosterone levels). Proxinium - (pronounced) (prok-SIH-nee-um) A substance being studied to treat certain types of head and neck cancer. Proxinium is made by attaching a monoclonal antibody fragment to a toxic protein that can kill cancer cells. Psammom Body - (pronounced) (sam-OH-muh BAH-dee) A structure found in some benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous) tumor cells. Psammoma bodies look like hardened concentric rings under the microscope. Pseudomyxoma peritonei - (pronounced) (SOO-doh-mik-SOH-muh PAYR-ih-TOH-ny) A buildup of mucus in the abdominal cavity. The mucus may come from ruptured ovarian cysts, the appendix, or other abdominal tissue. Psoralen - (pronounced) (SOR-uh-len) photosensitive (or light-activated) substance found in plants. Psoralens are used in conjunction with UV light to treat psoriasis, vitiligo, and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma skin nodules. Psychoanalysis is a comprehensive, theoretical framework which, when applied to a treatment process, consists of an intensive verbal, therapeutic relationship between an analyst and an analysand which aims for symptom relief, emotional growth, and personal integration. The psychoanalytic treatment p Psychologist - (pronounced) (sy-KAH-loh-jist) A specialist who can talk to patients and their families about emotional and personal issues and help them make decisions Psychology - (pronounced) (sy-KAH-loh-jee) The study of how the mind works and how thoughts and feelings affect behavior Psychosis - (pronounced) (sy-KOH-sis) A serious mental disorder in which a person loses the ability to recognize reality or relate to others. The person is not up to the demands of everyday life. Psychosomatic Medicine is subspecialty in the diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders and symptoms in complex medically ill patients. This subspecialty includes treatment of patients with acute or chronic medical, neurological, obstetrical or surgical illness in which psychiatric illness is Psychostimulant - (pronounced) (SY-koh-STIM-yoo-lunt) A drug that induces a feeling of well-being, reduces fatigue and depression, and increases food cravings. These drugs can also cause mood swings and trouble sleeping Psychotherapy - (pronounced) (SY-koh-THAYR-uh-pee) Treating mental, emotional, personality, and behavioral disorders using methods such as discussion, listening, and counseling. Also called talk therapy Psyllium - (pronounced) (SIH-lee-um) A plant with seeds used as a mild laxative. The outer layer of the seeds swells when wet. Ptosis - (pronounced) (TOH sister) drooping of the upper eyelid Puberty - (pronounced) (PYOO-ber-tea) The period of life when a child experiences physical and hormonal changes that mark the transition to adulthood. The child develops secondary sexual characteristics and becomes childbearing. Public health and general preventive medicine focuses on promoting health, preventing disease, and managing the health of communities and defined populations. These practitioners combine population-based public health skills with knowledge of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention-oriented clin Pulmonary edema - (pronounced) (PUL-moo-NAYR-ee eh-DEE-moo) A buildup of fluid in the alveoli (air spaces) in the lungs. This prevents oxygen from getting into the blood. Pulmonary function test - (pronounced) (PUL-moo-NAYR-ee FUNK-avoid. Pulmonologist - (pronounced) (PUL-muh-NAH-loh-jist) A doctor who has special training in the diagnosis and treatment of lung diseases. Also called a lung specialist Pulmonology - (pronounced) (PUL-muh-NAH-loh-jee) A branch of medicine that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the lungs and other parts of the respiratory system. These diseases include asthma, emphysema, tuberculosis and pneumonia Pupils - (pronounced) (PYOO-pul) The round opening in the center of the iris (the colored tissue that makes up the "eye color" at the front of the eye). The pupil changes size to let light into the eye. Purinethol - (pronounced) (pyooor-IN-eh-thol) medicine used with other medicines to treat adults and children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Purixan - (pronounced) (PYOOR-ee-zan) A medicine used with other medicines to treat adults and children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Purple Shamrock - (pronounced) (PER-pul KLOH-ver) Trifolium pratense. A plant with flowers that was used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. Q10 - A nutrient that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Q10 helps mitochondria (small structures in the cell) to gain energy. QA - A process that periodically reviews activities or products to ensure they are being performed at the required level of excellence. In clinical studies, the QA ensures that all parts of the study comply with the law and the guidelines of good clinical practice. QNBC - A type of breast cancer in which the tumor cells do not have estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, androgen receptors, or large amounts of HER2/neu protein on their surface. Knowing if breast cancer is quadruple negative is important for treatment planning. QS21 - A substance from plants that is being studied in conjunction with vaccination therapy for its ability to enhance the immune system's response to disease. It belongs to the family of saponin adjuvants Qigong - (pronounced) (chee gong) A form of traditional Chinese body/mind exercise and meditation that uses slow and precise body movements with controlled breathing and mental focus to improve balance, flexibility, muscular strength and overall health Qinlock - (pronounced) (KIN locomotive) drug used to treat adults with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumor. It is used in patients whose cancer has already been treated with at least three other kinase inhibitors, including imatinib mesylate. Quadrantectomy - (pronounced) (KWAD-ran-TEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove cancer or other abnormal tissue from the breast and some surrounding normal tissue, but not the breast itself. Some lymph nodes under the arm can be removed for a biopsy. Quality Control - (pronounced) (KWAH-lih-tee uh-SHOOR-ents) A process that periodically reviews activities or products to ensure they are being performed at the required level of excellence. In clinical studies, quality assurance ensures that all parts of the study comply with the law and the guidel R-CHOP - (pronounced) An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma, and being studied to treat other types of cancer. It includes the drugs rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin hydrochloride (hydroxydaunorubicin), vincristine sulfate (On R-CHOP scheme - An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma, and being studied to treat other types of cancer. It includes the drugs rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin hydrochloride (hydroxydaunorubicin), vincristine sulfate (Oncovin) R-CVP - An acronym for a combination chemotherapy regimen used to treat indolent (slow-growing) non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It includes the drugs rituximab, cyclophosphamide, vincristine sulfate, and prednisone. R-CVP scheme - An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat indolent (slow-growing) non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It includes the drugs rituximab, cyclophosphamide, vincristine sulfate, and prednisone. R-EPOCH - (pronounced) An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat certain types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It includes the drugs rituximab, etoposide phosphate, prednisone, vincristine sulfate (Oncovin), cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin hydrochloride (hydroxydaunorubicin). R-EPOCH scheme - An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat certain types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It includes the drugs rituximab, etoposide phosphate, prednisone, vincristine sulfate (Oncovin), cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin hydrochloride (hydroxydaunorubicin). R-ICE - An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat certain types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It includes the drugs rituximab, ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide phosphate. R-ICE scheme - An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat certain types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It includes the drugs rituximab, ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide phosphate. R-flurbiprofen - A substance being studied to treat cancer. It belongs to the family of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) R101933 - A substance being studied for its ability to trick cancer cells into responding to drugs to which they have become resistant. It belongs to the family of so-called multidrug resistance inhibitors R115777 - A substance being studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and other types of cancer. It belongs to the family of farnesyl transferase inhibitors. R1507 - A human monoclonal antibody being studied for the treatment of various types of cancer. Monoclonal antibodies are made in the laboratory and can locate and attach to substances in the body, including cancer cells. R788 Sodium - drug used to treat thrombocytopenia (low blood platelet count) in adults with chronic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) that has not improved with other treatments. ITP is a condition in which platelets are destroyed by the immune system. RAD001 - A drug used alone or with other drugs to treat certain types of breast cancer, kidney cancer, and neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. It is used under the brand name Afinitor to treat these types of cancer and to treat a type of benign kidney tumor call RARA gene - gene that makes a protein that controls the activity of certain genes that help white blood cells to mature. Mutations (changes) in the RARA gene can occur when a piece of the chromosome that contains the RARA gene breaks off and joins a gene called PML on another chromosome. RAS gene family - A family of genes that make proteins involved in cell signaling pathways that control cell growth and cell death. Mutated (altered) forms of the RAS gene can be found in some types of cancer. RASopathy Syndrome - (pronounced) (ras-AH-puh-you SIN-drome) group of rare diseases caused by mutations (changes) in certain genes that make proteins involved in the Ras/MAPK cell signaling pathway. This signaling pathway plays an important role in controlling many cell functions, including cell gro RAV12 - A monoclonal antibody being studied to treat some types of cancer. Monoclonal antibodies are made in the lab and can locate and attach to cancer cells. RBC - A type of blood cell made in the bone marrow and found in the blood. Red cells contain a protein called hemoglobin, which carries oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body. RECIST - (pronounced) standard way of measuring how well a cancer patient is responding to treatment. It is based on whether tumors are shrinking, staying the same, or getting bigger. RECQL4 gene - A gene that makes a protein involved in unwinding strands of DNA to be copied before cell division and repairing damaged DNA. Mutations (changes) in the RECQL4 gene have been found in certain inherited disorders, including Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome (RTS). REM sleep - The stage of sleep when most dreams occur. During REM sleep, a person's brain activity, breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure increase, and eyes move rapidly when they are closed. RFS - For cancer, the length of time after initial treatment for a cancer that the patient survives without signs or symptoms of that cancer. In a clinical trial, measuring RFS is one way to see how well a new treatment is working. RFT5-dgA immunotoxin - monoclonal antibody linked to a toxic substance. It is being studied to treat melanoma that has spread to distant parts of the body. RG7204 - A drug used to treat Erdheim-Chester disease (a very rare form of histiocytosis) and advanced melanoma, which have a specific mutation (change) in the BRAF gene. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. RK-0202 - A substance being studied for the prevention of oral mucositis in patients receiving radiation therapy or chemotherapy for head and neck cancer RLS - A condition in which a person has a strong urge to move their legs to stop uncomfortable sensations. These include burning, itching, crawling, tugging, crawling, or pain. RMP-7 - A substance being studied for its ability to help other drugs reach the brain. It belongs to the bradykinin agonist family. RNA - One of two types of nucleic acids made by cells. RNA contains information copied from DNA (the other type of nucleic acid). RNA sequencing - laboratory method used to learn the exact order (sequence) of the building blocks that make up all RNA molecules in a cell. Inside a cell, RNA is copied from pieces of DNA and contains information to make proteins and perform other important functions. RO4929097 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It blocks certain enzymes that are needed for cell growth. ROS1 gene - A gene that makes a protein involved in sending signals inside cells and in cell growth. Mutated (altered) forms of the ROS1 gene and protein have been found in some types of cancer, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), a type of brain tumor called glioblastoma multiforme, and c ROS1 inhibitors - substance that blocks the activity of an abnormal protein called ROS1 fusion protein, which is found on some types of cancer cells. Blocking the ROS1 fusion protein may help prevent cancer cells that have it from growing and spreading. ROS1 positive - Describes cells that have a protein called ROS1 on their surface. In the case of cancer, this also refers to cells that have a change in the structure of the ROS1 gene or a ROS1 fusion protein on their surface. RPI. 4610 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. RPLS - A rare condition characterized by headache, blurred vision, mental changes, seizures and swelling in the brain. Symptoms of RPLS usually come on quickly and can be severe and life-threatening. RPR 109881A - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the taxane family RRP - A rare condition in which wart-like growths called papillomas grow in the airways (airways leading from the nose and mouth to the lungs). The papillomas most commonly grow in the larynx (larynx) and vocal cords. RSR13 - A substance being studied for the treatment of brain tumors and some other types of cancer. It increases the amount of oxygen in the tumor tissue, which makes it easier for the tumor cells to be killed by radiation therapy. RSV - A virus that causes respiratory infections with cold-like symptoms. Also called respiratory syncytial virus RT-PCR - A laboratory method used to make many copies of a given genetic sequence for analysis. It uses an enzyme called reverse transcriptase to convert a specific piece of RNA into a matching piece of DNA. RTA 744 - A substance being studied for the treatment of brain tumors in adults. RTA 744 crosses the blood-brain barrier and blocks an enzyme needed for cancer growth. RTEL1 gene - A gene that makes a protein involved in maintaining telomeres (the ends of chromosomes) and repairing DNA. Mutations (changes) in the RTEL1 gene have been found in a rare inherited disease called dyskeratosis congenita, which causes abnormal changes in the skin and nails and white patch RTK - A member of a group of proteins called tyrosine kinases found on the surface of cells. RTKs play important roles in many cellular functions, including cell-to-cell communication and cell division, maturation, movement, metabolism, and survival. RTS - A rare, inherited condition that affects many parts of the body, particularly the skin, eyes, bones, hair, and teeth. The main sign or symptom is a red, blistering rash on the face that begins in early childhood. RU 486 - A drug used to terminate early pregnancies. It is also being studied in the treatment of some cancers and other conditions. Rabies - (pronounced) (RAY beez) A nervous system disease caused by the rabies virus. Rabies is characterized by an increase in saliva production, abnormal behavior, and eventually paralysis and death Racism - (pronounced) (RAY-sih-to) The structures, policies, practices, beliefs and behaviors in a society that create an unfair advantage for some people and unfair or harmful treatment for others because of their race or ethnic group. Racism affects the physical, social and economic conditions in Radiation - (pronounced) (RAY-dee-AY-shun) Energy released in the form of particles or electromagnetic waves. Common sources of radiation include radon gas, cosmic rays from outer space, medical X-rays, and energy given off by a radioisotope (unstable form of a chemical element that emits radiation Radiation Dermatitis - (pronounced) (RAY-dee-AY-shun DER-muh-TY-tis) A skin condition that is a common side effect of radiation therapy. The affected skin becomes painful, red, itchy, and blisters Radiation Necrosis - (pronounced) (RAY-dee-AY-shun neh-KROH-sis) The death of healthy tissue from radiation therapy. Radiation necrosis is a side effect of radiation therapy given to kill cancer cells and can occur after cancer treatment has stopped Radiation Nurse - (pronounced) (RAY-dee-AY-shun nurses) A healthcare professional who specializes in caring for people receiving radiation therapy Radiation Physicist - (pronounced) (RAY-dee-AY-shun FIH-zih-sist) A person who ensures that the radiation equipment delivers the right amount of radiation to the right place in the body. The physicist works with the radiation oncologist to select the treatment plan and dose that have the best chance Radiation Recall - (pronounced) (RAY-dee-AY-avoid REE-kawl) An inflammatory reaction that can occur when certain cancer drugs are given after radiation therapy. It usually affects the part of the body that received the radiation, particularly the skin. Radiation Sickness Syndrome - (pronounced) (RAY-dee-AY-shun SIK-nes SIN-drome) Serious illness caused by exposure to high doses of certain types of radiation, usually over a short period of time. Symptoms of radiation sickness syndrome usually appear right after exposure, but they can appear over ti Radiation Surgery - (pronounced) (RAY-dee-AY-shun SER-juh-ree) type of external beam radiation therapy that uses special equipment to position the patient and precisely deliver a single large dose of radiation to a tumor. It is used to treat brain tumors and other brain disorders that cannot be trea Radiation Therapist - (pronounced) (RAY-dee-AY-shun THAYR-uh-piste) A medical professional performing radiation treatment Radiation brachytherapy - (pronounced) (RAY-dee-AY-shun BRAY-kee-THAYR-uh-pee) A type of radiation therapy in which radioactive material encased in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly in or near a tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiotherapy and internal radiotherapy Radiation cystitis - (pronounced) (RAY-dee-AY-shun sis-TY-tis) Inflammation of the lining of the bladder caused by radiation therapy to the pelvis, including the bladder. Symptoms include pain and a burning sensation when urinating, blood in the urine, frequent or immediate urination, inability to c Radiation enteritis - (pronounced) (RAY-dee-AY-shun EN-teh-RY-tis) Inflammation of the small intestine caused by radiation therapy to the abdomen, pelvis, or rectum. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and cramps, frequent bowel movements, watery or bloody diarrhea, fatty stools, and w Radiation poisoning - (pronounced) (RAY-dee-AY-shun POY-zuh-ning) Serious illness caused by exposure to high doses of certain types of radiation, usually over a short period of time. Symptoms of radiation poisoning usually appear immediately after exposure, but they can appear over time and can come Radiation sickness - (pronounced) (RAY-dee-AY-shun SIK-nes) Serious illness caused by exposure to high doses of certain types of radiation, usually over a short period of time. Radiation sickness symptoms usually appear right after exposure, but they can appear over time and can come and go. Radiation therapy - (pronounced) (RAY-dee-AY-shun THAYR-uh-pee) The use of high-energy radiation from X-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, protons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. The radiation can come from a device outside the body (external beam radiation therapy) or from radio Radical retropubic prostatectomy - (pronounced) (RA-dih-kul reh-troh-PYOO-bik PROS-tuh-TEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove all of the prostate and some of the tissue around it, including the seminal vesicles (a gland that helps produce semen). Neighboring lymph nodes can also be removed. Radio Frequency Ablation - (pronounced) (RAY-dee-oh-FREE-kwen-see a-BLAY-shun) A process that uses radio waves to heat and destroy abnormal cells. The radio waves travel through electrodes (small devices that carry electricity). Radiochemotherapy - (pronounced) (KEE-moh-RAY-dee-oh-THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment that combines chemotherapy with radiation therapy. Also called radiochemotherapy Radioembolization - (pronounced) (RAY-dee-oh-EM-boh-lih-ZAY-shun) type of radiation therapy used to treat liver cancer or cancer that has spread to the liver. Using a thin, flexible tube, tiny beads containing the radioactive substance yttrium Y 90 are injected into the main blood vessel that carrie Radiography - (pronounced) (RAY-dee-AH-gruh-fee) procedure that uses a type of high-energy radiation called X-rays to take pictures of areas inside the body. X-rays penetrate the body onto film or computers where the images are made. Radioimaging - (pronounced) (RAY-dee-oh-IH-muh-jing) A method that uses radioactive substances to take pictures of areas inside the body. The radioactive substance is injected into the body and localizes and attaches to specific cells or tissues, including cancer cells. Radioimmunoconjugate - (pronounced) (RAY-dee-oh-IH-myoo-noh-KON-jih-good) A radioactive substance that delivers radiation directly to cancer cells. A radioimmunoconjugate is made by attaching a radioactive molecule to an immune substance, such as a monoclonal antibody, that can bind to cancer cells. Radioimmunodiagnostics - (pronounced) (RAY-dee-oh-IH-myoo-noh-DY-ug-NOS-tix) The use of radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies to aid in the diagnosis of diseases, including cancer. The radiolabeled monoclonal antibody localizes to and binds to substances in the body, including cancer cells. Radioimmunotherapeutics - (pronounced) (RAY-dee-oh-IH-myoo-noh-THAYR-uh-PYOO-tix) The use of radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies to treat diseases, including cancer. The radiolabeled monoclonal antibody localizes to and binds to substances in the body, including cancer cells. Radioimmunotherapy - (pronounced) (RAY-dee-oh-IH-myoo-noh-THAYR-uh-pee) type of radiation therapy in which a radioactive substance is attached to a monoclonal antibody and injected into the body. The monoclonal antibody can attach to substances in the body, including cancer cells. Radiologist - (pronounced) (RAY-dee-AH-loh-jist) A doctor who has specialized training in creating and interpreting images of areas inside the body. The images are made with X-rays, sound waves, or other types of energy Radiology - (pronounced) (RAY-dee-AH-loh-jee) The use of radiation (e. g. Radionuclide Scanning - (pronounced) (RAY-dee-oh-NOO-klide SKAN-ing) procedure that creates images (scans) of structures inside the body, including areas where cancer cells are located. Radionuclide scanning is used to diagnose, classify, and monitor diseases. Radiosurgery - (pronounced) (RAY-dee-oh-SER-juh-ree) A type of external beam radiation therapy that uses special equipment to position the patient and precisely deliver a single large dose of radiation to a tumor. It is used to treat brain tumors and other brain disorders that cannot be treated with Raftilose Synergy 1 - (pronounced) (RAF-tih-lose SIH-ner-jee. Randomization - (pronounced) (RAN-duh-mih-ZAY-shun) In research, the process by which participants in clinical trials are randomly assigned to separate groups who receive different treatments or other interventions. Neither the researcher nor the participant chooses what treatment or intervention th Randomized Clinical Trial - (pronounced) (RAN-duh-mized KLIH-nih-kul TRY-ul) A study in which participants are randomly assigned to separate groups that compare different treatments or other interventions. Putting people into groups at random means the groups are similar and the effects of the treat Ranpir Nose - (pronounced) (RAN-per-nays) A substance being studied to treat cancer. It's a type of ribonuclease enzyme. Rapamune - (pronounced) (RA-puh-MYOON) A drug used to stop the body from rejecting organ and bone marrow transplants. Rapamune blocks certain white blood cells that can shed foreign tissues and organs. Rapamycin - (pronounced) (RA-phew-MY-sin) drug used to stop the body from rejecting organ and bone marrow transplants. Rapamycin blocks certain white blood cells that can shed foreign tissues and organs. Rasburicase - (pronounced) (ras-BYOOR-ih-kays) A drug used to treat high blood levels of uric acid in adults and children with leukemia, lymphoma, or other cancers who are receiving certain types of cancer treatments. Uric acid is a natural substance that can build up in the blood as tumors break do Rattlesnake Root - (pronounced) (RA-to-SNAYK root) perennial herb native to eastern North America. A substance extracted from the root of the plant has been used in some cultures to treat a range of medical problems. Ravulonazole - (pronounced) (RA-vuh-KAH-nuh-zole) A substance being studied to treat infections caused by fungi. It belongs to the antifungal family ReVia - (pronounced) (reh-VEE-uh) drug that blocks the effects of opiates (medicines used to treat pain). It can be used to treat intravenous opiate or alcohol addiction. Rebeccamycin - (pronounced) (deer-BEH-cow-MY-sin) A substance being studied to treat cancer. It belongs to the family of antineoplastic antibiotics Rebeccamycin analogue - (pronounced) (reh-BEH-kuh-MY-sin A-nuh-log) substance being studied to treat cancer. It belongs to the drug families called antitumor antibiotics and topoisomerase inhibitors. Reblozyl - (pronounced) (REB-loh-zil) A drug used to treat anemia in adults with certain types of myelodysplastic syndromes or myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms who require regular red blood cell transfusions and whose anemia has not responded to or is unresponsive to an erythropoiesis-st Recently - (pronounced) (reh-SEN tin) A substance being studied to treat some types of cancer. Recentin can prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow and can kill cancer cells. Recipient - (pronounced) (reh-SIH-pipi-ent) In medicine, a person who receives blood, cells, tissue, or an organ from another person, such as in a blood transfusion or organ transplant Recognized by several state medical boards as a fellowship subspecialty program of orthopaedic surgery, adult reconstructive orthopaedic surgeons deal with reconstructive procedures such as joint arthroplasty (i.e., hip and knee), osteotomy, arthroscopy, soft-tissue reconstruction, and a variety of Recognized by several state medical boards as a fellowship subspecialty program of orthopaedic surgery, foot and ankle surgeons deal with adult reconstructive foot and ankle surgery, adult foot and ankle trauma, sports medicine foot and ankle, and children's foot and ankle reconstructive surgery. Recognized by several state medical boards as a fellowship subspecialty program of orthopaedic surgery, orthopaedic surgeons of the spine deal with the evaluation and nonoperative and operative treatment of the full spectrum of primary spinal disorders including trauma, degenerative, deformity, tumo Recognized by several state medical boards as a fellowship subspecialty program of orthopaedic surgery, orthopaedic trauma surgeons deal with the evaluation and management of acute orthopaedic injuries, evaluation and treatment of post-traumatic deformities and nonunions, acute and delayed reconstru Recommendation - (pronounced) (reh-FER-ul) In medicine, the act of a doctor sending a patient to another doctor for additional health care services Reconstructive Surgeon - (pronounced) (REE-kun-STRUK-tiv SER-jun) doctor who can surgically reshape or rebuild (reconstruct) a part of the body, such as a B. A woman's breast after breast cancer surgery Reconstructive Surgery - (pronounced) (REE-kun-STRUK-tiv SER-juh-ree) Surgery performed to reshape or rebuild (reconstruct) a part of the body that has been altered by previous surgery Recreational Therapist Assistants work in support of or assistant to Recreational Therapists treating patients with disabilities, injuries, and illnesses. Recreational Therapist Assistants work in a variety of settings providing treatments using recreational activities, including games, sports, and Recreational Therapy - (pronounced) (REH-kree-AY-shuh-nul THAYR-uh-pee) A type of therapy that uses activities to meet the physical and emotional needs of patients with an illness or disability and to help them develop skills for daily living. These activities include arts and crafts, music, spendin Recurrence - (pronounced) (ree-KER-ents) Cancer that has come back (recurred), usually after a period in which the cancer could not be detected. The cancer can return to the same site as the original (primary) tumor or to a different site in the body. Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis - (pronounced) (ree-KER-ent RES-pih-ruh-TOR-ee PA-pih-LOH-muh-TOH-sis) rare condition in which wart-like growths called papillomas grow in the airways (airways leading from the nose and mouth to the lungs). The papillomas most commonly grow in the larynx (larynx) Red Clover - (pronounced) (red KLOH ver) Trifolium pratense. A plant with flowers that was used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. Red blood cells - (pronounced) (Red Blue Sel) type of blood cell made in the bone marrow and found in the blood. Red blood cells contain a protein called hemoglobin, which carries oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body. Reed-Sternberg cell - (pronounced) (Reed-STERN-Bergsel) A cell type found in people with Hodgkin's disease. The number of these cells increases as the disease progresses. Reference range - (pronounced) (REH-frents raynj) In medicine, a set of values used by a doctor to interpret a patient's test results. The reference range for a given test is based on the results observed in 95% of the healthy population. Reflexologists perform a non-invasive complementary modality involving thumb and finger techniques to apply alternating pressure to the reflexes within the reflex maps of the body located on the feet, hands, and outer ears. Reflexologists apply pressure to specific areas (feet, hands, and ears) to p Reflexology - (pronounced) (ree-flek-SAH-loh-jee) type of massage that involves applying varying degrees of pressure to specific points on the feet or hands. These points are believed to coincide with certain other parts of the body. Regenecare - (pronounced) (reh-JEH-neh-KAYR) substance being studied to treat certain types of skin rashes and skin pain in cancer patients. The ingredients of Regenecare are collagen, aloe vera, vitamin E and lidocaine. Regeneration - (pronounced) (ree-JEH-neh-RAY-avoid) In biology, the regrowth of damaged or destroyed tissue or body part Regimen - (pronounced) (REH-Jih Men) A treatment plan detailing the dosage, schedule, and duration of treatment Regional anesthesia - (pronounced) (REE-juh-nul A-nes-DIE-zhuh) temporary loss of feeling or consciousness in a part of the body, such as B. an arm or a leg, caused by special drugs or other substances called anesthetics. Regional enteritis - (pronounced) (REE-juh-nul EN-teh-RY-tis) condition in which the gastrointestinal tract is inflamed for a long period of time. Regional enteritis usually affects the small intestine and the large intestine. Reglan - (pronounced) (REG lun) drug that increases the motility (movements and contractions) of the stomach and upper intestine. It is used to treat certain stomach problems and nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy. Regorafenib - (pronounced) (REH-goh-RA-feh feather) A drug used to treat certain types of colon cancer, gastrointestinal stromal tumors and hepatocellular carcinoma (a type of liver cancer). It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Rehab Specialist - (pronounced) (REE-huh-BIH-lih-TAY-shun SPEH-shuh-list) A healthcare professional who helps people recover from an illness or injury and return to everyday life. Examples of rehabilitation specialists are physical therapists and occupational therapists Rehabilitation benefits - (pronounced) (REE-huh-BIH-lih-TAY-shun SER-vih-ses) Specialty healthcare services that help an individual regain physical, mental, and/or cognitive (thinking and learning) abilities that have been lost or impaired as a result of illness, injury, or treatment. Rehabilitation Relaxation Therapy - (pronounced) (ree-lak-SAY-shun THAYR-uh-pee) A type of therapy that helps relieve muscle tension and stress, lower blood pressure, and control pain. It can involve tensing and relaxing muscles throughout the body. Relaxation technique - (pronounced) (ree-lak-SAY-shun tek-NEEK) method used to relieve muscle tension and stress, lower blood pressure and control pain. Examples of relaxation techniques include tensing and relaxing muscles throughout the body, guided imagery (focusing the mind on positive images), Relenza - (pronounced) (reh-LEN-zuh) drug used to prevent and treat influenza virus infections. It blocks the release of the virus from infected cells. Religious nonmedical nursing personnel are experienced in caring for the physical needs of nonmedical patients. For example, caring for the physical needs such as assistance with activities of daily living; assistance with moving, positioning, and ambulation; nutritional needs; and comfort and supp Relistor - (pronounced) (REH-lih-stor) drug used to relieve constipation caused by taking opioids (painkillers that act like morphine). It is used in adults with pain caused by cancer or cancer treatment, or by another advanced disease. Remeron - (pronounced) (REH-meh-ron) A drug used to treat depression. Remeron increases levels of the chemicals serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain, which help improve mood. Remission induction therapy - (pronounced) (reh-MIH-shun in-DUK-shun THAYR-uh-pee) Initial treatment with anticancer medicines to reduce or eliminate the signs or symptoms of cancer Remote brachytherapy - (pronounced) (ree-MOTE BRAY-kee-THAYR-uh-pee) A type of internal radiation treatment in which the radioactive source is removed between treatments. Also known as high-dose-rate remote brachytherapy and high-dose-rate remote radiation therapy Replace endpoint - (pronounced) (SER-uh-well END-poynt) In clinical trials, an indicator or sign used in place of another to determine if a treatment is working. Surrogate endpoints include shrinking tumor or lower biomarker levels. Reproductive Endocrinologist - (pronounced) (REE-proh-DUK-tiv EN-doh-krih-NAH-loh-jist) A doctor who has special training in the diagnosis and treatment of infertility. A reproductive endocrinologist may use surgery, drugs, or procedures such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) to treat infertility. Reproductive hormone - (pronounced) (REE-proh-DUK-tiv HOR-mone) type of hormone involved in puberty, fertility, and sexuality. Reproductive hormones are normally made in the ovaries (in women) and testicles (in men). Reproductive medicine - (pronounced) (REE-proh-DUK-tiv MEH-dih-sin) branch of medicine specializing in fertility preservation, diagnosis and treatment of infertility and other reproductive problems. Reproductive medicine also addresses issues related to puberty, menopause, contraception (contracepti Research Advocate - (pronounced) (REE search AD-vuh-kut) person who serves as a link between patients and scientific researchers. Research advocates help patients understand scientific information and research that can help them. Research Base - (pronounced) (REE search bays) Refers to institutions, clinical staff, and patients eligible to participate in a clinical trial Research Study - (pronounced) (REE search STUH-dee) scientific study of nature, sometimes including processes associated with health and disease. For example, clinical trials are research studies that involve people. Resection - (pronounced) (ree-SEK-avoid) Surgery to remove tissue or part or all of the organ Resectoscope - (pronounced) (ree-SEC-toh-Scope) thin, tubular instrument used to remove tissue from inside the body. A resectoscope has a light and lens for viewing. Residual disease - (pronounced) (ree-ZID-yoo-ul dih-ZEEZ) Cancer cells that remain after trying to remove the cancer Resin - (pronounced) (REH-zin) viscous substance that comes from plants or can be made in the laboratory from certain chemicals. Resins are not soluble in water and are used in plastics, paints, inks, medicines and to stiffen fabrics Respiratory Therapists - (pronounced) (RES-pih-ruh-TOR-ee THAYR-uh slope) A healthcare professional trained to evaluate and treat people with breathing problems or other lung conditions Respiratory Therapy - (pronounced) (RES-pih-ruh-TOR-ee THAYR-uh-pee) Exercises and treatments that help improve or restore lung function Respiratory disease - (pronounced) (RES-pih-ruh-TOR-ee dih-ZEEZ) A type of disease that affects the lungs and other parts of the respiratory system. Respiratory diseases can be caused by infections, smoking tobacco or inhaling second-hand tobacco smoke, radon, asbestos, or other forms of air polluti Respiratory syncytial virus - (pronounced) (RES-pih-ruh-TOR-ee sin-SIH-shul VY-rus) virus that causes respiratory infections with cold-like symptoms. Also called RSV Respiratory system - (pronounced) (RES-pih-ruh-TOR-ee SIS-tem) The organs involved in breathing. This includes the nose, throat, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. Respiratory tract - (pronounced) (RES-pih-ruh-TOR-ee tract) The organs involved in breathing. This includes the nose, throat, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. Restaging - (pronounced) (ree-STAY-jing) procedure used to find out the amount or spread of cancer in the body if it comes back or gets worse after treatment. Restaging can also be done to find out how the cancer is responding to treatment. Result - (pronounced) (OWT-kum) specific outcome or effect that can be measured. Examples of outcomes include reduced pain, reduced tumor size, and improvement in disease Resveratrol - (pronounced) (rez-VEER-uh-trol) A substance found in the skins of grapes and certain other plants, fruits and seeds. It is made by various plants to protect against invading fungi, stress, injury, infection and too much sunlight. Retacrit - (pronounced) (REH-tuh-crit) drug used to treat anemia caused by chronic kidney disease, some types of chemotherapy, and an antiviral drug for HIV infection called zidovudine. It is also used to reduce the number of donor blood transfusions needed during and after certain types of surgery. Rete testicles - (pronounced) (REE tee TES-tis) network of small tubes in the testicle that help transport sperm (male reproductive cells) from the testicle to the epididymis. Sperm mature and are stored in the epididymis Retevmo - (pronounced) (reh-TEV-moh) A drug used to treat certain types of non-small cell lung cancer or other solid tumors in adults and certain types of thyroid cancer in adults and children 12 years and older that are caused by an abnormal RET gene. It is also being studied in the treatment of ot Retin-A - (pronounced) (REH tin . Retin-A-Mic - (pronounced) (REH-Zinn … MY-Kroh) A topical preparation of tretinoin used to treat acne. Tretinoin is a form of vitamin A Retinoblastoma - (pronounced) (REH-tih-noh-blow-TOH-moo) Cancer that forms in the tissues of the retina (the light-sensitive layers of nerve tissue at the back of the eye). Retinoblastoma usually occurs in children under the age of 5. Retinoic acid receptor alpha gene - (pronounced) (REH-tih-NOH-ik A-sid reh-SEP-ter AL-fuh jeen) gene that makes a protein that controls the activity of certain genes that help white blood cells to mature. Mutations (changes) in the retinoic acid receptor alpha gene can occur when a piece of the chro Retinoid - (pronounced) (REH-tih-noyd) Vitamin A or a vitamin A-like compound Retinol - (pronounced) (REH-tih-nol) nutrient that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Retinol helps with vision, bone growth, reproduction, epithelial growth (cells that line the body's inner and outer surfaces), and fighting infection. Retinyl Palmitate - (pronounced) (REH-tih-nil PAL-mih-tayt) A drug being studied to prevent cancer. It belongs to the retinoid family Retreat - (pronounced) (with-DRAWL) A term used to describe the physical and mental symptoms a person experiences when they suddenly quit or limit the use of an addictive substance such as opiates and opioids, nicotine products, or alcohol. The withdrawal symptoms a person experiences depend on many Retroperitoneum - (pronounced) (REH-troh-PAYR-ih-toh-NEE-um) The area at the back of the abdomen behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). The organs in the retroperitoneum include the adrenal glands, aorta, kidneys, esophagus, ure RevM10 gene - An antiviral gene being studied to treat cancer in patients with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS Review - (pronounced) (REH-troh-SPEK-tiv) Review of events that have already taken place Revlimid - (pronounced) (REV-lih-middle) drug similar to thalidomide used alone or with other drugs to treat adults with certain types of follicular lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, multiple myeloma, or anemia caused by certain types of myelodysplastic syndromes . It is also b Reye syndrome - (pronounced) (ray SIN drome) rare disease that damages the brain and liver and is fatal if left untreated. It is most common in children under the age of 15 who have had a fever-causing virus, such as chickenpox or the flu. Rezlidia - (rez-LIH-dee-uh) A drug used to treat adults with acute myeloid leukemia that has come back or has not improved with other treatments and has a mutation (change) in the IDH1 gene. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Rhabdomyosarcoma - (pronounced) (RAB-doh-MY-oh-sar-KOH-muh) Cancer that forms in the soft tissues of a type of muscle called striated muscle. Rhabdomyosarcoma can occur anywhere in the body Rheumatoid arthritis - (pronounced) (ROO-muh-TOYD ar-THRY-tis) An autoimmune disease that causes pain, swelling, and stiffness in the joints and can cause severe joint damage, loss of function, and disability. The disease can last months to a lifetime, and symptoms may improve or worsen over time Rhinoscope - (pronounced) (RY-noh area) A thin, tubular instrument used to examine the inside of the nose. A rhinoscope has a light and lens for viewing and may have a tool for removing tissue. Rhinoscopy - (pronounced) (ry-NOS-koh-pee) Examination of the inside of the nose with a rhinoscope. A rhinoscope is a thin, tubular instrument with a light and lens for viewing. Rhizoxin - (pronounced) (ry-ZOK-sin) A substance being studied to treat cancer. It comes from a fungus and is similar to vinca alkaloid drugs. Rhubarb - (pronounced) (ROO barb) The root of this plant has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It can have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. Riabni - (pronounced) (ree-AB-nee) medicine that contains the active substance rituximab, used alone or with other medicines to treat adults with certain types of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma or chronic lymphocytic leukemia that are CD20 positive. It is also being studied in the treatment of other Ribavirin - (pronounced) (RY-boo-VY-rin) A drug used to treat respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in the lungs Ribociclibsuccinate - (pronounced) (RY-boh-SY-klib SUK-sih-nayt) drug used to treat women with certain types of hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer that is advanced or has spread. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Riboflavin - (pronounced) (RY-boh-FLAY-vin) nutrient in the vitamin B complex that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Riboflavin helps form red blood cells, helps some enzymes work properly, and keeps skin, nails, and hair healthy. Ribonucleic acid - (pronounced) (RY-boh-noo-KLAY-ik A-sid) One of two types of nucleic acids made by cells. Ribonucleic acid contains information copied from DNA (the other type of nucleic acid). Ribosome - (pronounced) (RY-boo-some) In biology, a structure within cells involved in the production of proteins. Ribosomes help link amino acids together to form proteins Richter Syndrome - (pronounced) (RIK-ter SIN-drome) A rare condition in which chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) turns into a rapidly growing type of lymphoma. Symptoms of Richter syndrome include fever, weight and muscle loss, and other health problems. Richter Transform - (pronounced) (Avoid RIK-ter-TRANZ-for-MAY) A rare condition in which chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) turns into a rapidly growing type of lymphoma. Symptoms of the Richter transformation include fever, weight and muscle loss, and other health issues. Rifabutin - (pronounced) (RIH-fuh-BYOO-tin) drug used to prevent the spread of a bacterium used in patients with advanced HIV infection (the virus that causes AIDS). It blocks an enzyme that bacteria need to grow. Rilutek - (pronounced) (RIL-yoo-tek) drug used to treat a nerve disease called amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). It is also being studied as a treatment for melanoma (a type of skin cancer). Riluzole - (pronounced) (RIL-yoo-zole) A drug used to treat a nerve disease called amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). It is also being studied as a treatment for melanoma (a type of skin cancer). Ripretinib - (pronounced) (rih-PREH-tih spring) drug used to treat adults with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumor. It is used in patients whose cancer has already been treated with at least three other kinase inhibitors, including imatinib mesylate. Risedronate - (pronounced) (rih-SEH-droh-nayt) A substance being studied to prevent and treat osteoporosis. It belongs to a family of medicines called bone resorption inhibitors Risk assessment - method of estimating the risk that a particular event will occur. In medicine, this can include a person's risk of having a child with a certain condition or disease, such as cancer. Risk factor - Something that increases the likelihood of developing a disease. Some examples of risk factors for cancer include age, a family history of cancer, use of tobacco products, exposure to radiation or certain chemicals, infection with certain viruses or bacteria, and certain genetic change Risk group - (pronounced) (risk group) Risk groups are used in medicine to describe people who are similar in important respects. For example, patients with the same type of cancer can be divided into different risk groups based on certain aspects of their disease. Risk model - In medicine, a tool used to estimate a person's risk of developing a specific condition or disease, such as a heart attack. B. Risk relative - (pronounced) (REH-luh-tiv…) measure of the risk of a particular event occurring in one group compared to the risk of the same event occurring in another group. In cancer research, relative risk is used in prospective (future-oriented) studies such as cohort studies and clinical trial Risperdal - (pronounced) (RIS-pro-dal) A drug used to treat certain mental disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. It can also be used to treat certain behavioral problems in children. Ritalin - (pronounced) (RIH-tuh-lin) A drug used to treat certain behavioral disorders, such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). It is also being studied as a way to improve brain function in patients being treated with cancer drugs. Rituxan - (pronounced) (rih-TUK sun) medicine that contains the active substance rituximab, used alone or with other medicines to treat adults and children 6 months and older with certain types of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, adults with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and children 6 months and older Rituxan Hycela - (pronounced) (rih-TUK-sun hy-SEL-uh) combination of rituximab and hyaluronidase used to treat adults with certain types of follicular lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, or chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Rituximab attaches to a protein called CD20, which is found on B cells (a t Rituximab - (pronounced) (rih-TUK-sih-mab) drug used alone or with other drugs under the brand names Riabni, Rituxan, Ruxience, and Truxima to treat certain types of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and acute B-cell leukemia who are CD20 positive. Rituximab is also being Ro 31-7453 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It can prevent cancer cells from dividing. Ro 50-3821 - A substance being studied for the treatment of anemia in patients receiving chemotherapy. It is a laboratory-modified form of erythropoietin (a substance produced in the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells). Roman Chamomile - (pronounced) (ROH-mun KA-muh mile) A species of chamomile plant with daisy-like white flowers found in Europe, North America and Argentina. The dried flowers are used in teas to calm and relax, improve sleep and help with stomach problems. Rombo Syndrome - (pronounced) (ROM-boh SIN-drome) very rare, inherited condition that causes a bluish-red color of the skin on the lips, hands and feet. It also causes skin lesions that leave scars, usually on the cheeks. Ropeginterferon alfa-2b - (pronounced) (raw-peg-IN-ter-FEER-on AL-fuh. Rosuvastatin Calcium - (pronounced) (roh-SOO-vuh-STA-tin KAL-see-um) drug used to lower the amount of cholesterol and other harmful substances such as triglycerides in the blood. It is also being studied to prevent and treat some cancers and other conditions. Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome - (pronounced) (RED-Moon-TOM-Sun SIN-Drome) rare, inherited condition that affects many parts of the body, particularly the skin, eyes, bones, hair and teeth. The main sign or symptom is a red, blistering rash on the face that begins in early childhood. Rozlytrek - (pronounced) (Roz-LY hike) A drug used in adults to treat non-small cell lung cancer that has spread and is ROS1 positive, and in adults and children 12 years and older to treat solid tumors with certain changes in the NTRK gene. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types o Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome - (pronounced) (ROO-bin-stine-TAY-bee SIN-drome) A rare, genetic disorder characterized by short stature, broad big toes and thumbs, distinctive facial features, and developmental and learning problems. Other problems can include heart and kidney defects, eye and dental pro Rubraca - (pronounced) (roo-BRAH-cow) drug used to treat adults with certain types of prostate or ovarian cancer, fallopian tube cancer, or primary peritoneal cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Rucaparib camsylate - (pronounced) (roo-KA-puh-rib KAM-suh-layt) drug used to treat adults with certain types of prostate or ovarian cancer, fallopian tube cancer, or primary peritoneal cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Run - (pronounced) concept used to describe a group of people who share physical characteristics such as skin color and facial features. They may also have similar social or cultural identities and ancestry. Ruxience - (pronounced) (RUK-see-ents) medicine that contains the active substance rituximab, used alone or with other medicines to treat adults with certain types of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma or chronic lymphocytic leukemia that are CD20 positive. It is also being studied in the treatment of ot Rybrevant - (pronounced) (RY-breh-vant) drug used to treat adults with non-small cell lung cancer that is locally advanced or has spread to other parts of the body and has certain mutations (changes) in the EGFR gene. It is used in patients whose cancer has gotten worse during or after platinum chem Rydapt - (pronounced) (RY adapt) drug used alone or with other anticancer drugs to treat adults with certain types of acute myeloid leukemia, mast cell leukemia, or systemic mastocytosis. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Rylaze - (pronounced) (RY-layz) medicine that is a recombinant form of the asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi and is used with other medicines to treat adults and children from 1 month of age with acute lymphoblastic leukemia or lymphoblastic lymphoma. It is used in patients who cannot tolerate the e S-1 - A drug being studied for its ability to enhance the effectiveness of fluorouracil and prevent gastrointestinal side effects caused by fluorouracil. It belongs to the antimetabolite family S-phase faction - measure of the percentage of cells in a tumor that are in the phase of the cell cycle where DNA is being synthesized. The S-phase fraction can be used with the proliferation index to get a more complete understanding of how fast a tumor is growing SAB - A temporary loss of feeling in the abdomen and/or lower body. Special drugs called anesthetics are injected into the fluid in the lower part of the spine to cause loss of feeling. SABR - A type of external radiation therapy that uses special equipment to position a patient and deliver precise radiation to tumors in the body (other than the brain). The total radiation dose is divided into smaller doses that are given over several days. SAHA - (pronounced) A drug used to treat cutaneous T-cell lymphoma that has come back, worsened, or failed to improve during or after treatment with two systemic therapies. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. SARS-CoV-2 - (pronounced) (SARZ-koh-VEE …) The virus that causes a respiratory illness called coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 is a member of a large family of viruses called coronaviruses. SB-715992 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. SB-715992 blocks a protein that tumor cells need to divide. SB939 - A substance being studied for the treatment of various types of cancer. SB939 blocks the action of an enzyme called histone deacetylase (HDAC) and can stop tumor cells from dividing. SBRT - A type of external radiation therapy that uses special equipment to position a patient and deliver precise radiation to tumors in the body (other than the brain). The total radiation dose is divided into smaller doses that are given over several days. SC-70935 - A substance being studied for its ability to stimulate the production of blood cells during chemotherapy. It's a kind of colony stimulating factor. SC-PEG E. coli L-asparaginase - A medicine used with other medicines to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children and young adults aged 1 month to 21 years. SCF - A substance that causes blood stem cells (cells from which other types of cells develop) to turn into different types of blood cells and increases the number and activity of these cells in the blood. SCF is a type of cytokine and a type of growth factor. SCH 54031 - A drug used under the brand name Sylatron to prevent melanoma from coming back after it has been removed by surgery, and under the brand name PEG-Intron to treat chronic hepatitis C. It is also used studied in the treatment of other cancers. SCH 66336 - A cancer drug that belongs to the family of enzyme inhibitors. Also called lonafarnib SCH-58500 - A substance that has been studied to treat some types of cancer. SCH-58500 is an attenuated adenovirus that inserts the p53 gene into tumor cells and causes them to die. SCID - (pronounced) A rare inherited disorder characterized by a deficiency in B lymphocytes (white blood cells that produce antibodies and help fight infection) and a deficiency in T lymphocytes (white blood cells that attack virus-infected cells, foreign cells and cancer cells). SDOH - The social, economic and physical conditions in the places where people are born and live, learn, work, play and age that can affect their health, well-being and quality of life. SDOH includes factors such as educational level, income, employment, housing, transportation, and access to health SDR - An aunt, uncle, grandparent, grandchild, niece, nephew, or half brother or sister. Also called second degree relative SDS - A rare, inherited condition in which the pancreas and bone marrow do not work as they should. Symptoms include trouble digesting food, low levels of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell), bone problems, and short stature. SDX-102 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the antimetabolite family. SED rate (eh-RITH-roh-site SEH-dih-men-TAY-shun . SEGA - (pronounced) A benign (noncancerous), slow-growing tumor that usually forms in the walls of fluid-filled spaces in the brain. The tumors consist of large, star-shaped cells called astrocytes. SERMS - (pronounced) drug that acts like estrogen on some tissues, but blocks the effects of estrogen on other tissues. Tamoxifen and Raloxifene are SERMs. SES - A way to describe people based on their education, income, and type of work. SES is usually described as low, medium, and high. SGI-110 - A substance being studied for the treatment of some types of cancer. SGI-110 can stop tumor cells from growing by blocking some of the enzymes needed for cell division. SGN-00101 - A substance being studied to prevent cancer. It belongs to a family of medicines called fusion proteins SGN-30 - A monoclonal antibody that binds to cells bearing the CD30 antigen on their surface, including Hodgkin's disease cells and cells of anaplastic large cell lymphoma and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. SGN-30 is being studied for the treatment of cancer. SGN-35 - A drug used alone or with other drugs to treat adults with certain types of cutaneous or systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma, peripheral T-cell lymphoma, classical Hodgkin's lymphoma, or mycosis fungoides, and with others Drugs used to treat children from 2 years of age with certain for SGN-40 - A monoclonal antibody that binds to cells that have the CD40 antigen on their surface, including multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. SGN-40 is being studied to treat cancer. SGOT - An enzyme found in the liver, heart, and other tissues. A high level of SGOT released into the blood can be a sign of liver or heart damage, cancer or other diseases. SGPT - An enzyme found in the liver and other tissues. A high level of SGPT released into the blood can be a sign of liver damage, cancer or other diseases. SIDS - (pronounced) A disorder characterized by the sudden and unexpected death of a healthy child under the age of one year, usually during sleep. The cause of SIDS is not known. SIL - A general term for the abnormal growth of squamous epithelial cells on the surface of the cervix. The changes in the cells are described as low-grade or high-grade depending on how much of the cervix is affected and how abnormal the cells appear. SIRS - A serious condition in which the whole body becomes inflamed. SIRS can be caused by an infection, trauma, surgery, ischemia (lack of blood supply to a part of the body), or certain conditions such as an autoimmune disease or pancreatitis. SJG-136 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It belongs to a family of medicines called DNA crosslinking agents SK&F106615 - A substance being studied for the treatment of certain multiple myeloma and other advanced cancers. SK&F106615 can block the growth of tumors and prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. SL-11047 - A substance being studied for the treatment of lymphoma. It belongs to the family of polyamine analogues SLC24A5 gene - gene that makes a protein involved in the coloring of skin, hair and eyes. Mutations (changes) in the SLC24A5 gene have been found in a hereditary condition called oculocutaneous albinism. SLC45A2 gene - A gene that makes a protein involved in making melanin (a pigment that gives color to skin, hair, and eyes). Mutations (changes) in the SLC45A2 gene have been found in an inherited condition called oculocutaneous albinism. SLE - A chronic, inflammatory connective tissue disease that can affect many organs, including the joints, skin, heart, lungs, kidneys, and nervous system. It is characterized by many different symptoms; however, not everyone with SLE has all of the symptoms. SLL - An indolent (slow-growing) type of lymphoma in which too many immature lymphocytes (white blood cells) are found primarily in the lymph nodes. This causes the lymph nodes to become larger than normal. SM-AHN - A rare condition in which too many mast cells (a type of white blood cell) accumulate in and can damage certain tissues and organs of the body, including the bone marrow, lymph nodes, bones, liver, spleen, and small intestine. In SM-AHN, this mast cell formation is associated with another b SN-38 liposome - form of the cancer drug irinotecan contained in very small, fat-like particles. It may have fewer side effects and work better than irinotecan alone. SNDX-275 - A substance being studied for the treatment of various types of cancer. It blocks enzymes needed for cell division and can kill cancer cells. SNP - (pronounced) (flick) The most common type of change in DNA (molecules in cells that contain genetic information). SNPs are formed when a single nucleotide (building block of DNA) is replaced by another. SNRI - A type of drug used to treat depression and some other disorders. SNRIs stop or delay the reabsorption of substances called serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain, leaving more of them available to the brain. SNX 111 - A drug used to treat chronic pain. Also called Prialt and Ziconotide SNX-5422 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. SNX-5422 blocks a protein needed for cell growth and can kill cancer cells. SNX-5422 mesylate - substance being studied to treat cancer. SNX-5422 mesylate blocks a protein needed for cell growth and can kill cancer cells. SOD1 inhibitor ATN-224 - A substance being studied to treat cancer. It can prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. SOP - Written instructions to do a specific task in a specific way. In clinical trials, SOPs are established to store records, collect data, screen and enroll subjects, and submit Institutional Review Board (IRB) applications and renewals. SPEKT - (pronounced) special type of computed tomography (CT) scan in which a small amount of radioactive drug is injected into a vein and a scanner is used to take detailed pictures of areas in the body where the radioactive material is being taken up by cells. SPECT can provide information about t SPF - A scale for rating sunburn protection in sunscreen products. The higher the sun protection factor, the better the protection against sunburn. SR-29142 - A drug that can protect healthy tissues from the toxic effects of anti-cancer drugs SR-45023A - A cancer drug that belongs to the bisphosphonate family. It affects cancer cell receptors that control cell growth and cell death SR49059 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It blocks a hormone growth factor that causes some cancer cells to divide. SRS - A type of radionuclide scan used to find carcinoid and other types of tumors. Radioactive octreotide, a drug similar to somatostatin, is injected into a vein and travels through the bloodstream. SSG - A substance being studied for the treatment of certain solid tumors, lymphomas and myelomas. SSG can block enzymes needed for cancer growth. SSRI - A type of drug used to treat depression and some other disorders. SSRIs prevent or delay the body from absorbing a substance called serotonin, leaving more of it available to the body. ST1481 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of topoisomerase inhibitors. STD - A disease caused by infection with certain bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms that can be transmitted from one person to another through blood, semen, vaginal fluid, or other body fluids during oral, anal, or genital sex with an infected partner. These diseases can also be transmitted STI - A disease caused by infection with certain bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms that can be transmitted from one person to another through blood, semen, vaginal fluid, or other body fluids during oral, anal, or genital sex with an infected partner. These diseases can also be transmitted STI571 - A drug used to treat certain types of leukemia and other blood cancers, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, skin tumors called dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, and a rare condition called systemic mastocytosis. It is also being studied in the treatment of other diseases and cancers. SU006668 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. SU006668 blocks proteins involved in the growth and spread of cancer cells. SU011248 - A drug used to treat adults with certain types of gastrointestinal stromal tumors, neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas, or renal cell carcinoma (a type of kidney cancer). It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. SU101 - An anti-cancer drug that works by inhibiting a cancer cell growth factor. Also called leflunomide SU11248 - A drug used to treat adults with certain types of gastrointestinal stromal tumors, neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas, or renal cell carcinoma (a type of kidney cancer). It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. SU5416 - A substance that has been studied for the treatment of cancer. It belongs to a family of medicines called angiogenesis inhibitors and tyrosine kinase inhibitors. SU6668 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. SU6668 blocks proteins involved in the growth and spread of cancer cells. SUFU gene - gene that is part of a cell signaling pathway involved in tissue and organ formation, cell growth, and cell division during embryonic development. Mutations (changes) in the SUFU gene can cause cells to grow and divide too quickly or out of control. SV40 - Simian Virus 40. A virus that infects some species of monkeys. SVV-001 - A virus being studied for the treatment of neuroendocrine tumors and other cancers. Neuroendocrine tumors arise from cells that release hormones in response to a signal from the nervous system. SWS - A rare, congenital disorder affecting the brain, skin and eyes. Abnormal blood vessel growth occurs in the trigeminal nerve in the face and in the meninges (coverings) of the brain. Sacituzumab govitecan - (pronounced) (SAK-ih-TOO-zoo-mab GOH-vih-TEE-kan) drug used to treat adults with certain types of urothelial cancer (a type of cancer of the bladder or urinary tract) or breast cancer who have already been treated with other therapies. It is also being studied in the treatmen Sacrum - (pronounced) (SAG-krum) The large, triangular bone in the lower spine that forms part of the pelvis. It consists of 5 fused bones of the spine Safegol - (pronounced) (SA-fin-gol) A substance being studied to treat cancer. It belongs to the family of protein kinase inhibitors. Salpingo-oophorectomy - (pronounced) (sal-PIN-goh-oh-oh-foh-REK-toh-mee) Surgical removal of the fallopian tubes and ovaries Samarium Sm 153 - (pronounced) (suh-MAYR-ee-um. Sancuso - (pronounced) (san-KOO-soh) A medicine used alone or with other medicines in adults to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy. Sancuso blocks the effects of a chemical called serotonin, which attaches to certain nerves and can cause nausea and vomiting. Saponin - (pronounced) (SA-poh-nin) substance found in soybeans and many other plants. Saponins can help lower cholesterol and have anti-cancer effects Saquinavir mesylate - (pronounced) (sa-KWIH-nuh-veer MEH-zih-layt) A drug that belongs to the family of protease inhibitors. It interferes with a virus' ability to make copies of itself Sarcoid - (pronounced) (SAR koyd) An inflammatory disease characterized by the formation of granulomas (small nodules of immune cells) in the lungs, lymph nodes, and other organs. Sarcoid can be acute and go away on its own, or it can be chronic and progressive. Sarcoidosis - (pronounced) (SAR-koy-DOH-sis) An inflammatory disease characterized by the formation of granulomas (small nodules of immune cells) in the lungs, lymph nodes, and other organs. Sarcoidosis can be acute and go away on its own, or it can be chronic and progressive. Sarcoma - (pronounced) (sar-KOH-moo) type of cancer that starts in the bone or soft tissues of the body, including cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, connective tissue, or other connective or supporting tissue. Different types of sarcomas are based on where the cancer forms. Sarklisa - (pronounced) (sar-KLIH-suh) medicine used with other medicines to treat adults with multiple myeloma. It is used in patients whose cancer has already been treated with at least two therapies, including lenalidomide and a proteasome inhibitor. Satellite tumor - (pronounced) (SA-teh-lite TOO-mer) cluster of tumor cells in an area near the primary (original) tumor. In melanoma, satellite tumors occur within 2 centimeters of the primary tumor on or under the skin and can be seen without a microscope. Satraplatin - (pronounced) (SA-truh-PLA-tin) A substance being studied for the treatment of prostate cancer and other types of cancer. It contains the metal platinum and can kill cancer cells by damaging their DNA and stopping them from dividing. Savvy - (pronounced) (versed) drug used to treat anxiety and tension and to relax muscles. Versed is also being studied in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by some cancer treatments. Saw Palmetto - A shrub belonging to the palm family. An extract from the berries of this shrub has been studied to treat certain urinary tract and prostate disorders. Scalpel - (pronounced) (SKAL-pul) A small, thin knife used for surgical procedures Scar Tissue - (pronounced) (skar TIH-shoo) Fibrous tissue formed when normal tissue is destroyed by disease, injury, or surgery. For example, scar tissue forms when a wound heals from a cut, wound, burn, or other skin condition, or when an incision (cut) is made in the skin during surgery. Scattered fibroglandular breast tissue - (pronounced) (SKA-terd FY-broh-GLAN-juh-ler brest TIH-shoo) term used to describe breast tissue that is primarily composed of adipose tissue and also has some dense fibrous and glandular tissue. The dense areas of the breast make it difficult to find tumors o Scemlix - (pronounced) (SEM Blix) drug used to treat adults with chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia that is Philadelphia chromosome positive. It is used in patients whose cancer has the T315I mutation or whose cancer has been treated with at least two other tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Schedule I drug - (pronounced) (SKEH jool. Schiller test - (pronounced) (SHIH people. Schistosome - (pronounced) (SHIS-tuh-some) parasitic worm that can cause liver, bladder, and gastrointestinal disorders. One type of schistosome has been linked to bladder cancer. Schizophrenia - (pronounced) (SKIT-soh-FREE-nee-uh) A group of severe mental disorders in which a person has difficulty telling the difference between real and unreal experiences, thinking logically, responding emotionally normally to others, and behaving normally in social situations. Symptoms incl School Association - (pronounced) (skool lee-AY-zan) person who helps a child return to school after a serious illness such as cancer or a long hospital stay. A school liaison can also provide educational services at the child's home or in the hospital if the child is unable to return to school. Schwann cells - (pronounced) (Swan Sel) A type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system that helps separate and isolate nerve cells Schwannom - (pronounced) (shwah-NOH-moo) tumor of the peripheral nervous system that arises in the nerve sheath (protective sheath). It is almost always benign, but rare malignant schwannomas have been reported Scintigraphy - (pronounced) (sin-TIH-gruh fee) procedure that creates images (scans) of structures inside the body, including areas where cancer cells are located. Scintigraphy is used to diagnose, classify, and monitor diseases. Scintimammography - (pronounced) (SIN-tih-ma-MAH-gruh fee) type of breast imaging test used to detect cancer cells in the breasts of some women who have had abnormal mammograms or who have dense breast tissue. It is not used for screening or in place of a mammogram. Sclera - (pronounced) (SKLAYR-uh) The white layer of the eye that covers most of the outside of the eyeball Scleroderma - (pronounced) (SKLAYR-oh-THE-moo) A chronic condition characterized by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or affect the whole body (systemic) Sclerotherapy - (pronounced) (SKLAYR-oh-THAYR-uh-pee) treatment to destroy abnormal blood vessels. A fluid is injected into a blood vessel, causing it to scar and collapse. Scoliosis - (pronounced) (SKOH-lee-OH-sis) A condition characterized by a lateral curvature of the spine. The curve is usually in the shape of an S or C. Screening mammography - (pronounced) (SKREE-ning MA-moo-gram) X-rays of the breasts, taken to check for breast cancer when there are no signs or symptoms Screening test - (SKREE-ning. Scutellaria barbata - (pronounced) (skoo-tuh-LAYR-ee-uh bar-BAY-tuh) herb that belongs to a group of herbs called Scutellaria species or Skullcap. Both the root and the aerial part were used to make herbal medicine. Se-methyl-seleno-L-cysteine - substance containing the element selenium (a nutrient that protects cells from damage) found in certain plants such as garlic and broccoli. Se-methyl-seleno-L-cysteine can act as an antioxidant and help prevent or slow the growth of cancer cells. Sebaceoma - (pronounced) (seh-BAY-shee-OH-moo) A rare, benign (noncancerous) tumor that forms in an oil gland in the skin. Most sebaceous glands appear as yellow, orange, or skin-colored bumps that appear on the head or neck. Sebaceous epithelioma - (pronounced) (seh-BAY-shus EH-pih-THEE-lee-OH-moo) rare, benign (noncancerous) tumor that forms in an oil gland in the skin. Most sebaceous epithelioma appear as yellow, orange, or skin-colored bumps that appear on the head or neck. Second degree relative - (pronounced) (SEH-kund-deh-GREE REH-luh-tiv) An aunt, uncle, grandparent, grandchild, niece, nephew, or half brother or sister. Also called SDR Second-line therapy - (pronounced) (SEH-kund. Secret - (pronounced) (seh-KREE-tin) A hormone secreted into the blood by cells in the inner lining of the small intestine. It is released when partially digested food passes from the stomach into the small intestine. Secretin stimulation test - (pronounced) (seh-KREE-tin STIM-yoo-LAY-avoid. Sedation - (pronounced) (see-TAG-shy) state of calm, relaxation, or sleepiness caused by certain medications. Sedation can be used to reduce anxiety during medical or surgical procedures or to cope with very stressful events. Sedative - (pronounced) (TRANG-kwih-LY-zer) A drug that calms and soothes, reducing stress and tension. Tranquilizers are used to treat anxiety and insomnia Sedimentation rate - (pronounced) (SEH-dih-men-TAY-shun rayt) The distance red blood cells in a blood sample travel in one hour while settling at the bottom of a test tube. In the case of inflammations, infections, cancer, rheumatic diseases and diseases of the blood and bone marrow, the blood sedim Sedoxantrone trihydrochloride - (pronounced) (seh-DOK-san-trone try-HY-droh-KLOR-ide) A substance being studied to treat some types of cancer. Sedoxantrone trihydrochloride binds to DNA and stops cells, including cancer cells, from repairing DNA damage and making more DNA, RNA and protein. Seed Collection - (pronounced) (spurm deer-BAUM-vul) Removal of sperm from a man's testicles or epididymis by a doctor using a fine needle or other instrument Seeks (uh-DIK-avoid) An uncontrollable craving, seeking, and using a substance such as a drug or alcohol Segmental cystectomy - (pronounced) (seg-MEN-tul sis-TEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove part of the bladder (the organ that contains urine). Also called partial cystectomy Segmental mastectomy - (pronounced) (seg-MEN-tul ma-STEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove cancer or other abnormal tissue from the breast and some surrounding normal tissue, but not the breast itself. Some lymph nodes under the arm can be removed for a biopsy. Segmental resection - (pronounced) (seg-MEN-tul ree-SEK-shun) Surgery to remove part of an organ or gland. It can also be used to remove a tumor and normal tissue around it. Segmentectomy - (pronounced) (seg-men-TEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove part of an organ or gland. It can also be used to remove a tumor and normal tissue around it. Selection Distortion - (pronounced) (seh-LEK-avoid BY-us) An error in selecting the people or groups to participate in a study. Ideally, subjects in a study should be very similar to each other and to the larger population from which they are drawn (e. Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator - (pronounced) (seh-LEK-tiv ES-truh-jin reh-SEP-ter MAH-juh-lay-ter) A drug that acts like estrogen on some tissues, but blocks the effects of estrogen on other tissues. Tamoxifen and raloxifene are selective estrogen receptor modulators. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor - (pronounced) (seh-LEK-tiv SAYR-uh-TOH-nin ree-UP-tayk in-HIH-bih-ter) type of drug used to treat depression and some other conditions. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors prevent or delay the body's reuptake of a substance called serotonin, leaving more o Selenium - (pronounced) (see-LEE-nee-um) A mineral that the body needs to stay healthy. It is being studied to prevent and treat some types of cancer. Self-esteem - (pronounced) (self-eh-STEEM) A sense of self worth, confidence and self esteem Selinexor - (pronounced) (SEH-lih-NEK-sor) medicine used alone or with other medicines to treat adults with certain types of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma or multiple myeloma. It is used in patients whose cancer has already been treated with other cancer treatments. Selpercatinib - (pronounced) (SEL-per-KA-tih-nib) drug used to treat certain types of non-small cell lung cancer or other solid tumors in adults and certain types of thyroid cancer in adults and children 12 years and older that are caused by an abnormal RET gene. It is also being studied in the trea Selumetinib sulfate - (pronounced) (SEL-yoo-MEH-tih-nib SUL-fayt) drug used to treat children as young as 2 years old with a rare genetic condition called neurofibromatosis type 1. It is used in patients with plexiform neurofibromas that are causing symptoms and cannot be surgically removed. Semaxanib - (pronounced) (seh-MAK-suh-spring) A substance that has been studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to a family of medicines called angiogenesis inhibitors and tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Seminoma - (pronounced) (SEH-meh-NOH-moo) type of cancer that starts in gametes in men. Gametes are cells that make sperm in men or eggs in women. Semustine - (pronounced) (seh-mus-teen) A substance that has been studied to treat some types of cancer. Semustine damages the cell's DNA and can kill cancer cells. Seneca Valley Virus-001 - (pronounced) (SEH-nih-kuh VA-lee VY-rus…) A virus being studied to treat neuroendocrine tumors and other cancers. Neuroendocrine tumors arise from cells that release hormones in response to a signal from the nervous system. Senega Root - (pronounced) (SEH-neh-guh root) The root of an herb called Polygala senega. It has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems, including respiratory system problems Senescence - (pronounced) (seh-NEH-broadcast) The process of getting older. In biology, senescence is a process by which a cell ages and stops dividing permanently, but does not die. Sensitivity - (pronounced) (SEN-sih-TIH-vih-tee) In medicine, sensitivity can describe how well a test can detect a particular disease or condition in people who actually have the disease or condition. No test has 100% sensitivity because some people who have the disease or condition are not identif Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping - (pronounced) (SEN-tih-nul Limf node MA-ping) The use of dyes and radioactive substances to identify the first lymph node to which cancer is likely to spread from the primary tumor. Cancer cells may first appear in the sentinel lymph node before spreading to other lymph Sentinel lymph node biopsy - (pronounced) (SEN-tih-nul limf node BY-op-see) Removal and examination of the sentinel node(s) (the first lymph node(s) to which cancer cells are likely to spread from a primary tumor). To identify the sentinel node(s), the surgeon injects a radioactive substance, a blue Sentinel lymph nodes - (pronounced) (SEN-tih-nul limf node) The first lymph node to which cancer is likely to spread from the primary tumor. When cancer spreads, the cancer cells may first appear in the sentinel lymph node before spreading to other lymph nodes Seocalcitol - (pronounced) (see-oh-KAL-sih-tol) A substance being studied to treat cancer. It belongs to the family of vitamin D analogues Sepsis - (pronounced) (SEP-tih-SEE-mi-uh) Disease caused by the spread of bacteria and their toxins in the bloodstream. Also called blood poisoning and toxemia Seroconversion - (pronounced) (SEER-oh-kun-VER-zhun) The production of antibodies (proteins) in the blood of a person who previously had no antibodies. It occurs after vaccination or exposure to a virus or other substance. Serology - (pronounced) (seh-RAH-loh-jee) The study of antibodies and other substances in the serum (clear liquid part of the blood). Serological tests are used to look for antibodies in the blood that show whether a person has been exposed to a virus or other infectious agent Seromycin - (pronounced) (SAYR-oh-my-sin) A drug used to treat tuberculosis. It is also being studied to treat pain and nerve problems (numbness, tingling) caused by chemotherapy, back pain, autism, certain anxiety disorders, and schizophrenia. Serotonin - (pronounced) (SAYR-uh-TOH-nin) substance found primarily in the digestive tract, central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and blood platelets. Serotonin acts as both a neurotransmitter (a substance that nerves use to send messages to each other) and a vasoconstrictor (a substance t Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor of the ovary - (pronounced) (ser-TOH-lee-LY-dig sel TOO-mer. Sertraline - (pronounced) (SER-truh-leen) A drug used to treat depression. It is a type of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Serum - (pronounced) (SEER-um) The clear liquid portion of blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed Serum Albumin - (pronounced) (SEER-um al-BYOO-min) The most important protein in blood plasma. Low serum albumin levels occur in people with malnutrition, inflammation, and severe liver and kidney disease Serum tumor marker test - (pronounced) (SEER-um TOO-mer MAR-ker. Serzone - (pronounced) (SER zone) A drug used to treat depression. It belongs to the antidepressant family. Sesquiterpene lactone - (pronounced) (SES-kwih-TER-peen LAK sound) A substance found in some plants. Sesquiterpene lactones may have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. Sestamibi Scan - (pronounced) (SES-tuh-MIH-bee. Sestamibi breast imaging - (pronounced) (SES-tuh-MIH-Bee Brest IH-muh-jing) A type of breast imaging test used to detect cancer cells in the breasts of some women who have had abnormal mammograms or who have dense breast tissue. It is not used for screening or in place of a mammogram. Sex cord stromal tumor - rare type of cancer that forms in the tissues that support the ovaries or testicles. These tumors can release sex hormones. Sex drive - (pronounced) (SEK-shoo-ul. Sexuality - (pronounced) (SEK-shoo-a-lih-tee) A person's behaviors, desires, and attitudes regarding sex and physical intimacy with others Sham therapy - An inactive procedure designed to mimic as closely as possible the active procedure being studied in a clinical trial. For example, sham acupuncture uses needles that look and feel like the needles used in active acupuncture therapy, except the needles are not actually inserted into t Shave Biopsy - (pronounced) (shayv BY-op-see) procedure in which a skin abnormality and a thin layer of surrounding skin are removed with a small blade for examination under a microscope. Stitches are not required with this procedure Sheep sorrel - (pronounced) (Sheep SOR-ul) A plant used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It may have anti-cancer effects. Sheridan's formula - (pronounced) (SHAYR-ih-dunz FOR-myoo-luh) liquid mixture advertised to treat cancer and other diseases. None of the ingredients believed to be found in Sheridan's Formula have been shown to be effective in preventing or treating any type of cancer. Shiitake Mushroom - (pronounced) (shee-TAH-kee. Shingles - (pronounced) (SHING gulz) common condition that occurs when the virus that causes chickenpox becomes reactivated in the body. After chickenpox, the virus remains dormant in the body, usually in the nerves along the spinal cord or at the base of the skull. Sho-saiko-to - (pronounced) (shoh-sah-ee-koh-toh) A Japanese formulation of seven Chinese herbs that is being studied to treat cancer Shoulder blade - (pronounced) (SHOLE-the blayd) One of two triangular bones on the back of the shoulder. The shoulder blade connects the collarbone to the humerus. Show - (pronounced) (SKREE-ning) Examination for disease when no symptoms are present. Because screening can detect diseases at an early stage, there may be a better chance of curing the disease. Shower - (pronounced) (dosch) procedure in which the vagina is washed with water or a cleaning solution. Most cleaning solutions contain water mixed with vinegar, baking soda, or iodine. Shwachman Syndrome - (pronounced) (SHWAK-mun SIN-drome) A rare inherited disorder in which the pancreas and bone marrow don't work as they should. Symptoms include trouble digesting food, low levels of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell), bone problems, and short stature. Sialyl-Tn-KLH - (pronounced) (sy-a-lil. Siblings - (pronounced) (Siblings) The brother or sister of someone who has the same parents Sickle cell anemia - (pronounced) (SIH-kul sel uh-NEE-mee-uh) An inherited disorder in which the red blood cells have an abnormal crescent shape, block small blood vessels, and don't last as long as normal red blood cells. Sickle cell anemia is caused by a mutation (change) in one of the genes for h Sigmoidoscope - (pronounced) (sig-MOY-doh area) thin, tubular instrument used to examine the inside of the bowel. A sigmoidoscope has a light and lens for viewing and may have a tool for removing tissue Sigmoidoscopy - (pronounced) (sig-MOY-DOS-koh-pee) Examination of the lower colon with a sigmoidoscope inserted into the rectum. A sigmoidoscope is a thin, tubular instrument with a light and lens for viewing. Sign - (pronounced) In medicine, a sign is something found during a physical exam or laboratory test that shows a person may have a condition or disease. Some examples of signs include fever, swelling, skin rash, high blood pressure, and high blood sugar Signet ring cell carcinoma - (pronounced) (SIG mother. Sildenafil - (pronounced) (sil-DEH-nuh-FIL) A drug used to treat erectile dysfunction. Sildenafil relaxes the smooth muscles of the penis to allow for increased blood flow and an erection. Silicone - (pronounced) (SIH-lih-kone) synthetic gel used as the outer coating on breast implants and the inner filling of some implants Siltuximab - (pronounced) (sil-TUK-sih-mab) A drug used to treat a rare condition called multicentric Castleman disease in patients who are not infected with HIV or human herpesvirus 8. It is also being studied to treat some cancers and other conditions. Silvant - (pronounced) (SIL vant) drug used to treat a rare condition called multicentric Castleman disease in patients who are not infected with HIV or human herpesvirus 8. It is also being studied to treat some cancers and other conditions. Silybum marianum - (pronounced) (SIH-lih-bum mayr-ee-AY-num) plant used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems, including diseases of the stomach, liver, and gallbladder. The active extract from Silybum marianum seeds is called silymarin. Simulation - (pronounced) (SIM-yoo-LAY-avoid) In cancer treatment, a method of planning radiation therapy so that the target area is precisely located and marked Simvastatin - (pronounced) (SIM-vuh-STA-tin) drug used to lower the amount of cholesterol and other harmful substances in the blood, such as As triglycerides to lower. It is also being studied in the treatment of cancer and other diseases. Sine - (pronounced) (SY-nus) cavity, space, or channel in the body. Examples include cavities in the bones at the front of the skull and ducts for blood and lymph. Sinus and nasal cavity cancer - (pronounced) (PAYR-uh-NAY-zul SY-nus . Sinusitis - (pronounced) (SINUS-yoo-SY-tis) condition in which the tissue lining the sinuses (small cavities in the bones around the nose) becomes swollen or inflamed. The sinuses are lined with cells that produce mucus. Siplizumab - (pronounced) (sip-LIH-zoo-mab) substance being studied to treat certain types of T-cell lymphoma. It is also being studied to prevent organ or tissue rejection after kidney and/or bone marrow transplants. Sipple Syndrome - (pronounced) (SIH-pul SIN-drome) rare genetic disorder that affects the endocrine glands and causes a form of thyroid cancer called medullary thyroid cancer, pheochromocytoma, and parathyroid cancer. It can also cause benign (benign) tumors in the parathyroid and adrenal glands. Sirolimus - (pronounced) (sih-ROH-lih-mus) drug used to stop the body from rejecting organ and bone marrow transplants. Sirolimus blocks certain white blood cells that can shed foreign tissues and organs. Sjögren's Syndrome - (pronounced) (SHOH-grin SIN-drome) An autoimmune disease that affects the tear and salivary glands and can affect glands in the stomach, pancreas, and intestines. The disease causes dry eyes and mouth and can cause dryness in the nose, throat, airways, skin, and vagina. Skeleton - (pronounced) (SKEH-leh-do) The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrates and protects many of their internal organs. Vertebrate skeletons are composed of bone and/or cartilage Skin cancer - (pronounced) (skin KAN-ser) Cancer that forms in the tissues of the skin. There are several types of skin cancer. Skin stimulation - (pronounced) (Skin STIM-yoo-LAY-avoid) The process of applying pressure, friction, temperature changes, or chemical substances to the skin to relieve or block a sensation of pain Skinning vulvectomy - (pronounced) (SKIH-ning vul-VEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove the top layer of skin on the vulva (the outer female genital organs, including the clitoris, labia, and opening to the vagina). A skin graft can be used to replace the removed skin Skull - (pronounced) (Skull) The bones that make up the head. The skull is made up of cranial bones (bones that surround and protect the brain) and facial bones (bones that form the eye sockets, nose, cheeks, jaw, and other parts of the face). Sleep Apnea - A sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing of at least 10 seconds during sleep, causing restless sleep. Symptoms include loud or abnormal snoring, daytime sleepiness, irritability, and depression Sleep Disorder - (pronounced) (sleep disorder) disruption in normal sleep patterns. There are a number of sleep disorders ranging from trouble falling asleep and nightmares to sleepwalking and sleep apnea (difficulty breathing that leads to loud snoring). Sleep Stage - (pronounced) (sleep stay) One of four phases of the sleep cycle based on the type of brain activity that occurs during the phase. Stages one, two, and three occur during non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep, in which a person first falls asleep and then transitions from light sleep t Sleep medicine is a clinical specialty with a focus on clinical problems that require accurate diagnosis and treatment. The knowledge base of sleep medicine is derived from many disciplines including neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, respiratory physiology, pharmacology, psychology, psychiatry, neurolo Sleeve resection - Surgery to remove a lung tumor in a lobe of the lung and part of the main bronchus (airway). The ends of the bronchus are reconnected and any remaining flaps are reattached to the bronchus. Slime - (pronounced) (Flemish) A greater than normal amount of thick mucus produced by the cells lining the upper airways and lungs. A buildup of phlegm can be caused by infection, irritation, or chronic lung disease and can cause chest discomfort and coughing Slippery Elm - (pronounced) (SLIH Puh Ree Elm) The inner bark of this plant has been used in some cultures to treat certain medicinal problems. It can have antioxidant effects. Slit lamp biomicroscopy - An eye examination using an instrument that combines a low-power microscope with a light source that produces a narrow beam of light. The instrument can be used to examine the retina, optic nerve and other parts of the eye. Slit lamp eye exam - An eye examination using an instrument that combines a low-power microscope with a light source that produces a narrow beam of light. The instrument can be used to examine the retina, optic nerve and other parts of the eye. Small bowel cancer - rare cancer that forms in the tissues of the small intestine (the part of the digestive tract between the stomach and the large intestine). The most common type is adenocarcinoma (cancer that starts in cells that produce and release mucus and other fluids). Small intestine - long, tube-like organ that connects the stomach and large intestine. It is about 20 feet long and folds many times to fit in the abdomen. Small lymphocytic lymphoma - An indolent (slow-growing) type of lymphoma in which too many immature lymphocytes (white blood cells) are found primarily in the lymph nodes. This causes the lymph nodes to become larger than normal. Smoking cessation - (pronounced) (SMOH-King seh-SAY-shun) Stop smoking. Quitting smoking reduces the risk of cancer and other serious health problems. SnET2 - A cancer drug that is also used in cancer prevention. It belongs to the photosensitizer family. Social care - (pronounced) (SOH-shul suh-PORT) A network of family, friends, neighbors and community members available in times of need to provide psychological, physical and financial assistance Social worker - (pronounced) (SOH-shul WUR-ker) A professional trained to talk to people and their families about emotional or physical needs and to find support services for them Sodium - (pronounced) (SOH-dee-um) A mineral that the body needs to keep body fluids in balance. Sodium is found in table salt and in many processed foods. Sodium Salicylate - (pronounced) (SOH-dee-um suh-LIH-sih-LAYT) A drug that is a type of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Sodium salicylate can be tolerated by people who are sensitive to aspirin Sodium Thiosulfate Anhydrous - (SOH-dee-um THY-oh-SUL-fayt an-HY-drus) A medicine used to reduce the risk of hearing loss in children from 1 month of age who are taking cisplatin (a type of cancer medicine) for solid tumors that have not spread to other parts of the body. It is also being studied fo Sodium borocaptate - (pronounced) (SOH-dee-um BORE-oh-KAP-tayt) A substance used in a radiation therapy called boron neutron capture therapy. Sodium borocaptate is injected into a vein and accumulates in tumor cells. Sodium ferric gluconate - (pronounced) (SOH-dee-um FAYR-ik GLOO-koh-nayt) form of the mineral iron used to treat anemia caused by low levels of iron in the blood. Anemia is a condition in which the red blood cell count is below normal. Sodium stibogluconate - (pronounced) (SOH-dee-um stih-boh-GLOO-koh-nayt) A substance being studied for the treatment of certain solid tumors, lymphomas and myelomas. Sodium stibogluconate can block enzymes needed for cancer growth. Sodium sulfite - (pronounced) (SOH-dee-um SUL-fite) chemical used in photography, papermaking, water treatment, and other uses Soft tissue sarcoma - cancer that starts in muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissues in the body Solar Keratosis - (pronounced) (SOH-ler KAYR-uh-TOH-sis) A thick, scaly patch of skin that can become cancerous. It usually forms on areas exposed to the sun, such as the face, scalp, backs of hands, or chest. Soliris - (pronounced) (so-LAYR-is) drug used to prevent red blood cell destruction in patients with a rare red blood cell disorder called paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). It is also used to treat another rare condition called atypical urea haemolytic syndrome (aHUS), in which blood clots Soltamox - (pronounced) (SOL-tah-mox) drug used to treat certain types of breast cancer in women and men, to prevent invasive breast cancer in women who have had ductal carcinoma in situ (abnormal cells in the milk ducts) and to prevent breast cancer in women who have a Ductal carcinoma involves a h Solvent - (pronounced) (Solvent) A liquid that can dissolve a solid Somatomedin - (pronounced) (SOH-muh-toh-MEE-din) An endogenous protein that stimulates the growth of many cell types. Somatomedin is similar to insulin (a hormone made in the pancreas). Somatostatin receptor - (pronounced) (soh-MA-toh-STA-tin reh-SEP-ter) protein on the surface of cells that binds to a hormone called somatostatin, which helps control other hormones in the body. Somatostatin receptors are found on many different cell types, and they can also be found in higher than Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy - (pronounced) (soh-MA-toh-STA-tin reh-SEP-ter sin-TIH-gruh fee) type of radionuclide scan used to detect carcinoids and other types of tumors. Radioactive octreotide, a drug similar to somatostatin, is injected into a vein and travels through the bloodstream. Somatotropin - (pronounced) (soh-MA-toh-TROH pen) A protein made by the pituitary gland that helps control body growth and the body's use of glucose and fat. Also called growth hormone Somatuline depot - (pronounced) (soh-MA-too-leen DEE-poh) drug similar to somatostatin (a hormone produced by the body) used to treat certain types of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, carcinoid syndrome and acromegaly (a condition in which the pituitary gland produces too much growth ho Somnolence Syndrome - (pronounced) (SOM-noh lens SIN-drome) Periods of drowsiness, lethargy, anorexia, and irritability in children after head radiation therapy Sonidegib phosphate - (pronounced) (soh-NIH-deh-give FOS-fayt) drug used to treat locally advanced basal cell carcinoma (BCC) that has come back after surgery or radiation therapy. It is also used in patients who cannot be treated with surgery or radiation therapy. Sorafenib tosylate - (pronounced) (sor-A-feh-nib TOH-suh-layt) drug used to treat certain types of hepatocellular carcinoma (a type of liver cancer), renal cell carcinoma (a type of kidney cancer) and thyroid cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Sorivudine - (pronounced) (sor-IH-vyoo-deen) An antiviral drug being studied to treat herpesviruses. It belongs to the family of drugs called nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors Sorrel - (pronounced) (SOR-ul) plant used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It may have anti-cancer effects. Sotorasib - (pronounced) (SOH-toh-RA-sib) A drug used to treat adults with non-small cell lung cancer that has spread and has a specific mutation (change) in the KRAS gene. It is used in patients who have already received at least one other systemic therapy. Soy - (pronounced) (SOY-uh) A product of a plant of Asian origin that produces beans used in many foods. Soy contains isoflavones (estrogen-like substances) that are being studied to prevent cancer, menopausal hot flashes and osteoporosis (loss of bone density). Soybean - (pronounced) (SOYA-been) product of a plant of Asian origin that produces beans used in many foods. Soybeans contain isoflavones (estrogen-like substances) that are being studied for the prevention of cancer, menopausal hot flashes and osteoporosis (loss of bone density). Specialist - (pronounced) (SPEH-shoe list) In medicine, a doctor or other health professional trained and licensed in a specific specialty. Examples of medical specialists include oncologists (cancer specialists) and hematologists (blood specialists) Spectroscopy - (pronounced) (spek-TROS-koh-pee) The study of the amount of light received, emitted, or scattered (reflected) by an object. Spectroscopy breaks down light and measures different wavelengths of visible and non-visible light. Speculum - (pronounced) (SPEK-yoo-lum) An instrument used to widen an opening in the body to make it easier to see inside Sperm - (pronounced) (Leap) The male germ cell, formed in the testicles. A sperm combines with an egg to form an embryo Sperm Aspiration - procedure in which a sample of semen is taken from the testicle or epididymis through a small needle attached to a syringe. The sperm is viewed under a microscope in the laboratory, where it can be used immediately to fertilize eggs or frozen for later infertility treatment. Sperm Banking - (pronounced) (Leap. Spermicide - (pronounced) (SPER-mih page) A chemical that kills sperm and is used as a type of birth control. It is available over the counter (without a doctor's prescription) and comes in many different forms such as cream, gel, foam and suppository. Spinal Cancer - Cancer that starts in the spine (backbone) or spinal cord. The spine is made up of interconnected bones called vertebrae. Spinal anesthesia - (pronounced) (SPY-nul A-nes-THEE-zhuh) temporary loss of feeling in the abdomen and/or lower body. Special drugs called anesthetics are injected into the fluid in the lower part of the spine to cause loss of feeling. Spinal blockage - (pronounced) (SPY Null Block) A temporary loss of feeling in the abdomen and/or lower body. Special drugs called anesthetics are injected into the fluid in the lower part of the spine to cause loss of feeling. Spinal canal - (pronounced) (SPY-nul cow-NAL) The narrow, fluid-filled space in the spine (the bones, muscles, tendons, and other tissues that stretch from the base of the skull to the tailbone). The spinal cord runs through the spinal canal Spindle cell hemangioma - (pronounced) (SPIN-dul sel hee-MAN-jee-OH-moo) benign (noncancerous) blood vessel tumor that forms on or under the skin. Spindle cell hemangiomas have cells called spindle cells that look long and slender under a microscope. Spindle cell sarcoma - (pronounced) (SPIN-dul sel sar-KOH-muh) A type of sarcoma that contains spindle cells. Spindle cells look long and slender under the microscope. Spirituality - (pronounced) (SPEAR-ih-choo-A-lih-tee) Has to do with deep, often religious, feelings and beliefs, including a person's sense of peace, purpose, connection to others, and belief in the meaning of life Spit Tobacco - type of smokeless tobacco made from dried tobacco leaves. It can be sweetened and flavored with licorice and other substances. Spleen - (pronounced) (Spleen) An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. Splenectomy - (pronounced) (spleh-NEK-toh-mee) An operation to remove the spleen Splenomegaly - (pronounced) (SPLEH-noh-MEH-guh-lee) Enlarged spleen Spryzel - (pronounced) (SPRY-sel) A medicine used alone or with other medicines to treat adults and children from 1 year of age with certain types of chronic myeloid leukemia or acute lymphoblastic leukemia that are Philadelphia chromosome positive. It is also being studied in the treatment of other Sputum cytology - (pronounced) (SPYOO-tum sy-TAH-loh-jee) Microscopic examination of cells in sputum (mucus and other substances raised from the lungs by coughing). The test looks for abnormal cells, such as B. Squalamine Lactate - (pronounced) (SKWAH-luh-meen LAK-tayt) A drug that belongs to the angiogenesis inhibitor family. It prevents new blood vessels from growing into a solid tumor Squamocolumnar Junction - (pronounced) (SKWAY-moh-cow-LUM-nar JUNK-shy) The area around the opening of the cervix where the endocervix (inner part) and ectocervix (outer part) come together. This area contains both glandular cells (cells that produce mucus) from the endocervix and squamous cells (th Squamous Cell Carcinoma - (pronounced) (SKWAY-mus sel KAR-sih-NOH-muh) Cancer that starts in squamous cells. Squamous cells are thin, flat cells that look like fish scales and are found in the tissue that makes up the surface of the skin, the lining of the body's viscera, and the lining of the respi Squamous cell carcinoma in situ - (pronounced) (SKWAY-mus sel KAR-sih-NOH-muh in SY-too) condition in which abnormal cells are found in the tissues that make up the surface of the skin, the lining of the body's hollow organs (such as the bladder and uterus), and the lining of the respiratory and dig Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck - (pronounced) (SKWAY-mus sel KAR-sih-NOH-muh. Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin - (pronounced) (SKWAY-mus sel KAR-sih-NOH-muh. Square - (pronounced) (KWAH-druh-met) A drug used to treat bone pain caused by bone cancer and other types of cancer that have spread to the bone. It contains a radioactive substance called samarium Sm 153. St. Johannis herbs - An herbal product sold as an over-the-counter treatment for depression. Stage - (pronounced) (stay) The extent of a cancer in the body. Staging is usually based on the size of the tumor, whether lymph nodes contain cancer, and whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body from the original site Stage 0 HPV-negative oropharyngeal carcinoma in situ - Abnormal cells are found in the lining of the oropharynx (throat). These abnormal cells can become cancerous and spread to nearby normal tissue Stage 0 anal HSIL - Abnormal cells are found in the lining (innermost layer) of the anus. These abnormal cells can become cancerous and spread to nearby normal tissue. Stage 0 breast carcinoma in situ - A condition in which abnormal cells are found in the tissues of the breast. There are 2 types of stage 0 breast cancer in situ: ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and Paget's disease of the nipple. Stage 0 disease - (pronounced) (stayj. Stage 0 esophageal carcinoma in situ - Cancer has formed in the inner lining of the wall of the esophagus. Stage 0 is also known as high-grade dysplasia Stage 0 gallbladder carcinoma in situ - Abnormal cells are found in the lining (innermost layer) of the gallbladder wall. These abnormal cells can become cancerous and spread to nearby normal tissue Stage 0 gastric carcinoma in situ - Abnormal cells are found in the lining (innermost layer) of the stomach wall. These abnormal cells can become cancerous and spread to nearby normal tissue Stage 0 hypopharyngeal carcinoma in situ - Abnormal cells are found in the lining of the hypopharynx. These abnormal cells can become cancerous and spread to nearby normal tissue Stage 0 laryngeal carcinoma in situ - Abnormal cells are found in the lining of the larynx. These abnormal cells can become cancerous and spread to nearby normal tissue Stage 0 maxillary sinus carcinoma in situ - Abnormal cells are found in the mucous membranes lining the maxillary sinus. These abnormal cells can become cancerous and spread to nearby normal tissue Stage 0 melanoma - Abnormal melanocytes (cells that produce melanin, the pigment that gives skin its natural color) are found in the epidermis (outer layer of skin). These abnormal melanocytes can become cancerous and spread to nearby normal tissue. Stage 0 non-small cell lung carcinoma in situ - Abnormal cells are found in the lining of the airways. These abnormal cells can become cancerous and spread to nearby normal tissue. Stage 0 pancreatic carcinoma in situ - Abnormal cells are found in the lining of the pancreas. These abnormal cells can become cancerous and spread to nearby normal tissue Stage 0 penile carcinoma in situ - Level 0 is divided into levels 0is and 0a. In stage 0is, abnormal cells are found on the skin surface of the penis. Stage 0 salivary gland carcinoma in situ - Abnormal cells are found in the lining of the salivary ducts, or the small sacs that make up the salivary gland. These abnormal cells can become cancerous and spread to nearby normal tissue Stage 0 squamous cell carcinoma - condition in which abnormal cells are found in the tissues that make up the surface of the skin, the lining of the body's hollow organs (such as the bladder and uterus), and the lining of the respiratory and digestive tracts. These abnormal cells can become cancerou Stage 0 testicular carcinoma in situ - Abnormal cells are found in the tiny tubes where sperm begin to develop. These abnormal cells can become cancerous and spread to nearby normal tissue. Stage 1 neuroblastoma - Cancer is only in one area and all visible cancer is completely removed during surgery Stage 2 neuroblastoma - Stage 2 neuroblastoma is divided into stages 2A and 2B. In stage 2A, the cancer is in only one area and all of the visible cancer is not completely removed during surgery. Stage 3 neuroblastoma - In stage 3 neuroblastoma, either of the following is true: the cancer (1) cannot be completely removed during surgery and has spread from one side of the body to the other and may also have spread to nearby lymph nodes; or (2) located on one side of the body and has spread to Stage 4 Neuroblastoma - Stage 4 neuroblastoma is divided into stages 4 and 4S. In stage 4, the cancer has spread to distant lymph nodes or other parts of the body. Stage I HPV-negative oropharyngeal cancer - The tumor is 2 centimeters or smaller Stage I HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer - One of the following statements is true: (1) one or more lymph nodes with cancer that is HPV p16 positive were found, but the site of cancer onset is unknown. The lymph nodes with cancer are 6 centimeters or smaller, on one side of the neck; or (2) cancer Stage I Wilms tumor - The tumor was completely surgically removed and all of the following statements are true: (1) Cancer was only found in the kidney and did not spread to blood vessels in the renal cavity (the part of the kidney where it opens into the ureter) or to the lymph nodes ; (2) no cance Stage I cervical cancer - Cancer is only found in the cervix. Stage I is divided into stages IA and IB based on the size of the tumor and the deepest point of tumor invasion. Stage I colon cancer - Cancer has formed in the lining (innermost layer) of the colon and/or rectum wall and has spread to the submucosa (layer of tissue next to the lining) or to the muscular layer of the colon and/or rectum wall. Also known as Dukes A colon cancer Stage I endometrial cancer - Cancer is only found in the uterus. Stage I is divided into stages IA and IB depending on how far the cancer has spread. Stage I esophageal adenocarcinoma - Stage I is divided into stages IA, IB and IC depending on where the cancer has spread. In stage IA, the cancer has spread to the mucosal layer or thin muscle layer of the esophageal wall. Stage I esophageal squamous cell carcinoma - Stage I is divided into stages IA and IB depending on where the cancer has spread to. In stage IA, the cancer has spread to the mucosal layer or thin muscle layer of the esophageal wall. Stage I gallbladder cancer - Cancer has formed in the lining (innermost layer) of the gallbladder wall and may have spread to the muscular layer of the gallbladder wall Stage I gastric cancer - Level I is divided into levels IA and IB. In stage IA, cancer has formed in the lining (innermost layer) of the stomach wall and may have spread to the submucosa (layer of tissue next to the lining). Stage I hypopharyngeal cancer - Cancer is found in only one area of the hypopharynx and/or the tumor is 2 centimeters or smaller Stage I intrahepatic bile duct cancer - Stage I intrahepatic bile duct cancer is divided into stages IA and IB. In stage IA, cancer has formed in an intrahepatic bile duct and the tumor is 5 centimeters or smaller. Stage I intraocular melanoma of the ciliary body and choroid - The tumor is size class 1 (no more than 12 millimeters wide and no more than 3 millimeters thick; or no more than 9 millimeters wide and 3. 1 to 6 millimeters thick) and is located only in the choroid Stage I lip and oral cavity cancer - The tumor is 2 centimeters or smaller and the deepest point of tumor invasion is 5 millimeters or less Stage I medullary thyroid cancer - Cancer is only found in the thyroid and the tumor is 2 centimeters or smaller Stage I melanoma - Level I is divided into levels IA and IB. In stage IA, the tumor is no more than 1 millimeter thick, with or without an ulceration (a tear in the skin). Stage I multiple myeloma - Relatively few cancer cells have spread throughout the body. There must be no symptoms of illness Stage I nasopharyngeal cancer - Cancer (1) is only found in the nasopharynx; or (2) has spread from the nasopharynx to the oropharynx and/or nasal cavity Stage I pancreatic cancer - Cancer is only found in the pancreas. Stage I is divided into stages IA and IB depending on the size of the tumor. Stage I prostate cancer - Cancer is only found in the prostate. The cancer (1) cannot be felt during a digital rectal exam and is found through a needle biopsy done for a high level of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) or in a tissue sample taken during surgery for other reasons (e. Stage I renal cell cancer - The tumor is 7 centimeters or smaller and is only found in the kidney. Also called stage I kidney cancer Stage I salivary gland cancer - The tumor is only in the salivary gland and is 2 centimeters or smaller Stage I testicular cancer - Stage I is divided into stages IA, IB and IS. In stage IA, cancer is found in the testicle, including the rete testis, but has not spread to the blood vessels or lymphatics in the testicle. Stage I thymoma - Cancer is only found within the thymus gland. All cancer cells reside in the capsule (sac) surrounding the thymus gland Stage I vaginal cancer - Cancer is only found in the vaginal wall Stage I vulvar cancer - The tumor is only found in the vulva. Level I is divided into levels IA and IB. Stage IA non-small cell lung cancer - Stage I non-small cell lung cancer is divided into stages IA and IB. In stage IA, the tumor is only in the lungs and is 3 centimeters or smaller. Stage IB non-small cell lung cancer - Stage I non-small cell lung cancer is divided into stages IA and IB. In stage IB, the tumor is larger than 3 centimeters but no larger than 4 centimeters. Stage II HPV-negative oropharyngeal cancer - The tumor is larger than 2 centimeters but no larger than 4 centimeters Stage II HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer - One of the following statements is true: (1) one or more lymph nodes with cancer that is HPV p16 positive were found, but the site of cancer onset is unknown. The lymph nodes with cancer are 6 centimeters or smaller, on one or both sides of the neck; or ( Stage II Wilms tumor - The tumor was completely removed by surgery and no cancer cells were found at the edges of the area where the tumor was removed. Cancer has not spread to lymph nodes. Stage II anal cancer - Stage II anal cancer is divided into stages IIA and IIB. In stage IIA, the tumor is larger than 2 centimeters but no larger than 5 centimeters. Stage II endometrial cancer - Cancer has spread into the connective tissue of the cervix but has not spread outside the uterus Stage II esophageal adenocarcinoma - Stage II is divided into stages IIA and IIB depending on where the cancer has spread to. In stage IIA, the cancer has spread to the thick muscle layer of the wall of the esophagus. Stage II esophageal squamous cell carcinoma - Stage II is divided into stages IIA and IIB depending on where the cancer has spread to. In stage IIA, the cancer has spread to the thick muscle layer of the esophageal wall (1). Stage II gallbladder cancer - Stage II is divided into stages IIA and IIB depending on where in the gallbladder the cancer has spread. In stage IIA, the cancer has spread through the muscular layer to the connective tissue layer of the gallbladder wall on the non-hepatic side of the gallbladder. Stage II gastric cancer - Stage II gastric cancer is divided into stages IIA and IIB. In stage IIA, the cancer (1) may have spread to the submucosa (layer of tissue adjacent to the lining of the stomach) of the stomach wall. Stage II gestational trophoblastic neoplasia - The tumor has spread beyond the uterus to the ovaries, fallopian tubes, vagina and/or connective tissue around the uterus Stage II hypopharyngeal cancer - The tumor is (1) found in more than one area of the hypopharynx or in a nearby area; or (2) larger than 2 centimeters but no larger than 4 centimeters and has not spread to the larynx (larynx) Stage II intrahepatic bile duct cancer - One of the following is found: (1) the tumor has spread through the wall of an intrahepatic bile duct and into a blood vessel; or (2) more than one tumor has formed in the intrahepatic bile duct and may have spread into a blood vessel Stage II kidney cancer - The tumor is larger than 7 centimeters and is only found in the kidney. Also called stage II renal cell cancer Stage II lip and oral cavity cancer - The tumor (1) is 2 centimeters or smaller and the deepest point of tumor invasion is greater than 5 millimeters; or (2) greater than 2 centimeters but no greater than 4 centimeters and the deepest point of tumor invasion is 10 millimeters or less Stage II medullary thyroid cancer - One of the following is found: (1) cancer is found only in the thyroid and the tumor is larger than 2 centimeters; or (2) the tumor is of any size and the cancer has spread from the thyroid to nearby neck muscles Stage II melanoma - Stage II is divided into stages IIA, IIB and IIC. In stage IIA, the tumor is either (1) more than 1 but not more than 2 millimeters thick, with ulceration (a tear in the skin) ; or (2) more than 2 but not more than 4 mm thick without ulceration. Stage II multiple myeloma - Cancer in which a moderate number of cancer cells have spread throughout the body Stage II nasopharyngeal cancer - One of the following statements is true: (1) Cancer has spread to one or more lymph nodes on one side of the neck and/or one or more lymph nodes on one or both sides of the throat. The affected lymph nodes are 6 centimeters or smaller. Stage II ovarian germ cell tumor - Cancer is found in one or both ovaries or fallopian tubes and has spread to other areas of the pelvis, or primary peritoneal cancer is found in the pelvis. Stage II is divided into stages IIA and IIB. Stage II pancreatic cancer - Stage II is divided into stages IIA and IIB depending on the size of the tumor and how far the cancer has spread. In stage IIA, the tumor is larger than 4 centimeters. Stage II papillary and follicular thyroid cancer (55 years and older) - One of the following is found: (1) cancer is found in the thyroid and the tumor is 4 centimeters or smaller; cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes; or (2) cancer is found in the thyroid, the tumor is larger than 4 centimeters Stage II prostate cancer - Cancer is more advanced than stage I but has not spread outside the prostate. Stage II is divided into stages IIA, IIB and IIC. Stage II renal cell cancer - The tumor is larger than 7 centimeters and is only found in the kidney. Also called stage II kidney cancer Stage II salivary gland cancer - The tumor is only in the salivary gland and is larger than 2 centimeters but not larger than 4 centimeters Stage II thymoma - Cancer has spread through the capsule (sac) that surrounds the thymus gland and into the fat around the thymus gland, or into the lining of the chest cavity Stage II vaginal cancer - Cancer has spread through the vaginal wall to the tissues around the vagina. Cancer has not spread to the pelvic wall Stage II vulvar cancer - The tumor is of any size and has spread to the lower third of the urethra, lower third of the vagina, or lower third of the anus. Cancer has not spread to the lymph nodes Stage IIA intraocular melanoma of the ciliary body and choroid - Stage II is divided into stages IIA and IIB. In stage IIA, the tumor is (1) size class 1 (no more than 12 millimeters wide and no more than 3 millimeters thick, or no more than 9 millimeters wide and 3. Stage IIA non-small cell lung cancer - Stage II non-small cell lung cancer is divided into stages IIA and IIB. In stage IIA, the tumor is larger than 4 centimeters but no larger than 5 centimeters. Stage IIB intraocular melanoma of the ciliary body and choroid - Stage II is divided into stages IIA and IIB. In stage IIB, the tumor is (1) size class 2 (12. Stage IIB non-small cell lung cancer - Stage II non-small cell lung cancer is divided into stages IIA and IIB. In stage IIB, the tumor is 5 centimeters or smaller and the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes on the same side of the breast as the primary tumor. Stage III HPV-negative oropharyngeal cancer - Cancer (1) is either larger than 4 centimeters or has spread to the top of the epiglottis (the flap that covers the trachea when swallowing) ; or (2) any size. The cancer has spread to a lymph node that is 3 centimeters or smaller and is on the same side Stage III HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer - One of the following statements is true: (1) Cancer has spread to the larynx (larynx), the front part of the palate, the lower jaw, the tongue muscles, or other parts of the head or neck. Cancer may have spread to lymph nodes in the neck; or (2) the tumo Stage III adult Hodgkin lymphoma - Cancer is found (1) in clusters of lymph nodes both above and below the diaphragm; or (2) in lymph nodes above the diaphragm and in the spleen Stage III anal cancer - Stage III anal cancer is divided into stages IIIA, IIIB and IIIC. In stage IIIA, the tumor is 5 centimeters or smaller and has spread to lymph nodes near the anus or groin. Stage III endometrial cancer - Cancer has spread beyond the uterus and cervix, but not beyond the pelvis. Stage III is divided into stages IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC depending on how far the cancer has spread in the pelvis. Stage III esophageal adenocarcinoma - Stage III is divided into stages IIIA and IIIB depending on where the cancer has spread to. In stage IIIA, the cancer (1) has spread to the mucosal layer, thin muscle layer, or submucosal layer of the esophageal wall. Stage III esophageal squamous cell carcinoma - Stage III is divided into stages IIIA and IIIB depending on where the cancer has spread to. In stage IIIA, the cancer (1) has spread to the mucosal layer, thin muscle layer, or submucosal layer of the esophageal wall. Stage III gallbladder cancer - Stage III is divided into stages IIIA and IIIB depending on where the cancer has spread to. In stage IIIA, the cancer has spread through the connective tissue layer of the gallbladder wall to (1) the serosa (layer of tissue covering the gallbladder) ; and/or (2) the li Stage III gastric cancer - Stage III gastric cancer is divided into stages IIIA, IIIB and IIIC. In stage IIIA, the cancer has spread to the muscle layer of the stomach wall (1). Stage III gestational trophoblastic neoplasia - The tumor has spread to the lungs, with or without spreading to the ovaries, fallopian tubes, vagina, and/or the connective tissue around the uterus Stage III hypopharyngeal cancer - The tumor (1) is larger than 4 centimeters or has spread to the larynx (larynx) or the lining (lining) of the esophagus. Cancer may have spread to a lymph node on the same side of the neck as the tumor. Stage III intrahepatic bile duct cancer - Stage III intrahepatic bile duct cancer is divided into stages IIIA and IIIB. In stage IIIA, the tumor has spread through the capsule (outer lining) of the liver. Stage III kidney cancer - One of the following is found: (1) the cancer in the kidney is of any size and the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes; or (2) cancer has spread to blood vessels in or near the kidney (renal vein or vena cava), to the fat around the structures in the kidney that collect Stage III lip and oral cavity cancer - The tumor (1) is larger than 2 centimeters but not larger than 4 centimeters, and the deepest point of tumor invasion is larger than 10 millimeters; or (2) is greater than 4 centimeters and the deepest point of tumor invasion is 10 millimeters or less; or (3) h Stage III malignant pleural mesothelioma - Stage III is divided into stages IIIA and IIIB. In stage IIIA, cancer is found in the inner lining of the chest wall and in each of the thin layers of tissue that cover the lungs, the organs between the lungs, and the top of the diaphragm on one side of the Stage III medullary thyroid cancer - The tumor can be any size, and the cancer may have spread from the thyroid to nearby neck muscles. Cancer has spread to lymph nodes on one or both sides of the trachea or larynx Stage III multiple myeloma - A relatively large number of cancer cells have spread throughout the body. There may be one or more of the following causes: 1) a decrease in the number of red blood cells causing anemia; 2) the amount of calcium in the blood is very high because the bones are being dama Stage III nasopharyngeal cancer - One of the following statements is true: (1) Cancer has spread to one or more lymph nodes on either side of the neck. The affected lymph nodes are 6 centimeters or smaller. Stage III pancreatic cancer - The tumor is of any size and the cancer has spread to (1) four or more nearby lymph nodes; or (2) the large blood vessels near the pancreas Stage III papillary and follicular thyroid cancer (55 years and older) - The tumor is of any size and the cancer has spread from the thyroid to soft tissues under the skin, esophagus, trachea, larynx, or recurrent nerve (a nerve that goes to the larynx). Cancer may have spread to lymph nodes Stage III prostate cancer - Stage III is divided into stages IIIA, IIIB and IIIC. In stage IIIA, cancer is found in one or both sides of the prostate. Stage III renal cell cancer - One of the following is found: (1) the cancer in the kidney is of any size and the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes; or (2) cancer has spread to blood vessels in or near the kidney (renal vein or vena cava), to the fat around the structures in the kidney that col Stage III salivary gland cancer - One of the following is true: (1) the tumor is larger than 4 centimeters and/or the cancer has spread to soft tissue around the salivary gland; or (2) the tumor is of any size and the cancer may have spread to the soft tissue around the salivary gland. Cancer has sp Stage III thymoma - Cancer has spread to nearby organs in the chest, including the lungs, pericardium, or large blood vessels that carry blood to the heart Stage III vaginal cancer - Cancer has spread to the pelvic wall Stage IIIA intraocular melanoma of the ciliary body and choroid - Stage III is divided into stages IIIA, IIIB and IIIC. In stage IIIA, the tumor is (1) size class 2 (12. Stage IIIA melanoma - Stage III is divided into stages IIIA, IIIB, IIIC and IIID. In stage IIIA, the tumor is no more than 1 millimeter thick with ulceration (a tear in the skin), or no more than 2 millimeters thick without ulceration. Stage IIIA non-small cell lung cancer - Stage III non-small cell lung cancer is divided into stages IIIA, IIIB and IIIC. In stage IIIA, the tumor is 5 centimeters or smaller and the cancer has spread to lymph nodes on the same side of the breast as the primary tumor. Stage IIIB intraocular melanoma of the ciliary body and choroid - Stage III is divided into stages IIIA, IIIB and IIIC. In stage IIIB, the tumor (1) is size 3 (15. Stage IIIB melanoma - Stage III is divided into stages IIIA, IIIB, IIIC and IIID. In stage IIIB, it is not known where the cancer started or the primary tumor is no longer visible, and one of the following is true: (1) cancer is found in a lymph node by physical examination or imaging tests; or (2) Stage IIIB non-small cell lung cancer - Stage III non-small cell lung cancer is divided into stages IIIA, IIIB and IIIC. In stage IIIB, the tumor is 5 centimeters or smaller and the cancer has spread to lymph nodes above the collarbone on the same side of the chest as the primary tumor or to any lym Stage IIIC intraocular melanoma of the ciliary body and choroid - Stage III is divided into stages IIIA, IIIB and IIIC. In stage IIIC, the tumor is (1) size 4 (more than 18 millimeters wide and any thick; or 15. Stage IIIC melanoma - Stage III is divided into stages IIIA, IIIB, IIIC and IIID. In stage IIIC, it is not known where the cancer started or the primary tumor is no longer visible. Stage IIIC non-small cell lung cancer - Stage III non-small cell lung cancer is divided into stages IIIA, IIIB and IIIC. In stage IIIC, the tumor can be any size and the cancer has spread to lymph nodes above the collarbone on the same side of the chest as the primary tumor or to any lymph nodes on Stage IIID melanoma - Stage III is divided into stages IIIA, IIIB, IIIC and IIID. In stage IIID, the tumor is more than 4 millimeters thick, with ulceration (a tear in the skin). Stage IV HPV-negative oropharyngeal cancer - Stage IV is divided into stages IVA, IVB and IVC. In stage IVA, the cancer (1) has spread to the larynx (larynx), the front of the palate, the lower jaw, or the muscles that move the tongue. Stage IV HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer - Cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as the lungs or bones Stage IV Wilms tumor - Cancer has spread through the blood to organs such as the lungs, liver, bones or brain, or to lymph nodes outside the abdomen and pelvis Stage IV adult Hodgkin lymphoma - Cancer (1) has spread to one or more organs outside the lymphatic system; or (2) found in two or more groups of lymph nodes located either above or below the diaphragm and in an organ external to the lymphatic system and not near the affected lymph nodes; or (3) fou Stage IV endometrial cancer - Cancer has spread beyond the pelvis. Stage IV is divided into stages IVA and IVB depending on how far the cancer has spread. Stage IV esophageal adenocarcinoma - Stage IV is divided into stages IVA and IVB depending on where the cancer has spread to. In stage IVA, the cancer (1) has spread to the diaphragm, pleura, cardiac sac, azygos vein, or peritoneum. Stage IV esophageal squamous cell carcinoma - Stage IV is divided into stages IVA and IVB depending on where the cancer has spread to. In stage IVA, the cancer (1) has spread to the diaphragm, pleura, cardiac sac, azygos vein, or peritoneum. Stage IV gestational trophoblastic neoplasia - The tumor has spread to parts of the body other than the lungs Stage IV intrahepatic bile duct cancer - Cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as bones, lungs, distant lymph nodes, or tissue lining the abdominal wall and most organs in the abdomen Stage IV intraocular melanoma of the ciliary body and choroid - The tumor can be any size and has (1) spread to one or more nearby lymph nodes or to the orbit separate from the primary tumor; or (2) to other parts of the body such as the liver, lungs, bones, brain, or tissues under the skin Stage IV kidney cancer - Cancer has (1) spread through the layer of fatty tissue around the kidney and may have spread to the adrenal gland above the cancerous kidney or to nearby lymph nodes; or (2) to other parts of the body, such as bones, liver, lungs, brain, adrenal glands, or distant lymph nod Stage IV malignant pleural mesothelioma - Cancer has spread to tissues covering the lungs or the lungs on the opposite side of the chest, the peritoneum, the bones, the liver, lymph nodes outside the chest, or other parts of the body Stage IV medullary thyroid cancer - Stage IV is divided into stages IVA, IVB and IVC. In stage IVA, the tumor is of any size and (1) the cancer has spread from the thyroid to the soft tissues under the skin, esophagus, trachea, larynx, or recurrent nerve (a nerve that leads to the larynx) ; Cancer m Stage IV melanoma - Cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as B. lung, liver, brain, spinal cord, bone, soft tissue (including muscle), gastrointestinal tract and/or distant lymph nodes. Stage IV nasopharyngeal cancer - Stage IV nasopharyngeal cancer is divided into stages IVA and IVB. In stage IVA (1), the cancer has spread to the brain, cranial nerves, hypopharynx, salivary gland in front of the ear, bones around the eye, and/or the soft tissues of the jaw. Stage IV non-small cell lung cancer - Stage IV non-small cell lung cancer is divided into stages IVA and IVB. In stage IVA, the tumor can be any size and the cancer may have spread to the lymph nodes. Stage IV ovarian germ cell tumor - Cancer has spread beyond the abdomen to other parts of the body. Stage IV is divided into stages IVA and IVB. Stage IV pancreatic cancer - The tumor is of any size and the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as the B. Liver, lungs, or abdominal cavity (the body cavity that contains most of the organs in the abdomen) Stage IV papillary and follicular thyroid cancer (55 years and older) - Stage IV is divided into stages IVA and IVB. In stage IVA, the tumor is any size and the cancer has spread to tissues in front of the spine or surrounding the carotid artery or blood vessels in the area between the lungs. Stage IV renal cell cancer - Cancer has (1) spread through the layer of fatty tissue around the kidney and may have spread to the adrenal gland above the cancerous kidney or to nearby lymph nodes; or (2) to other parts of the body, such as bones, liver, lungs, brain, adrenal glands, or distant lymph Stage IV thymoma - Stage IV is divided into stages IVA and IVB depending on where the cancer has spread to. In stage IVA, the cancer has spread widely around the lungs and heart. Stage IV vaginal cancer - Stage IV is divided into stages IVA and IVB. In stage IVA, cancer may have spread to one or more of the following areas: (1) the lining of the bladder; (2) the lining of the rectum; and/or (3) beyond the area of the pelvis containing the bladder, uterus, ovaries and cervix. Stage IVA anaplastic thyroid cancer - Stage IV is divided into stages IVA, IVB and IVC. In stage IVA, cancer is only found in the thyroid and the tumor can be any size Stage IVA lip and oral cavity cancer - Stage IV is divided into stages IVA, IVB and IVC. In stage IVA, the tumor (1) is larger than 4 centimeters and the deepest point of tumor invasion is larger than 10 millimeters; or cancer has spread to the outer surface of the upper or lower jaw bone, into the Stage IVA salivary gland cancer - Stage IV salivary gland cancer is divided into stages IVA, IVB and IVC. In stage IVA (1), the cancer has spread to the skin, jawbone, ear canal, and/or facial nerve. Stage IVB anaplastic thyroid cancer - Stage IV is divided into stages IVA, IVB and IVC. In stage IVB, one of the following is found: (1) cancer is found in the thyroid and the tumor can be any size; cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes; or (2) the tumor is of any size and the cancer has spread fr Stage IVB hypopharyngeal cancer - Stage IV hypopharyngeal cancer is divided into stages IVA, IVB and IVC. In stage IVB, the tumor (1) can be any size and the cancer may have spread to the thyroid cartilage, the bone above the thyroid cartilage, the thyroid gland, the cartilage around the trachea, es Stage IVB lip and oral cavity cancer - Stage IV is divided into stages IVA, IVB and IVC. In stage IVB, the tumor (1) has spread to a lymph node larger than 6 centimeters; or (2) has spread to a lymph node larger than 3 centimeters on the same side of the neck as the primary tumor and the cancer has Stage IVB salivary gland cancer - Stage IV salivary gland cancer is divided into stages IVA, IVB and IVC. In stage IVB (1), the tumor is of any size, and the cancer may have spread to soft tissue around the salivary gland or to the skin, jawbone, ear canal, and/or facial nerve. Stage IVC anaplastic thyroid cancer - Stage IV is divided into stages IVA, IVB and IVC. In stage IVC, the tumor is any size and the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as the lungs or bones. Stage IVC hypopharyngeal cancer - Stage IV hypopharyngeal cancer is divided into stages IVA, IVB and IVC. In stage IVC, the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as the lungs, liver, or bones Stage IVC lip and oral cavity cancer - Stage IV is divided into stages IVA, IVB and IVC. In stage IVC, the tumor has spread beyond the lip or oral cavity to other parts of the body, such as the lungs, liver, or bones Stage IVC maxillary sinus cancer - Stage IV maxillary sinus cancer is divided into stages IVA, IVB and IVC. In stage IVC, cancer can be found anywhere in or near the maxillary sinus, may have spread to lymph nodes, and has spread to organs far from the maxillary sinus such as the B. Stage V Wilms tumor - Cancer cells are found in both kidneys when the cancer is first diagnosed. The cancer in each kidney is classified separately as stage I, II, III, or IV Staging - (pronounced) (stay jing) Conducting examinations and tests to determine the extent of the cancer in the body, particularly whether the disease has spread to other parts of the body from where it first formed. Knowing the stage of the disease is important to plan the best treatment Standard of care - (pronounced) (STAN-durd. Standard procedure - (pronounced) (STAN-durd AH-puh-RAY-ting proh-SEE-jer) Written instructions to do a specific task in a specific way. In clinical trials, standard operating procedures are established to store records, collect data, screen and enroll subjects, and submit Institutional Review Board Standard therapy - (pronounced) (STAN-durd THAYR-uh-pee) A treatment accepted by medical experts as an appropriate treatment for a specific type of disease and widely used by healthcare professionals. Also called best practice, standard medical care and standard of care Stanford V - (pronounced) (STAN-furd…) An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat Hodgkin's lymphoma and being studied to treat other types of cancer. It includes the active ingredients mechlorethamine, doxorubicin hydrochloride, vinblastine sulfate, vincristine sulfate, bleomycin sulfa Statins - (pronounced) (statins) Any medicine in a group of medicines that lowers the amount of cholesterol and certain fats in the blood. Statins inhibit a key enzyme that contributes to the formation of cholesterol. Staurosporin - (pronounced) (STAW-raw-SPOR-een) A drug that belongs to the alkaloid family. It is being studied in the treatment of cancer Stavsor - (pronounced) (STAV zone) drug used to treat epileptic seizures and bipolar disorder, and to prevent migraine headaches. It is also being studied in the treatment of various types of cancer. Stavudine - (pronounced) (STA-vyoo-deen) A drug that belongs to the nucleoside analogue family. It is used to treat infections caused by viruses Staying Power - (pronounced) (STA-meh-nuh) The energy and strength to endure physical activity, stress or illness over time Stem cell mobilization - (pronounced) (Tribe sel MOH-bih-lih-ZAY-shun) process that uses certain drugs to cause the movement of stem cells from the bone marrow into the blood. The stem cells can be collected and stored. Stem cell transplant - (pronounced) (parent sel TRANZ plant) procedure in which a patient is given healthy stem cells (blood-forming cells) to replace their own stem cells that have been destroyed by treatment with radiation or high-dose chemotherapy. The healthy stem cells can come from the patient Stemgen - (pronounced) (STEM jen) substance that causes blood stem cells (cells from which other types of cells develop) to turn into different types of blood cells and increases the number and activity of these cells in the blood. It is being studied for the treatment of myelodysplasia. Sterile Talc - (pronounced) (STAYR-il. Steritalc - (pronounced) (STAYR-ih Talk) mist or powder form of the mineral magnesium silicate used to prevent malignant pleural effusions from recurring. Malignant pleural effusion is a condition in which cancer causes an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the space between the lungs and the chest w Steroid Cream - (pronounced) (STAYR-oyd. Steroid therapy - (pronounced) (STAYR-oyd THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment with corticosteroids to reduce swelling, pain and other symptoms of inflammation Steroids - (pronounced) (STAYR-oyd) group of lipids (fats) that have a specific chemical structure. Steroids occur naturally in plants and animals, or can be made in the laboratory. Stewart-Treves Syndrome - (pronounced) (STOO-wert-treevz SIN-drome) rare condition characterized by the presence of angiosarcoma (a malignant tumor of the blood or lymphatic vessels) in a person with chronic (long-term) lymphoedema. Lymphedema is a condition in which extra lymph fluid builds up in t Stivarga - (pronounced) (stih-VAR-guh) drug used to treat certain types of colon cancer, gastrointestinal stromal tumors and hepatocellular carcinoma (a type of liver cancer). It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Stomatitis - (pronounced) (STOH-muh-TY-tis) Inflammation or irritation of the lining of the mouth Stool - (pronounced) (Stool) The material in a bowel movement. The stool consists of undigested food, bacteria, mucus and cells of the intestinal lining. Strength - (pronounced) (Strength) substance found in plants. It contains chemically linked sugar molecules. Streptavidin - (pronounced) (Strep-TA-vih-din) small bacterial protein that binds to the vitamin biotin with high affinity. This streptavidin-biotin combination can be used to link molecules such as radioisotopes and monoclonal antibodies together. Streptozocin - (pronounced) (STREP-toh-ZOH-sin) A cancer medicine that belongs to the family of medicines called alkylating agents Stress Protein - One of a group of proteins that help protect cells from stresses such as heat, cold, and small amounts of oxygen or glucose (sugar). Stress proteins help other proteins function in normal cells and can be present at high levels in cancer cells. Stretcher - (pronounced) (DY layer) A device used to stretch or enlarge an opening Stroke - (pronounced) (Stroke) In medicine, a loss of blood flow to a part of the brain that damages brain tissue. Strokes are caused by blood clots and broken blood vessels in the brain. Strontium - (pronounced) (STRON-shee-um) A metal that is often used in radioactive form for imaging and cancer treatment Strontium chloride Sr 89 - (pronounced) (STRON-shee-um KLOR-ide. Strontium ranelate - (pronounced) (STRON-shee-um RAN-eh-layt) A substance being studied for the treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Strontium ranelate supports the growth of new bone tissue and reduces bone loss. Study Agent - (pronounced) (STUH-dee AY-jent) A drug, vitamin, mineral, dietary supplement, or combination thereof that is being tested in a clinical trial Study sponsor - (pronounced) (TRY-ul SPON-ser) A person, company, institution, group, or organization that oversees or pays for a clinical trial and collects and analyzes the data. Also referred to as a sponsor of clinical trials Sturge-Weber Syndrome - (pronounced) (sterj-VAY-ber SIN-drome) A rare, congenital disorder that affects the brain, skin, and eyes. Abnormal blood vessel growth occurs in the trigeminal nerve in the face and in the meninges (coverings) of the brain. Subarachnoid block - (pronounced) (Sub-uh-RAK-Noyd block) A temporary loss of feeling in the abdomen and/or lower body. Special drugs called anesthetics are injected into the fluid in the lower part of the spine to cause loss of feeling. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid - (pronounced) (SOO-beh-royl-AN-ih-lide hy-drok-SA-mik A-sid) A drug used to treat cutaneous T-cell lymphoma that has come back, worsened, or failed to improve during or after treatment with two systemic therapies. It is also being studied in the treatment of other ty Subserosa - (pronounced) (sub-seh-ROH-suh) The layer of tissue beneath the serosa (outer lining of some organs and body cavities) Subset Analysis - In a clinical study, evaluating the results of some, but not all, participating patients. The selected patients share one or more characteristics, such as the same disease stage or hormone receptor status Subspecialist - (sub-SPEH-shuh list) In healthcare, a physician or other provider who has advanced training in a specific area of medicine. Examples of subspecialists are pediatric oncologists (doctors who have special training in diagnosing and treating childhood cancer) and neuroradiologists (doct Subtenon - (pronounced) (SUB-teh-non) Used to describe injections through the membrane that covers the muscles and nerves at the back of the eyeball Sucralfate - (pronounced) (soo-KRAL-fayt) A drug used to treat ulcers. It attaches to proteins at the ulcer site and forms a protective layer over the ulcer. Suction Evacuation - (pronounced) (SUK-avoid ee-VA-kyoo-A-avoid) surgical procedure in which the cervix is dilated (opened) and vacuum is used to remove tissue from the uterus. Also called suction aspiration and vacuum aspiration Sudden Infant Death Syndrome - (pronounced) (suh-DEN in-FUNT deth SIN-drome) A disorder characterized by the sudden and unexpected death of a healthy child under the age of one year, usually during sleep. The cause of the sudden infant death is not known. Suicide - (pronounced) (SOO-ih PAGE) The act of intentionally taking one's own life Sulindac - (pronounced) (SUL-in-dak) A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) being studied for the treatment of cancer Sulphuric acid - (pronounced) (sul-FYUR-ik A-sid) strong acid which, in concentrated form, is extremely corrosive to skin and mucous membranes. It is used in the manufacture of fertilizers, dyes, electroplating, and industrial explosives Sun Soup - (pronounced) (sun soap) mixture of vegetables and other edible plants that has been studied to treat cancer. Vegetables include soybeans, shiitake mushrooms, mung beans, red dates, scallions, garlic, leeks, lentils, hawthorns, onions, ginseng, angelica root, licorice, dandelion root, sene Sun protection factor - A scale for rating sunburn protection in sunscreen products. The higher the sun protection factor, the better the sunburn protection. Suncream - (pronounced) (SUN screen) substance that helps protect the skin from the sun's harmful rays. Sunscreens reflect, absorb and scatter both ultraviolet A and B radiation to provide protection from both types of radiation. Sunitinib malate - (pronounced) (soo-NIH-tih-nib MA-layt) drug used to treat adults with certain types of gastrointestinal stromal tumors, neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas, or renal cell carcinoma (a type of kidney cancer). It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Superior Vena Cava Syndrome - (pronounced) (soo-PEER-ee-er VEE-nuh KAY-vuh SIN-drome) A condition in which a tumor presses against the superior vena cava (the large vein that carries blood from the head, neck, arms, and chest to the heart). This pressure blocks blood flow to the heart and can cause Superraterium - (pronounced) (SOO-pruh-ten-TOR-ee-um) The upper part of the brain, which contains the cerebrum, ventricles (fluid-filled spaces), choroid plexus, hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, and optic nerve. Examples of tumors that form in the supratentorium are glioblastomas, tumors Supervisor - (pronounced) (KAYR-gih-ver) A person who cares for people who need help to take care of themselves. Examples are children, the elderly or patients with chronic illnesses or disabilities. Supplement Protein - (pronounced) (KOM-pleh-ment PROH-teen) One of about 20 proteins found in the blood that is important in fighting infections and other diseases Support group - (pronounced) (suh-PORT group) group of people with similar illnesses or problems who help each other by sharing experiences and information Supprelin LA - (pronounced) (suh-PREH-lin. Suppressor T cell - (pronounced) (suh-PREH-ser T sel) type of immune cell that blocks the actions of some other types of lymphocytes to prevent the immune system from becoming overactive. Suppressor T cells are being studied to treat cancer. Suramin - (pronounced) (SOO-ruh-min) drug used to treat infections caused by parasites. It is also being studied in the treatment of cancer. Surgeon General - (pronounced) (SER-jun JEH-neh-rul) The chief physician and health educator for the United States. The US Surgeon General's mission is to provide the public with the best available scientific information on how to improve health and reduce the risk of disease and injury. Surgeons who can diagnose, treat, and manage children's urinary and genital problems. A pediatric urologist devotes a minimum of 50% of his or her practice to the urologic problems of infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatric urologists generally provide the following services: the evaluation Surgery - (pronounced) (SER-juh-ree) A procedure to remove or repair a part of the body or to determine if a disease is present. Also called business Surgical technologists are allied health professionals, who are an integral part of the team of medical practitioners providing surgical care to patients. Surgical technologists work under the supervision of a surgeon to facilitate the safe and effective conduct of invasive surgical procedures, ensu Survive - (pronounced) (Server VY Ver Ship) For cancer, survival focuses on the health and well-being of a person with cancer from the time of diagnosis to the end of life. This includes the physical, mental, emotional, social and financial impact of cancer, which begins with diagnosis and continues Survivors - (pronounced) (Server VY Ver) Someone who stays alive and continues to function during and after overcoming a severe hardship or life-threatening illness. In the case of cancer, a person is considered a survivor from the time of diagnosis until the end of life Sustiva - (pronounced) (suh-STEE-vuh) medicine used with other medicines to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. It stops HIV from making copies of itself. Sustol - (pronounced) (SUS tol) A medicine used alone or with other medicines in adults to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy. Sustol blocks the effects of a chemical called serotonin, which attaches to certain nerves and can cause nausea and vomiting. Sweet Elm - (pronounced) (sweet elm) The inner bark of this plant has been used in some cultures to treat certain medicinal problems. It can have antioxidant effects. Swyer Syndrome - (pronounced) (SWY-er SIN-drome) rare genetic condition in which people with one X chromosome and one Y chromosome (the usual pattern for males) appear female. They have normal female reproductive organs, including the uterus, fallopian tubes, and vagina. Syk kinase inhibitor R-935788 - (pronounced) (sik KY-nays in-HIH-bih-ter. Sylatron - (pronounced) (SY-luh-tron) A drug that contains the active substance peginterferon alfa-2b and is used to prevent melanoma from coming back after surgical removal. Sylatron is a type of cytokine and a type of immunomodulating agent Sympathetic nervous system - (pronounced) (SIM-puh-THEH-tik NER-vus SIS-tem) The part of the nervous system that increases heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and pupil size. It also constricts blood vessels and decreases digestive juices Symptom Management - (pronounced) (SIMP-tum MA-nij-ment) Care to relieve the symptoms of a disease, such as B. cancer, and the side effects caused by the treatment of the disease. Syncytium - (pronounced) (sin-SIH-shee-um) A large cellular structure formed by the joining of two or more cells. The plural is syncytia Synovial sarcoma - (pronounced) (sih-NOH-vee-ul sar-KOH-muh) A type of cancer that usually forms in the tissues around the joints in the arms or legs. It can also form in the trunk (chest and abdomen) or head and neck, and spread to the lungs, bones, and lymph nodes. Synovitis - (pronounced) (SIH-noh-VY-tis) Inflammation (swelling, pain, and warmth) of a synovial membrane, a layer of connective tissue lining a joint, such as a B. hip, knee, ankle or shoulder. Synribo - (pronounced) (sin-RY-boh) A drug used to treat adults with certain types of chronic myeloid leukemia that cannot be treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (a type of cancer drug) or who have not improved after treatment with at least two tyrosine kinase inhibitors. It is also being studie Sézary Syndrome - (pronounced) (sey-zah-REE SIN-drome) A cancer that affects the skin. It is a form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma Sézary cell - (pronounced) (sey-zah-REE sel) A cancerous T cell (a type of white blood cell) found in the blood, skin and lymph nodes of people with a rapidly growing type of skin lymphoma called Sézary syndrome. Under the microscope, Sézary cells have an abnormally shaped nucleus and appear larger T cell - A type of white blood cell. T cells are part of the immune system and develop from stem cells in the bone marrow. T cell lymphoma - A type of cancer that forms in T cells (a type of cell in the immune system). T-cell lymphomas can be either indolent (slow growing) or aggressive (fast growing). T lymphocytes - type of white blood cell. T lymphocytes are part of the immune system and develop from stem cells in the bone marrow. T-3 - A thyroid hormone. Also called triiodothyronine T-DM1 - A drug used to treat certain patients with HER2-positive breast cancer who have already been treated with trastuzumab and a type of cancer drug called a taxane. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. T-LGL Leukemia - A type of leukemia in which large T lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) containing granules (small particles) are found in the blood. It is a chronic disease that can last a long time and get worse. T-VEC - A drug used to treat melanoma that has come back after surgery. It is used in patients whose cancer is in the skin and lymph nodes and cannot be surgically removed. T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia - (pronounced) (T-sel uh-KYOOT LIM-foh-BLAS-tik loo-KEE-mee-uh) An aggressive (rapidly growing) type of leukemia (blood cancer) in which too many T-cell lymphoblasts (immature white blood cells) are found in the bone marrow and blood. Also called precursor T-lymph T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia - (pronounced) (T-sel uh-KYOOT LIM-foh-SIH-tik loo-KEE-mee-uh) An aggressive (rapidly growing) type of leukemia (blood cancer) in which too many T-cell lymphoblasts (immature white blood cells) are found in the bone marrow and blood. Also called precursor T-lymphobl T-lymphoblastic lymphoma - (pronounced) (T-LIM-foh-BLAS-tik lim-FOH-moo) type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in which too many T-cell lymphoblasts (immature white blood cells) are found in the lymph nodes and spleen. It is most common in young men. T-regulatory cell - (pronounced) (T-REH-gyoo-luh-TOR-ee sel) A type of immune cell that blocks the actions of some other types of lymphocytes to prevent the immune system from becoming overactive. T-regulatory cells are being studied in the treatment of cancer. T138067 - A cancer drug that belongs to the antimitotic family. It inhibits the growth of cancer cells by preventing cell division T315I mutation - type of mutation (change) in the BCR-ABL fusion protein, an abnormal protein that occurs in most people with chronic myeloid leukemia and some with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The T315I mutation can make cancer cells resistant (unable to respond) to anti-cancer drugs called tyrosi T4 - A hormone produced by the thyroid gland and containing iodine. T4 increases the speed of chemical reactions in cells and helps control growth and development. T4N5 liposomal lotion - lotion being studied to treat skin cancer and a skin condition called xeroderma pigmentosum. It has an enzyme contained in very small, fat-like particles. T900607 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of tubulin-binding agents TAC - An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used with other therapies to treat breast cancer. It includes the drugs docetaxel (Taxotere), doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin), and cyclophosphamide. TAC scheme - An acronym for a combination of chemotherapy used with other forms of therapy to treat breast cancer. It includes the drugs docetaxel (Taxotere), doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin), and cyclophosphamide. TAC-101 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the drug families called synthetic retinoids and angiogenesis inhibitors TACE - (pronounced) A procedure in which the blood supply to a tumor is blocked after anti-cancer drugs have been injected into blood vessels near the tumor. Sometimes the cancer drugs are attached to small beads that are injected into an artery that supplies the tumor. TAE - A procedure in which the blood supply to a tumor or abnormal area of tissue is blocked. During TAE, a small incision (cut) is made on the inner thigh and a catheter (thin, flexible tube) is inserted and passed into an artery near the tumor or abnormal tissue. TAG-72 antigen - A protein/sugar complex found on the surface of many cancer cells, including breast, colon, and pancreas cells TAM - A disease of the bone marrow that can occur in newborn babies with Down syndrome. It is characterized by abnormal, immature haematopoietic cells in the blood and bone marrow (particularly the cells involved in the formation of platelets). TB - A disease caused by a certain type of bacteria that spreads from one person to another through the air. TB can affect many parts of the body, but it most commonly affects the lungs. TBI - A type of radiation therapy given to the whole body. TBI is often used in conjunction with high-dose cancer drugs to prepare a patient for a stem cell transplant. TCE - A device used to examine tissue in the esophagus. It's a tiny capsule with a laser scanner inside and a very thin cord attached to it. TCGA - A project to identify the full set of DNA alterations in many different types of cancer. Studying these changes can help researchers understand how different types of cancer form. TCM - A medical system that has been used to prevent, diagnose, and treat disease for thousands of years. It is based on the belief that Qi (the body's life force energy) flows along meridians (channels) in the body and keeps a person's spiritual, emotional, mental and physical health in balance. TCR - A group of proteins found on T cells (a type of immune cell that recognize and bind to foreign substances). TCRs bind to specific antigens (proteins) found on abnormal cells, cancer cells, cells from other organisms, and cells infected with a virus or other microorganism. TDR - A way of describing how family members are related to each other when there are two other family members in the bloodline between them. Examples of a TDR are first cousin, great-grandparent, great-aunt, great-uncle, great-niece, great-nephew, great-grandson, half-aunt, or half-uncle. TEN - (pronounced) procedure in which weak electric currents are applied to certain parts of the skin. Also called transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation TERC gene - A gene that makes a protein involved in maintaining telomeres (the ends of chromosomes) and repairing chromosomes. Mutations (changes) in the TERC gene have been found in a rare inherited condition called dyskeratosis congenita (DKC) and some other conditions. TERT gene - A gene that makes a protein involved in maintaining the telomeres (the ends of the chromosomes). Mutations (changes) in the TERT gene have been found in some types of cancer, including melanoma, acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer and cholangiocarcinoma (cancer that forms in the bile d TESA - A procedure in which a sample of sperm and tissue is taken from the testicle through a small needle attached to a syringe. The sperm is separated from the tissue and examined under a microscope in the laboratory. TESE - A procedure in which sperm cells are collected and either used immediately to fertilize eggs or frozen for later infertility treatment. Tissue is removed from the testicle through a small incision (cut) and examined for sperm under a microscope in the laboratory. TG4010 - A substance under investigation as a cancer drug TGCT - A type of rare tumor found in the synovium (tissue lining the joints), tendon sheath (tissue covering the tendons), or bursa (a fluid-filled sac between bone, tendons, and bursae) forms muscles). These tumors result in thickening and overgrowth of the affected synovium, tendon sheath, or burs TGFBR1 gene - gene that makes a protein involved in controlling cell growth, cell division, cell differentiation, cell movement, and cell death. Mutations (changes) in the TGFBR1 gene have been found in an inherited condition called multiple self-healing squamous epithelioma (MSSE) and some other co THU - A substance being studied to treat some types of cancer. It can help make cancer cells easier to kill with radiation therapy. TIL - A type of immune cell that has migrated from the blood into a tumor. TILs can recognize and kill cancer cells. TIL therapy - type of treatment in which tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (a type of immune cell that can recognize and kill cancer cells) are removed from a patient's tumor and grown in large numbers in a laboratory. These lymphocytes are then given back to the patient via IV fluid to help the immune TINF2 gene - A gene that makes a protein involved in protecting the telomeres (the ends of the chromosomes), which help keep the chromosomes from sticking together or collapsing. Mutations (changes) in the TINF2 gene can cause damage to chromosomes and DNA, which can lead to abnormal cell growth. TLF - A drug being studied to treat kidney cancer that has spread. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer and other conditions. TLK286 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of glutathione analogues. TM - A mental technique used to promote relaxation, reduce stress and improve quality of life. TM is the registered trademark of Maharishi Foundation Ltd. TMB - The total number of mutations (changes) found in the DNA of cancer cells. Knowing the TMB can help plan the best treatment. TMC6 gene - A gene that produces a protein involved in forming channels through which proteins and other molecules move in cells. Mutations (changes) in the TMC6 gene have been found in a hereditary disease called epidermodysplasia verruciformis. TMC8 gene - gene that produces a protein involved in forming channels through which proteins and other molecules move in cells. Mutations (changes) in the TMC8 gene have been found in a hereditary disease called epidermodysplasia verruciformis. TMD - A disease of the bone marrow that can occur in newborn babies with Down syndrome. It is characterized by abnormal, immature haematopoietic cells in the blood and bone marrow (particularly the cells involved in the formation of platelets). TNBC - A type of breast cancer in which the tumor cells do not have estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, or large amounts of HER2/neu protein on their surface. Knowing if breast cancer is triple negative is important for treatment planning. TNF - A protein made by white blood cells in response to an antigen (a substance that causes the immune system to produce a specific immune response) or an infection. TNF can also be made in the laboratory. TNF-bound colloidal gold - substance being studied to treat some types of cancer. TNF-bound colloidal gold is made in the lab by attaching a cancer-killing protein called tumor necrosis factor (TNF) to the surface of very small gold particles. TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand - A cellular protein that can attach itself to certain molecules in some cancer cells and kill the cells. TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand is being studied in the treatment of cancer. TNFerade - (pronounced) A gene therapy product being studied in combination with radiation therapy in the treatment of cancer TNM staging system - A system for describing the amount and spread of cancer in a patient's body using TNM. T describes the size of the tumor and any spread of cancer to adjacent tissues; N describes the spread of cancer to nearby lymph nodes; and M describes metastasis (spread of cancer to other pa TNP-470 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It can prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. TORS - Surgery that uses a robot with arms to remove cancer from hard-to-reach areas of the mouth and throat. Cameras attached to the robot provide a three-dimensional (3D) image for a surgeon to see. TP-38 immunotoxin - A substance being studied to treat brain tumors. It combines a protein that binds to certain tumor cells with a bacterial toxin that kills tumor cells TP53 gene - gene that makes a protein found in the nucleus of the cell that plays a key role in controlling cell division and cell death. Mutations (changes) in the TP53 gene can cause cancer cells to grow and spread throughout the body. TPF - An acronym for a combination chemotherapy regimen used to treat certain types of head and neck cancer and stomach cancer. It includes the drugs docetaxel (Taxotere), cisplatin (Platinol), and fluorouracil. TPF scheme - An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat certain types of head and neck cancer and stomach cancer. It includes the drugs docetaxel (Taxotere), cisplatin (Platinol), and fluorouracil. TPN - A form of nutrition given into a vein. TPN does not use the digestive system. TPO - A substance in the body that helps make blood cells, particularly platelets. A laboratory-made form of TPO is known as recombinant human TPO and rHu-TPO. TRAIL receptor 1 - protein on the surface of certain cells that binds another protein called TRAIL, which can kill some cancer cells. Increasing the amount or activity of TRAIL receptor 1 on cancer cells can kill more cells. TRAIL receptor 2 - A protein on the surface of certain cells that binds another protein called TRAIL, which can kill some cancer cells. Increasing the amount or activity of TRAIL receptor 2 on cancer cells can kill more cells. TRAIL-R1 - (pronounced) (tray. TRAIL-R2 - (pronounced) (tray…) A protein on the surface of certain cells that binds another protein called TRAIL, which can kill some cancer cells. Increasing the amount or activity of TRAIL-R2 on cancer cells can kill more cells. TRAM flap - type of surgery used to restore the shape of the breast after a mastectomy. A muscle in the lower abdomen called the rectus abdominis is moved along with skin, fat, and blood vessels from the lower abdomen to the chest. TRK protein family - family of proteins found on nerve cells. They are involved in cell signaling pathways that control cell growth, cell maturation, and cell survival. TRPV6 - A protein found in cell membranes that transports calcium into cells. TRPV6 levels are lower than normal in patients who do not have enough vitamin D. TRUS - A procedure in which a probe that emits high-energy sound waves is inserted into the rectum. The sound waves are reflected from internal tissues or organs and create echoes. TSEB radiotherapy - A type of radiation therapy using electrons aimed at the entire surface of the body. This type of radiation penetrates the outer layers of the skin, but does not penetrate deeper into tissues and organs under the skin. TSH - A hormone produced by the pituitary gland. TSH stimulates the release of thyroid hormone from thyroglobulin. TSNA - A type of harmful, carcinogenic chemical found in tobacco and tobacco smoke. TSNAs are formed when tobacco leaves are grown, cured, aged, and processed. TTI-237 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of so-called mitotic inhibitors TTMB - A procedure being studied for diagnosing prostate cancer and planning prostate cancer treatment. Ultrasound is used to create a map of the prostate so that the entire prostate can be viewed in three dimensions and divided into 24 areas. TTP - The length of time from the date of diagnosis or the start of treatment for a disease until the disease worsens or spreads to other parts of the body. In a clinical trial, measuring TTP is one way to see how well a new treatment is working. TUEVAP - A procedure used to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). An instrument is inserted through the urethra into the prostate. TUIP - A procedure to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). It involves inserting an instrument through the urethra and making one or two small incisions in the bladder neck and prostate. TUMT - A procedure to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). An instrument is inserted through the urethra into the bladder. TUNA - A procedure to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). An instrument with a small probe that emits low-level radiofrequency energy is inserted through the urethra into the prostate. TUR - Surgery performed with a special instrument inserted through the urethra. Also called transurethral resection TURP - (pronounced) Surgery to remove tissue from the prostate using an instrument inserted through the urethra. Also called transurethral resection of the prostate TUVP - A procedure to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). An instrument is inserted through the urethra into the prostate. TVS - A procedure to examine the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries and bladder. An instrument is inserted into the vagina that causes sound waves to bounce off organs in the pelvis. TYR gene - gene that makes a protein involved in making melanin (a pigment that gives color to skin, hair, and eyes). Mutations (changes) in the TYR gene have been found in a hereditary condition called oculocutaneous albinism. TYRP1 gene - A gene that makes a protein involved in making melanin (a pigment that gives color to skin, hair, and eyes). Mutations (changes) in the TYRP1 gene have been found in a hereditary condition called oculocutaneous albinism. TZT-1027 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It's a type of tubulin inhibitor. Tabrecta - (pronounced) (ta-BREK-tah) drug used to treat adults with non-small cell lung cancer that has spread and has a specific mutation (change) in the MET gene. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Tacrolimus - (pronounced) (tak-ROH-lih-mus) A drug used to reduce the risk of the body rejecting organ and bone marrow transplants Tadalafil - (pronounced) (tuh-DA-luh-fil) A drug used to treat erectile dysfunction. It is also being studied to treat sexual problems in patients who have had radiation or surgery for prostate cancer. Tafasitamab - (pronounced) (TA-fuh-SIH-tuh-mab) drug used with lenalidomide to treat adults with certain types of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma that have come back (come back) or have not improved after treatment with another cancer therapy. It is used in patients who cannot be treated with autologo Tafinlar - (pronounced) (TA-fin-lar) drug used alone or with trametinib to treat certain types of anaplastic thyroid cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, melanoma, and other solid tumors that have a specific mutation (change) in the BRAF gene. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types Tagrisso - (pronounced) (tuh-GRIH-soh) drug used to treat adults with certain types of non-small cell lung cancer that have certain mutations (changes) in the EGFR gene. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Tai Chi - (pronounced) (ty chee) A form of traditional Chinese body/mind exercise and meditation that uses slow sets of body movements and controlled breathing. Tai Chi is performed to improve balance, flexibility, muscle strength and overall health Talabostat mesylate - (pronounced) (tal-A-boh-stat MEH-zih-layt) A substance being studied to treat cancer, including certain types of lung, pancreas and brain cancer. Talabostat mesylate can help the immune system block the growth of cancer cells. Talactoferrin - (pronounced) (tuh-LAK-toh-FAYR-in) drug being studied to treat spreading kidney cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer and other conditions. Talam panel - (pronounced) (tuh-LAM-puh-nel) A substance being studied for the treatment of brain tumors and other brain disorders such as epilepsy and Parkinson's disease. It's a type of AMPA receptor antagonist Talaporfin Sodium - (pronounced) (ta-luh-POR-fin SOH-dee-um) drug used in photodynamic therapy. When absorbed by cancer cells and exposed to light, the drug becomes active and kills the cancer cells Talazoparib tosylate - (pronounced) (TA-luh-ZOH-puh-rib TOH-suh-layt) A drug used to treat adults with HER2-negative breast cancer that is locally advanced or has spread and has certain mutations (changes) in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer Talk - (pronounced) mist or powder form of the mineral magnesium silicate used to prevent malignant pleural effusions from recurring. Malignant pleural effusion is a condition in which cancer causes an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the space between the lungs and the chest wall. Talk Therapy - Treating mental, emotional, personality, and behavioral disorders using methods such as discussion, listening, and counseling. Also called psychotherapy Talotrexin - (pronounced) (ta-loh-TREK-sin) substance being studied to treat leukemia and some other types of cancer. It belongs to the antifolate family Talzenna - (pronounced) (tal-ZEH-nuh) A drug used to treat adults with HER2-negative breast cancer that is locally advanced or has spread and has certain mutations (changes) in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Tamiflu - (pronounced) (TA-meh-flea) drug used to prevent and treat influenza virus infections. It blocks the release of the virus from infected cells. Tamoxifen Citrate - (pronounced) (tuh-MOK-sih-FEN SIH tray) A drug used to treat certain types of breast cancer in women and men, to prevent invasive breast cancer in women who have had ductal carcinoma in situ (abnormal cells in the milk ducts) and to prevent breast cancer in women who have a Ducta Tandutinib - (pronounced) (tan-DOO-tih-nib) A substance being studied to treat some types of cancer. It can stop cancer cells from growing by blocking certain enzymes. Tapentadol hydrochloride - (pronounced) (tuh-PEN-tuh-dol HY-droh-KLOR-ide) A drug used to treat moderate to severe pain. It binds to opioid receptors and other molecules in the central nervous system. Tarceva - (pronounced) (tar-SEE-vuh) drug used alone to treat certain types of non-small cell lung cancer and together with gemcitabine hydrochloride to treat certain types of pancreatic cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Targeted radionuclide therapy - (pronounced) (TAR-go-ted RAY-dee-oh-NOO-klide THAYR-uh-pee) type of radiation therapy that combines a radionuclide (a radioactive chemical) with a cell-targeting molecule, such as a B. a monoclonal antibody, and injected into the body. Targeted therapy - (pronounced) (TAR-go-ted THAYR-uh-pee) type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to target specific molecules that cancer cells need to survive and spread. Targeted therapies work in different ways to treat cancer. Targretin - (pronounced) (Tar-GREH-Tin) drug used to treat skin problems caused by cutaneous T-cell lymphoma that have not improved after another treatment. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Tariquidar - (pronounced) (tar-IH-kwih-dar) A substance being studied to treat cancer. It can help tumor cells respond again to drugs to which they have become resistant (unresponsive). Tarvacine - (pronounced) (TAR-vuh-sin) substance being studied to treat various types of cancer and infections caused by certain viruses. It attaches to substances on the surface of tumor cells, certain viruses and virus-infected cells. Tasigna - (pronounced) (tuh-SIG-nuh) A drug used to treat certain types of chronic myeloid leukemia that are Philadelphia chromosome positive. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Taurolidine - (pronounced) (TAW-raw-LIH-deen) substance being studied to treat cancer. It belongs to the anti-infective family Tavalisse - (pronounced) (TA-vah-lees) A drug used to treat thrombocytopenia (low blood platelet count) in adults with chronic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) that has not improved with other treatments. ITP is a condition in which platelets are destroyed by the immune system. Taxane - (pronounced) (TAK sayn) type of drug that blocks cell growth by stopping mitosis (cell division). Taxanes disrupt microtubules (cellular structures that help move chromosomes during mitosis). Taxoid XRP6258 - (pronounced) (TAK-zoyd…) A drug used with prednisone to treat prostate cancer that has spread to other parts of the body and is resistant to castration (has not responded to treatments that lower testosterone levels). It is used in patients who have already been treated with anti-ca Taxotere - (pronounced) (TAK-soh-tar) A drug used alone or with other drugs to treat certain types of breast cancer, stomach cancer, gastroesophageal junction cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, prostate cancer, and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. It is also being studied in the treatm Tazarotes - (pronounced) (ta-ZAR-oh-teen) drug used on the skin to treat various skin conditions. It is also being studied for the treatment of basal cell skin cancer and basal cell nevus syndrome. Tazemetostat hydrobromide - (pronounced) (TA-zeh-MEH-toh-stat HY-droh-BROH-mide) drug used to treat adults and children 16 years and older with a rare type of soft tissue sarcoma called epitheloid sarcoma and adults with certain types of follicular lymphoma. It is also being studied in the treatment Tazorak - (pronounced) (TAZ-oh-rak) drug used on the skin to treat various skin conditions. It is also being studied for the treatment of basal cell skin cancer and basal cell nevus syndrome. Tazverik - (pronounced) (taz-VAYR-ik) A drug used to treat adults and children 16 years and older with a rare type of soft tissue sarcoma called epitheloid sarcoma and adults with certain types of follicular lymphoma. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Tc 99m sulfur colloid - substance that is being studied to find cancer in the body. It is also used to find sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer. Tc-99m SC - A substance that is being studied to find cancer in the body. It is also used to find sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer. Tc-99m dextran - substance being studied to find sentinel lymph nodes in some types of skin cancer and breast cancer. It contains a radioactive substance called technetium linked to a substance called dextran. Tea Tree - (pronounced) (tea tree) tree that belongs to the myrtle family. Tea tree oil is used in shampoos and skin care products, and to treat skin infections. Tecartus - (pronounced) (teh-KAR-tus) A drug used to treat adults with mantle cell lymphoma or B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia that has come back or has not improved after other treatment. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Tecentriq - (pronounced) (teh-SEN-trik) drug that binds to the protein PD-L1 to help immune cells kill cancer cells better and is used to treat various types of cancer, including cancers that express PD-L1. Tecentriq is used alone or with other medicines to treat adults with certain types of hepatoc Technician - (pronounced) (Tek-NIH-shun) A person trained in the techniques (methods) and skills of a profession. For example, a mammography technician is trained to perform mammography Teclistamab - (tek-LIS-tuh-mab) drug used to treat adults with multiple myeloma that has returned or failed to improve after treatment with at least four other cancer therapies, including an immunomodulatory agent, a proteasome inhibitor, and an anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody. Teclistamab attaches to Tecvayli - (tek-VAY-lee) drug used to treat adults with multiple myeloma that has returned or failed to improve after treatment with at least four other cancer therapies, including an immunomodulatory agent, a proteasome inhibitor, and an anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody. Tecvayli attaches to a protein Tegafur-uracil - (pronounced) (TEH-guh-fer-YOOR-uh-sil) substance being studied to treat some types of cancer. It is a combination of tegafur and uracil. Teicoplanin - (pronounced) (ty-koh-PLAY-nin) A substance used to treat bacterial infections. It belongs to the family of antibiotics called antibiotics Telangiectasia - (pronounced) (teh-LAN-jee-ek-TAY-zhuh) The permanent widening of blood vessels that causes reddening of the skin or mucous membranes Telemedicine - (pronounced) (TEH-leh-MEH-dih-sin) The delivery of healthcare services remotely using electronic information and technology such as computers, cameras, video conferencing, satellites, wireless communications and the Internet. Also called telemedicine Telomerase - (pronounced) (teh-LOH-meh rays) An enzyme in cells that helps keep them alive by adding DNA to the telomeres (the ends of the chromosomes). With each cell division, telomeres lose a small amount of DNA and become shorter. Telomere - (pronounced) (TEH-loh-meer) The ends of a chromosome. With each cell division, telomeres lose a small amount of DNA and become shorter. Telzyta - (pronounced) (tel-SY-tuh) A substance being studied to treat cancer. It belongs to the family of glutathione analogues. Temodar - (pronounced) (TEH-moh-dar) A drug used to treat adults with certain types of brain tumors. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Temoporfin - (pronounced) (teh-moh-POR-fin) A cancer drug that is also used in cancer prevention. It belongs to the photosensitizer family Temozolomide - (pronounced) (teh-moh-ZOH-loh-mide) drug used to treat adults with certain types of brain tumors. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Teniposide - (pronounced) (teh-nih POH page) An anticancer drug that is a podophyllotoxin derivative and belongs to the family of drugs called antimitotics Tenosynovial giant cell tumor - (pronounced) (TEH-noh-sih-NOH-vee-ul JY-unt sel TOO-mer) type of rare tumor that forms in the synovium (tissue that lines the joints), tendon sheath (tissue that covers the tendons), or bursa (a fluid-filled sac between bones, tendons, and muscles). These tumors resul Tepadines - (pronounced) (teh-pah-DEE-nuh) A drug used to treat certain types of bladder cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer and malignant effusion (a condition in which cancer causes an abnormal amount of fluid to collect in cavities or between tissues in the body). It is also being studied in th Tepmetko - (pronounced) (tep-MET-koh) drug used to treat adults with non-small cell lung cancer that has spread to other parts of the body and has a specific mutation (change) in the MET gene. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Tepotinib hydrochloride - (pronounced) (teh-POH-tih-nib HY-droh-KLOR-ide) drug used to treat adults with non-small cell lung cancer that has spread to other parts of the body and has a specific mutation (change) in the MET gene. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Terazosin hydrochloride - (pronounced) (ter-AY-zoh-sin HY-droh-KLOR-ide) A drug used to treat urinary problems caused by an enlarged prostate. It is also used to treat high blood pressure and is being studied to treat other conditions. Testicle - (pronounced) (tes-TIH-kyoo-ler kord) A cord-like structure in the male reproductive system that contains nerves, blood and lymphatic vessels, and the vas deferens (a tortuous tube that carries sperm from the testicles). It runs from the abdomen to the testicles and connects to the testicl Testicle Shield - (pronounced) (tes-TIH-kyoo-ler SHEEL thing) A procedure used to keep a man fertile by preventing damage to the testicles during radiation therapy. During pelvic radiation, a protective shield is placed over the scrotum (the outer sac that contains the testicles). Testicles - (pronounced) (TES-tih-kul) One of two egg-shaped glands in the scrotum that produce sperm and male hormones. Also called testicles Testicular cancer - (pronounced) (tes-TIH-kyoo-ler KAN-ser) Cancer that forms in the tissues of one or both testicles. Testicular cancer most commonly occurs in young or middle-aged men. Testicular germ cell tumor - (pronounced) (tes-TIH-kyoo-ler jerm sel TOO-mer) type of tumor that forms in a testicle from germ cells (cells that produce sperm). Two main types of testicular germ cell tumors are seminoma and nonseminoma. Testicular sperm aspiration - (pronounced) (tes-TIH-kyoo-ler … AS-pih-RAY-shun) procedure in which a sample of sperm and tissue is taken from the testicle through a small needle attached to a syringe. The sperm is separated from the tissue and examined under a microscope in the laboratory. Testosterone - (pronounced) (tes-TOS-teh-rone) A hormone made primarily in the testicles (part of the male reproductive system). It is needed to develop and maintain male sex characteristics such as facial hair, deep voice and muscle growth. Testosterone boost - (pronounced) (tes-TOS-teh-rone flayr) temporary increase in testosterone levels in the body caused by certain types of hormone therapies used to treat prostate cancer. A testosterone surge can occur in patients taking so-called gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists. Tetanus toxoid - (pronounced) (TEH-tuh-nus TOK-soyd) A substance derived from the toxin released by the bacterium that causes the disease tetanus. It is used as a vaccine to prevent tetanus or to boost the immune response to other vaccines Tetra-O-methyl-NDGA - (pronounced) (TEH-true-O-MEH-thul. Tetra-O-methylnordihydroguaiaretic acid - (pronounced) (TEH-truh-O-MEH-thul NOR-dy-HY-droh-GWY-uh-reh-tik A-sid) A substance being studied to treat cancer. It blocks proteins needed for cancer growth. Tetracycline - (pronounced) (TEH-truh-SY-kleen) A drug used to treat bacterial infections. It stops bacteria from growing by preventing them from making proteins. Tetradecanoylphorbol acetate - (pronounced) (TEH-truh-DEH-kuh-noyl-FOR-bol A-seh-tayt) substance being studied to treat leukemia and lymphoma. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Tetrahydrouridine - (pronounced) (TEH-truh-HY-droh-YOOR-ih-deen) A substance being studied to treat some types of cancer. It can help make cancer cells easier to kill with radiation therapy. Thalidomide - (pronounced) (thuh-LIH-doh-mide) drug used with dexamethasone to treat multiple myeloma in patients who have just been diagnosed. It is also used to treat a painful skin condition associated with leprosy. Thalomides - (pronounced) (THA-loh-MID) drug used with dexamethasone to treat multiple myeloma in patients who have just been diagnosed. It is also used to treat a painful skin condition associated with leprosy. That area of dentistry concerned with the supervision, guidance and correction of the growing or mature dentofacial structures, including those conditions that require movement of teeth or correction of malrelationships and malformations of their related structures and the adjustment of relationship That branch of dentistry pertaining to the restoration and maintenance of oral functions, comfort, appearance and health of the patient by the restoration of natural teeth and/or the replacement of missing teeth and contiguous oral and maxillofacial tissues with artificial substitutes. That part of a "fixed" (non-temporary, non-deployed) DoD or Coast Guard entity furnishing surgical procedures requiring medically supervised recovery. Similar to a civilian ambulatory surgical center. May be in shared resources with a DoD or Coast Guard Clinic or a DoD Hospital. Does not include That specialty of dentistry which encompasses the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the supporting and surrounding tissues of the teeth or their substitutes and the maintenance of the health, function and esthetics of these structures and tissues. The Cancer Genome Atlas - project to identify the full set of DNA changes in many different types of cancer. Studying these changes can help researchers understand how different types of cancer form. The Defense Health Program or U.S. Coast Guard funded "fixed" facilities or distinct parts of a facility, providing outpatient medical and dental services, primarily for Uniformed Services beneficiaries. A "fixed" facility is a non-temporary, non-deployed facility. It includes mobile specialty uni The Health & Wellness Coach is trained in motivational theories, strategies, and communication techniques, which are used to assist patients to develop intrinsic motivation and obtain skills to create sustainable change for improved health and well-being. Health and wellness coaching is a patient-ce The NUCC recommends this code not be used. Choose a more appropriate code. The Neuromusculoskeletal Medicine and Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine physician directs special attention to the neuromusculoskeletal system and its interaction with other body systems. Neuromusculoskeletal Medicine and Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine encompasses increased knowledge and understa The Pediatric Chiropractor is a chiropractor with specialized, advanced training and certification in the evaluation, care and management of health and wellness conditions of infancy, childhood and adolescence. This specialist provides primary, comprehensive, therapeutic and preventative chiropract The behavior technician is a paraprofessional who practices under the close, ongoing supervision of a behavior analyst or assistant behavior analyst certified by the Behavior Analyst Certification Board and/or credentialed by a state (such as through licensure). The behavior technician is primarily The branch of dentistry that is concerned with the morphology, physiology and pathology of the human dental pulp and periradicular tissues. Its study and practice encompass the basic and clinical sciences including biology of the normal pulp, the etiology, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of dis The care and treatment of premature infants, newborns and children. This includes management of mechanical ventilation, assessment, diagnostics and generalized respiratory treatments. The change (avoid all-the-RAY) A change that results in something different from the original The dance therapist, sometimes called a movement therapist, focuses on rhythmic body movements as a medium of physical and psychological change. Dance therapy is practiced more often with mental health patients than with physically disabled patients. A master's degree is required by the American Dan The discipline of Hepatology encompasses the structure, function, and diseases of the liver and biliary tract. The American Board of Internal Medicine considers Hepatology part of the subspecialty of gastroenterology. Physicians who identify themselves as Hepatologists usually, but not always, have The focus of patient and family education activities is to promote knowledge of disease process, medical therapy, and self help. Respiratory therapists are uniquely qualified to provide this service in regard to cardiopulmonary diseases and injury. The highly-trained surgeons that perform Mohs Micrographic Surgery are specialists both in dermatology and pathology. With their extensive knowledge of the skin and unique pathological skills, they are able to remove only diseased tissue, preserving healthy tissue and minimizing the cosmetic impact The immediate availability of diagnostic and therapeutic cardiopulmonary services in the assessment and management of trauma victims, patients requiring airway management and others requiring emergency care. The manufacture and/or sale of electronic hearing aids, their component parts, and related products and services on a national basis. The medical subspecialty of Neurocritical Care is devoted to the comprehensive, multisystem care of the critically-ill neurological patient. Like other intensivists, the neurointensivist generally assumes the primary role for coordinating the care of his or her patients in the ICU, both the neurolog The professional activities performed by an Optometrist related to the fitting of contact lenses to an eye, ongoing evaluation of the cornea's ability to sustain successful contact lens wear, and treatment of any external eye or corneal condition which can affect contact lens wear. The respiratory therapist can assist the chronic pulmonary patient in returning to an optimal role in society by providing an effective program. It includes bronchopulmonary drainage, exercise therapy, and patient education. The science and art of preventing and controlling dental diseases and promoting dental health through organized community efforts. It is that form of dental practice that serves the community as a patient rather than the individual. It is concerned with the dental health education of the public, w The specialty of dentistry and discipline of pathology that deals with the nature, identification, and management of diseases affecting the oral and maxillofacial regions. It is a science that investigates the causes, processes, and effects of these diseases. The practice of oral and maxillofacial The specialty of dentistry and discipline of radiology concerned with the production and interpretation of images and data produced by all modalities of radiant energy that are used for the diagnosis and management of diseases, disorders and conditions of the oral and maxillofacial region. The specialty of dentistry which includes the diagnosis, surgical and adjunctive treatment of diseases, injuries and defects involving both the functional and esthetic aspects of the hard and soft tissues of the oral and maxillofacial region. The speech-language pathologist is the professional who engages in clinical services, prevention, advocacy, education, administration, and research in the areas of communication and swallowing across the life span from infancy through geriatrics. Speech-language pathologists address typical and atyp The surgeon - (pronounced) (SER-jun) A doctor who removes or repairs a body part by operating on the patient The system by which human blood is classified, based on proteins occurring on red blood cells; the four classification groups are A, AB, B, and O The term local education agency means a public board of education or other public authority legally constituted within a State to either provide administrative control or direction of, or perform a service function for public schools serving individuals ages 0 - 21 in a state, city, county, township Theaflavin - (pronounced) (dee-uh-FLAY-vin) A substance produced when green tea is fermented into black tea. It is being studied to treat cancer and other conditions such as high cholesterol. Theobromine - (pronounced) (you-oh-BROH-meen) substance closely related to caffeine and found in cocoa beans, kola nuts, and tea. It can also be made in the lab. Theophylline - (pronounced) (you-AH-fih-lin) A drug used to improve breathing in people with shortness of breath. It belongs to the family of bronchodilators, or airway smooth muscle relaxants Theraloc - (pronounced) (THAYR-uh-lok) A substance being studied to treat some types of cancer. Theraloc attaches to a protein called epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which is found on some normal cells and some types of cancer cells. Therapy - (pronounced) (THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment Thermography - (pronounced) (ther-MAH-gruh fee) In medicine, a procedure that uses a heat-sensitive infrared camera to record the surface heat generated by various parts of the body. Abnormal tissue growth can cause temperature changes that can show up on the thermogram. Thermotherapy - (pronounced) (THER-moh-THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment of diseases with heat These agencies are authorized to provide day habilitation services to developmentally disabled individuals who live in their homes. The function of day habilitation is to assist an individual to acquire and maintain those life skills that enable the individual to cope more effectively with the dema Thiamine - (pronounced) (YOUR-uh-min) nutrient in the vitamin B complex that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Thiamine helps some enzymes work properly, helps break down sugar in the diet, and keeps your nerves and heart healthy. Thiethylperazine - (pronounced) (your-EH-thul-PAYR-uh-zeen) A drug used to prevent or reduce nausea and vomiting. It belongs to the antiemetic and phenothiazine drug families Thioguanine - (pronounced) (THY-oh-GWAH-neen) A drug used to treat acute myeloid leukemia. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. This level of care includes diagnostics testing, therapeutics, monitoring, rehabilitation of patients with disorders of the cardiopulmonary system, as well as, education of the patient and family in regard to those disorders. This product may also be called an open-ended HMO and offers a transition product incorporating features of both HMOs and PPOs. Beneficiaries are enrolled in an HMO but have the option to go outside the networks for an additional cost. Thoracic Surgeon - (pronounced) (thor-A-sik SER-jun) surgeon who has special training to operate on organs in the chest, including the heart and lungs Thoracic pain - (pronounced) (THOR-uh-KAL-juh) chest pain Also called thoracodynia Thoracocentesis - (pronounced) (THOR-uh-sen-TEE-sis) Removal of fluid from the pleural cavity through a needle inserted between the ribs Thoracodynia - (pronounced) (THOR-uh-koh-DIN-ee-uh) chest pain Also called thoracalgia Throat Cancer - (pronounced) (fuh-RIN-jee-ul-KAN-ser) Cancer that forms in the tissues of the pharynx (the hollow tube in the throat that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the windpipe and esophagus). Throat cancer includes cancers of the nasopharynx (the upper part of the throat behind Thrombocytopenia - (pronounced) (THROM-boh-sy-toh-PEE-nee-uh) condition in which the blood platelet count is below normal. This can lead to easy bruising and excessive bleeding from wounds or bleeding in mucous membranes and other tissues Thrombolysis - (pronounced) (throm-BOL-ih-sis) The process of dissolving a thrombus (blood clot) that blocks blood flow. The blood clot can be dissolved with medications that are inserted into the clot through a catheter (tube) Thrombophlebitis - (pronounced) (THROM-boh-fleh-BY-tis) Inflammation of a vein that occurs when a blood clot forms Thrombopoietin - (pronounced) (THROM-boh-POY-eh-tin) substance in the body that helps make blood cells, especially platelets. A form of thrombopoietin made in the laboratory is called recombinant human thrombopoietin and rHu thrombopoietin. Thrush - (pronounced) (Thrush) condition in which Candida albicans, a type of yeast, grows out of control in moist areas of the skin on the body. It is usually a result of a weakened immune system but can be a side effect of chemotherapy or antibiotic treatment. Thymic carcinoma - (pronounced) (THY-mik KAR-sih-NOH-muh) rare type of thymus cancer. It usually spreads, has a high risk of recurrence, and a poor survival rate. Thymidine - (pronounced) (YOUR-meh-deen) A chemical compound found in DNA. Also used to treat mucositis Thymidylate synthase - (pronounced) (THY-mih-DIH-layt SIN-thays) A protein involved in making and repairing DNA (molecules in cells that carry genetic information and pass it from parent to child). High levels of thymidylate synthase may be involved in how certain cancers form and respond to treatme Thymine - (pronounced) (THY-meen) A chemical compound used to make one of the building blocks of DNA. It's a type of pyrimidine Thymitaq - (pronounced) (YOUR-mih-tak) A substance being studied to treat liver cancer. It belongs to the family of thymidylate synthase inhibitors. Thymocytes - (pronounced) (THY-moh page) A type of white blood cell. Thymocytes are part of the immune system and develop from stem cells in the bone marrow. Thymoma - (pronounced) (your-MOH-moo) A tumor of the thymus gland, an organ that is part of the lymphatic system and is located in the chest behind the breastbone Thyrogen - (pronounced) (YOUR-raw-jen) A laboratory-made form of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). It is used to test for residual or recurring cancer cells in patients who have been treated for thyroid cancer. Thyroglobulin - (pronounced) (THY-raw-GLAH-byoo-lin) The form thyroid hormone takes when it is stored in the cells of the thyroid gland. If the thyroid has been removed, thyroglobulin should not show up on a blood test. Thyroid hormone treatment - (pronounced) (THY-royd HOR-mone TREET-ment) Treatment with thyroid hormone, a hormone that affects heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature and weight Thyroid hormones - (pronounced) (THY-royd HOR-Mone) A hormone that affects heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and weight. Thyroid hormone is made by the thyroid gland and can also be made in the laboratory Thyroidectomy - (pronounced) (THY-roy-DEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove part or all of the thyroid gland Thyroiditis - (pronounced) (thy-roy-DY-tis) inflammation of the thyroid. Thyroiditis can be an autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid over time, causing hypothyroidism (low thyroid hormone levels). Thyrotropin alfa - (pronounced) (THY-raw-TROH-pen AL-fuh) A laboratory-made form of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). It is used to test for residual or recurring cancer cells in patients who have been treated for thyroid cancer. Thyroxine - (pronounced) (your-ROK-seen) A hormone made by the thyroid gland that contains iodine. Thyroxine increases the speed of chemical reactions in cells and helps control growth and development. Tiacumicin B - (pronounced) (ty-a-kyoo-my-sin. Tibsovo - (pronounced) (tib-SOH-voh) medicine used alone or with other medicines to treat adults with certain types of acute myeloid leukemia or cholangiocarcinoma (a type of bile duct cancer) that have a mutation (change) in the IDH1 gene. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of Tile - (pronounced) (PLAYT let) A tiny disc-shaped piece of cell found in the blood and spleen. Platelets are parts of very large cells in the bone marrow called megakaryocytes. Tinidazole - (pronounced) (ty-NIH-duh-zole) drug used to treat protozoal infections such as amebiasis, giardiasis, and trichomoniasis. It belongs to a family of drugs called antiprotozoals. Tinnitus - (pronounced) (tih-NY-tus) A disorder in which a person hears sounds such as buzzing, ringing, clicking, or the sound of a pulse when they are not caused by external noise. Tinnitus can have many different causes and can be a symptom of another disease or condition. Tinzaparin Sodium - (pronounced) (tin-ZA-puh-rin SOH-dee-um) drug used with another drug, warfarin, to treat blood clots that form deep in the veins and to prevent new blood clots from forming. It's kind of an anticoagulant. Tissue flap reconstruction - (pronounced) (TIH-shoo. Tivdak - (pronounced) (TIV dak) drug used to treat adults with cervical cancer that has come back or spread. It is used in patients whose cancer has gotten worse during or after chemotherapy. Tobacco - (pronounced) (tuh-BA-koh) plant with leaves high in the addictive chemical nicotine. After harvesting, tobacco leaves are dried, aged and processed in various ways. Tobacco Tar - (pronounced) (tuh-BA-koh Tar) chemical substance produced when tobacco is burned. Tar contains most of the carcinogenic and other harmful chemicals found in tobacco smoke. Tocilizumab - (pronounced) (toh-sih-LIH-zoo-mab) drug used to treat adults and children 2 years and older with severe or life-threatening cytokine release syndrome caused by a type of immunotherapy called chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. Tocilizumab is also used to treat certain types Tocladesine - (pronounced) (toh-UCK-deh-seen) A substance that has been studied as a cancer drug. It is an analogue of an endogenous substance (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) Tolak - (pronounced) (TOL-Lak) A medicine containing the active ingredient fluorouracil used as a cream to treat actinic keratosis (a skin condition that can become cancerous). Tolak stops cells from making DNA and can kill cancer cells. Toluene - (pronounced) (TOL-yoo-een) A strong-smelling, colorless liquid used in the manufacture of gasoline and other fuels, paint, paint thinner, nail polish, glue, and rubber. Exposure to toluene can cause headache, fatigue, confusion, weakness, memory loss, nausea, loss of appetite, hearing and Tomography - (pronounced) (toh-MAH-gruh fee) A series of detailed images of areas inside the body. The images are created by a computer connected to an X-ray machine Tomotherapy - (pronounced) (toh-mah-THAYR-uh-pee) form of therapy in which radiation is directed at a tumor from many different directions. The patient lies on a table and is moved by a donut-shaped machine. Tonga - (pronounced) (TON-guh) herb native to islands in the South Pacific. Substances derived from the root have been used in some cultures to relieve stress, anxiety, tension, insomnia and menopause issues. Topoisomerase II Inhibitors - (pronounced) (TOH-poh-i-SAH-meh-rays. Topoisomerase Inhibitors - (pronounced) (TOH-poh-i-SAH-meh-rays in-HIH-bih-ter) A substance that blocks topoisomerases (enzymes that break DNA strands and join them back together, needed for cell division and growth). Blocking these enzymes can kill cancer cells. Torisel - (pronounced) (TOR-ih-sel) A drug used to treat advanced renal cell carcinoma (a type of kidney cancer). It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Tositumomab - (pronounced) (TAH-sih-TOO-moh-mab) medicine used with another medicine to treat certain types of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Total PSA - (pronounced) (TOH-tul. Total metastasectomy - (pronounced) (kum-PLEET meh-TAS-tuh-SEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove any metastases (tumors formed from cells that have spread from the primary tumor) Totect - (pronounced) (TOH text) drug that contains the active ingredient dexrazoxane and is used to treat serious side effects caused by certain types of cancer drugs. It is used to reduce heart damage in women taking doxorubicin for breast cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. Tourniquet - (pronounced) (TOOR-nih-ket) device such as B. A strip of cloth or a rubber band wrapped tightly around a leg or arm to prevent blood flow to the leg or arm for a period of time. Toxicology - (pronounced) (TOK-sih-KAH-loh-jee) The study of poisons, including the source, effect, and treatment of poisoning. It is a branch of pharmacology (the study of medicines) Toxin - (pronounced) (TOK sin) A toxin produced by certain bacteria, plants, or animals, including insects Tracheal carina - (pronounced) (TRAY-kee-ul-kuh-RY-nuh) ridge at the base of the trachea (trachea) that separates the openings of the right and left main bronchi (the large airways leading from the trachea to the lungs). Also called tracheal carina Trachelectomy - (pronounced) (TRAY-kee-LEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove the cervix. There are two types of trachelectomy: simple trachelectomy and radical trachelectomy. Tracheostomy - (pronounced) (TRAY-kee-OS-toh-mee) Surgery to create an opening (stoma) in the windpipe. The opening itself can also be referred to as a tracheostomy Tracheotomy button - (pronounced) (TRAY-kee-OS-toh-mee. Traditional - (pronounced) (true-DIH-avoid) belief or behavior passed from generation to generation in a family, culture or religion Traditional Chinese medicine - (pronounced) (true-DIH-shuh-nul chy-NEEZ MEH-dih-sin) medical system that has been used to prevent, diagnose and treat diseases for thousands of years. It is based on the belief that Qi (the body's life force energy) flows along meridians (channels) in the body and kee Tramadol hydrochloride - (pronounced) (TRA-muh-dol HY-droh-KLOR-ide) A drug used to treat moderate to severe pain in adults. It binds to opioid receptors in the central nervous system. Transaminase - (pronounced) (tranz-A-mih-nays) type of enzyme that causes the transfer of a chemical substance called an amino group from one molecule to another. Transaminases are involved in many processes in the body, such as the production of amino acids Transcendental Meditation - (pronounced) (TRAN-sen-DEN-tul MEH-dih-TAY-avoid) mental technique to promote relaxation, reduce stress and improve quality of life. Transcendental Meditation is the registered trademark of Maharishi Foundation Ltd. Transcript - (pronounced) (TES-tih-MOH-nee-ul) Information provided by a person claiming to have been helped or cured by a specific product. The information provided lacks the necessary elements to evaluate it rigorously and scientifically and is not used in the scientific literature Transferrin-CRM107 - (pronounced) (tranz-FAYR-in. Transformation Zone - (pronounced) (TRANZ for MAY avoid zone) The area around the opening of the cervix where the endocervix (inner part) and ectocervix (outer part) come together. This area contains both glandular cells (cells that produce mucus) from the endocervix and squamous cells (thin, skin-l Transient abnormal myelopoiesis - (pronounced) (TRAN-zee-ent ab-NOR-mul MY-eh-loh-poy-EE-sis) disease of the bone marrow that can occur in newborn babies with Down syndrome. It is characterized by abnormal, immature haematopoietic cells in the blood and bone marrow (particularly the cells involved i Transition care - (pronounced) (tran-ZIH-shuh-nul kayr) Supporting patients in the transition from one phase of illness or treatment to another, e. g. Transmission factor - (pronounced) (TRANZ-for FAK-ter) substance made by some white blood cells. Transfer factor from one person's white blood cells may be able to elicit a specific immune response when injected into another person's skin Transplant Surgeon - (pronounced) (TRANZ-Werk SER-jun) A surgeon who has specialized training in transplant surgery. The surgeon replaces a patient's organ with an organ from another person Transport respiratory therapist provide patient assessment, initiation of treatment modalities and continued monitoring of patient status of the critically ill and injured patients with special attention to advanced airway and ventilator management. The transport respiratory therapist knowledge and Trastuzumab - (pronounced) (tras-TOO-zoo-mab) drug used alone or with other drugs to treat certain types of breast, stomach, and gastroesophageal junction cancer that are HER2 positive. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Trastuzumab and hyaluronidase - (pronounced) (tras-TOO-zoo-mab. Trastuzumab deruxtecan - (tras-TOO-zoo-mab DEH-rux-TEE-kan) drug used to treat adults with certain types of HER2-positive or HER2-low breast cancer, HER2-positive gastric cancer or cancer of the gastroesophageal junction, or non-small cell lung cancer that has a specific mutation in the HER2 gene. I Trauma surgery is a recognized subspecialty of general surgery. Trauma surgeons are physicians who have completed a five-year general surgery residency and usually continue with a one to two year fellowship in trauma and/or surgical critical care, typically leading to additional board certification Traumeel S - (pronounced) (TRUTH-meel. Trazimera - (pronounced) (TRA-zih-MAYR-uh) A drug used alone or with other drugs to treat certain types of breast, stomach, and gastroesophageal junction cancer that are HER2 positive. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Trazodone - (pronounced) (TRA-zoh-ready) drug used to treat depression. It can also be used to relieve anxiety and insomnia (difficulty sleeping) and to treat certain other conditions. Treanda - (pronounced) (Tree-ON-duh) A drug used to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia and certain types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Treatment Plan - (pronounced) (TREET planning) detailed plan with information about a patient's condition, the goal of treatment, treatment options for the condition and possible side effects, and the expected duration of treatment. A treatment plan may also include information about the estimated c Treatment field - (pronounced) (TREEET-ment felt) In radiation therapy, the part of the body where the beam is aimed Treatment plan - (pronounced) (TREET-ment SKEH-jool) A step-by-step plan of the treatment a patient will receive. A treatment plan includes the type of treatment (e. Treg - type of immune cell that blocks the actions of some other types of lymphocytes to prevent the immune system from becoming overactive. T-Regs are being studied in the treatment of cancer. Trelstar - (pronounced) (TREL star) A drug used to treat advanced prostate cancer and being studied to treat breast cancer. It belongs to the family of hormone drugs called gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues. Tremelimumab - (pronounced) (treh-meh-LIM-yoo-mab) drug that binds to the protein CTLA-4 to help immune cells kill cancer cells better and is used to treat various types of cancer. Tremelimumab is used with durvalumab to treat adults with hepatocellular carcinoma (a type of liver cancer) that cannot Treosulfan - (pronounced) (TREE-oh-SUL fan) A substance being studied to treat cancer. It belongs to the alkylating agent family Tretinoin - (pronounced) (TREH-tih-NOYN) A nutrient that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Tretinoin is made in the body from vitamin A and helps cells to grow and develop, especially in the embryo. Trexall - (pronounced) (TREK saw) medicine used alone or with other medicines to treat many types of cancer, certain types of arthritis and severe psoriasis (a type of skin disease). It is also being studied in the treatment of other diseases and cancers. TriCor - (pronounced) (TRY-kor) drug used to treat high levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. TriCor is being studied for the treatment of advanced cancer in young patients and for the treatment of other conditions. Triacetyluridine - (pronounced) (Try-A-seh-til-YOOR-ih-deen) medicine used in the emergency treatment of adults and children who are receiving too much fluorouracil or capecitabine, or who have cardiac or central nervous system toxicity, or other serious side effects that occur within 4 days of stop Triamcinolone - (pronounced) (Try-at-SIH-noh-lonely) substance being studied to prevent melanoma skin cancer. It is an anti-inflammatory drug that is applied to the skin to relieve irritation, rashes, and infections. Triapine - (pronounced) (TRY-uh-peen) A substance being studied to treat cancer. It is a type of ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor. Tribe - (pronounced) The main part of the body that includes the chest, abdomen, pelvis, and back. Most of the body's organs and spine are located in the torso. Trichilemmoma - (pronounced) (TRIH-kih-leh-MOH-muh) benign (noncancerous) tumor that begins in the outer cells of a hair follicle and appears as a small, smooth, skin-colored, wart-like, or dome-shaped lesion. Trichilemmmomas usually appear on the face, ears, and neck, but can also appear on the for Trichothiodystrophy - (pronounced) (TRIH-koh-thy-oh-DIS-truh-fee) An inherited condition characterized by sparse and brittle hair, short stature, and intellectual disability Tricyclic antidepressant - (pronounced) (Try-SY-klik AN-tee-dee-PREH-sunt) A type of medication used to treat depression Trifluridine and tipiracil hydrochloride - (pronounced) (try-FLOOR-ih-deen … ty-PEER-uh-sil HY-droh-KLOR-ide) combination of two medicines used to treat adults with certain types of cancer of the stomach, gastroesophageal junction or colorectal cancer. It is used in patients whose cancer has spread Trifolium pratense - (pronounced) (try-FOH-lee-to pray-TEN-see) A plant whose flowers were used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It is being studied to relieve menopausal symptoms and may have anti-cancer effects. Trigeminal nerve - (pronounced) (Try-JEH-mih-nul nerve) The main sensory nerve of the head and face and the motor nerve of the muscles of mastication. Also called the fifth cranial nerve Trigger point acupuncture - (pronounced) (TRIH-ger poynt AK-yoo-PUNK-cher) Using acupuncture to treat pain by inserting needles into trigger points on the body. Trigger points are locations on the body where an injury has occurred but the pain has been sent down the nerves and is felt elsewhere in t Triiodothyronine - (pronounced) (try-oh-doh-THY-ruh-neen) A thyroid hormone. Also called T-3 Trilisate - (pronounced) (TRIH-lih-sayt) A substance used to treat arthritis and reduce pain, inflammation, and fever. It is also being studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Trimethoprim Sulfamethoxazole - (pronounced) (Try-MEH-thoh-prim-SUL-fuh-meh-THOK-suh-zole) An antibiotic used to treat infections and prevent Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia Trimetrexate glucuronate - (pronounced) (TRY-meh-TREK-sayt gloo-KYOO-roh-nayt) A drug that belongs to the antimetabolite family. It is used to treat Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and is being studied to treat cancer Triostat - (pronounced) (TRY-oh-stat) A drug used to treat certain disorders of the thyroid (a gland near the voice box). It is also being studied in the treatment of thyroid cancer. Triple negative breast cancer - (pronounced) (TRIH-pul-NEH-guh-tiv brest KAN-ser) type of breast cancer in which the tumor cells do not have estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, or large amounts of HER2/neu protein on their surface. Knowing if breast cancer is triple negative is important for Trisenox - (pronounced) (TRY-seh-nox) A drug used to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia that has a specific chromosomal abnormality or fusion gene called PML/RARA. It is used with tretinoin in some newly diagnosed adults. Trisomy - (pronounced) (TRY-soh-mee) The presence of three copies of a particular chromosome in some or all of the body's cells instead of the usual two copies. For example, people with Down syndrome have an extra copy of chromosome 21 Trisomy 18 - (pronounced) (TRY-soh-mee. Trisomy 21 - (pronounced) (TRY-soh-mee. Trk inhibitor LOXO-101 - A drug used to treat adults and children with certain types of solid tumors that have spread or cannot be surgically removed and that have NTRK gene fusion. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Trodelvy - (pronounced) (troh-DEL-vee) drug used to treat adults with certain types of urothelial cancer (a type of cancer of the bladder or urinary tract) or breast cancer who have already been treated with other therapies. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Tropisetron - (pronounced) (troh-PIH-seh-tron) drug used to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by cancer treatment. It is also used to prevent nausea and vomiting after surgery. Troxacitabine - (pronounced) (TROK-suh-SY-tuh-been) A drug being studied for use as an anticancer agent Truseltiq - (pronounced) (troo-SEL-tik) drug used to treat adults with cholangiocarinoma (bile duct cancer) that is locally advanced and cannot be surgically removed or has spread to other parts of the body. It is used in patients whose cancer has an FGFR2 gene fusion or another change in the struct Truxima - (pronounced) (truk-SEE-moo) A medicine that contains the active substance rituximab, used alone or with other medicines to treat adults with certain types of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma or chronic lymphocytic leukemia that are CD20 positive. It is also being studied in the treatment of o Tuberculosis - (pronounced) (to-BER-kyoo-LOH-sis) disease caused by a certain type of bacteria that spreads from one person to another through the air. Tuberculosis can affect many parts of the body, but it most commonly affects the lungs. Tubulin - (pronounced) (TOO-byoo-lin) One of a group of proteins found in high concentrations in the cell's cytoplasm (fluid inside a cell but outside the cell's nucleus). Tubulins are the building blocks of microtubules (narrow, hollow tubes within a cell) that are involved in cell division and cel Tukysa - (pronounced) (to-KY-suh) drug used with trastuzumab and capecitabine to treat adults with HER2-positive breast cancer that is advanced and cannot be surgically removed or has spread to other parts of the body, including the brain. It is used in patients whose cancer has already been treated Tumor Burden - (pronounced) (TOO-mer BUR-den) Refers to the number of cancer cells, the size of a tumor, or the amount of cancer in the body. Also called tumor burden Tumor DNA sequencing - (pronounced) (TOO-mer. Tumor Profiling - (pronounced) (TOO-mer PROH-fy-ling) A laboratory method that checks for the presence of specific genes, proteins, or other molecules in a sample of blood or tumor tissue. Tumor profiling can provide information about specific molecular or genetic changes in a tumor, such as: B. Tumor Promotion - (pronounced) (TOO-mer proh-MOH-avoid) process in which existing tumors are stimulated to grow. Tumor promoters are not able to bring about the development of tumors Tumor heterogeneity - (pronounced) (TOO-mer HEH-teh-roh-jeh-NEE-ih-tee) term used to describe the differences between tumors of the same type in different patients, the differences between cancer cells within a single tumor, or the differences between a primary (original) tumor and a secondary tumor Tumor marker test - (pronounced) (TOO-mer MAR-ker. Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10A - (pronounced) (TOO-mer neh-KROH-sis FAK-ter reh-SEP-ter SOO-per FA-mih-lee …) A protein on the surface of certain cells that binds another protein called TRAIL, which can kill some cancer cells. Increasing the amount or activity of tumor necrosi Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10B - (pronounced) (TOO-mer neh-KROH-sis FAK-ter reh-SEP-ter SOO-per FA-mih-lee …) A protein on the surface of certain cells that binds another protein called TRAIL, which can kill some cancer cells. Increasing the amount or activity of tumor necrosi Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand - (pronounced) (TOO-mer neh-KROH-sis FAK-ter-ree-LAY-ted A-pop-TOH-sis-in-DOO-sing LIH-gund) cellular protein that can attach itself to certain molecules in some cancer cells and kill the cells. Apoptosis-inducing ligand associated with tumor n Tumor vasculature – targeted tumor necrosis factor alpha - (pronounced) (TOO-mer VAS-kyoo-luh-cher-TAR-geh-ted TOO-mer neh-KROH-sis FAK-ter AL-fuh) A substance being studied to treat cancer. It is made by linking tumor necrosis factor (TNF) to a peptide. Turalio - (pronounced) (tur-A-lee-oh) drug used to treat adults with tenosynovial giant cell tumor (a rare, usually benign tumor affecting the joints). It is used in patients who have a severe form of the disease that is unlikely to improve with surgery. Turcot Syndrome - (pronounced) (ter-KOH SIN-drome) rare, inherited disorder in which polyps (abnormal growths of tissue) form on the inner walls of the colon and rectum and tumors in the brain. There are two types of Turcot syndrome, caused by mutations (changes) in different genes. Turkish Rhubarb - The root of this plant has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It can have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. Turmeric - (pronounced) (TER-mayr-ik) An East Indian plant that belongs to the ginger family and is used as a spice and food coloring. The underground stems are used in some cultures to treat certain stomach problems. Turner Syndrome - (pronounced) (TER-ner SIN-drome) genetic condition that occurs in women who have a missing or abnormal X (sex) chromosome. Turner syndrome is characterized by being shorter than average, abnormally functioning ovaries, and infertility. Twelve-step program - program that helps people recover from substance abuse, emotional disorders or addictions. The twelve steps come from an organization called Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and are modified for each specific condition Tympanites - (pronounced) (TIM-puh-NY-teez) Swelling of the abdomen caused by gas in the intestines or abdominal cavity. Also called meteorism Type C thymoma - (pronounced) (Hint C your-MOH-moo) A rare type of thymus cancer. It usually spreads, has a high risk of recurrence, and a poor survival rate. Tyrosinase Peptide - (pronounced) (ty-RAH-sih-NAYS PEP flood) A protein made from tumor cells and used in a vaccine against melanoma. A tyrosinase peptide vaccine can stimulate the body's immune system to find and kill melanoma cells Tyrosine kinase inhibitor BIBF 1120 - (pronounced) (TY-ruh-seen KY-nays in-HIH-bih-ter. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors - (pronounced) (TY-ruh-seen KY-nays in-HIH-bih-ter) substance that blocks the action of enzymes called tyrosine kinases. Tyrosine kinases are part of many cell functions, including cell signaling, growth, and division. Tyrosinemia - (pronounced) (TY-roh-sih-NEE-mee-uh) rare, inherited condition characterized by high blood levels of a protein building block called tyrosine. This can lead to a harmful buildup of tyrosine and other substances in the body's tissues and organs, particularly in the liver, kidneys, and n UCN-01 - A cancer drug that belongs to the staurosporine analogue family UFT - A substance being studied to treat some types of cancer. It is a combination of tegafur and uracil. UGT1A1 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It is an enzyme produced by the liver and intestines USB1 Gen - A gene that makes an enzyme involved in protecting a certain type of RNA from damage, which helps the RNA perform its role in making proteins. Mutations (changes) in the USB1 gene have been found in Rothmund-Thomson syndrome, which increases the risk of skin cancer. USPSTF - A volunteer group of public health professionals who review published research and make recommendations on health care methods such as screening tests, counseling, vaccinations, and medications. Before making a recommendation, the USPSTF reviews the strength (scientific quality and correctn UTI - A condition in which bacteria invade and grow in the urinary tract (kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra). Most UTIs occur in the bladder or urethra. UV radiation - Invisible rays that are part of the energy that comes from the sun. UV radiation that reaches the earth's surface consists of two types of rays, called UVA and UVB. UVA radiation - Invisible rays that are part of the energy that comes from the sun. UVA radiation also comes from sunlamps and tanning beds. UVB radiation - Invisible rays that are part of the energy that comes from the sun. UVB radiation causes sunburn, darkening and thickening of the outer layer of skin, melanoma and other types of skin cancer. UVC radiation - Invisible rays that are part of the energy that comes from the sun. Most of the sun's UVC radiation is blocked from the earth's surface by the ozone layer. Udenyka - (pronounced) (yoo-DEH-nih-kah) medicine that is a form of filgrastim and is used to prevent infections in adults and children with neutropenia (a lower than normal white blood cell count) caused by some types of chemotherapy. Udenyca helps the bone marrow make more white blood cells and ca Ulcer - (pronounced) (UL ser) A tear in the skin, in the lining of an organ, or on the surface of a tissue. An ulcer develops when the surface cells become inflamed, die, and are shed. Ulcerative colitis - (pronounced) (UL-seh-RUH-tiv koh-LY-tis) Chronic inflammation of the large intestine that creates ulcers in its lining. This condition is characterized by abdominal pain, cramping, and loose discharge of pus, blood, and mucus from the intestines Ulmus fulva - (pronounced) (UL-mus VUL-vuh) The inner bark of this plant has been used in some cultures to treat certain medicinal problems. It can have antioxidant effects. Ulmus rubra - (pronounced) (UL-mus ROO-bruh) The inner bark of this plant has been used in some cultures to treat certain medicinal problems. It can have antioxidant effects. Ultomiris - (pronounced) (UL-toh-SEA-is) medicine used to treat adults with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (a rare disease affecting red blood cells) and adults and children from 1 month of age with atypical haemolytic uremic syndrome (a very rare disease in which tiny blood clots form in small Ultra - (pronounced) (UL tram) A drug used to treat moderate to severe pain in adults. It binds to opioid receptors in the central nervous system. Ultrasonic Transducer - (pronounced) (UL-truh-sownd tranz-DOO-ser) A device that creates sound waves that bounce off body tissues, creating echoes. The transducer also receives the echoes and sends them to a computer, which uses them to create an image called a sonogram. Ultrasound - (pronounced) (UL-truh-soh-NAH-gruh fee) procedure that uses high-energy sound waves to examine tissues and organs inside the body. The sound waves create echoes that create images of the tissues and organs on a computer screen (sonogram). Ultrasound biomicroscopy - (pronounced) (UL-truh-seeded BY-oh-my-KROS-koh-pee) A type of ultrasound eye exam that provides a more detailed picture than regular ultrasound. High-energy sound waves are reflected from the inside of the eye and the echo patterns are displayed on the screen of an ultraso Ultraviolet radiation therapy - (pronounced) (UL-truh-VY-oh-let RAY-dee-AY-shun THAYR-uh-pee) A form of radiation used in the treatment of cancer Umbrella Trials - (pronounced) (uh-BREH-luh TRY-ul) type of clinical trial that tests how well new drugs or other substances work in patients who have the same type of cancer but different gene mutations (changes) or biomarkers. In umbrella studies, patients receive treatment based on the specific m Underactive thyroid - Too little thyroid hormone. Symptoms include weight gain, constipation, dry skin, and sensitivity to cold. Understanding - (pronounced) (kog-NIH-shy) The mental process of thinking, learning, remembering, perceiving the environment, and using judgment United States Preventive Services Task Force - (pronounced) (yoo-NY-ted stayts pree-VEN-tiv SER-vih-ses …) voluntary group of health professionals who review published research and make recommendations on health care methods such as screening tests, counseling, vaccinations, and medications. Before Unituxin - (pronounced) (yoo-nih-TUK-sin) drug used with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), aldesleukin (IL-2), and 13-cis-retinoic acid to treat children with high-risk neuroblastoma. It is used in patients whose disease has improved with other cancer treatments. Upper body - (pronounced) (TOR-soh) The main part of the body that includes the chest, abdomen, pelvis, and back. Most of the body's organs and spine are located in the torso. Upper jaw - (pronounced) (mak-SIH-luh) The bones that make up the top of the jaw, the palate, and parts of the eye socket and nose. The upper jaw holds the upper teeth in place and supports the muscles involved in chewing and facial expression. Upstaging - (pronounced) (up-STAY-jing) In cancer, change of stage, used to describe a patient's cancer, from a lower stage (less extensive) to a higher stage (more extensive). The upstaging is based on the results of additional staging tests. Urea - (pronounced) (yoo-REE-uh) substance produced by the breakdown of proteins in the liver. The kidneys filter urea from the blood and into the urine. Urea Nitrogen - (pronounced) (yoo-REE-uh NY-troh-jen) Nitrogen in the blood that comes from urea (a substance produced by the breakdown of proteins in the liver). The kidneys filter urea from the blood and into the urine. Urea/lactic acid based cream - (pronounced) (yoo-REE-uh LAK-tik A-sid. Ureter - (pronounced) (YER-eh-ter) The tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder Ureteronephrectomy - (pronounced) (YER-eh-ter-oh-neh-FREK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove a kidney and its ureter. Also called a nephroureterectomy Ureteroscopy - (pronounced) (YER-eh-ter-OS-koh-pee) Examination of the inside of the kidney and ureter with a ureteroscope. A ureteroscope is a thin, tubular instrument with a light and lens for viewing. Urethra - (pronounced) (yoo-REE-thruh) The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder Urethral Cancer - (pronounced) (yoo-REE-thrul KAN-ser) rare cancer that forms in the tissues of the urethra (the tube through which urine empties the bladder and leaves the body). Types of urethral cancer include transitional cell carcinoma (cancer that starts in cells that can change shape and stre Uridine triacetate - (pronounced) (YOOR-ih-deen try-A-seh-tayt) medicine used in the emergency treatment of adults and children who are receiving too much fluorouracil or capecitabine, or who have cardiac or central nervous system toxicity, or other serious side effects that occur within 4 days of s Urogenital system (jeh-nih-toh-YOOR-ih-nayr-ee SIS-tem) The body parts involved in reproduction, getting rid of waste products in the form of urine, or both Urologist - (pronounced) (yoo-RAH-loh-jist) A doctor who has specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the urinary system in women and the urinary and reproductive system in men Ursodiol - (pronounced) (ur-soh-DY-ol) A drug used to dissolve gallstones in people who cannot have surgery to remove them. It is also being studied to prevent colon cancer. Urticaria - (pronounced) (ER-tih-KAYR-ee-uh) Itchy, raised red patches on the skin. Urticaria is caused by a reaction to certain foods, medications, infections, or emotional stress. Uterus - (pronounced) (YOO-teh-rus) The hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. A fetus (unborn child) develops and grows in the womb. Uveitis - (pronounced) (YOO-vee-I-tis) rare condition in which all or part of the uvea (middle layer of the wall of the eye) becomes inflamed. The uvea includes the choroid, ciliary body, and iris. VAC - (pronounced) Abbreviation for a chemotherapy combination used to treat rhabdomyosarcoma in children. It is also used to treat certain types of ovarian germ cell tumors. VAC scheme - Abbreviation for a chemotherapy combination used to treat rhabdomyosarcoma in children. It is also used to treat certain types of ovarian germ cell tumors. VAC-IE - (pronounced) (VAK. VAC-IE scheme - (pronounced) (VAK. VACB - A procedure in which a small sample of tissue is removed from the breast. An imaging device is used to guide a hollow probe that is connected to a vacuum device. VAMP - (pronounced) An acronym for a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy used to treat low-risk childhood Hodgkin's lymphoma. It includes the drugs vincristine sulfate, doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin), methotrexate, and prednisone. VAMP therapy - An acronym for a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy used to treat low-risk childhood Hodgkin's lymphoma. It includes the drugs vincristine sulfate, doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin), methotrexate, and prednisone. VAS - A tool used to help a person measure the intensity of certain sensations and feelings, such as B. pain. VAdriaC - (pronounced) (VAY-dree-ak) An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat Ewing's sarcoma and other sarcomas, such as B. mesenchymal chondrosarcoma. VAdriaC scheme - (pronounced) (VAY-dree-ak REH-jih-men) An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat Ewing's sarcoma and other sarcomas, such as B. mesenchymal chondrosarcoma. VAdriaC-IE - (pronounced) (VAY-dree-ak. VB4-845 - A substance being studied for the treatment of certain types of head and neck cancer. VB4-845 is made by attaching a monoclonal antibody fragment to a toxic protein that can kill cancer cells. VEGF - A substance made by cells that stimulates the formation of new blood vessels. Also called vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF trap - A medicine used with other medicines to treat colon cancer that has spread to other parts of the body and has not been improved by other chemotherapy. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. VEGF-AS - A substance that has been studied for the treatment of cancer. It binds to the RNA for a protein called vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which stimulates the growth of new blood vessels. VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor - (pronounced) (VEGFR TY-ruh-seen KY-nays in-HIH-bih-ter) A substance that blocks an enzyme needed to form blood vessels. Also called a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor VHL disease - rare, inherited disorder that causes tumors and cysts to grow in certain parts of the body, including the brain, spinal cord, eyes, inner ear, adrenal glands, pancreas, kidney, and reproductive tract. The tumors are usually benign (not cancer), but some can be malignant (cancer). VHL gene - gene that makes a protein that helps control cell growth, cell division, and other important cell functions. Mutated (altered) forms of the VHL gene can increase the growth of cells, including abnormal cells. VHL syndrome - rare, inherited disorder that causes tumors and cysts to grow in certain parts of the body, including the brain, spinal cord, eyes, inner ear, adrenal glands, pancreas, kidney, and reproductive tract. The tumors are usually benign (not cancer), but some can be malignant (cancer). VIN - (pronounced) Abnormal cells are found on the surface of the vulvar skin. These abnormal cells can become cancerous and spread to nearby tissues. VIP - An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat advanced testicular cancer. It is often used in patients who cannot receive bleomycin. VIP hormone - hormone found in the pancreas, intestines and central nervous system. It has many effects in the body, e. VIP program - An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat advanced testicular cancer. It is often used in patients who cannot receive bleomycin. VIP-producing neuroendocrine tumor - very rare tumor that usually forms in the islet cells of the pancreas and produces the hormone vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). VIP helps control the secretion of water, salts, enzymes and gastric acid during digestion and relaxes certain muscles in the diges VIP-secreting tumor - very rare tumor that usually forms in the islet cells of the pancreas and produces the hormone vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). VIP helps control the secretion of water, salts, enzymes and gastric acid during digestion and relaxes certain muscles in the digestive tract. VIPoma - very rare tumor that usually forms in the islet cells of the pancreas and produces the hormone vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). VIP helps control the secretion of water, salts, enzymes and gastric acid during digestion and relaxes certain muscles in the digestive tract. VNP20009 - A genetically engineered Salmonella bacterium injected into the tumor. It is being studied for its ability to shrink solid tumors VNP40101M - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the alkylating agent family VP-16 - The active ingredient in a drug used with other drugs to treat small cell lung cancer and certain types of testicular cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. VUS - A change in the DNA sequence of a gene that has an unknown effect on a person's health. There is usually not enough information about VUS to know if it increases a person's risk of developing a disease, such as cancer. VX 853 - A drug being studied to make cancer cells less resistant to the effects of chemotherapy VX-710 - A drug being studied to make cancer cells less resistant to the effects of chemotherapy Vaccination - (pronounced) (vak-SEEN) substance or group of substances designed to induce the immune system to respond to a tumor or microorganisms such as bacteria or viruses. A vaccine can help the body recognize and destroy cancer cells or microorganisms Vaccinia CEA vaccine - (pronounced) (vak-SIH-nee-uh. Vagina - (pronounced) (vuh-JY-nuh) The muscular canal that runs from the uterus to the outside of the body. During childbirth, the baby passes through the vagina. Vaginal Cancer - (pronounced) (VA-jih-nul KAN-ser) Cancer that forms in the tissues of the vagina (birth canal). The vagina leads from the cervix (the opening of the womb) to the outside of the body. Vaginal stenosis - (pronounced) (VA-jih-nul stand-NOH-sis) A condition in which the vagina (birth canal) becomes narrower and shorter. The lining of the vagina can also be thinner, drier, and contain scar tissue. Val Star - (pronounced) (VAL star) drug used to treat bladder cancer in situ that did not improve after treatment with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). It is used in patients who cannot have surgery straight away to remove all or part of the bladder. Valacyclovir - (pronounced) (VAL-uh-SY-kloh-veer) A substance being studied for the prevention of fungal, bacterial and viral infections in patients undergoing donor stem cell transplantation with cells infected with cytomegalovirus. It belongs to the family of antiviral drugs Valchlor - (pronounced) (VAL-Klor) medicine used on the skin to treat stage I mycosis fungoides (a form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma) in patients who have already been treated with another therapy. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Valdecoxib - (pronounced) (VAL-deh-KOK-sib) A substance being studied to treat pain and other side effects of cancer therapy. It belongs to the family of COX-2 inhibitors Valerian - (pronounced) (vuh-LEER-ee-un) plant whose roots are used as a sedative and to treat certain medical conditions. It is being studied to improve sleep in cancer patients undergoing treatment. Valeriana officinalis - (pronounced) (vuh-LEER-ee-a-nuh uh-FIH-sih-NUH-lis) A plant whose roots are used as a sedative and to treat certain medical conditions. It is being studied to improve sleep in cancer patients undergoing treatment. Valerianae radix - (pronounced) (vuh-LEER-ee-un-i RAY-dix) plant whose roots are used as a sedative and to treat certain medical conditions. It is being studied to improve sleep in cancer patients undergoing treatment. Valganciclovir - (pronounced) (VAL-gan-SY-kloh-veer) An antiviral agent being studied for the treatment of AIDS-related cytomegalovirus. It is converted into ganciclovir in the body Valium - (pronounced) (VAL-ee-um) A drug used to treat mild to moderate anxiety and tension and relax muscles. It's a type of benzodiazepine. Valproic acid - (pronounced) (val-PROH-ik A-sid) drug used to treat epileptic seizures and bipolar disorder, and to prevent migraine headaches. It is also being studied in the treatment of various types of cancer. Valrubicin - (pronounced) (val-ROO-bih-sin) drug used to treat bladder cancer in situ that did not improve after treatment with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). It is used in patients who cannot have surgery straight away to remove all or part of the bladder. Vancomycin - (pronounced) (VAN-koh-MY-sin) An antibiotic used to fight resistant bacterial infections Vantas - (pronounced) (VAN tus) drug used as palliative therapy for advanced prostate cancer. Vantas keeps the testicles from producing the male hormone testosterone by blocking other hormones needed for production. Vapreotide - (pronounced) (vah-PREE-oh-tide) A substance being studied to treat cancer. It belongs to the family of somatostatin analogues Varicella - (pronounced) (VAYR-ih-SEL-uh) highly contagious disease characterized by an itchy, blister-like rash caused by the varicella-zoster virus (a type of herpesvirus). The virus is easily transmitted from person to person through contact with mucus, saliva, or fluid from an infected person's Varicose veins - (pronounced) (VAYR-ih-kose vayn) A condition in which a vein, usually in the legs, becomes permanently enlarged, twisted, and painful. This can be caused by valves in the veins not working properly or weakness in the walls of the veins Variety - (pronounced) (MUL-tih-PLIH-sih-tee) A large number or variety Varubi - (pronounced) (vuh-ROO-bee) A medicine used with other medicines in adults to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy. Varubi blocks the effects of a certain chemical in the central nervous system that can cause nausea and vomiting. Vascular Neurology is a subspecialty in the evaluation, prevention, treatment and recovery from vascular diseases of the nervous system. This subspecialty includes the diagnosis and treatment of vascular events of arterial or venous origin from a large number of causes that affect the brain or spina Vaseline - (pronounced) (peh-TROH-lee-um. VeIP - An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat advanced germ cell cancer of the ovaries and testicles. It includes the drugs vinblastine sulfate (Velban), ifosfamide (Ifex), and cisplatin (Platinol). VeIP Therapy - An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat advanced ovarian and testicular germ cell cancer. It includes the drugs vinblastine sulfate (Velban), ifosfamide (Ifex), and cisplatin (Platinol). Vectibix - (pronounced) (VEK-tih-bix) medicine used alone or with other medicines to treat certain types of colon cancer that have spread to other parts of the body. It is used in patients whose cancer has not yet been treated or whose cancer has gotten worse after treatment with other anticancer me Vehicle and staff for patient emergency or non-emergency air transport. Vehicle and staff for patient emergency or non-emergency ground transport. Includes traditional ambulances as well as ambulance buses. Vehicle and staff for patient emergency or non-emergency sea/water transport Vein - (pronounced) (vain) A blood vessel that carries blood from tissues and organs in the body to the heart Velafermin - (pronounced) (veh-luh-FER-min) A substance being studied for the prevention and treatment of oral mucositis (mouth sores) in patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy. Velafermin belongs to the recombinant human fibroblast growth factor (rhFGF) family of medicines Velban - (pronounced) (VEL rolls) A drug that contains the active ingredient vinblastine sulfate, which is used to treat many types of cancer. The Velban brand has been withdrawn from the market and is no longer available Velcade - (pronounced) (VEL-kayd) drug used to treat adults with multiple myeloma or mantle cell lymphoma. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Veltuzumab - (pronounced) (vel-TOO-zoo-mab) substance being studied to treat different types of lymphoma. It attaches to the protein CD20, which is found on B cells (a type of cell in the immune system) and some types of lymphoma cells. Vemurafenib - (pronounced) (VEH-myoo-RA-feh spring) A drug used to treat Erdheim-Chester disease (a very rare form of histiocytosis) and advanced melanoma that have a specific mutation (change) in the BRAF gene. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Venclexta - (pronounced) (ven-KLEK chair) medicine used alone or with other medicines to treat certain adults with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia and adults with chronic lymphocytic leukemia or small lymphocytic lymphoma. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Venetoclax - (pronounced) (veh-NEH-toh-klax) medicine used alone or with other medicines to treat certain adults with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia and adults with chronic lymphocytic leukemia or small lymphocytic lymphoma. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Venlafaxine - (pronounced) (ven-luh-FAK-seen) A drug used to treat depression and certain anxiety disorders. It can also be used to treat hot flashes in menopausal women or to treat breast cancer. Ventricles - (pronounced) (VEN-trih-kul) A fluid-filled cavity in the heart or brain Vertebroplasty - (pronounced) (VER-teh-broh-PLAS-tee) A procedure to repair a bone in the spine that has broken due to cancer, osteoporosis (a decrease in bone mass and density), or trauma. Bone cement is injected into the broken bone to strengthen it Verum acupuncture - (pronounced) (VEER-um AK-yoo-PUNK-cher) Refers to traditional acupuncture, in which thin needles are inserted through the skin to specific depths and locations on the body to control pain and other symptoms. The term verum acupuncture can be used when comparing traditional acupun Verzenio - (pronounced) (ver-ZEH-nee-oh) A medicine used alone or with other medicines to treat adults with certain types of hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Vesanoid - (pronounced) (VEH-suh-noyd) An oral preparation of tretinoin used to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia, usually with other drugs. It is being studied to treat and prevent other types of cancer. Viagra - (pronounced) (vy-a-gruh) A drug used to treat erectile dysfunction. Viagra relaxes the smooth muscles of the penis to allow for increased blood flow and an erection. Vibroacoustography imaging - (pronounced) (VY-broh-uh-koos-TAH-gruh-fee IH-muh-jing) A technique being studied to diagnose breast cancer and other types of cancer. Vibroacoustographic imaging uses ultrasound (high-energy sound waves) to vibrate tissue. Vidaza - (pronounced) (vih-TAG-zuh) A drug that contains the active substance azacitidine and is used to treat adults with certain types of myelodysplastic syndromes and children from 1 month of age with newly diagnosed juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. It is also being studied in the treatment of o Vinblastine Sulfate - (pronounced) (vin blas teen sul fayt) A drug used to treat certain types of breast cancer, choriocarcinoma (a type of gestational trophoblastic tumor), Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, mycosis fungoides (a type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma), and tes Vinca alkaloid - (pronounced) (VIN-kuh AL-kuh-LOYD) type of drug that blocks cell growth by stopping mitosis (cell division). Vinca alkaloids disrupt microtubules (cellular structures that help move chromosomes during mitosis). Vincristine Sulfate - (pronounced) (vin-KRIS-teen SUL-fayt) A drug used to treat acute leukemia and sometimes with other drugs to treat Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, neuroblastoma, and Wilms' tumor. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Vindesine - (pronounced) (VIN-deh-seen) cancer drug that belongs to the family of herbal drugs called vinca alkaloids Vinflunine - (pronounced) (VIN-floo-neen) A substance being studied to treat bladder cancer, lung cancer, and other types of cancer. Also called Javlor Vinorelbine tartrate - (pronounced) (vih-NOR-el-been TAR-trayt) A drug used alone or with cisplatin to treat non-small cell lung cancer that is locally advanced or has spread to other parts of the body. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Vinyl chloride - (pronounced) (VY-null KLOR-ide) A substance used in the manufacture of plastics. Exposure to vinyl chloride can increase the risk of developing liver, brain, and lung cancer; lymphoma; and leukemia Vioxx - (pronounced) (VY ox) A drug used to relieve pain and has been studied for its ability to prevent cancer and stop the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. It is a type of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and a type of anti-angiogenesis drug. Virotherapy - (pronounced) (VY-roh-THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment with a lab-engineered virus to find and destroy cancer cells without harming healthy cells. It's a kind of targeted therapy. Virtual colonoscopy - (pronounced) (VER-chuh-wul KOH-luh-NOS-koh-pee) method of examining the inside of the colon through a series of X-rays. A computer is used to create 2-dimensional (2-D) and 3-D images of the colon from these X-rays. Virulizin - (pronounced) (VEER-yoo-LY-zin) A substance that activates some types of cells in the immune system and is being studied to treat cancer. It belongs to the family of medicines called biological therapeutics Virus - (pronounced) (VY-rus) In medicine, a very simple microorganism that infects cells and can cause disease. Since viruses can only multiply in infected cells, they are not considered alive Viscotoxin - (pronounced) (VIS-koh-TOK-sin) A member of a group of small proteins produced by mistletoe plants that are capable of killing cells and stimulating the immune system Visilizumab - (pronounced) (vih-sih-LIZ-yoo-mab) substance being studied to treat an immune system reaction called graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) that can occur after a donor stem cell transplant. It is also being studied in the treatment of some autoimmune diseases. Vistogard - (pronounced) (VIS toh gard) medicine used in the emergency treatment of adults and children who are receiving too much fluorouracil or capecitabine, or who have cardiac or central nervous system toxicity, or other serious side effects that occur within 4 days of stopping treatment with t Vitality - (pronounced) (vy-TA-lih-tea) term used to describe a person's ability to live, grow, and develop. Vitality also relates to having energy and being strong and active. Vitamin A - (pronounced) (VY-tuh-min. Vitamin B Complex - (pronounced) (VY-tuh-min. Vitamin B1 - (pronounced) (VY-tuh-min. Vitamin B12 - (pronounced) (VY-tuh-min. Vitamin B2 - (pronounced) (VY-tuh-min. Vitamin B3 - (pronounced) (VY-tuh-min. Vitamin B5 - (pronounced) (VY-tuh-min. Vitamin B6 - (pronounced) (VY-tuh-min…) nutrient in the vitamin B complex that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Vitamin B6 helps keep nerves and skin healthy, fights infections, keeps blood sugar levels normal, produces red blood cells, and allows some enzymes to work pr Vitamin C - (pronounced) (VY-tuh-min…) nutrient that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Vitamin C helps fight infections, heals wounds, and keeps tissues healthy. Vitamin D - (pronounced) (VY-tuh-min. Vitamin D2 - (pronounced) (VY-tuh-min. Vitamin E - (pronounced) (VY-tuh-min. Vitamin H - (pronounced) (VY-tuh-min. Vitamin K - (pronounced) (VY-tuh-min. Vitamin Q10 - (pronounced) (VY-tuh-min. Vitamins - (pronounced) (VY-tuh-min) A nutrient that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Sources of vitamins are plant and animal foods and dietary supplements. Vitex - (pronounced) (VY tex) An extract of the fruit of chaste tree (Vitex agnus-castus) found in parts of Asia and Europe. It is said to treat infertility and relieve symptoms that may appear before or during a woman's menstrual period, such as headaches and irregular bleeding. Vitrakvi - (pronounced) (vih-TRAK-vee) drug used to treat adults and children with certain types of solid tumors that have spread or cannot be surgically removed and that have NTRK gene fusion. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Vivitrol - (pronounced) (VIH-vih-trol) drug that blocks the effects of opiates (medicines used to treat pain). It can be used to treat intravenous opiate or alcohol addiction. Vizimpro - (pronounced) (vih-ZIM-proh) A drug used to treat non-small cell lung cancer that has spread and has not yet been treated and has certain mutations (changes) in the EGFR gene. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Volociximab - (pronounced) (voh-loh-SIK-sih-mab) monoclonal antibody being studied to treat some types of cancer. Monoclonal antibodies are made in the laboratory and can locate and attach to substances in the body, including cancer cells. Voltaren - (pronounced) (vol-TAYR-en) A drug used to treat the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and is being studied to prevent and treat some types of skin cancer. It blocks substances that cause inflammation and pain. Voltaren Gel - (pronounced) (vol-TAYR-en jel) The gel form of a drug used to treat the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and being studied to prevent and treat some types of skin cancer. It blocks substances that cause inflammation and pain. Vonjo - (pronounced) (OF-joh) drug used to treat adults with intermediate- and high-risk myelofibrosis (MF), including primary MF, post-polycythemia vera MF, and post-essential thrombocythemia MF. It is used in patients with very low platelet counts. Voraxaze - (pronounced) (before-AK-sayz) drug used to treat toxic blood levels of the cancer drug methotrexate in adults and children with kidney problems. Voraxaze is a bacterial enzyme that helps break down and remove methotrexate from the body. Voriconazole - (pronounced) (BEFORE-ih-KAH-nuh-zole) A drug that treats infections caused by fungi Vorinostat - (pronounced) (before-IN-oh-stat) drug used to treat cutaneous T-cell lymphoma that has come back, worsened, or failed to improve during or after treatment with two systemic therapies. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Vorozole - (pronounced) (VOR-uh-zole) A hormone therapy drug used to decrease the production of estrogen Vote - (pronounced) (VOH tree ent) drug used to treat adults with advanced renal cell carcinoma (a type of kidney cancer) or advanced soft tissue sarcoma who have already been treated with other anticancer medicines. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Vulvar Cancer - (pronounced) (VUL ver KAN ser) Cancer of the vulva (the outer female genital organs, including the clitoris, labia and opening to the vagina) Vulvar carcinoma in situ - (pronounced) (VUL-ver KAR-sih-NOH-moo in SY-too) Abnormal cells are found on the surface of the vulvar skin. These abnormal cells can become cancerous and spread to nearby tissues. Vyxeos - (pronounced) (VIK-see-os) form of the cancer drugs daunorubicin hydrochloride and cytarabine contained in very small, fat-like particles, used to treat adults with certain types of newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia. Vyxeos may have fewer side effects and work better than other forms of WAGR syndrome - rare genetic disorder present at birth that causes two or more of the following symptoms: Wilms' tumor (a type of kidney cancer) ; little or no iris (the colored part of the eye) ; Defects in the genitals and urinary tract (the organs that produce and pass urine out of the body) ; an WBC - A type of blood cell made in the bone marrow and found in blood and lymphatic tissue. Leukocytes are part of the body's immune system. WBRT - A form of external beam radiation therapy used to treat patients with brain cancer. It is often used to treat patients whose cancer has spread to the brain or who have more than one tumor or tumors that cannot be surgically removed. WES - A laboratory method used to learn the exact order of all the building blocks that make up the parts of a person's DNA that contain information for making proteins. These parts, called exons, are thought to make up about 1% of a person's genome (full set of DNA). WGS - A laboratory method used to learn the exact order of all the building blocks (nucleotides) that make up a person's genome (complete set of DNA). WGS is used to find changes that can cause diseases like cancer. WHO - (pronounced) Part of the United Nations that deals with major health issues around the world. WHO sets standards for disease control, health care and medicines; conducts educational and research programs; and publishes scientific papers and reports. WOC Nurse - registered nurse who has additional education and training in the care of people who have a wound, stoma (an opening made by surgery from an area inside the body to the outside), or problems with continence (ability to control flow to control) having urine or bowel movements). Also calle WRAP53 gene - gene that produces a protein involved in the functioning of telomeres (the ends of chromosomes), which help prevent chromosomes from sticking together or breaking down. Mutations (changes) in the WRAP53 gene can cause damage to chromosomes and DNA, which can lead to abnormal cell growt WRN gene - gene that makes a protein involved in unwinding DNA and repairing damaged DNA. Mutations (changes) in the WRN gene can prevent cells from repairing their DNA, which can cause abnormal cells, including cancer cells, to grow. WS - A rare, inherited disorder characterized by rapid aging beginning in early adolescence or young adulthood and associated with an increased risk of cancer. Signs and symptoms include being shorter than average, thinning and graying hair, skin changes, thin arms and legs, voice changes, and unusu WX-671 - A substance being studied for the treatment of various types of cancer. It blocks the action of certain enzymes and can help prevent cancer cells from growing and spreading. WXS - A laboratory method used to learn the exact order of all the building blocks that make up the parts of a person's DNA that contain information for making proteins. These parts, called exons, are thought to make up about 1% of a person's genome (full set of DNA). Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia - (pronounced) (VAHL-the-strum MA-kroh-GLAH-byoo-lih-NEE-mee-uh) An indolent (slow-growing) form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma characterized by abnormal levels of IgM antibodies in the blood and an enlarged liver, spleen, or lymph nodes. Also called lymphoplasmic lymphoma Waldeyer's Ring - (pronounced) (VAL-dy-ore…) ring of lymphoid tissue in the throat. Waldeyer's ring is made up of tonsils, adenoids, and other lymphoid tissue. Warfarin - (pronounced) (WOR-fuh-rin) A drug that prevents blood from clotting. It belongs to the family of anticoagulants (blood thinners) Watercress - (pronounced) (WAH-ter-kres) Parts of the flowering plant have been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It may have anti-cancer effects. Weight loss surgery - (pronounced) (wayt los SER-juh-ree) surgery performed to help overweight people lose weight. There are different types of weight loss surgery, and each type alters the way the digestive system works. Welireg - (pronounced) (WEL-ih-reg) drug used to treat adults with renal cell carcinoma (a type of kidney cancer), central nervous system hemangioblastoma (a type of blood vessel tumor), or neuroendocrine tumor of the pancreas caused by von Hippel-Lindau disease. It is used in patients who need trea Well differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma - An indolent (slow-growing) type of lymphoma in which too many immature lymphocytes (white blood cells) are found primarily in the lymph nodes. This causes the lymph nodes to become larger than normal. Wellbutrin - (pronounced) (wel-BYOO-trin) A drug used to treat depression and certain other medical conditions. It is also used to help people quit smoking. Wermer syndrome - (pronounced) (WER-mer SIN-drome) rare, inherited disorder that affects the endocrine glands and can cause tumors in the parathyroid, pituitary and pancreas glands. These tumors are usually benign (not cancer). Werner Syndrome - (pronounced) (VER-ner SIN-drome) rare inherited disorder characterized by rapid aging beginning in early adolescence or young adulthood and associated with an increased risk of cancer. Signs and symptoms include being shorter than average, thinning and graying hair, skin changes, t Western Medicine - (pronounced) (WES-tern MEH-dih-sin) A system in which doctors and other healthcare professionals (e. g. Whipple method - (pronounced) (HWIH-pul proh-SEE-jer) A type of surgery used to treat pancreatic cancer. The head of the pancreas, duodenum, part of the stomach, and other nearby tissues are removed. White blood cell - (pronounced) (with blud sel) type of blood cell made in the bone marrow and found in blood and lymphatic tissue. White blood cells are part of the body's immune system. Whitmore-Jewett staging system - (pronounced) (WIT-mor-JOO-et STAY-jing SIS-tem) prostate cancer staging system using ABCD. “A” and “B” refer to cancer that is limited to the prostate. Whole Cell Vaccine - (pronounced) (Loch sel vak LAKES) Vaccine made from whole tumor cells modified in the laboratory Whole genome sequencing - (pronounced) (hole JEE-nome SEE-kwen-sing) A laboratory method used to learn the precise order of all the building blocks (nucleotides) that make up a person's genome (complete set of DNA). Whole genome sequencing is used to find changes that can cause diseases such as canc Wild Clover - (pronounced) (wild KLOH ver) Trifolium pratense. A plant with flowers that was used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. Will - (pronounced) (want) A legal document in which a person states what is to be done with their property after death, who is to execute the terms of the will, and who is to take care of minor children Wilms tumor - (pronounced) (wilmz TOO-mer) disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the kidneys and can spread to the lungs, liver or nearby lymph nodes. Wilms' tumor usually occurs in children under the age of 5 years Wilson's disease - (pronounced) (WIL-sun dih-ZEEZ) rare inherited condition that causes too much copper to build up in the body. The excess copper is stored in the body's tissues and organs, particularly the liver, brain and eyes. Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome - (pronounced) (WIS-kot-ALL-drich SIN-drome) An inherited immune disorder that occurs in young boys. It causes eczema (a type of skin inflammation), a decrease in the number of platelets (blood cells that help prevent bleeding) and common bacterial infections. Wobe-Mugos E - (pronounced) (wobe-myoo-gos. Wood alcohol - A type of alcohol used in the manufacture of antifreeze, pesticides, windshield wiper fluid, paint thinner, certain types of fuel, and other substances. Wood alcohol is easily ignited and very toxic. World Health Organization - (pronounced) (World Health OR-guh-nih-ZAY-shun) Part of the United Nations that deals with major health issues around the world. The World Health Organization sets standards for disease control, health care and medicines; conducts educational and research programs; and pu Wound - (pronounced) (Forest) A break in the skin or other body tissues caused by an injury or a surgical incision (cut) X-linked dominant inheritance - One of the ways in which a genetic trait or condition caused by a mutated (changed) gene on the X chromosome can be passed (inherited) from parent to child. In X-linked dominant inheritance, a genetic condition can occur when the child inherits a copy of a mutated (ch X-linked recessive inheritance - One of the ways in which a genetic trait or condition caused by a mutated (changed) gene on the X chromosome can be passed (inherited) from parent to child. In X-linked recessive inheritance, a daughter inherits a single mutated gene on the X chromosome from one of h X-ray - (pronounced) (EX ray) type of radiation used to diagnose and treat cancer and other diseases. In low doses, X-rays are used to diagnose diseases by taking pictures of the inside of the body. X-ray X-ray - (pronounced) (ZEER-oh-RAY-dee-oh-graf) An image of the body captured on paper rather than film. Also called xerogram X-ray examination of the fallopian tubes X-ray imaging - (pronounced) (EX-ray IH-muh-jing) A procedure that uses a type of high-energy radiation called X-rays to take pictures of areas inside the body. X-rays penetrate the body onto film or computers where the images are made. X-ray report - (pronounced) (RAY-dee-AH-loh-jee reh-PORT) detailed report describing the results of an imaging test. A radiology report contains information about the type of imaging test performed and how it was performed. X-ray therapy - type of radiation therapy that uses high-energy X-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors XELIRI - (pronounced) An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat colon cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It is also used to treat cancer of the esophagus and stomach that is advanced or has spread to other parts of the body. XELIRI schema - An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat colon cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It is also used to treat cancer of the esophagus and stomach that is advanced or has spread to other parts of the body. XELOX - (pronounced) An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat colon cancer that has spread. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. XELOX schema - An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat colon cancer that has spread. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. XK469R - A substance being studied for the treatment of leukaemia. It belongs to the family of topoisomerase inhibitors XL880 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. XL880 blocks enzymes involved in the growth and spread of tumor cells. XP - A rare inherited disorder characterized by extreme sensitivity to ultraviolet light, e. g. XPA Gen - gene that makes a protein involved in repairing damaged DNA. Mutations (changes) in the XPA gene can prevent cells from repairing their DNA, which can cause abnormal cells, including cancer cells, to grow. XPC Gen - A gene that makes a protein involved in repairing damaged DNA. Mutations (changes) in the XPC gene can prevent cells from repairing their DNA, which can cause abnormal cells, including cancer cells, to grow. XR9576 - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It can help tumor cells respond again to drugs to which they have become resistant (unresponsive). XRP9881 - A substance being studied for the treatment of breast cancer. It belongs to the family of taxane derivatives Xalkori - (pronounced) (zal-KOR-ee) A drug used to treat certain types of ALK-positive inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors in adults and children 1 year and older, ALK-positive systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma in young adults and children 1 year and older, and ALK-positive or ROS1-positive no Xanax - (pronounced) (ZAN Axe) drug used to treat anxiety disorders and panic attacks. It is being studied to treat nausea and vomiting caused by some cancer treatments. Xatmep - (pronounced) (ZAT-mep) A medicine used alone or with other medicines to treat many types of cancer, certain types of arthritis and severe psoriasis (a type of skin disease). It is also being studied in the treatment of other diseases and cancers. Xeloda - (pronounced) (zeh-LOH-duh) medicine used alone or with other medicines to treat certain types of colon cancer, breast cancer, cancer of the esophagus, cancer of the gastroesophageal junction, cancer of the stomach and cancer of the pancreas. It is also being studied in the treatment of othe Xenograft - (pronounced) (ZEE-noh-graft) The transplantation of an organ, tissue or cell to an individual of another species Xerogram - (pronounced) (ZEER-oh-gram) An image of the body captured on paper rather than film. Also called xeroradiogram Xeroradiography - (pronounced) (ZEER-oh-RAY-dee-AH-gruh-fee) A type of X-ray that takes an image of the body on paper rather than film Xerostomia - (pronounced) (ZEER-oh-STOH-mee-uh) Dry mouth. It occurs when the body cannot produce enough saliva Xgeva - (pronounced) (ex-JEE-vuh) drug that contains the active ingredient denosumab and is used to prevent or treat certain bone problems. Xgeva is used to prevent bone problems caused by multiple myeloma, or solid tumors that have spread to the bone. Xofigo - (pronounced) (SOH-fee-goh) radioactive drug used to treat prostate cancer that has spread to the bone and is causing symptoms but has not spread to other organs. It is used in patients whose cancer is resistant to castration (has not responded to treatments to lower testosterone levels). Xospata - (pronounced) (zoh-SPAH-tuh) drug used to treat adults with acute myeloid leukemia that has come back or has not improved with other treatments and has a mutation (change) in the FLT3 gene. Xospata blocks certain proteins that can prevent cancer cells from growing. Xpovio - (pronounced) (ex-POH-vee-oh) medicine used alone or with other medicines to treat adults with certain types of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma or multiple myeloma. It is used in patients whose cancer has already been treated with other cancer treatments. Xtandi - (pronounced) (ek-STAN-dee) A drug used to treat prostate cancer that has spread to other parts of the body and is castration-sensitive (has responded to treatments that lower testosterone levels) and prostate cancer that is castration-resistant (has not responded to treatments that lower te Xyotax - (pronounced) (ZY-oh-tax) form of the cancer drug paclitaxel combined with a protein called polylumex that may have fewer side effects and work better than paclitaxel. It is being studied to treat breast cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, and other types of cancer. YKL-40 - A substance that may be found in higher than normal levels in the blood of patients with certain types of cancer and inflammatory diseases. It's a type of glycoprotein YM598 - A substance being studied for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer and pain caused by prostate cancer that has spread to the bone. It belongs to the family of endothelin ETA receptor antagonists Yangona - (pronounced) (yan-GOH-nuh) herb native to islands in the South Pacific. Substances derived from the root have been used in some cultures to relieve stress, anxiety, tension, insomnia and menopause issues. Yeast - (pronounced) (Yes) A type of microorganism found almost everywhere, including in the body. There are many different types of yeast. Yellow Fever - (pronounced) (YEH-loh FEE-ver) disease caused by infection with the yellow fever virus, which is transmitted by mosquitoes. Symptoms include body aches, chills, fever, severe headache, weakness, and yellow skin. Yervoy - (pronounced) (YER Voy) drug that binds to the protein CTLA-4 to help immune cells kill cancer cells better and is used to treat many different types of cancer. These include cancers that have certain mutations (changes) in genes involved in DNA repair. Yescarta - (pronounced) (yes-KAR-tuh) drug used to treat adults with follicular lymphoma or certain types of large B-cell lymphoma that has relapsed (returned) or failed to improve after treatment with at least two other systemic therapies. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of Yin and yang - (pronounced) (yin yang) In Chinese philosophy, yin and yang are opposing forces that form a whole. Everything contains both yin and yang in a balance that is constantly changing, such as hot and cold, day and night, health and sickness. Yoga - (pronounced) (YOH-guh) An ancient system of practices used to balance the mind and body through exercise, meditation (focusing thoughts), and controlling breathing and emotions. Yoga is being studied as a means of reducing stress and treating sleep problems in cancer patients Yohimbe - (pronounced) (yoh-HIM bay) A tree native to West Africa. The bark is used as a supplement in bodybuilding and to increase male sexual performance. Zimbalta - (pronounced) (sim-BAL-tuh) drug used to treat depression and peripheral neuropathy (pain, numbness, tingling, burning, or weakness in the hands or feet) that can occur with diabetes. It's also being studied to treat peripheral neuropathy caused by certain anticancer drugs. Zipro - (pronounced) (SIP raw) A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and being studied to treat bladder cancer. Cipro is a type of fluoroquinolone. a "warning" signal that comes before a migraine headache or an epileptic seizure, which might include emotions or sensations of movement or discomfort a baby that is born dead after the 28th week of pregnancy; also called late fetal death a bacterial infection of the hair follicles in the beard area a bacterial infection of the intestines, causing abdominal pain and diarrhea a bacterial infection of the respiratory tract characterized by short, convulsive coughs that end in a whoop sound when breath is inhaled (commonly called whooping cough); mainly affects children a bacterial infection of the small intestine that causes severe watery diarrhea, dehydration, and possibly death a bacterial infection that causes a fever, headache, sore throat, and possibly death; diphtheria is rare in developed countries a bacterial or yeast infection of the skin around the nail a birth defect in which a hole is present in the wall that separates the left and right sides of the heart a birth defect in which a normal body opening or canal is absent; usually requires surgical repair soon after birth a birth defect in which a section of the baby's spine fails to develop completely, leaving the spinal cord exposed in that section a birth defect in which the bile ducts are not completely developed; often a liver transplant is necessary a birth defect in which the opening of the anus is not formed normally a birth defect in which the roof of the mouth is split, extending from behind the teeth to the nasal cavity; often occurs with other birth defects such as cleft lip and partial deafness a birth defect in which the upper lip is split vertically, extending into one or both nostrils a birth-control technique using a condom, diaphragm, or another similar device to block the path of sperm to an egg a blood clot in a blood vessel a blood group classifying whether the substances called Rhesus (Rh) factors are present on the surface of red blood cells; the "positive" or "negative" designation in blood classification (for example, "O negative") a blood test performed on babies to test for phenylketonuria a blood test performed to help determine the cause of an allergy by detecting the presence of antibodies to various allergens a body temperature of above 98.6°F in the mouth or 99.8°F in the rectum a bone break a bone break in which the two broken ends have been forced into each other a bone break resulting from repeated pressure on the bone a bone break that breaks the skin a bone break that does not break the skin a brain disorder characterized by abnormal eye movements, difficulties with muscle coordination, and confusion; usually the result of chronic alcoholism a bright red, raised birthmark that usually disappears without treatment a bronchodilator drug that is used to treat asthma a brown to blue-black spot on the lower back and buttocks at birth, caused by a concentration of pigment-producing cells; usually disappears by the age of 3 or 4 years a bulb-shaped deformity and redness of the nose as a result of severe rosacea a bulging of the urethra into the vagina a bulging vein either at the opening of the anus or just inside the anus, often caused by childbirth or straining during bowel movements a burning sensation experienced in the center of the chest up to the throat; may be caused by overeating, eating spicy food, or drinking alcohol; recurrent heartburn may be caused by acid reflux a butterfly-shaped bandage that can help close a minor cut for proper healing a cancer of lymph tissue that most frequently occurs in the abdomen, the ovaries, and the bones of the face; it is associated with malaria a category used to describe a person's blood according to the kinds of proteins present on the surface of the red blood cells a cavity within bone or a channel that contains blood; also refers to an abnormal tract in the body a cell that breaks down unwanted bone tissue; also refers to a device for fracturing a bone to correct a deformity a cell that forms bone a characteristic sound (heard through a stethoscope) of blood flowing irregularly through the heart; can be harmless or may be an indication of disease a chemical hair remover a chemical that transmits messages in the brain and plays a role in movement a childhood disease causing fever, rash, skin peeling, swollen lymph nodes, and possibly complications of the heart and brain a childhood infection caused by a virus, which often starts as a rash on the cheeks and spreads a chlamydial infection resembling influenza that is spread to humans by the droppings of infected birds a circular muscle located at the junction of the stomach and small intestine that controls the passage of food into the small intestine a class of blood proteins, a high level of which is associated with coronary heart disease a coiled break in a bone, resembling a corkscrew a coiled organ in the inner ear that plays a large role in hearing by picking up sound vibrations and transmitting them as electrical signals a collection of dilated (widened) capillaries on the skin that creates a patch resembling a spider a colorless, odorless gas present in small amounts in the atmosphere and formed during respiration a combination of defects in a fetus as a result of the mother drinking alcohol during pregnancy a combination of the lung diseases emphysema and bronchitis, characterized by blockage of airflow in and out of the lungs a common childhood or adolescent disorder in which there are pale, scaly patches on the skin of the face a common condition in babies in which the skin in the diaper area becomes irritated and red, usually because of exposure to urine, feces, or heat a common condition in which the mitral valve in the heart is deformed, causing blood to leak back across the valve; characterized by a heart murmur and sometimes chest pain and disturbed heart rhythm a common disease in young children characterized by a sudden fever and rash a common protozoan infection that is usually only dangerous to a fetus in early pregnancy or a person who is immunocompromised a common sexually transmitted disease, characterized by painful urination or a discharge from the penis or vagina a common skin disease in which itchy, small, pink or purple spots appear on the arms or legs a condition associated with alcoholism in which the lower end of the esophagus tears, causing vomiting of blood a condition characterized by dryness of the eyes, mouth, and vagina that tends to occur along with certain disorders of the immune system a condition characterized by having two of the following four clinical criteria: fever, rapid breathing, increased heart rate, and abnormal white blood cell count a condition experienced after an illness or injury damages the lungs, causing severe breathing difficulty and resulting in a life-threatening lack of oxygen in the blood a condition in which a person suddenly stops breathing a condition in which a pregnant woman's Rh factor does not match that of the fetus; can lead to the production of antibodies by the mother that destroy the fetus' red blood cells a condition in which a woman who has a negative Rh factor develops permanent antibodies against Rh-positive blood as a result of exposure to the blood of her fetus; can cause fetal hemolysis in subsequent pregnancies a condition in which all or part of a lung cannot expand and fill with air a condition in which bacteria are present in the bloodstream; may occur after minor surgery or infection and may be dangerous for people with a weakened immune system or abnormal heart valves a condition in which breathing stops for very short periods of time during sleep a condition in which connective tissue tumors occur on nerves in the skin a condition in which fatty deposits occur in various parts of the body, possibly leading to atherosclerosis a condition in which fingers or toes are fused together a condition in which one eye turns outward a condition in which patches of skin on the body lose their color; thought to be caused by the immune system attacking the skin tissues, causing the absence of melanin a condition in which people are born with insufficient amounts of the pigment melanin, which is responsible for hair, skin, and eye color a condition in which pressure on the median nerve in the wrist causes soreness, tingling, and numbness in the thumb and index and middle fingers a condition in which the adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormones that control important functions such as blood pressure a condition in which the blood does not contain enough hemoglobin, the compound that carries oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body a condition in which the eyes are not aligned correctly, such as cross-eye (one eye points inward) and walleye (one eye points outward) a condition in which the fingers and toes become pale when exposed to cold or emotional stress, owing to sudden narrowing of the arteries that supply them with blood a condition in which the mitral valve in the heart becomes narrowed, making the heart work harder to pump blood; can lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath a condition in which the tissue of the lungs has become thick and scarred, usually because of inflammation caused by lung conditions such as pneumonia or tuberculosis a condition in which the tongue is patchy where surface cells break down a condition in which the uterus moves downward into the vagina due to a weakness of the ligaments and muscles that hold the uterus in place a condition in which there are multiple, slow-growing cysts on both kidneys a condition marked by abnormally high acid levels in the blood, associated with some forms of diabetes, lung disease, and severe kidney disease a condition marked by enlargement of the heart, either because of a thickened heart muscle or an enlarged heart chamber; usually a result of the heart having to work harder than normal, as occurs with high blood pressure a condition present at birth in which a part of the baby's intestines bulge through a weak area of the abdominal wall, creating a swelling around the navel a condition that is present at birth in which nerve cells do not develop in parts of the intestine, causing the intestine to narrow and block the passage of feces a condition that occurs following a heart attack or heart surgery; characterized by fever, chest pain, pericarditis, and pleurisy a condition that occurs late in life and worsens with time in which brain cells degenerate; it is accompanied by memory loss, physical decline, and confusion a cough that brings up phlegm, which is the body's natural way of clearing blocked airways a cramping pain in one or both legs while walking, which can cause limping a crescent-shaped pad of cartilage in joints that helps to reduce friction a crushed or shattered bone a dangerous eating disorder mainly affecting young girls in which the sufferer has an intense fear of looking fat, avoids food, and loses weight excessively a decrease in milk production during pregnancy as a result of high levels of estrogen in the blood a decrease in the number of platelets in the blood, causing abnormal bleeding of blood vessels into the skin a deficiency of the vitamin niacin; causes dermatitis, diarrhea, and mental disorders a deformed ear caused by repeated injury a desire to eat materials that are not food a device that is used to immobilize a part of the body a device used to correct or control deformed bones, muscles, or joints a diagnostic test in which different allergens are taped to the skin to determine which causes an allergic reaction a digestive disorder in which nutrients cannot be properly absorbed from food, causing weakness and loss of weight a discharge from an inflamed ear a disease affecting any artery supplying blood to the brain; may cause blockage or rupture of a blood vessel, leading to a stroke a disease caused by a lack of vitamin C, characterized by weakness, bleeding and pain in joints and muscles, bleeding gums, and abnormal bone and tooth growth a disease caused by bacteria transmitted through the bite of a tick; characterized by fever, rash, and inflammation of the heart and joints a disease in which the body’s immune system attacks cells of the thyroid gland, resulting in a decrease in thyroid hormones a disease in which white blood cells called lymphocytes divide uncontrollably a disease of the connective tissue surrounding the air sacs of the lungs that causes a dry cough, scarring of lung tissue, and shortness of breath a disease of the heart muscle that results in decreased output and reduced blood flow a disease of the joints characterized by inflammation, pain, stiffness, and redness a disease that began in the affected location a disease that can be passed from one individual to another a disease that occurs as a result of factors in the workplace a disorder caused partly or completely by a defect in genes, which carry hereditary information a disorder causing thickening and hardening of artery walls a disorder characterized by inflamed airways and difficulty breathing a disorder characterized by inflammation of the joints, urethra, and sometimes the conjunctiva a disorder in which a man has an extra Y chromosome, causing him to be unusually tall and to have behavioral disorders a disorder in which a person eats large amounts of food then forces vomiting or uses laxatives to prevent weight gain (called binging and purging) a disorder in which acid in the stomach comes up into the esophagus, because the valve separating the stomach and esophagus does not function properly a disorder in which nodules associated with inflammation of blood vessels develop in the lungs, kidneys, and nasal passageways a disorder in which one of the disks located between the vertebrae in the spine breaks down and the pulpy interior squeezes out, causing pressure on a nerve; commonly called a "slipped" or "ruptured" disk a disorder in which premature babies lack surfactant, a substance that stops the lungs from collapsing a disorder in which the body’s immune system attacks itself a disorder in which the front surface of the eye (the cornea) is not correctly spherical, resulting in blurry vision a disorder in which the lower part of the spine is weakened by an abnormally soft vertebra a disorder in which the placenta develops at the lower section of the uterus (close to or covering the cervix); varies in severity, from no effect on a pregnancy to vaginal bleeding and danger to the mother and the fetus a disorder mainly present in children and adolescents, characterized by learning and behavior problems, inability to pay attention, and sometimes hyperactivity a disorder occurring during pregnancy in which the placenta does not function properly, causing the fetus to be deprived of nutrients a disorder occurring in the middle-aged and elderly in which bone does not form properly, causing bone weakening, thickening, and deformity a disorder of the heart caused by a blockage of the nerve impulses to the heart that regulate heartbeat; may lead to dizziness, fainting, or stroke a disorder of the immune system that causes inflammation of connective tissue a disorder of the inner ear, causing hearing loss, ringing in the ear, and the sensation that one's surroundings are spinning a disorder of the trigeminal nerve (a cranial nerve) that causes brief attacks of severe pain in the lips, cheeks, gums, or chin on one side of the face a disorder that causes excessive sleepiness during the day and frequent and uncontrollable episodes of falling asleep a disorder that follows a throat infection by the streptococcus bacteria and causes inflammation in body tissues a disorder that is caused by genes located on the sex chromosomes a doctor's probable forecast of the effects and outcome of a disease a doughnut-shaped blood cell that carries oxygen from the lungs to body tissues a drug (or other chemical)-induced drowsiness or stupor a drug marketed under its chemical name, instead of a brand name a drug similar to the male hormone testosterone that builds muscles and strengthens bones, but has adverse side effects a drug that blocks the action of histamine; used to treat inflammation a drug that causes the pupil to constrict a drug that causes the pupil to dilate (widen) a drug that has a psychological effect a drug that has the same effect on the body as another drug a drug that increases the ability of the body’s immune system to fight disease a drug that lessens the sticky quality of phlegm and makes it easier to cough up a drug that neutralizes stomach acids; used to treat indigestion, heartburn, and acid reflux a drug that relieves an allergic reaction by stopping the effects of histamine, the substance responsible for the negative symptoms associated with the reaction a drug that relieves pain by blocking the production of chemicals that stimulate pain-sensing nerves a drug that relieves pain, such as aspirin or acetaminophen a drug typically used to treat high blood pressure (Angiotensin-Converting a drug used in the treatment of peptic ulcers that blocks histamine from causing acid production in the stomach a drug used to treat chest pain, high blood pressure, and irregular heartbeat by preventing the movement of calcium into the muscle a drug used to treat infertility that contains hormones or substances associated with hormones a fast-growing cancer of the kidneys that occurs most commonly in children under 4 years of age a fat or oil found mainly in vegetables; thought to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease a fat or oil that contains well below the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible; thought to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease a fatal birth defect in which the brain and spinal cord have failed to develop, resulting in the absence of a portion of the skull and brain a first-aid technique for choking; dislodges an object that is blocking a person’s airway a fluid-filled cyst attached to a tendon sheath or joint a fluid-filled sac that cushions and reduces friction in certain parts of the body a form of arthritis that develops as a complication of the skin disorder psoriasis a form of arthritis with symptoms similar to gout that results from the depositing of calcium salts in a joint a form of hepatitis (generally more serious than hepatitis A) caused by the hepatitis B virus, which is transmitted through sexual contact or contact with infected blood or body fluids a form of hepatitis caused by the hepatitis A virus, usually transmitted by contact with contaminated food or water a form of hepatitis caused by the hepatitis C virus, which is transmitted through sexual contact or contact with infected blood or body fluids a form of hepatitis that only causes symptoms when the individual is already infected with hepatitis B a form of invisible light in sunlight that is responsible for the tanning and burning of skin and can cause cataracts and skin cancer a form of nightmlare causing abrupt awakening in terror; occurs mostly in children a form of phototherapy that combines the use of psoralens and ultraviolet light to treat skin disorders a form of plague in which lymph nodes in the groin and armpit swell a form of pneumonia that is mainly spread through airconditioning systems and water a form of tendinitis that causes pain and tenderness in the elbow and forearm a gene that always produces its effect when it is present a gene that does not produce its effect when it occurs with a dominant gene, but produces its effect only when there are two copies of it a general term for a cosmetic operation on the breasts; includes breast reduction, enlargement, and reconstruction after a mastectomy a general term for a group of disorders in which lipid levels in the blood are abnormally high, including hypercholesterolemia a genetic condition in boys in which nerves degenerate and muscles get progressively weaker a genetic disorder affecting only men that causes mental handicap, self-mutilation, and aggressive behavior a genetic disorder characterized by excessive bleeding a genetic disorder in which a man has at least 1 extra X chromosome in his cells, causing infertility and female characteristics a genetic disorder in which a person’s cells have 1 too many chromosomes, causing moderate to severe mental handicap and a characteristic appearance a genetic disorder in which an enzyme deficiency causes a substance called homocystine to build up in the blood, leading to mental handicap and skeletal abnormalities a genetic disorder in which an individual who is genetically male has the external appearance of a female because the body is unresponsive to testosterone a genetic disorder in which bones are abnormally fragile, leading to multiple breaks and deformity a genetic disorder in which galactose cannot be converted into glucose a genetic disorder in which lipids cannot be properly broken down and build up in certain cells; causes enlargement of the spleen and liver, bone damage, and anemia a genetic disorder in which red blood cells are smaller, rounder, and more fragile than normal, causing hemolytic anemia a genetic disorder in which the abnormal gene is located on the X chromosome; those affected are almost always men a genetic disorder in which the foot is twisted and misshapen a genetic disorder in which the skin is extremely sensitive to sunlight, causing it to age prematurely and leaving the individual particularly susceptible to skin cancer a genetic disorder in which there are polyps in the small intestine and brown melanin spots on the lips, mouth, fingers, and toes pH]] Sandbox - a measure of the acidic or basic character of a substance a genetic disorder in women in which only one X chromosome is present, or both chromosomes are present but one is defective a genetic disorder of the heart in which a channel connecting the pulmonary artery and the aorta fails to close and the heart must work harder to supply the body with blood a genetic heart disease involving four structural defects in the heart, which result in insufficient levels of oxygen in the blood a gland located in the front of the neck below the voice box that plays an important role in metabolism (the chemical processes in the body) and growth; the gland produces thyroid hormone a graph showing a person's hearing ability, determined from a set of tests examining hearing acuity of different sound frequencies a groove or slit on the body or in an organ a group of antibiotic drugs used to treat a wide variety of infections, including bronchitis and some types of pneumonia a group of bacteria; includes a species that causes food poisoning and another responsible for typhoid fever a group of cancer of the lymph nodes and spleen that can spread to other parts of the body a group of carbohydrates, including sugars and starches a group of chemicals produced in the brain that reduce pain and positively affect mood a group of childhood genetic disorders in which the protective coverings of the nerves are destroyed a group of common infections occurring on the skin, hair, and nails that are caused by a fungus; commonly referred to as ringworm a group of diseases caused by the microorganism rickettsia, spread by the bites of fleas, mites, or ticks; symptoms include headache, fever, rash, and a series of complications if untreated a group of disorders of movement and posture resulting from damage to the brain early in a child's development; causes muscle weakness, difficulty coordinating voluntary movements, and sometimes complete loss of motion a group of drugs that have a calming effect; used to treat anxiety and pain, bring on sleep, and help relax a person before surgery a group of drugs that relieve pain and reduce inflammation a group of drugs that widen blood vessels; used to treat insufficient blood supply to the heart (angina pectoris) and reduced pumping efficiency of the heart (heart failure) a group of drugs used as antipsychotics, antihistamines, and antiemetics a group of drugs used to relieve muscle spasm and to treat conditions such as arthritis, back pain, and nervous system disorders such as stroke and cerebral palsy a group of fats stored in the body and used for energy a group of genetic blood disorders characterized by a defect in the ability to produce hemoglobin, leading to the rupturing of red blood cells (called hemolytic anemia) a group of genetic disorders in which substances called porphyrins build up in the blood, often causing rashes brought on by exposure to sunlight and reactions to certain drugs a group of glands that secrete saliva into the mouth a group of parasitic diseases affecting the skin, mucous membranes, and internal organs; transmitted by the bite of a sandfly a group of sedatives that reduce activity in the brain; are habit-forming and are possibly fatal when taken with alcohol a group of viruses that are made up of RNA instead of DNA, including HIV and the virus that causes T-cell leukemia a group of vitamins including thiamine, niacin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, biotin, and folic acid; plays a variety of important roles in the body, including in hormone production, metabolism, and functioning of the nerves, muscle, heart, and digestive system a group of worms that includes many of the major human parasites a growth (usually noncancerous) occurring on the lining of the uterus a growth on the skin in or around the vagina, penis, or anus, transmitted by sexual contact; can cause cancer of the cervix a growth on the skin that is the result of overproduction of the protein keratin a hard mass composed of substances from the urine that form in the kidneys a hard plaster or fiberglass shell that molds to a body part such as an arm and holds it in place for proper healing a hard, fluid-filled pad along the inside joint of the big toe; may be caused by wearing high-heeled shoes or a genetically weak joint a harmless cyst containing fluid and sperm that occurs in the tube through which sperm travel from the testicles a headache caused by emotional strain or tension in the muscles of the head and neck a heart valve defect a hereditary disease characterized by multiple cysts on the ovaries, obesity, excessive hairiness, infertility, and irregular menstruation a hereditary disease in which the muscles weaken and waste away; similar to Duchenne muscular dystrophy but starts later in life and advances more slowly a hernia in which the protruding organ or tissue loses its blood supply, requiring emergency surgery a high-pitched sound produced during breathing because of narrowing of the airways; common sign of asthma a highly contagious and often fatal viral infection that has been completely eradicated by immunization a highly contagious skin disorder caused by a mite that burrows into the skin and produces an intense, itchy rash a highly contagious skin infection caused by bacteria, usually occurring around the nose and mouth; commonly occurring in children a hole in an organ or body structure caused by disease or injury a hole in the wall that separates the two lower chambers of the heart (called the ventricles) a hole located in the wall between the two upper chambers of the heart a hollow tube with a small, inflatable balloon at the tip; used to open a narrowed artery or organ that has become blocked a hormone (such as testosterone) that causes development of male characteristics and sex organs a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that helps regulate energy production in the body a hormone produced in the pituitary gland that causes contraction of the uterus during childbirth and stimulation of milk flow during breast-feeding a hormone that coordinates pigmentation of the skin, eyes, and hair a joint consisting of a ball-shaped bone that fits into a cup-shaped bone, making the joint free to rotate; examples include the hip and shoulder a joint designed for rotational movement a joint that cannot be moved because of a disease or a lodged piece of bone or cartilage a kidney disorder that can occur as a complication of diabetes mellitus; can cause swelling, high blood pressure, and kidney failure a large blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to tissues and organs in the body a layer of tightly bound cells that prevents certain substances carried in the bloodstream from entering the brain a lens that corrects both near and distant vision by having two parts with different focusing strengths a less serious form of sickle cell anemia a life-threatening allergic reaction resulting in difficulty breathing and low blood pressure a life-threatening asthma attack requiring immediate treatment a life-threatening condition caused by a staphylococci toxin a life-threatening condition in which bacteria multiply in the blood and produce toxic materials; commonly known as blood poisoning; now also known as systemic inflammatory response syndrome. a life-threatening condition in which tissues become damaged and blood pressure drops due to bacteria multiplying and producing poisons in the blood a life-threatening condition resulting from extreme overexposure to heat, which disrupts the body's system of regulating temperature a life-threatening succession of epileptic seizures a life-threatening viral infection transmitted by mosquitoes that causes jaundice, fever, headache, and vomiting a local anesthesia procedure used during childbirth, causing the lower part of the vagina to be insensitive to pain a long, open sore on the skin of the anus a long, tube-shaped organ that extends from the stomach to the anus; absorbs food and water and passes the waste products of digestion as feces a loss of sensation in a certain part of the body or throughout the body a low level of sperm in the semen; one of the main causes of infertility in men a lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane a machine that takes over the functions of the heart and lungs during certain types of surgery a mass of tissue that forms at a site of inflammation, injury, or infection as a part of the healing process a measure of a person's physical strength, flexibility, and endurance a measure of the saltiness of sweat to help diagnose cystic fibrosis a measure of the sharpness of a person's vision a measure of the time it takes for red blood cells to collect at the bottom of a sample of blood; an elevated rate may mean that there is inflammation somewhere in the body a medication that can be purchased without a physician's prescription a medication used to promote the coughing up of phlegm from the respiratory tract a mental disorder characterized by an inability to relate to other people and extreme withdrawal a mental disorder characterized by extreme excitement, happiness, overactivity, and agitation; usually refers to the high of the highs and lows experienced in manicdepressive disorder a mental disorder characterized by extreme mood swings, including either mania, depression, or a continuing shift between the two extremes a mental disorder in which a person is obsessed with certain thoughts, leading them to repeatedly perform specific acts; for example, constantly washing the hands out of fear of germs and dirt a mental disorder involving abnormal moods and emotions; affective disorders include manic-depressive disorder a method of artificial breathing in which someone rhythmically forces air into the lungs of a person who has stopped breathing a method of determining focusing errors of the eye in which light is shined through the pupil and the reflected beam is measured a method of diagnosing fetal defects in which a small amount of tissue is taken from the placenta and analyzed for abnormalities a method of holding a broken bone in place using surgically inserted screws, rods, or plates a method of pain relief in which a painkilling drug is injected into the space surrounding the spinal cord to block sensations in the abdomen and lower body a method of preparing for childbirth that stresses physical conditioning, relaxation, and breathing exercises a method of preventing pain by inducing the loss of sensation in a certain area of the body while the patient remains awake a method of preventing pregnancy in which a couple does not have sexual intercourse during the days of the menstrual cycle during which fertilization can occur a method of providing nutrients by the use of a tube or intravenously to a person who cannot eat food or needs nutrients because of an illness a method of treating infertility in which eggs are taken from a woman's ovaries and fertilized with sperm and then the fertilized egg is injected into one of her fallopian tubes a method to determine how much a cancer has developed a method used to examine the inside of the uterus and the cervix using a viewing instrument a method used to treat infertility in which an egg fertilized outside the body is placed into a woman's fallopian tube a method used to treat kidney failure, in which blood is passed through a machine that purifies it and returns it to the body a mild skin condition in which flat, scaly spots occur on the trunk and upper arms a mild viral infection (also known as German measles) that produces a rash and fever; dangerous when it infects a woman during the early stages of pregnancy, when it can spread causing birth defects in the fetus a milk-filled tumor in a blocked breast milk duct a mixture of substances secreted by the air sacs of the lungs that prevents the air sacs from collapsing during exhalation a movement disorder characterized by involuntary tics and noises, and in some cases uncontrollable shouting of obscenities a muscle disease, usually one that results in the deterioration of muscle a muscle located at the back of the thigh that bends the leg at the knee and moves the leg backward a muscle that causes a joint or limb to straighten a natural method of family planning in which a woman determines her time of ovulation by changes in her daily temperature a negative reaction to a substance that in most people causes no reaction a nerve running down the arm to the hand; controls muscle movement in the forearm and hand and conveys sensation from part of the hand a nerve that carries messages to a muscle that cause the muscle to contract a noncancerous bone tumor a noncancerous tumor made of mucous material and fibrous connective tissue a noncancerous tumor of connective tissue a noncancerous tumor of the pituitary gland a nonsmoker inhaling the cigar, cigarette, or pipe smoke of others (called second-hand smoke) in the same area, which increases the nonsmoker's risk of cancer and respiratory disorders a painful condition of the big toe in which the nail grows into the skin on either side, causing inflammation and/or infection a painful, persistent erection without sexual arousal, requiring emergency treatment a painless sore that has a thick, rubbery base and a defined edge; usually occurs on the genitals after the contraction of the sexually transmitted disease syphilis a painless swelling of the scrotum, caused by a collection of fluid around the testicle; commonly occurs in middle aged men a painless, small, white bump; usually occurs in groups on the nose, cheeks, or around the eyes a pair of arteries running up the neck to supply the brain with blood a parasite-caused or infectious disease in animals that can be transferred to humans a parasitic disease spread by mosquitos that causes chills and fever; potentially fatal complications in the liver, kidneys, blood, and brain are possible a parasitic flatworm that can infest humans a parasitic worm that lives in the intestines; causes diarrhea and abdominal discomfort a peptic ulcer a perception that occurs when there is actually nothing there to cause it (such as hearing voices when there are none) a peripheral nervous system disease in which nerve inflammation causes weakness, loss of movement, and loss of sensation in the arms and legs a persistent, contagious form of conjunctivitis that can lead to complications such as blindness if untreated a person trained to give first aid and other emergency medical care a person who specializes in the making and adjustment of eyeglasses and contact lenses a pigment found in orange vegetables and fruits, which the body converts to vitamin A; possibly protects against cancer a plastic tube that is fed down into the trachea through the mouth or nose to supply oxygen to a person who is not breathing properly a poisonous form of oxygen that is present in the earth's upper atmosphere, where it helps to screen the earth from damaging ultraviolet rays a poisonous substance produced by certain animals a possibly life-threatening condition in which breathing stops, for either a short or long period of time a pregnancy that occurs in the fallopian tubes, with a fertilized egg implanting in the tube instead of the uterus; severely painful and can be fatal if not detected and treated a preparation of weakened microorganisms given to create resistance to a certain disease a problem with the ability of the mitral valve in the heart to close, which causes the heart to pump harder and reduces its efficiency a procedure done to break up stones in the urinary tract using ultrasonic shock waves, so that the fragments can be easily passed from the body a procedure for recording the electrical impulses of brain activity a procedure in which a needle is inserted into the lower region of the spinal canal to take out a sample of spinal fluid or to inject a drug a procedure in which a semen sample is examined to determine the amount of sperm present, along with their shape and ability to move; commonly used in the treatment of male infertility a procedure in which a small amount of amniotic fluid is removed from the mother’s womb in order to detect abnormalities of the fetus a procedure in which cells are scraped off of the cervix and examined to detect changes that might precede the stages of cancer; also called a Pap smear a procedure in which the eyelids are sewn shut; performed to protect the corneas a procedure in which the stomach is made smaller by partitioning it off using metal staples; used as an extreme treatment of severe obesity a procedure in which the vagina and cervix are widened and the lining of the uterus is scraped away to diagnose and treat disorders of the uterus a procedure performed to destroy kidney stones using external shock waves a procedure performed to remove plaque that is blocking an artery a procedure that uses X-rays and computers to create cross-sectional images of the body to diagnose and monitor disease a procedure used to examine the inside of a joint using a viewing tube (an endoscope) a process that plays a large role in the hardening and thickening of blood to form a clot a profession concerned with providing care to a mother and baby during pregnancy and childbirth a protein made by white blood cells that reacts with a specific foreign protein as part of the immune response a protrusion of the meninges through an opening in the skull or spinal cord due to a genetic defect a purple-red mark on the skin, caused by an excess of blood vessels a pus-filled abscess in the follicle of an eyelash; caused by a bacterial infection a rare bacterial infection acquired by eating undercooked infected meat or from infected live animals; can be dangerous to newborns and the elderly a rare condition in which an individual is born with both male and female reproductive organs a rare defect in the pulmonary heart valve in which it fails to close properly after each muscle contraction, allowing blood to leak back into the heart; weakens the heart's pumping ability a rare disease of the elderly, characterized by muscle stiffness and pain in the hips, thighs, shoulders, and neck a rare disease transmitted to humans through the bites of ticks; characterized by small pink spots on the wrists and ankles that spread to other parts of the body, become larger, and bleed a rare disorder in which tumors form in the pancreas and secrete the hormone gastrin, which causes increased production of gastric acid and recurrent peptic ulcers a rare disorder mainly affecting those under the age of 15 that is characterized by brain and liver damage following a viral infection such as chickenpox or the flu; may be linked to taking aspirin to treat a viral infection a rare disorder that has widespread effects on the body, including impaired absorption of nutrients, weight loss, joint pain, and anemia a rare form of persistent joint inflammation that affects children a rare genetic condition in which the heart is located on the right side of the body, instead of the left a rare genetic disorder in which muscles degenerate gradually and strength is lost a rare genetic disorder that affects connective tissue, leading to abnormalities of joints, bones, tendons, ligaments, arteries, and/or the heart a rare hereditary disorder in which bones become harder and more dense, causing them to break more easily a rash involving small, red, itchy spots and a prickly sensation that usually appears where sweat builds up a reaction to certain anesthesia gases involving intense muscle contractions and a high fever a red blood cell a reduced flow of blood throughout the body, usually caused by severe bleeding or a weak heart; without treatment, can lead to a collapse, coma, and death a registered nurse who specializes in the care of a mother and child during pregnancy, labor, and delivery a regular heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute a regular heart rate of over 100 beats per minute a respiratory disease acquired by inhaling the spores of a fungus found in soil, especially where there are bird or bat droppings a respiratory disease caused by dust inhalation a respiratory disease caused by inhalation of dust containing the mineral silica a ring of muscle fibers at the opening of the rectum, controlling the opening and closing of the anus a rough-surfaced, hard spot on the sole of the foot that is caused by a virus a rubbing sound produced by inflamed pleural membranes that can be heard when breathing a sac or body cavity that is swollen because of the production of mucus by the cells in its lining a sample of cells spread across a glass slide to be examined through a microscope a seizure characterized by loss of awareness for brief periods a serious condition that occurs in late pregnancy, characterized by seizures in the woman a serious disorder that occurs in the second half of pregnancy, in which a woman experiences high blood pressure, fluid retention, nausea, and headaches; if not treated it can lead to eclampsia a serious infectious disease transmitted to humans through bites of rodent fleas a set of X-rays, taken at different intervals after a barium sulfate solution is swallowed, to examine the gastrointestinal tract a severe genetic disorder that causes nervous system disturbances and death, usually before the age of 3 a severe headache, usually accompanied by vision problems and/or nausea and vomiting, and that typically recurs a severe intestinal infection, causing abdominal pain and diarrhea with blood or mucus a severe pain in the upper right section of the abdomen, usually caused by a gallstone passing out of the bladder or through the bile ducts a severe rash in which the outer layers of skin blister and peel off a severely dangerous condition involving decreased blood output from the heart, usually as a result of a heart attack a severely reduced number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets a severely swollen large intestine, causing severe constipation and abdominal bloating; may be present at birth or develops later a sexually transmitted chlamydial infection; common in countries with a tropical climate a sexually transmitted disease; initially causes only painless sores on the genitals but can be life-threatening if untreated a shift in the position of the fetus inside of the uterus, either occurring naturally or as performed by a doctor to facilitate delivery a short electric shock to the chest to normalize an irregular heartbeat a simple test performed in a doctor’s office to check for disk prolapse a simple, single-celled organism a skin condition characterized by inflamed, pus-filled areas that occur on the skin's surface, most commonly occurring during adolescence a skin disorder that is characterized by patches of red skin on the nose and cheeks and acne-like bumps; most commonly occurs in middle-aged women a skin infection caused by a fungus that spreads out in an even circle, characterized by ring-like, scaly patches of red skin a skin infection caused by bacteria (usually streptococci); can lead to tissue damage and blood poisoning if untreated; characterized by fever, chills, heat, tenderness, and redness a slippery fluid produced by mucous membranes that lubricates and protects the internal surfaces of the body a slow heart rate, usually below 60 beats per minute in adults a slower-than-normal breathing rate a small balloon inserted into the aorta that helps to circulate blood by inflating between heartbeats a small blister anywhere around the mouth that is caused by the herpes simplex virus a small blister containing pus a small cavity or chamber; there are four ventricles in the brain that circulate cerebrospinal fluid through it, and two in the heart that pump blood throughout the body a small female organ located near the opening of the vagina that swells when sexually aroused a small insect that lives in pubic hair, feeds on blood, and is usually spread by sexual contact; pubic lice are popularly called "crabs" a small lump of tissue that is usually abnormal; can form under the skin or protrude a small parasite worm that can live in the intestines; commonly affects children a small rubber cup that is placed tightly over the cervix to prevent pregnancy a small skin blister, or any sac in the body, that contains fluid a small, parasitic worm that can live in the intestines of a human and may cause diarrhea, abdominal pain, and anemia a small, round gland located at the base of the brain that releases hormones that control other glands and body processes a small, rounded tissue mass a solid cone or bullet-shaped object made up of a chemically inactive substance and a drug that is inserted into the rectum or vagina; used to administer a drug a sometimes fatal disease affecting the brain and spinal cord; caused by infection with bacterium present in soil and manure a spasm of the jaw muscles that prevents the mouth from opening, such as that caused by tetanus a splinter-shaped area of bleeding under a fingernail or toenail a spot in the field of vision that is not sensitive to light; it is a product of the entrance of the optic nerve into the eyeball, where no light receptors are present on the retina a sticky patch attached to the surface of the skin that releases drugs into the bloodstream a strong metal rod that is placed inside of a broken bone to help it heal correctly a structure made up of four muscle tendons that reinforces the shoulder joint a structure that allows fluid flow in only one direction a substance in the blood that is needed for blood to harden and stop a wound from bleeding a substance in the blood that transports iron throughout the body a substance prepared from blood that carries antibodies to most common infections; also used in immunizations a substance produced by the body and as a genetically engineered drug to prevent abnormal blood clotting a substance that causes an allergic reaction a substance that causes the lung airways to tighten up and become more narrow a substance that does not cause cancer by itself, but increases the effect of a substance that does cause cancer a substance that is a necessary part of a healthy diet (such as potassium, calcium, sodium, phosphorus, and magnesium) a substance that temporarily causes a person to be unable to feel pain, either in a certain area or over the entire body a substance that works by stopping an enzyme that breaks down stimulating chemicals in the brain; used to treat depression a substance used as an antacid a substance used to prevent a woman who is Rh incompatible with her fetus from becoming Rh sensitized a substance, mainly sugar and starch, that is a main source of energy for the body and is found in sources such as cereals, breads, pastas, grains, and vegetables a sudden attack or worsening of a disease's symptoms a sudden slowing of the heart, causing fainting a sugar that is formed from the breakdown of lactose a surgery performed to make a person incapable of reproducing; also refers to the process of killing microorganisms on objects such as surgical instruments a surgical opening in the eardrum that allows for drainage a surgical procedure for correcting nearsightedness in which tiny cuts are made in the cornea to change its shape and focusing properties a surgical procedure in which an incision is made in the tissue between the vagina and anus to prevent tearing of this tissue during childbirth a surgical procedure in which the beginning of the large intestine is joined to its end so that less food is absorbed; because of serious side effects, usually performed only on seriously obese people a surgical procedure that removes part of a vertebra to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or a nerve branching from the spinal cord a surgical procedure to treat an obstructed stomach or severe obesity in which the passage of food is diverted around the stomach and directly into the small intestine a surgical procedure used to treat hearing loss in which the eardrum or structures in the middle ear are repaired a surgical stitch that helps close an incision or wound so that it can heal properly a surgical technique that uses a special binocular microscope to operate on tiny, delicate, or hard-to-reach tissues a surgically formed opening on a body surface a swelling at the front of the neck; forms from a duct that fails to disappear during embryonic development a swelling that occurs under the skin, most commonly on the scalp, face, ears, and genitals; although usually harmless, can grow very large and become painful if infected a system for evaluating the health of a newborn baby; rated on a scale of 0- 10 a system used to classify sick or injured people according to the severity of their conditions a tear or break in an organ or tissue a technique for evaluating heart efficiency by measuring blood flow into and out of the heart a technique for producing cross-sectional images of the body in which X-rays are passed through the body at different angles and analyzed by a computer; also called CT scanning or CAT scanning a technique in which a hollow, flexible tube is used to drain body fluids (such as urine), to introduce fluids into the body, or to examine or widen a narrowed vein or artery a technique in which a pregnant woman tries to minimize use of pain-relief medications during childbirth by learning relaxation techniques a technique in which barium is placed into the large intestine and rectum and then X-rays are taken to check for possible disorders of these organs a technique of giving birth that stresses relaxation techniques so that the use of pain-relieving drugs can be minimized; also called prepared childbirth a technique that uses a balloon catheter to open arteries clogged with fatty deposits a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create high-quality cross-sectional images of the body without using radiation a technique used to facilitate childbirth using a suction device to help move the baby through the birth canal a technique used to gain control over a function that is normally automatic (such as blood pressure or pulse rate); the function is monitored and relaxation techniques are used to change it to a desired level a temporary block in the supply of blood to the brain, resulting in temporary loss of sensation, movement, vision, or speech; often called ministrokes and can be precursors to a real stroke a temporary or prolonged loss of awareness of self and of surroundings a term describing a condition that affects both sides of the body or two paired organs, such as bilateral deafness (deafness in both ears) a term describing a disorder or characteristic (such as male pattern baldness) that occurs within a family more often than would be expected a term describing a gene on any chromosome other than the sex chromosomes that produces its effect whenever it is present; can also describe the effect of the gene itself a term that describes something that occurs after childbirth, usually to the mother a term that is used to describe medical procedures that do not enter or penetrate the body; also refers to noncancerous tumors that do not spread to other sections of the body a term used to describe a disease that is rare then suddenly affects more people than usually expected a term used to describe a disease, disorder, or medical condition that is a direct result of medical treatment a term used to describe a gene on any chromosome other than the sex chromosomes that produces its effect only when two copies of it are present; can also describe the effect of the gene itself a term used to describe a newborn infant from birth to 1 month of age a term used to describe something originating from or located in a tissue or organ a term used to describe something related to a fever, such as febrile seizures (seizures occurring in a child who has a fever) a term used to describe something situated on or near the midline of the body or a body structure a term used to describe something that is related to the liver a term used to describe symptoms that are caused by mental stress and occur in someone who does not have a mental disorder a test for a reflexive extension of the leg to check the functioning of the nervous system; tapping the knee just below the kneecap should cause the lower part of the leg to jerk upward a test in which a vibrating tuning fork is held against the forehead to help determine the cause of hearing loss a test of lung condition; a person breathes into a machine called a spirometer that measures the volume of air exhaled a test performed to determine a person’s sensitivity to a certain allergen by applying it to a small needle and using that needle to pierce the skin a test that evaluates the body's response to glucose after a period of fasting; used to check for diabetes mellitus a test that uses a piece of chemically sensitive paper to detect blood in a stool sample; used to screen for possible signs of cancer in the large intestine or rectum a test that uses a tuning fork to diagnose hearing loss resulting from poor conduction of sound from the outer to the inner ear a testicle that has not moved down from the abdomen, where it develops, into the scrotum a thick, yellowish or greenish fluid that contains dead white blood cells, tissues, and bacteria; occurs at the site of a bacterial infection a thickened area of skin due to consistent pressure or friction, or the area around a bone break where new bone is formed a thickened callus on the foot that is caused by an improperly fitting shoe a thin fold of membrane partly closing the opening of the vagina; usually torn during first sexual intercourse or insertion of a tampon a thin, hollow needle attached to a syringe; used to inject a medication under the skin, into a vein, or into a muscle a thin, oval-shaped membrane that separates the inner ear from the outer ear and is responsible for transmitting sound waves a throat infection caused by streptococcus bacteria; characterized by a sore throat, fever, and enlarged lymph nodes in the neck a tiny passageway that drains lubricating tears from the surface of the eye to the back of the nose a tiny, rounded structure in the body, such as a red or white blood cell a tiny, single-celled microorganism, commonly known as a germ; some bacteria, called pathogens, cause disease a tissue layer that lines the heart, abdomen, chest cavity, and lungs a torn or ragged wound a tough, elastic band of tissue that connects bones and suupports organs a toxic condition resulting from overactivity of the thyroid gland a tumor made of blood vessels or lymph vessels that is not cancerous a tumor occurring on the skin or mucous membranes; usually not cancerous a tumor that is not cancerous, which means it does not spread through the body, but may grow and become dangerous a tunnel-like passage a type of T-lymphocyte white blood cell that attaches to abnormal cells and releases chemicals that destroy them a type of anemia caused by a greater-than-normal loss of iron due to bleeding, problems absorbing iron, or a lack of iron in the diet a type of anemia in which a lack of the vitamin B12 or folic acid interferes with red blood cells and causes them to be enlarged and deformed, resulting in tiredness and weight loss a type of depression that seems to be linked to shorter periods of daylight during the fall and winter a type of diabetes mellitus that occurs mainly in those over 40 who are overweight; it is usually treated with diet changes and drugs that increase production of insulin by the pancreas (also known as type II diabetes mellitus) a type of drug used to treat high blood pressure and heart disorders by reducing the strength and rate of the pumping by the heart a type of fat that is thought to be beneficial in the prevention of coronary heart disease; found in foods such as olive oil and peanut oil a type of hernia in which the stomach bulges up into the chest cavity through an opening in the diaphragm a type of kidney cancer that usually affects children under the age of 5 a type of leukemia caused by a virus in which T-lymphocytes divide uncontrollably a type of lipoprotein that is the major carrier of cholesterol in the blood, with high levels associated with narrowing of the arteries and heart disease a type of painkiller that blocks the transmission of pain signals in the brain; often cause tolerance (the need for higher amounts of the drug to produce the same effect) and drug dependence a type of protein found in the blood that removes cholesterol from tissues, protecting against heart disease a type of radionuclide scanning used to assess the heart a type of seizure occurring with epilepsy, producing loss of consciousness and involuntary jerking movements a type of skin cancer arising from flat cells of the epithelium; can also affect the lungs, cervix, and esophagus a type of skin cancer that is caused by exposure to large amounts of sunlight; commonly found on the neck, face, and arms a type of slow-growing bacterium; resistant to the body's defense mechanisms and are responsible for diseases such as tuberculosis and leprosy a type of white blood cell a type of white blood cell that fights infections and destroys abnormal cells directly; as compared with releasing antibodies to fight infection a type of white blood cell that makes antibodies and is an important part of the immune response a unit of energy; equal to a nutritional calorie a unit that is used to measure the energy content in food a usually mild and temporary condition common in children under the age of 4 in which the walls of the airways become inflamed and narrow, resulting in wheezing and coughing a vaccine used to protect against tuberculosis a variety of diseases in which the skin is dry and scaly a vibration felt when the hand is placed flat on the chest; caused by abnormal blood flow through the heart as a result of disease a viral infection characterized by headaches, muscle aches, fever, weakness, and cough; commonly called the "flu" a viral infection that causes inflammation of salivary glands; primarily affects children a viral infection that causes white bumps on the skin; usually clears up in a few months a virus similar to HIV that affects the same helper T cells, but usually accompanies adult T-cell leukemia or T-cell lymphomas a virus that causes acute gastroenteritis a virus that is the cause of mononucleosis and is involved in Burkitt’s lymphoma a weakness of the neck of the uterus, which can lead to spontaneous abortion due to an inability to support the weight of the fetus a well-defined, separate part of an organ a white blood cell that is an important part of the body's immune system, helping to destroy invading microorganisms a white blood cell that makes antibodies to fight infections caused by foreign proteins a white powder used as an antiseptic and antiperspirant a widespread epidemic a woman who agrees to become pregnant and give her baby to someone else when the child is born a word describing any condition that is not present at birth, but develops some time during life a word used to describe a condition that is characterized by uncontrolled growth and/or that can be fatal, such as a cancerous tumor a yellow-green liquid produced in the liver whose function is to remove waste from the liver and break down fats as food is digested abdominoperineal resection (ab-DAH-mih-noh-PAYR-ih-NEE-ul ree-SEK-avoid) Surgery to remove the anus, rectum, and part of the sigmoid colon through an incision in the abdomen. The end of the intestine is attached to an opening in the surface of the abdomen, and body waste is collected in a disposable abemaciclib (uh-BEH-muh-SY-klib) medicine used alone or with other medicines to treat adults with certain types of hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. able to be passed from one organism to another abnormal (from-NOR-mul) Not normal. Describes a state, condition, or behavior that is unusual or different from what is considered normal. abnormal crackling or bubbling sounds heard in the lungs during breathing abnormal deposits of a protein called amyloid in the brain; characteristic of Alzheimer disease abnormal development of an organ or tissue abnormal functioning of the structure that regulates the heartbeat, causing episodes of abnormal heart rhythm abnormal spiral filaments on nerve cells in the brain; characteristic of Alzheimer disease abnormally high blood pressure, even when at rest abnormally high levels of waste products such as urea in the blood abnormally pale skin; usually refers to the skin of the face abnormally rapid breathing abscopal effect (ab-SKOH-pul eh-FEKT) Describes the shrinking or disappearance of tumors in parts of the body that are not the direct target of local therapy, such as B. radiotherapy were. absence of menstrual periods, occurring either after or before menstruation has begun absolute neutrophil count (AB-soh-loot NOO-troh-fil knont) measure of the number of neutrophils in the blood. Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell. absolute risk (AB Soh Loot Risk) measure of the risk that a specific event will occur. In cancer research, absolute risk is the probability that a person who is free of a certain type of cancer at a certain age will develop that type of cancer over a certain period of time. accelerated radiotherapy (ak-SEH-leh-ray-ted RAY-dee-AY-shun THAYR-uh-pee) Radiation treatment in which the total dose of radiation is given over a shorter period of time (less days) compared to standard radiation therapy accompanying - (pronounced) (kon-KAH-mih-tunt) Co-occurring or co-existing with something else. In medicine, it can refer to a medical condition a person suffers from or a drug a person is taking that is not being studied in the clinical trial in which he or she is participating acetic acid (uh-SEE-tik A-sid) An acid found in vinegar. Acetic acid is also used to dissolve substances needed to make some medicines and other products like plastics acid (A side) chemical that releases hydrogen ions in water and forms salts by combining with certain metals. Acids have a sour taste and turn certain dyes red. acneiform rash (ak-NEE-ih form. acoustic (uh-KOOS-tik) Has to do with sound or hearing acoustic neurofibromatosis (uh-KOOS-tik NOOR-oh-FY-broh-muh-TOH-sis) A genetic disorder in which tumors form on the nerves of the inner ear, causing hearing loss and loss of balance. Tumors can also occur in the brain and on nerves in the skull and spinal cord, causing speech, eye movement, and swal acquired immunity (uh-KWY-erd ih-MYOO-nih-tee) type of immunity that develops when a person's immune system reacts to a foreign substance or microorganism, or that occurs after a person has received antibodies from another source. The two types of acquired immunity are adaptive and passive. acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (uh-KWY-erd throm-BAH-tik THROM-boh-sy-toh-PEE-nik PUR-pyoo-ruh) rare condition in which blood clots form in small blood vessels throughout the body. These clots can block the flow of blood and oxygen to body organs, resulting in lower than normal platele actinic keratosis (ak-TIH-nik KAYR-uh-TOH-sis) A thick, scaly patch of skin that can become cancerous. It usually forms on areas exposed to the sun, such as the face, scalp, backs of hands, or chest. active forms of oxygen found in pollution, cigarette smoke, and radiation that can damage cells and are believed to play a role in the aging process and cancer active ingredient (A-tiv FAR-muh-SOO-tih-kul in-GREE-dee-ent) The main ingredient in a drug that produces the desired effect of the drug. Some medicines contain more than one active pharmaceutical ingredient that works in different ways in the body. active monitoring (A-tive MAH-nih-ter-ing) treatment plan in which a patient's condition is closely monitored, but no treatment is given unless there are changes in test results that show the condition is worsening. Active surveillance can be used to avoid or delay the need for treatments, such as r activities of daily living (ak-TIH-vih-teez. acupuncture (AK-yoo-PUNK-cher) The technique of inserting thin needles through the skin in specific areas of the body to control pain and other symptoms. It is a form of complementary and alternative medicine acute bacterial prostatitis (uh-KYOOT bak-TEER-ee-ul PROS-tuh-TY-tis) Inflammation of the prostate that starts suddenly and gets worse quickly. It is caused by a bacterial infection. acute lymphocytic leukemia (uh-KYOOT LIM-foh-SIH-tik loo-KEE-mee-uh) A type of leukemia (blood cancer) that occurs quickly and grows quickly. In acute lymphocytic leukemia, there are too many lymphoblasts (immature white blood cells) in the blood and bone marrow. acute paronychia (uh-KYOOT PAYR-uh-NIH-kee-uh) An infection of the soft tissues around a fingernail or toenail that starts suddenly and can get worse quickly. It's usually caused when bacteria get in through a break in the skin from a hangnail or ingrown toenail, damage to the cuticle (skin at the b acute promyelocytic leukemia (uh-KYOOT proh-MY-eh-loh-SIH-tik loo-KEE-mee-uh) An aggressive (rapidly growing) form of acute myeloid leukemia in which there are too many immature haematopoietic cells in the blood and bone marrow. It is usually characterized by an exchange of parts of chromosomes 15 a acute radiation sickness (uh-KYOOT RAY-dee-AY-shun SIK-nes) Serious illness caused by exposure to high doses of certain types of radiation, usually over a short period of time. Symptoms of acute radiation sickness usually appear immediately after exposure, but can appear and come and go over time. acute radiation syndrome (uh-KYOOT RAY-dee-AY-shun SIN-drome) Serious illness caused by exposure to high doses of certain types of radiation, usually over a short period of time. Symptoms of radiation acute syndrome usually appear immediately after exposure, but can appear and come and go over time. adaptive immunity (uh-DAP-tiv ih-MYOO-nih-tee) type of immunity that develops when a person's immune system responds to a foreign substance or microorganism, such as after an infection or vaccination. Adaptive immunity involves specialized immune cells and antibodies that attack and destroy foreign adenocystic carcinoma (A-deh-noyd SIS-tik KAR-sih-NOH-muh) rare type of cancer that begins in cells that line certain internal organs and produce and release substances such as mucus, saliva, or other fluids in the body. Adenoid cystic carcinoma most commonly occurs in the salivary glands, but can a adenovirus (A-den-oh-VY-rus) member of a family of viruses that can cause respiratory, eye, and gastrointestinal infections. Non-disease-causing forms of adenoviruses are used in gene therapy. adnexal mass (ad-NEK-sul…) A lump in tissue near the uterus, usually in the ovary or fallopian tube. Adnexal masses include ovarian cysts, ectopic pregnancies, and benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous) tumors adrenal gland - (pronounced) (SOO-pruh-REE-nul. adrenal medulla (uh-DREE-nul meh-DOO-luh) The inner part of the adrenal gland (a small organ on top of each kidney). The adrenal medulla makes chemicals such as epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) that are involved in the transmission of nerve signals adrenaline (uh-TURN-nuh-lin) A hormone and neurotransmitter. Also called epinephrine adrenocorticotropic hormone (uh-DREE-noh-KOR-tih-koh-TROH-pik HOR-mone) A hormone made in the pituitary gland. Adrenocorticotropic hormone acts on the outer part of the adrenal gland to control the release of corticosteroid hormones. advanced cancer (ad-VANST KAN-ser) Cancer that is unlikely to be cured or controlled with treatment. The cancer may have spread from its point of origin to nearby tissues, lymph nodes, or distant parts of the body. advanced practice nurse (ad-VANST PRAK-tis. aerobic metabolism (ayr-OH-bik meh-TA-buh-lih-zum) A chemical process that uses oxygen to convert carbohydrates (sugars) into energy. Also called aerobic respiration, cellular respiration and oxidative metabolism aerobic respiration (ayr-OH-bik RES-pih-RAY-shun) A chemical process that uses oxygen to convert carbohydrates (sugars) into energy. Also called aerobic metabolism, cellular respiration and oxidative metabolism aerosolize (AYR-oh-sah-lize) In medicine, to turn a liquid drug into a fine mist that can be inhaled aesthetic flat closure (es-THEH-tik flat KLOH-zher) type of surgery performed to restore the shape of the chest wall after one or both breasts have been removed. Aesthetic flat closure can also be done after removal of a breast implant that was used to restore the shape of the breast. aestheticuroblastoma (es-THEE-zee-oh-NOOR-oh-blas-TOH-muh) A rare type of cancer that forms in the tissues of the upper part of the nasal cavity (space inside the nose). after birth - (pronounced) (post-PAR-tum) The period that begins immediately after a woman gives birth and lasts about 6 weeks aganglionic megacolon (ay-GANG-joy-AH-nik MEH-guh-KOH-lun) A condition in which certain nerve cells are missing in the muscular layers of part of the colon. This leads to severe constipation or blockage of the colon. aggravating factor (A-gruh-VAY-ting FAK-ter) Something that makes a condition worse. For example, tobacco smoke is an aggravating factor for asthma aggressive fibromatosis (uh-GREH-siv FY-broh-muh-TOH-sis) A type of soft-tissue tumor that forms in fibrous (connective) tissue, usually in the arms, legs, or abdomen. It can also appear in the head and neck area. aggressive systemic mastocytosis (uh-GREH-siv sis-TEH-mik MAS-toh-sy-TOH-sis) A rare condition in which too many mast cells (a type of white blood cell) build up in certain tissues and organs in the body, including the bone marrow, lymph nodes, bones, liver, spleen and small intestine. Aggressive sy agnogenic myeloid metaplasia (ag-noh-JEH-nik MY-eh-loyd meh-tuh-PLAY-zhuh) A progressive, chronic disease in which the bone marrow is replaced by fibrous tissue and blood is produced in organs such as the liver and spleen instead of the bone marrow. This disease is characterized by an enlarged splee agranulocyte (ay-GRAN-yoo-loh-SITE) A type of white blood cell. Monocytes and lymphocytes are agranulocytes agreement to undergo a medical procedure after the technique, its risks, and its possible complications have been explained alanosine (uh-LAN-oh-seen) A substance being studied to treat cancer. It belongs to the antimetabolite family. aldesleukin (AL-of-LOO-kin) drug used to treat adults with melanoma or renal cell carcinoma (a type of kidney cancer) that has spread to other parts of the body. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. alemtuzumab (A-lem-TOO-zoo-mab) A drug used to treat B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. all-trans retinoic acid (all-tranz REH-tih-NOH-ik A-sid) nutrient that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. All-trans retinoic acid is made in the body from vitamin A and helps cells grow and develop, especially in the embryo. allele (uh-LEEL) One of two or more alternative versions of a gene. An individual inherits two alleles for each gene, one from the mother and one from the father. allelic heterogeneity (uh-LEE-lik HEH-teh-roh-jeh-NEE-ih-tee) term that describes when different mutations (changes) in a single gene cause the same disease or condition. Any mutation alone is sufficient to cause the disease or condition. allergic reaction (uh-LER-jik reh-SPONTS) An oversensitive immune response to a substance that is normally harmless or would not elicit an immune response in most people. An allergic reaction can cause harmful symptoms such as itching or inflammation or tissue injury allogeneic (A-loh-JEH-nik) Taken from different individuals of the same species. Also called allogeneic allograft (A-loh-graft) The transplantation of an organ, tissue or cell from one individual to another individual of the same species who is not an identical twin allopathic medicine (A-loh-PA-thik MEH-dih-sin) A system in which doctors and other healthcare professionals (e. g. alpha fetoprotein (AL-fuh-FEE-toh-PROH-teen) protein normally produced by a fetus. Alpha-fetoprotein levels are not usually detectable in the blood of healthy adult men or women (who are not pregnant). alpha-adrenergic antagonist (AL-fuh-A-turn-NER-jik an-TA-guh-nist) A substance that relaxes muscle tissue in blood vessels and in the prostate, improving urine and blood flow. Alpha-adrenergic antagonists are used to treat the symptoms of many disorders such as B. also cancer - (pronounced) (DIS-tun CAN-ser) Refers to cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to distant organs or distant lymph nodes. Also called distant metastases alternative medicine (all-TER-nuh-tiv MEH-dih-sin) Treatments used in place of standard treatments. Standard treatments are based on the results of scientific research and are currently accepted and widely used. alum (Alum) A chemical substance that contains aluminum sulfate and a second chemical, usually potassium sulfate. It is used to shrink tissue, stop bleeding, and boost the immune response to a vaccine alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (al-VEE-oh-ler RAB-doh-MY-oh-sar-KOH-muh) A soft tissue tumor that occurs most commonly in older children and adolescents. It begins in embryonic muscle cells (cells that develop into muscles in the body). amifostine (A-mih-FOS-teen) drug used to protect the kidneys in patients taking cisplatin for advanced ovarian cancer and to relieve dry mouth in patients undergoing radiation therapy after surgery for head and neck cancer. Amifostine helps protect healthy tissue from some of the side effects caused amino acid (uh-MEE-noh A-sid) One of several molecules that combine to form a protein. There are 20 common amino acids found in proteins aminobenzoic acid (uh-MEE-noh-ben-ZOH-ik-A-sid) A nutrient in the vitamin B complex that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Bacteria that live in the gut need aminobenzoic acid to survive. aminocamptothecin (uh-MEE-noh-KAMP-toh-THEH-kin) A cancer drug that belongs to the family of topoisomerase inhibitors aminoglycoside antibiotic (uh-MEE-noh-GLY-koh-side AN-Tee-by-AH-tik) A substance that is active against many types of bacteria and contains streptomycin, gentamicin and neomycin. An aminoglycoside antibiotic is used to treat bacterial infections aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride (uh-MEE-noh-LEH-vyoo-LIH-nik A-sid HY-droh-KLOR-ide) drug used under the brand names Ameluz and Levulan Kerastick with photodynamic therapy to treat actinic keratosis (a skin condition that can become cancer) and under the brand name Gleolan as an imaging agent duri aminopterin (a-mih-NOP-teh-rin) An anticancer drug that belongs to the antimetabolite family amivantamab (A-mih-VAN-tuh-mab) A medicine used to treat adults with non-small cell lung cancer that is locally advanced or has spread to other parts of the body and has certain mutations (changes). EGFRGen. amplimexone (AM-plih-MEK son) substance being studied to treat some types of cancer, including pancreatic, lung, breast, prostate, melanoma and multiple myeloma. It belongs to the drug family of cyanoaziridine derivatives. ampule cancer (AM-puh-LAYR-ee KAN-ser) Cancer that forms in the ampulla of vater (an enlargement of the ducts of the liver and pancreas where they join and enter the small intestine). Symptoms include jaundice, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss. amsacrine (AM suh kreen) A cancer drug that belongs to the family of topoisomerase inhibitors amuvatinib (AM-yoo-VA-tih feather) substance being studied to treat some types of cancer. It can block certain proteins involved in cancer cell growth and DNA repair. amyloidosis (A-muh-loy-DOH-sis) group of diseases in which protein accumulates in specific organs (localized amyloidosis) or throughout the body (systemic amyloidosis). Amyloidosis can be either primary (with no known cause), secondary (caused by another disease, including some cancers such as multi an X-ray examination performed to examine the inside of the uterus and fallopian tubes, in order to investigate and possibly treat infertility an abnormal condition in which a gallstone passes from the gallbladder into the intestines through an abnormal passage and blocks the intestine an abnormal condition in which a person is overly concerned with health and believes that he or she is suffering from a major illness despite medical opinion to the contrary an abnormal condition in which the uterus is tilted backward instead of slightly forward an abnormal electrical discharge in a certain area of the brain, affecting only certain functions an abnormal growth of bone out of another bone, often located on the heel and usually painful an abnormal increase in density and hardness of bone an abnormal reaction to sunlight, which usually occurs as a rash an abnormal swelling of the wall of an artery, caused by a weakening in the vessel wall an abnormal tubelike passage connecting the anus to the surface of the surrounding skin an abnormal, often painful outgrowth of bone on the back of the heel an abnormality in the tendons of the toe that causes the toe to be flexed at all times an abnormality that is present when a baby is born an abnormally high level of cholesterol in the blood, which can be the result of an inherited disorder or a diet that is high in fat an abnormally low body temperature an abnormally rapid and strong heartbeat an abnormally small head an abnormally weak cervix, which widens prematurely during pregnancy as a result of the weight of a developing fetus; may result in a miscarriage an abscess on the end of a finger or a toe that is caused by the herpes simplex virus or a bacterial infection an accumulation of blood between the chest wall and the lungs an accumulation of pus in a body tissue, usually caused by a bacterial infection an acute bacterial infection causing fever, headache, abdominal discomfort, and enlargement of the liver and spleen an additional dose of a vaccine taken after the first dose to maintain or renew the first one an agent that is believed to cause several degenerative brain diseases an agreement to allow one or more organs to be removed and transplanted into someone else an antibody against sperm that can be produced by a woman’s immune system an antibody that is produced in the laboratory so that it will react with only one specific foreign protein; used to help diagnose certain kinds of cancer an autoimmune disease that causes goiter, overproduction of thyroid hormones, and sometimes bulging eyeballs an automatic, involuntary response of the nervous system to a stimulus an egg cell that has not developed completely an electrocardiogram, which is a record of the electrical impulses that trigger the heartbeat; used to diagnose heart disorders an enzyme that plays a role in increasing a low blood pressure an erosion in the inner lining of the wall of the first part of the small intestine (called the duodenum) an erosion in the lining of the esophagus, stomach, or small intestine, usually caused in part by the corrosive action of gastric acid an error that occurs during the division of sex chromosomes, causing either too much or too little genetic information to be placed in an egg or sperm when it is formed an exact copy of a gene, cell, or organism an examination of a woman's reproductive organs an excess of amniotic fluid in the uterus during pregnancy an experimental procedure in which cells are taken from an aborted fetus and placed into the brain of a person with a brain disease such as Parkinson's an extremely rare condition in which the body ages prematurely an illness caused by a viral infection, causing a characteristic rash and a fever; primarily affects children an illness in which the patient goes back and forth between opposite extremes; the most notable bipolar disorder is manic-depressive disorder, which is characterized by extreme highs and lows in mood an illness transmitted to humans through a cat's bite or scratch, which is thought to be caused by an unidentified bacteria; characterized by a swollen lymph node or blister near the bite or scratch, fever, rash, and headache; most commonly occurring in children an imaging method in which substances emitting positrons (positively charged particles) are introduced into the body, and detectors connected to a computer are used to form images of the tissues an imaging procedure used to examine internal organs in which high-frequency sound waves are passed into the body, reflected back, and used to build an image; also sometimes called sonography an imaging technique in which a radioactive substance is introduced into the body and its emitted radiation is detected; specific organs can be studied according to the amount of the radioactive substance that they absorb an imaging technique in which a radioactive substance is introduced into the body and the radiation emitted by the substance is detected by a camera and is transformed into cross-sectional images by a computer an imaging test performed during and after an exercise stress test to evaluate functioning of the heart muscles an immature red blood cell an immune system cell that can surround and digest foreign bodies, unwanted cellular material, and microorganisms an immune system gland located in the upper part of the chest that plays an important role in the production of T-lymphocytes an impaired ability of the lining of the small intestine to absorb nutrients from food an increased amount of red blood cells in the blood an infection acquired in a hospital an infection between the toes caused by a fungus, which leads to sore, cracked, and peeling skin an infection caused by a virus in the bronchioles (the smallest airways in the lungs), mainly affecting young children an infection caused by a virus that invades a type of white blood cell called a monocyte, causing fever, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes an infection caused by a virus, which results in an inflamed lining of the nose and throat; characterized by a stuffy and runny nose and, sometimes, a sore throat an infection caused by streptococci bacteria; characterized by fever and rash an infection caused by the herpes simplex virus, which causes a painful rash of fluid-filled blisters on the genitals; transmitted through sexual contact an infection in the groin area caused by a fungus an infection that lies dormant in the body for months or years but can reappear an infection with a fungus acquired through a skin wound; causes an ulcer at the site of infection and small, rounded masses of tissue near it an infectious childhood disease, caused by a streptococcus bacteria, that leads to a sore throat, fever, and rash an infectious disease caused by a virus; usually causes only mild symptoms but in rare cases can attack the brain and spinal cord and cause paralysis or death an infectious disease in Africa spread by the bite of a tsetse fly that causes a fever and weakness an inflamed, raised area of skin that is pus-filled; usually an infected hair follicle an inhaler that gives a specific amount of medication with each use an inherited disorder in which a person does not have the enzyme lactase, which breaks down lactose (the sugar found in dairy products); lactase deficiency leads to lactose intolerance, which means the inability to digest lactose an injury that occurs when the same movement is repeated continuously an instrument used to measure blood pressure an involuntary muscle contraction; can sometimes be powerful and painful an involuntary muscle spasm at the opening of the vagina when sexual intercourse is attempted; can be quite painful and may make sexual intercourse nearly impossible an involuntary, repetitive movement such as a twitch an involuntary, rhythmic, shaking movement caused by alternating contraction and relaxation of muscles; can be the normal result of age or the abnormal effect of a disorder an irregular heartbeat in which the upper chambers of the heart (the atria) beat inconsistently and rapidly an irregular heartbeat in which the upper chambers of the heart (the atria) beat rapidly but consistently an object in an organ or body cavity that is not normally present an operation in which a piece of vein or artery is used to bypass a blockage in a coronary artery; performed to prevent myocardial infarction and relieve angina pectoris an operation performed to remove a fetus by cutting into the uterus, usually through the abdominal wall an operation to correct an undescended testicle an opportunistic infection of the lungs caused by a singlecelled parasite an oral contraceptive containing only the synthetic hormone progesterone (birth control pills contain estrogen and progesterone) an orange pigment present in colored plants such as carrots that is converted by the body to the essential nutrient vitamin A an organ located in the pelvis whose function is to collect and store urine until it is expelled an organ located under the bladder that produces a large part of the semen an organ that receives and relays information about the body’s senses to the brain an outgrowth of bone near a joint an ulcer (erosion) on the skin that is a result of being bedridden; commonly called a bedsore an unaware clenching or grinding of the teeth, usually during sleep an unintended and unwanted side effect of some sort of treatment, usually drug therapy an unusually small amount of amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus in the uterus, which can lead to complications with the pregnancy an urgent condition in which oxygen levels in the blood are lower than normal and breathing is difficult anagrelide (an-ag-re-lide) A drug used to reduce the number of platelets in the blood to prevent blood from clotting anakinra (A-nuh-KIN-ruh) A substance used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and being studied to treat cancer. Anakinra blocks the action of interleukin 1 (IL-1). anal pap test (AY-zero. analgesia (A-nul-JEE-zhee-uh) pain relief anaplastic (A-nuh-PLAS-tik) A term used to describe cancer cells that divide rapidly and bear little or no resemblance to normal cells anaplastic lymphoma kinase (A-nuh-PLAS-tik lim-FOH-muh KY-nays) A protein that helps control cell growth. It is produced by the gene for anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), which can be altered in some types of cancer, such as anaplastic large cell lymphoma, neuroblastoma and non-small cell lung cance anastomosis (uh-NAS-toh-MOH-sis) A procedure for joining healthy sections of tubular structures in the body after the diseased part has been surgically removed anatomist (uh-NA-tuh-fog) A person who has specialized training in anatomy (the study of the structures of animals or plants) angiofibroma (AN-jee-oh-fy-BROH-moo) A benign (noncancerous) tumor composed of blood vessels and fibrous (connective) tissue. Angiofibromas usually appear as small, red bumps on the face, especially on the nose and cheeks. angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia (AN-jee-oh-fuh-LIH-kyoo-ler limf-node HY-per-PLAY-zhuh) rare condition in which benign (noncancerous) growths form in the lymph node tissue. There are two main ways in which angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia occurs: localized (unicentric) and multicentric. angiogenesis (AN-jee-oh-JEH-neh-sis) formation of blood vessels. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AN-jee-oh-IH-myoo-noh-BLAS-tik T-sel lim-FOH-muh) An aggressive (rapidly growing) type of T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma characterized by enlarged lymph nodes and hypergammaglobulinemia (elevated antibodies in the blood). Other symptoms may include a rash, fever, wei angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (AN-jee-oh-LIM-foyd HY-per-PLAY-zhuh. animal model (A-nih-mul MAH-dul) An animal with a disease that is either the same as or similar to a human disease. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. animal study (A-nih-mul STUH-di) A laboratory experiment using animals to study the development and progression of diseases. Animal studies also test how safe and effective new treatments are before they are tested in humans another name for a white blood cells another name for facial palsy, the usually one-sided, temporary numbing of the facial muscles, caused by an inflamed nerve another name for the sugar glucose another term for a microorganism, especially one that causes disease another term for a tumor another term for an egg cell another term for fatty tissue; it stores energy, insulates, and cushions the body another term for measles another term for small-cell carcinoma another term for smallpox another term for the digestive tract another term for the lower jaw anterior mediastinotomy (an-TEER-ee-er MEE-dee-A-stih-NAH-toh-mee) procedure in which a tube is inserted into the chest to view the tissues and organs in the area between the lungs and between the breastbone and the heart. The tube is inserted through an incision near the breastbone. anterior urethral cancer (an-TEER-ee-er yoo-REE-thrul KAN-ser) disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the part of the urethra (the tube through which urine leaves the body) that is closest to the outside of the body anthracycline (AN-thruh-SY-clin) A type of antibiotic derived from certain types ofStreptomycesBacteria. Anthracyclines are used to treat many types of cancer. anthraquinone (AN-thruh-kwih-NONE) Some kind of cancer drug anti-CCR2 monoclonal antibody MLN1202 (AN-Tee. anti-CD19 immunotoxin (AN-tee. anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody (AN-Tee. anti-CEA antibodies (AN-Tee. anti-HGF monoclonal antibody AMG 102 (AN-Tee. anti-IGF1R recombinant monoclonal antibody MK-0646 (AN-tee … ree-KOM-bih-nunt MAH-noh-KLOH-nul AN-tee-BAH-dee …) substance being studied to treat many types of cancer. The recombinant anti-IGF1R monoclonal antibody MK-0646 binds to a protein called insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGFR) on the s anti-IL-6 chimeric monoclonal antibody (AN-tee. anti-TGF-beta monoclonal antibody GC1008 (AN-tee. anti-inflammatory agent (AN-t-in-FLA-muh-TOR-ee AY-jent) drug or substance that reduces inflammation (redness, swelling, and pain) in the body. Anti-inflammatories block certain substances in the body that cause inflammation. anti-mesothelin monoclonal antibody MORAb-009 (AN-tee-MEH-zoh-THEE-lin MAH-noh-KLOH-nul AN-tee-BAH-dee…) A substance being studied to treat mesothelioma. The anti-mesothelin monoclonal antibody MORAb-009 attaches to a protein called mesothelin, which is found on some cancer cells. antiangiogenic (AN-tee-AN-jee-oh-JEH-nik) Has to do with reducing the growth of new blood vessels antiapoptotic (AN-Tee-A-Pop-TAH-tik) Something that prevents apoptosis. Apoptosis is a type of cell death in which a series of molecular steps in a cell lead to its death antibacterial (AN-tee-bak-TEER-ee-ul) A substance that kills bacteria or stops them from multiplying and causing disease antibiotic (AN-tea-of-AH-tik) A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms antibodies that are present in about 80% of people with rheumatoid arthritis; their detection through blood testing can help to diagnose the disorder antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (AN-tee-BAH-dee-deh-PEN-dent SEL-yoo-ler SY-toh-tok-SIH-sih-tee) A type of immune response in which a target cell or microbe is coated with antibodies and killed by certain types of white blood cells. The white blood cells bind to the antibodies and release s antiemetic (AN-tee-eh-MEH-tik) A drug that prevents or reduces nausea and vomiting antiepileptic (AN-tee-EH-pih-LEP-tik) type of drug used to prevent or treat seizures or convulsions by controlling abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Antiepileptic drugs are used to treat epilepsy and other seizure disorders. antifungal (AN-tee-FUN-gul) drug that treats infections caused by fungi antigen (AN-tih-jen) Any substance that causes the body to mount an immune response against that substance. Antigens include toxins, chemicals, bacteria, viruses, or other substances that come from outside the body. antigen-presenting cell (AN-tih-jen-preh-ZEN-ting sel) A type of immune cell that enhances the immune response by presenting antigens on its surface to other cells in the immune system. An antigen-presenting cell is a type of scavenger cell. antimicrobial (AN-tee-my-KROH-bee-ul) A substance that kills microorganisms such as bacteria or mold or stops them from growing and causing disease antimitotic agent (AN-tee-my-TAH-tik AY-jent) A type of drug that blocks cell growth by stopping mitosis (cell division). They are used to treat cancer. antineoplastic (AN-tee-NEE-oh-PLAS-tik) Blocking the formation of neoplasms (growths that can become cancer) antineoplaston (AN-tea-NEE-oh-PLAS sound) A substance isolated from normal human blood and urine that is being tested as a type of treatment for some tumors and AIDS antioncogene (AN-tee-ON-koh-jeen) A type of gene that makes a protein called tumor suppressor protein that helps control cell growth. Mutations (changes in DNA) in antioncogenes can lead to cancer. antiparasitic (AN-tea-PAYR-uh-SIH-tik) drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and parasites. It is also used in the treatment of some types of cancer antipsychotic (AN-tee-sy-KAH-tik) type of medication used to treat symptoms of psychosis. These include hallucinations (images, sounds, smells, tastes, or touches that a person believes are real but are not real), delusions (false beliefs), and dementia (loss of the ability to think, remember, learn antiretroviral therapy (AN-tee-REH-troh-VY-rul THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment with medicines that block the ability of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or other types of retroviruses to multiply in the body antisense oligonucleotide (AN-tee-sends AH-lih-goh-NOO-klee-oh-tide) Small pieces of DNA or RNA that can bind to specific RNA molecules. This blocks the RNA's ability to make a protein or otherwise work. antisocial (AN-T-SOH-shul) Describes behavior that disregards the rights of others and society's practices and laws antitumor antibiotic (AN-tea-TOO-mer AN-tea-of-AH-tik) type of cancer drug that blocks cell growth by interfering with DNA, the genetic material in cells. Also called anticancer antibiotic and antineoplastic antibiotic anxiety disorder (ang-ZY-eh-tee dis-OR-der) condition in which a person experiences excessive worry and feelings of fear, terror, and discomfort. Other symptoms may include sweating, restlessness, irritability, tiredness, poor concentration, trouble sleeping, difficulty breathing, rapid heartbeat, a anxiety medication (AN-tee-ang-ZY-eh-tee AY-jent) A drug used to treat anxiety symptoms such as feelings of anxiety, fear, discomfort and muscle tension that can occur in response to stress. Most anti-anxiety drugs block the effects of certain chemicals in the nervous system. anxiety reliever (ANG-zee-oh-LIH-tik AY-jent) drug used to treat anxiety symptoms such as feelings of anxiety, fear, discomfort and muscle tension that can occur in response to stress. Most anxiolytics block the action of certain chemicals in the nervous system. anxiolysis (ANG-zee-AH-lih-sis) level of sedation where a person is very relaxed and can be awake. The person can answer questions and follow instructions. any area of discolored skin that is present when a baby is born any bacteria that is rod-shaped; responsible for diphtheria, dysentery, tetanus, and tuberculosis, as well as other diseases any cancer in lymphoid tissue (found mostly in the spleen and lymph glands) that is not Hodgkin's disease any disease caused by a fungus any disease of the nerve roots; can be caused by disk prolapse, arthritis, and other problems any disease or disorder of the retina; usually refers to damage to the retina caused by high blood pressure or diabetes mellitus any disease that is usually spread through sexual intercourse or genital contact any disorder in which cells become damaged or do not develop properly because they do not receive adequate nutrition any disorder in which fats cannot be properly broken down by the digestive system any of a variety of disorders, including hyperactivity, dyslexia, and hearing problems, that can interfere with a person's ability to learn any one of the 33 bones that make up the spine any operation in which the heart is stopped temporarily and a machine is used to take over its function of pumping blood throughout the body any sign, such as a pulse, that indicates that a person is alive any substance capable of causing a disease; usually refers to a disease-causing microorganism any substance that causes a fever any type of arthritis that causes a joint to become inflamed any vision disorder in which the person sees colors abnormally, has trouble distinguishing between them, or cannot see them at all anything that can increase the rate of abnormal change in cells, which can lead to cancer anything that causes abnormalities in a developing embryo or fetus, such as a drug or virus aortocoronary bypass (ay-OR-toh-KOR-uh-NAYR-ee BY pass) Surgery in which a healthy blood vessel from another part of the body is used to create a new path for blood around a blocked artery leading to the heart. This restores the flow of oxygen and nutrients to the heart. appetite (A-peh-tite) A craving to satisfy a physical or mental need, such as food, sex, or adventure aprepitant (uh-PREH-phew-tunt) drug used with other medicines to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy and nausea and vomiting caused by surgery. Aprepitant blocks the effects of a certain chemical in the central nervous system that can cause nausea and vomiting. arctigenin (ARK-tih-JEH-nin) A substance found in certain plants, including burdock. It has shown antiviral and anticancer effects. areas of purple or reddish-brown spots on the skin, which are caused by bleeding from underlying tissues arginine (AR-jih-neen) One of the twenty most common amino acids (building blocks of proteins). Arginine is being studied as a dietary supplement in the treatment and prevention of cancer and other diseases. arising from outside of the body armpit (ak-SIH-luh) The armpit or armpit aromatic (AYR-oh-MA-tik) Have an odor that is often pleasant or spicy arteriogram (ar-TEER-ee-oh-gram) An x-ray of the arteries. The person is given an injection of a dye that outlines the vessels on the X-ray arteriography (ar-TEER-ee-AH-gruh fee) A method of x-raying arteries. The arteries are visible due to an injection of a dye that outlines the vessels on the X-ray arthritis caused by bacteria from a wound or the bloodstream entering a joint arthritis occurring in more than one joint artificial pacemaker (AR-tih-FIH-shul PAYS-may-ker) An electronic device implanted in the body to monitor heart rate and rhythm. It electrically stimulates the heart when it is not beating normally. aseptic necrosis (ay-SEP-tik neh-KROH-sis) condition in which there is a loss of blood flow to bone tissue, resulting in bone death. It's most common in the hips, knees, shoulders, and ankles. aspirate - Aspirate (pronounced AS-pih-rit) refers to fluid, tissue, or other substance taken from a body cavity, cyst, or tumor. Aspirating (pronounced AS-pih-rayt) refers to the act of withdrawing the fluid, tissue, or other substance through a needle. astrocytes (AS-troh side) A large, star-shaped cell that holds nerve cells in place and helps them develop and work as they should. An astrocyte is a type of glial cell astrocytoma (AS-troh-sy-TOH-moo) A tumor that begins in the brain or spinal cord in small, star-shaped cells called astrocytes asymmetry (ay-SIH-meh tree) Absence or lack of balanced proportions between parts of a thing atactic gait (uh-TAK-sik gayt) Awkward, uncoordinated walking ataxia (uh-TAK-see-uh) loss of muscle coordination atomic class - (pronounced) (NOO-klee-er grey) An assessment of the size and shape of the nucleus in tumor cells and the percentage of tumor cells that are dividing or growing. Low-nuclear grade cancers grow and spread less quickly than high-nuclear grade cancers atrasentan (A-truh-SEN-tan) A substance being studied to treat cancer. It belongs to the family of endothelin-1 protein receptor antagonists atrophic vaginitis (ay-TROH-fik va-jih-NY-tis) A condition in which the tissue lining the inside of the vagina (birth canal) becomes thin, dry, and inflamed. This is caused by a decrease in the amount of estrogen (a female hormone) produced by the body. attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis (uh-TEN-yoo-way-ted fuh-MIH-lee-ul A-deh-NOH-muh-tus PAH-lee-POH-sis) rare, inherited condition in which multiple polyps (abnormal growths) form on the inner walls of the colon and rectum. People with attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis usually develop atypical ductal breast hyperplasia (ay-TIH-pih-kul DUK-tul brest HY-per-PLAY-zhuh) A benign (non-cancerous) condition in which there are more cells than normal in the lining of the milk ducts in the breast and the cells look abnormal under a microscope. Atypical ductal breast hyperplasia increases t atypical ductal hyperplasia (ay-TIH-pih-kul DUK-tul HY-per-PLAY-zhuh) A benign (non-cancerous) condition in which there are more cells than normal in the lining of the milk ducts in the breast and the cells look abnormal under a microscope. Atypical ductal hyperplasia increases the risk of breast ca atypical lobular breast hyperplasia (ay-TIH-pih-kul LAH-byoo-ler brest HY-per-PLAY-zhuh) benign (non-cancerous) condition in which there are more cells than normal in the breast lobules and the cells look abnormal under a microscope. Atypical lobular breast hyperplasia increases the risk of breast c atypical lobular hyperplasia (ay-TIH-pih-kul LAH-byoo-ler HY-per-PLAY-zhuh) A benign (non-cancerous) condition in which there are more cells than normal in the breast lobules and the cells look abnormal under a microscope. Atypical lobular hyperplasia increases the risk of breast cancer. atypical mole (ay-TIH-pih-kul mole) type of mole that looks different than a common mole. Several different types of birthmarks are called atypical. atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (ay-TIH-pih-kul TAYR-uh-toyd/RAB-doyd TOO-mer) very rare, fast-growing cancer that usually forms in tissues in the central nervous system (CNS), such as the cerebellum (the part of the brain that controls movement and balance) or the brainstem. Atypical teratoid/rhab augmerosen (awg-MEH-roh-sen) substance being studied to treat cancer. It can kill cancer cells by blocking the production of a protein that allows cancer cells to live longer and makes them more sensitive to anti-cancer drugs. autoimmune enteropathy (AW-toh-ih-MYOON en-teh-RAH-phew-you) rare disease in which certain cells in the gut are destroyed by a patient's immune system. It causes severe, chronic diarrhea and usually occurs in children autoimmune thyroiditis (AW-toh-ih-MYOON your-roy-DY-tis) An autoimmune disease of the thyroid (a gland located under the larynx). It is caused by the build-up of antibodies that attack the thyroid gland and usually causes hypothyroidism (lack of thyroid hormone). autologous (aw-TAH-luh-gus) Taken from a person's own tissues, cells, or DNA autologous bone marrow (aw-TAH-luh-gus bone MAYR-oh) In transplant, refers to a person's own bone marrow. Bone marrow is the soft, spongy tissue at the center of most large bones that produces white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets autologous bone marrow transplant (aw-TAH-luh-gus bone MAYR-oh TRANZ-plant) A procedure in which healthy stem cells (blood-forming cells) are removed from a patient's bone marrow prior to treatment, stored and returned to the patient after treatment. Autologous bone marrow transplantation replaces a autologous lymphocyte (aw-TAH-luh-gus LIM-foh-site) In transplant, refers to a person's own white blood cells. Lymphocytes have a number of functions in the immune system, including producing antibodies and other substances that fight infection and other diseases autologous stem cell transplant (aw-TAH-luh-gus . autosomal dominant inheritance (AW-toh-SOH-mul DAH-mih-nunt in-HAYR-ih-tunts) One of the ways a genetic trait or condition can be passed (inherited) from parent to child. In autosomal dominant inheritance, a genetic condition can occur when the child inherits a copy of a mutated (changed) gene from autosomal recessive inheritance (AW-toh-SOH-mul reh-SEH-siv in-HAYR-ih-tunts) One of the ways a genetic trait or condition can be passed (inherited) from parent to child. In autosomal recessive inheritance, a genetic condition occurs when the child inherits a mutated copy of a gene from each parent. avascular necrosis (ay-VAS-kyoo-ler neh-KROH-sis) condition in which there is a loss of blood flow to bone tissue, resulting in bone death. It's most common in the hips, knees, shoulders, and ankles. avelumab (a-VEL-yoo-mab) drug that binds to the protein PD-L1 to help immune cells kill cancer cells better and is used to treat various types of cancer. Avelumab is used alone or with other medicines to treat certain types of advanced renal cell carcinoma (a type of kidney cancer), urothelial cance axillary (AK-sih-LAYR-ee) Refers to the armpit area including the lymph nodes located there axillary lymph node (AK-sih-LAYR-ee Limf knot) A lymph node in the armpit region that drains lymph from the breast and surrounding areas back transcription - (pronounced) (ree-VERS tran-SKRIP-avoid) In biology, the process in cells by which an enzyme makes a copy of DNA from RNA. The enzyme that makes the DNA copy is called reverse transcriptase and is found in retroviruses such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). bacteria - (pronounced) (bak-TEER-ee-uh) A large group of unicellular microorganisms. Some cause infections and diseases in animals and humans. bacteria in the urine; large amounts can indicate bladder, urethra, or kidney infection bacteria that cause a variety of diseases, including pneumonia and strep throat bacteria-killing substances that are used to fight infection baldness or loss of hair, mainly on the head, either in defined patches or completely; the cause is unknown bankruptcy - (pronounced) (BANK-rup-see) The situation that occurs when a person or company is unable to repay debts. Filing for bankruptcy is a legal process handled by a US federal court. basal cell - (pronounced) (BAY-sul sel) A small, round cell at the bottom (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of skin base pair - (pronounced) (bay payer) Molecules called nucleotides on opposite strands of the DNA double helix that form chemical bonds with each other. These chemical bonds act like rungs on a ladder, helping to hold the two strands of DNA together. basket attempt - (pronounced) (BAS-ket TRY-ul) type of clinical trial that tests how well a new drug or other substance works in patients suffering from different types of cancer, all of which have the same mutation or biomarker. In basket studies, patients all receive the same treatment that target batimastat - (pronounced) (ba-TIH-muh-stat) cancer drug that belongs to the angiogenesis inhibitor family. Batimastat is a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor bcl-2 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide G3139 - A substance being studied to treat cancer. It can kill cancer cells by blocking the production of a protein that allows cancer cells to live longer and makes them more sensitive to anti-cancer drugs. behavior characteristic of the disorder bulimia in which a person overeats then rids themselves of the food before it can be absorbed by the body, either by forced vomiting or through the use of laxatives being sexually attracted to members of the opposite sex being sexually attracted to members of the same sex benign - (pronounced) (beh-NINE) Not cancer. Benign tumors can grow larger but do not spread to other parts of the body. benign - <br>
''Pronunciation'' (beh-NINE) Not cancer. Benign tumors can grow larger but do not spread to other parts of the body. benign breast disease - (pronounced) (beh-NINE brest dih-ZEEZ) group of conditions characterized by benign (non-cancerous) changes in breast tissue. There are different types of benign breast disease, including some types that are caused by an increase in cell count or the growth of abnormal cells i benign proliferative breast disease - (pronounced) (beh-NINE proh-LIH-feh-ruh-tiv brest dih-ZEEZ) group of non-cancerous diseases characterized by an increase in the growth of certain cells in the breast. Any of these conditions can increase the risk of breast cancer. benign prostatic hyperplasia - (pronounced) (beh-NINE prah-STA-tik HY-per-PLAY-zhuh) A benign (non-cancerous) condition in which an overgrowth of prostate tissue presses against the urethra and bladder, blocking the flow of urine. Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy and BPH benign prostatic hypertrophy - (pronounced) (beh-NINE prah-STA-tik hy-PER-troh fee) A benign (non-cancerous) condition in which an overgrowth of prostate tissue presses against the urethra and bladder, blocking the flow of urine. Also called benign prostatic hyperplasia and BPH best practice - A treatment accepted by medical experts as an appropriate treatment for a specific type of disease and widely used by healthcare professionals. Also referred to as standard medical care, standard care and standard therapy beta cell neoplasm - [[:Template:Pronunciation]] (BAY-tuh sel NEE-oh-PLA-to) An abnormal mass that grows in the beta cells of the pancreas, which produce insulin. Beta cell neoplasms are usually benign (not cancerous). beta-2-microglobulin - (pronounced) (BAY-tuh-2-MY-kroh-GLAH-byoo-lin) small protein normally found on the surface of many cells, including lymphocytes, and in small amounts in the blood and urine. An increased amount in the blood or urine can be a sign of certain diseases, including some types of ca beta-adrenergic antagonist - (pronounced) (BAY-tuh-A-turn-NER-jik an-TA-guh-nist) A type of drug that blocks the effects of substances such as adrenaline on nerve cells, causing blood vessels to relax and widen (widen). This allows blood to flow more easily and lowers blood pressure and heart rate. beta-adrenergic blockers - (pronounced) (BAY-tuh-A-turn-NER-jik BLAH-King AY-jent) A type of drug that blocks the effects of substances such as adrenaline on nerve cells, causing blood vessels to relax and widen (widen). This allows blood to flow more easily and lowers blood pressure and heart rate. beta-human chorionic gonadotropin - (pronounced) (BAY-tuh-HYOO-mun KOR-ee-AH-nik goh-NA-doh-TROH-pin) A hormone found in the blood and urine during pregnancy. It can also be found in higher than normal amounts in patients with some types of cancer, including testicular, ovarian, liver, stomach, and bilateral nephrectomy - (pronounced) (from-LA-teh-rul neh-FREK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove both kidneys bilateral prophylactic mastectomy - (pronounced) (from-LA-teh-rul PROH-fih-LAK-tik ma-STEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove both breasts to reduce the risk of developing breast cancer bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy - (pronounced) (from-LA-teh-rul sal-PIN-goh-oh-oh-foh-REK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove both ovaries and both fallopian tubes bile duct - (pronounced) (KAH-mun bile duct) A tube that carries bile from the liver and gallbladder through the pancreas to the small intestine. The common bile duct begins where the liver and gallbladder ducts join and ends in the small intestine. It is part of the biliary system bio storage - (pronounced) (BY-oh-reh-PAH-zih-TOR-ee) facility that collects, catalogs, and stores samples of biological material such as urine, blood, tissue, cells, DNA, RNA, and proteins from humans, animals, or plants for laboratory research. If the samples are human-derived, medical information bioactive compound - (pronounced) (BY-oh-active KOM-pownd) A type of chemical found in small amounts in plants and certain foods (such as fruits, vegetables, nuts, oils, and whole grains). Bioactive compounds have effects in the body that can promote good health. biochemical relapse - <br>
''Pronunciation'' (BY-oh-KEH-mih-kul REE rounds) An increase in PSA (prostate specific antigen) blood levels in patients with prostate cancer after surgery or radiation. Biochemical relapse may occur in asymptomatic patients. bioinformatics - (pronounced) (BY-oh-in-for-MA-tix) field of science that uses computers, databases, mathematics, and statistics to collect, store, organize, and analyze large amounts of biological, medical, and health information. Information can come from many sources, including genetic and molecu biological drug - (pronounced) (BY-oh-LAH-jih-kul. biological profile - (pronounced) (BY-oh-LAH-jih-kul PROH file) A summary of the biological effects of a substance. A biological profile can come from patient data or from laboratory or animal experiments biological therapy - (pronounced) (BY-oh-LAH-jih-kul THAYR-uh-pee) type of treatment that uses substances from living organisms to treat diseases. These substances can occur naturally in the body or can be made in the laboratory. biometrics - (pronounced) (from-AH-meh-tree) The science of collecting and analyzing biological or health data using statistical methods. Biometrics can be used to find out what the possible causes of a cancer are, or how common a cancer is in a particular group of people. biometrics - [[:Template:Pronunciation]] (from-AH-meh-tree) The science of collecting and analyzing biological or health data using statistical methods. Biometrics can be used to find out what the possible causes of a cancer are, or how common a cancer is in a particular group of people. biopsy - (pronounced) (BY-op-see) The removal of cells or tissues for examination by a pathologist. The pathologist may examine the tissue under a microscope or perform other tests on the cells or tissue. biopsy sample - (pronounced) (BY-op-see SPEH-sih-men) Tissue removed from the body and examined under a microscope to determine if a disease is present biosimilar drug - (pronounced) (BY-oh-SIH-mih-ler. bispecific monoclonal antibody - (pronounced) (BY-speh-SIH-fik MAH-noh-KLOH-nul AN-tee-BAH-dee) An antibody that can bind to two different antigens at the same time. Bispecific monoclonal antibodies are being studied in cancer imaging and treatment. bivalent vaccine - (pronounced) (from-VAY-awarded vak-SEEN) vaccine that works by stimulating an immune response against two different antigens, such as B. two different viruses or other microorganisms. bleeding (HEH-muh-rij) In medicine, blood loss from damaged blood vessels. Bleeding can be internal or external and usually involves a lot of bleeding in a short period of time bleeding from the vagina that occurs after menopause bleeding from the vagina that occurs when hormone levels drop, such as menstruation or the bleeding that occurs at the end of each cycle of the combined oral contraceptive pill bleeding into and swelling of a joint bloating - (pronounced) (BLOH ting) swelling or feeling of fullness in the abdomen. Bloating is usually the result of gas in the gut and can be caused by many things, including overeating, lactose intolerance, and constipation. blockage of a blood vessel by a blood clot fragment that has broken off and traveled from another area of the body blockage of the passage of air through the windpipe to the lungs blood in the feces that can be detected only by chemical tests blood in the semen blood pressure - (pronounced) (blud PREH-sher) The force of the circulating blood on the walls of the arteries. Blood pressure is measured using two measurements: systolic (taken when the heart is beating when blood pressure is at its highest) and diastolic (taken between heartbeats when blood press blood sugar - (pronounced) (blud SHUH-ger) Glucose (a type of sugar) in the blood. Also called glycemia blood vessel - (pronounced) (blue VEH-sel) A tube through which blood circulates in the body. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins body cell - (pronounced) (soh-ma-tik. body image - (pronounced) (BAH-dee IH-mij) The way a person thinks about their body and how it looks to others bolus dose - (pronounced) (BOH-lus. bone degeneration inside of a joint, causing small pieces of bone and cartilage to become detached bone marrow - (pronounced) (BONE MAYR-oh) The soft, spongy tissue that has many blood vessels and is found at the center of most bones. There are two types of bone marrow: red and yellow. bone mass - (pronounced) (bone mass) measure of the amount of minerals (mainly calcium and phosphorus) contained in a given volume of bone. Bone mass measurements are used to diagnose osteoporosis (a condition characterized by reduced bone mass), to see how well osteoporosis treatments are working, bone tissue - (pronounced) (AH-see-us TIH-shoo) Tissue that gives strength and structure to bones. Bones are made up of compact tissue (the hard, outer layer) and cancellous bone (the spongy, inner layer that contains red bone marrow). bone tissue - Tissue that gives strength and structure to bones. Bones are made up of compact tissue (the hard, outer layer) and cancellous bone (the spongy, inner layer that contains red bone marrow). bone-seeking radioisotope - (pronounced) (Bone-SEE-King RAY-Dee-Oh-I-Soh-Tope) A radioactive substance given through a vein that accumulates in bone cells and in tumor cells that have spread to bone. It kills cancer cells by emitting weak radiation bowel function - (pronounced) (BOW-ul FUNK-shun) The functioning of the gut in terms of frequency of bowel movements, ability to control bowel movements, and whether bowel movements are hard and dry like constipation or watery like diarrhea brain hemisphere - (pronounced) (seh-REE-brul HEH-mis-feer) One half of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls muscle function and also controls language, thinking, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. The right hemisphere controls the muscles on the left side of the body and the lef brain inflammation caused by a herpes simplex virus that has spread from another part of the body brain surgery done through a small opening in the skull and guided by X-rays or computer-aided imaging techniques breast cyst - (pronounced) (breast sister) fluid-filled sac that forms in the chest, sometimes filled with a mixture of fluid and solid material. Breast cysts can occur in one or both breasts, and there can be more than one. breast density - (pronounced) (brest DEN-sih-tee) term used to describe the amount of dense tissue compared to the amount of fatty tissue in the breast on a mammogram. Dense breast tissue has more fibrous and glandular tissue than fat. breast fibroglandular tissue - (FY-broh-GLAN-juh-ler brest TIH-shoo) A term used to describe breast tissue composed of fibrous connective tissue and glandular tissue (milk ducts and lobules). Fibroglandular breast tissue often appears dense on a mammogram, which can make it harder to find breast can breast fibrosis - (pronounced) (brest fy-BROH-sis) A benign (noncancerous) condition in which thickened or fibrous (scar-like) tissue is found in the breast. The areas of fibrosis usually feel tight, rubbery, or hard under the skin. breast flap - (pronounced) (Breast …) section of the breast that contains the lobules (the glands that produce milk) breast implants - (pronounced) (Brest IM plant) A pouch filled with silicone gel or saline that is placed under the pectoral muscle to help restore breast shape breast lobes - (pronounced) (brest LAH-byool) A small portion of a lobe in the chest. A breast lobe is a gland that produces milk breast milk production by a woman who is not pregnant and has not just given birth breastfeeding - (pronounced) (brest FEE thing) Feeding breast milk to an infant. Babies can be fed directly from the mother's breast, or breast milk can be expressed and then fed to the baby from a bottle. breathing difficulty experienced while lying flat; can be a symptom of heart failure or asthma brentuximab vedotin - (pronounced) (bren-TUK-sih-mab veh-DOH-tin) medicine used alone or with other medicines to treat adults with certain types of cutaneous or systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma, peripheral T-cell lymphoma, classic Hodgkin's lymphoma, or mycosis fungoides, and with other medic broad, flat cartilage structures containing a gel-like fluid that cushion and separate vertebrae bronchial - (pronounced) (BRON-kee-ul) Has to do with the bronchi, which are the larger airways of the lungs, including those leading from the trachea (trachea) to the lungs and those within the lungs bronchial brush biopsy - (pronounced) (BRON-kee-ul brush BY-op-see) procedure in which cells are taken from inside the airways that lead to the lungs. A bronchoscope (a thin, tubular instrument with a light and lens for viewing) is inserted into the lungs through the nose or mouth. bronchial wash - (pronounced) (BRON-kee-ul WAH-shing) procedure in which cells are taken from inside the airways that lead to the lungs. A bronchoscope (a thin, tubular instrument with a light and lens for viewing) is inserted into the lungs through the nose or mouth. bronchogenic carcinoma - (pronounced) (BRON-koh-JEH-nik KAR-sih-NOH-muh) Cancer that begins in the tissue that lines or covers the airways of the lungs, including small cell and non-small cell lung cancer buildup of fibrous connective tissue in the bone marrow, affecting the production of blood components bulging of the lining of the rectum through the anus, usually due to straining during a bowel movement burdock - (pronounced) (BUR-doc) A plant whose seeds and roots were used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It can have antioxidant effects. burp - (pronounced) (belching) The release of air or gas from the stomach or esophagus through the mouth. Belching is usually caused by a build-up of air in the esophagus or upper part of the stomach when too much air is swallowed. burping (eer-ruk-TAY-avoid) The release of air or gas from the stomach or esophagus through the mouth. The burping is usually caused by a build-up of air in the esophagus or upper part of the stomach when too much air is swallowed. burr hole - (pronounced) (borehole) A small opening in the skull made with a surgical drill bursitis - (pronounced) (ber-SY-tis) Inflammation (swelling, pain, and warmth) of a bursa. A bursa is a flat, fluid-filled sac found between a bone and a tendon or muscle. buserelin - (pronounced) (BYOO-seh-REH-lin) A cancer drug that belongs to the gonadotropin-releasing hormone family. In prostate cancer therapy, buserelin blocks the production of testosterone in the testicles busulfan - (pronounced) (byoo-SUL fan) medicine used under the brand name Myleran to treat chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and together with other medicines under the brand name Busulfex to prepare patients with CML for donor stem cell transplantation. It is also being studied in the treatment of oth c-ABL - An enzyme involved in many cellular processes such as B. cell division is involved. c-erbB-2 - A protein involved in normal cell growth. C-erbB-2 can be made in higher than normal amounts by some types of cancer cells, including breast, ovarian, bladder, pancreatic, stomach and esophageal cancer. c-erbB-2 positive - Describes cells that have a protein called HER2 on their surface. In normal cells, HER2 helps control cell growth. c-fos antisense oligonucleotide - substance that has been studied to treat cancer and is being studied to treat rheumatoid arthritis and certain skin conditions. It blocks production of a protein called c-fos, which helps control cell growth. c-kit - A protein found on the surface of many different cell types. It attaches to a substance called stem cell factor (SCF), which causes certain types of blood cells to grow. cART - Treatment that uses a combination of three or more drugs to treat HIV infection. cART stops the virus from making copies of itself in the body. cCLB8 - A drug used to treat a rare condition called multicentric Castleman disease in patients who are not infected with HIV or human herpesvirus 8. It is also being studied to treat some cancers and other conditions. cachexia - (pronounced) (cow-KEK-see-uh) Loss of body weight and muscle mass and weakness that can occur in patients with cancer, AIDS or other chronic diseases calbindin - (pronounced) (KAL-bine-din) A group of proteins that bind and transport calcium into cells. Calbindins are found in many different tissues of the body calcinosis - (pronounced) (KAL-sih-NOH-sis) A condition in which abnormal levels of calcium salts are present in soft tissues, such as B. muscles can be found calorie intake - (pronounced) (kuh-LOR-ik In-tayk) Refers to the number of calories (energy content) expended calories - (pronounced) (KA-luh-ree) A measure of the energy content of food. The body needs calories to carry out its functions such as breathing, blood circulation and physical activity. camphor - (pronounced) (KAM-fer) A substance derived from the wood and bark of the camphor tree or made in the laboratory. It has a very unique smell and taste and is used in commercial products (e. camptothecin - (pronounced) (KAMP-toh-THEH-kin) A cancer drug that belongs to the family of topoisomerase inhibitors camptothecin analogue - (pronounced) (KAMP-toh-THEH-kin A-nuh-log) A cancer drug structurally related to camptothecin, a topoisomerase inhibitor. One such drug is aminocamptothecin cancer cell line - (pronounced) (KAN-ser sel line) Cancer cells dividing and growing over time under certain conditions in a laboratory. Cancer cell lines are used in research to study the biology of cancer and to test cancer treatments cancer predisposing gene mutation - (pronounced) (KAN-ser PREE-dih-SPOH-zing jeen myoo-TAY-shun) term used to describe mutations (changes) in certain genes that can increase a person's risk of certain types of cancer. For example, a person who has certain mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene has a h cancer subtype - (pronounced) (KAN-ser SUB tip) Describes the smaller groups that a type of cancer can be divided into based on certain characteristics of the cancer cells. These characteristics include how the cancer cells look under the microscope and whether there are certain substances in or on cancer-related post-traumatic stress - (pronounced) (KAN-ser-ree-LAY-ted Post-Traw-MA-tik-Stress) condition that occurs in some people who are diagnosed with cancer. Symptoms of cancer-related post-traumatic stress (PTS) include frightening thoughts or trouble sleeping, being distracted or over-exci candidiasis - (pronounced) (KAN-dih-DY-uh-sis) condition in which Candida albicans, a type of yeast, grows out of control in moist areas of the skin on the body. It is usually a result of a weakened immune system but can be a side effect of chemotherapy or antibiotic treatment. capillary - (pronounced) (KA-pih-layer-ee) The smallest type of blood vessel. A capillary connects an arteriole (small artery) to a venole (small vein) to form a network of blood vessels in almost every part of the body. capsule - (pronounced) (KAP-sul) In medicine, a sack of tissue and blood vessels that surrounds an organ, joint, or tumor. A capsule is also a form used for medicines that are taken orally. carboxyamidotriazole - (pronounced) (kar-BOK-see-uh-MEE-doh-TRY-uh-zole) A cancer drug that belongs to the angiogenesis inhibitor family carboxypeptidase-G2 - (pronounced) (kar-BOK-see-PEP-tih-days …) A drug used to treat toxic blood levels of the cancer drug methotrexate in adults and children with kidney problems. Carboxypeptidase-G2 is a bacterial enzyme that helps break down and remove methotrexate from the body. carcinoembryonic antigen - (pronounced) (KAR-sih-noh-EM-bree-AH-nik AN-tih-jen) A substance found in the blood of people who have colon cancer, other cancers or diseases, or who smoke tobacco. Carcinoembryonic antigen levels can help keep track of how well cancer treatments are working or whether th carcinostatic - (pronounced) (KAR-sih-noh-STAT-ik) Regarding slowing or stopping the growth of cancer cardiac capsule - (pronounced) (REE-null KAP-sul) The fibrous connective tissue that surrounds each kidney cardiac catheterization - (pronounced) (KAR-dee-ak KA-theh-ter-rih-ZAY-shun) method used to diagnose and treat some heart conditions. In cardiac catheterization, a flexible tube called a catheter is inserted into a blood vessel in the arm, groin, thigh, or neck. cardiac tamponade - (pronounced) (PAYR-ih-KAR-dee-ul tam-puh-NAYD) serious condition that occurs when extra fluid or blood builds up in the space between the heart and the pericardium (the sac around the heart). The extra fluid puts pressure on the heart, preventing it from pumping enough blood to t cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome - (pronounced) (KAR-dee-oh-FAY-shee-oh-kyoo-TAY-nee-us SIN-drome) rare genetic condition that affects many parts of the body, particularly the heart, face, and skin. People with cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome typically have growth, development, and learning delays. cardiologist - (pronounced) (KAR-dee-AH-loh-jist) doctor who has special training in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the heart and blood vessels cardiopulmonary - (pronounced) (KAR-dee-oh-PUL-muh-NAYR-ee) Has to do with the heart and lungs cardiovascular - (pronounced) (KAR-dee-oh-VAS-kyoo-ler) Has to do with the heart and blood vessels carefully monitored and planned testing of a new drug or treatment carotenoid - (pronounced) (cow-RAH-teh-noyd) yellow, red, or orange substance found primarily in plants, including carrots, sweet potatoes, dark green leafy vegetables, and many fruits, grains, and oils. Some carotenoids are converted to vitamin A in the body and some are being studied to prevent ca cartilage - (pronounced) (KAR-tih-lij) A tough, flexible tissue that lines joints and gives structure to the nose, ears, larynx, and other parts of the body case report - (pronounced) (kay's reh-PORT) A detailed report of an individual patient's diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (eg, age, gender, ethnicity) case series - (pronounced) (kay's SEER-eez) group or series of case reports from patients who have received a similar treatment. Case series reports usually contain detailed information about each patient. case-control study - (pronounced) (kays-kun-TROLE CHAIR-dee) study that compares two groups of people: those with the disease or condition being studied (cases) and a very similar group of people who do not have the disease or condition (controls). Researchers examine the medical and life histories castration - (pronounced) (kas-TRAY-shy) Removal or destruction of the testicles or ovaries by radiation, surgery, or drugs. Medical castration refers to the use of medication to suppress the function of the ovaries or testicles catch-up vaccination - The practice of giving a vaccine to people who did not receive it at the recommended age. Catch-up vaccines can be given to a person who has not previously been vaccinated, who has missed a scheduled dose of vaccination, or who has not completed a vaccination course. cause-specific survival - (pronounced) (kawz-speh-SIH-fik ser-VY-vul) The length of time between the date of diagnosis or the start of treatment for a disease, such as B. cancer, to death from the disease. cauterize - (pronounced) (KAW-teh-RIZE) Destroying tissue with a hot or cold instrument, electric current, or a chemical that burns or dissolves tissue. This process can be used to kill certain types of small tumors or seal off blood vessels to stop bleeding cavity - (pronounced) (KA-vih-tea) A hollow area or hole. It can describe a body cavity (e. cc - (pronounced) A measure of volume in the metric system. One thousand cubic centimeters equal one liter. ccRCC - A type of kidney cancer in which the cells look clear or very pale under a microscope. ccRCC begins in cells lining tiny tubes in the kidney. cediranib maleate - (pronounced) (seh-DEER-uh-nib MAY-lee-AYT) A substance being studied to treat some types of cancer. Cediranib maleate can prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow and can kill cancer cells. cefepime - (pronounced) (SEH-feh-peem) drug used to treat infections. It belongs to the family of cephalosporin antibiotics ceftriaxone - (pronounced) (SEF-try-AK-sone) drug used to treat infections. It belongs to the family of cephalosporin antibiotics celecoxib - (pronounced) (SEH-luh-KOK-sib) A drug that relieves pain. Celecoxib belongs to the family of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. celiac disease - (pronounced) (SEE-lee-ak dih-ZEEZ) digestive disease caused by an immune response to a protein called gluten found in wheat, rye, barley, and oats. Celiac disease damages the lining of the small intestine and interferes with the absorption of nutrients from food. cell - (pronounced) (sel) In biology, the smallest unit capable of living on its own, of which all living organisms and the tissues of the body are made. A cell consists of three main parts: the cell membrane, the nucleus and the cytoplasm. cell adhesion - (pronounced) (SEL-yoo-ler ad-HEE-zhun) The tight attachment (binding) to adjacent cell surfaces cell culture - (pronounced) (sel KUL-cher) The growth of microorganisms such as bacteria and yeast or human, plant or animal cells in the laboratory. Cell cultures can be used to diagnose infections, test new drugs, and in research cell cycle - (pronounced) (sel SY-kul) The process a cell goes through with each division. The cell cycle consists of a series of steps during which chromosomes and other cellular material duplicate to create two copies. cell differentiation - (pronounced) (sel DIH-feh-REN-shee-AY-shun) The process by which young, immature (non-specialized) cells acquire individual characteristics and attain their mature (specialized) form and function cell division - (sel dih-VIH-zhun) The process by which a single parent cell divides to form new cells known as daughter cells. There are two types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis cell metabolism - (pronounced) (SEL-yoo-ler meh-TA-boo-lih-zum) The sum of all the chemical changes that take place in a cell that provide energy and building blocks for essential processes, including the synthesis of new molecules and the breakdown and removal of others cell proliferation - (pronounced) (sel proh-LIH-feh-avoid-RAY) An increase in cell number through cell growth and cell division cell signaling - (pronounced) (sel SIG-nuh-ling) The process by which a cell responds to substances outside the cell through signaling molecules found on the surface and inside the cell. Most molecules that result in cell signaling are chemical substances, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and gr cell type - (pronounced) (self tip) Describes the types of cells found in normal or cancerous tissue. The cell type is usually identified by looking under a microscope. cell-cell signaling - (pronounced) (sel-sel SIG-nuh-ling) The transfer of information from one cell to another. Cells signal each other through direct contact with each other or through the release of a substance from one cell that is taken up by another cell. cell-to-cell signaling - (pronounced) (sel-zu-sel SIG-nuh-ling) The transfer of information from one cell to another. Cells signal each other through direct contact with each other or through the release of a substance from one cell that is taken up by another cell. cells that give rise to the different types of blood cells cellular adoptive immunotherapy - (pronounced) (SEL-yoo-ler uh-DOP-tiv IH-myoo-noh-THAYR-uh-pee) type of immunotherapy in which a patient is given T cells (a type of immune cell) to help the body fight diseases such as cancer. In cancer therapy, T cells are usually taken from the patient's own blood cellulite - (pronounced) (sel-yoo-LY-tis) An acute, spreading infection of the deep skin and muscle tissues that causes the skin to become warm and tender and can also cause fever, chills, swollen lymph nodes, and blisters cellulose - (pronounced) (SEL-yoo-lose) A building block made from plant cells and fiber. Cellulose cannot be digested by humans and is used to add bulk to food centimeters - (pronounced) (SEN-tih-MEE-ter) A measure of length in the metric system. There are 100 centimeters in a meter and 2½ centimeters in an inch central nervesystem - (pronounced) (SEN-trul NER-vus SIS-tem) The brain and spinal cord. Also called CNS cerebellar hemangioblastoma - (pronounced) (SAYR-eh-BEH-ler hee-MAN-jee-oh-blas-TOH-moo) A benign, slow-growing tumor in the cerebellum (part of the brain at the back of the head) consisting of abnormal blood vessel growth. People with von Hippel-Landau disease have an increased risk of developing h cerebellar mutism syndrome - (pronounced) (SAYR-eh-BEH-ler MYOO-tih-to SIN-drome) condition that can occur in patients who have had surgery to remove a tumor in certain parts of the brain, including the cerebellum. Cerebellar mutism syndrome usually occurs 1 or 2 days after surgery. cerebellopontine bridge - (pronounced) (SAYR-eh-BEH-loh-PON-teen) Has to do with two structures of the brain, the cerebellum (located in the lower back part of the brain) and the pons (located at the base of the brain in front of the cerebellum) and the area between them cerebellum - (pronounced) (SAYR-eh-BEH-lum) The part of the brain at the back of the head between the cerebrum and the brainstem. The cerebellum controls balance in walking and standing and other complex motor functions ceremony - (pronounced) (SAYR-eh-MOH-nee) A series of acts performed to mark a special occasion or to mark a rite of passage. Ceremonies can be casual or formal cervical - (pronounced) (SER-vih-kul) Pertaining to the neck or neck of an organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck. cervical adenocarcinoma - (pronounced) (SER-vih-kul A-deh-noh-KAR-sih-NOH-muh) form of cervical cancer that starts in the glandular cells of the cervix. These cells form mucus and are found in the tissues that line the inner part of the cervix and uterus. cervical cancer - (pronounced) (YOO-teh-rin KAN-ser) Cancer that forms in the tissues of the uterus (the small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis where a fetus develops). Two types of uterine cancer are endometrial cancer (cancer that starts in cells lining the uterus) and uterine sarcom cervical dysplasia - (pronounced) (SER-vih-kul dis-PLAY-zhuh) The abnormal growth of cells on the surface of the cervix. Cervical dysplasia is usually caused by certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV) and is found when a Pap test or cervical biopsy is done. cervical intraepithelial neoplasia - (pronounced) (SER-vih-kul IN-truh-eh-pih-THEE-lee-ul NEE-oh-PLAY-zhuh) Abnormal cells are found on the surface of the cervix. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia is usually caused by certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV) and is found when a cervical biopsy i cervical squamous cell carcinoma - (pronounced) (SER-vih-kul SKWAY-mus sel KAR-sih-NOH-muh) type of cervical cancer that starts in the squamous cells of the cervix. Cervical squamous cells are found in the tissue that lines the outer portion of the cervix. cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasia 2 - (pronounced) (SER-vih-kul SKWAY-mus IN-truh-eh-pih-THEE-lee-ul NEE-oh-PLAY-zhuh. cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasia 3 - (pronounced) (SER-vih-kul SKWAY-mus IN-truh-eh-pih-THEE-lee-ul NEE-oh-PLAY-zhuh. cervicectomy - (pronounced) (SER-vih-SEC-toh-mee) Surgery to remove the cervix. There are two types of cervicectomy: simple cervicectomy and radical cervicectomy. cervix - (pronounced) (SER vix) The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and the vagina cetuximab - (pronounced) (seh-TUK-sih-mab) medicine used alone or with other medicines to treat certain types of head and neck cancer and colon cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. cevimeline hydrochloride - (pronounced) (seh-VIH-meh-leen HY-droh-KLOR-ide) drug used to treat certain diseases of the salivary glands. It's also being studied to treat dry mouth caused by radiation therapy to the head and neck. change (ee-MEND) A drug used with other drugs to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy and nausea and vomiting caused by surgery. Emend blocks the effects of a certain chemical in the central nervous system that can cause nausea and vomiting. chaplain - (pronounced) (PAS-tuh-rul KOWN-seh-ler) A person trained to give spiritual and mental health counseling chaste tree - (pronounced) (munks PEH-pro) An extract of the fruit of chaste tree (Vitex agnus-castus) found in parts of Asia and Europe. It is said to treat infertility and relieve symptoms that may appear before or during a woman's menstrual period, such as headaches and irregular bleeding. cheekbones - (pronounced) (cheekbones) One of two bones on each upper side of the face that forms the cheek and part of the eye socket. The cheekbones give shape and structure to the face and are connected to the jaw and the bones near the ears, forehead and skull. chelating agent - (pronounced) (KEE-lay-ting AY-jent) chemical compound that binds tightly to metal ions. In medicine, chelating agents are used to remove toxic metals from the body. chemical - (pronounced) (KEH-mih-kul) A substance made up of elements such as hydrogen or sodium chemical peeling - (pronounced) (KEH-mih-kul. chemicals applied to the skin that prevent infection by killing bacteria and other harmful organisms chemicals in plants that might help protect against disorders such as cancer chemicals that attack and damage nerve cells chemoprevention - (pronounced) (KEE-moh-pree-VEN-avoid) The use of certain drugs or other substances to lower a person's risk of developing cancer or to prevent it from coming back. For example, tamoxifen and raloxifene are medicines that can be used to prevent certain types of breast cancer in wome chemotherapy drug - (pronounced) (KEE-moh-THAYR-uh-PYOO-tik AY-jent) A drug used to treat cancer chest - (pronounced) (Thorax) The area of the body between the neck and abdomen. The thorax contains vital organs, including the heart, major blood vessels, and lungs. chest pain - (pronounced) (breast fee) Pain or discomfort in one or both breasts. The pain can be mild or severe and can affect an area of the chest or the whole chest, including under the arm. chest passage - (pronounced) (mammary gland) A thin tube in the breast that carries milk from the breast lobes to the nipple. Also called milk duct chest wall - (pronounced) The skin, fat, muscles, bones, and other tissues that form a protective structure around vital organs in the area between the neck and abdomen, including the heart, large blood vessels, lungs, and liver. The bones in the chest wall include the ribs, sternum (breastbone), an chewing tobacco - (pronounced) (CHOO-ing tuh-BA-koh) type of smokeless tobacco made from dried tobacco leaves. It can be sweetened and flavored with licorice and other substances. chiasma - (pronounced) (ky-AZ-muh) An anatomical term for an X-shaped junction (e. g. childbirth in which the baby is turned around in the uterus and emerges head-last instead of head-first childhood fibrosarcoma (IN-fun-TILE FY-broh-sar-KOH-muh) A type of cancer that forms in fibrous (connective) tissue. Infantile fibrosarcoma usually occurs in infants and young children, but it can also be detected by ultrasound before birth. chimeric - (pronounced) (ky-MEER-ik) have parts of different origins. In medicine, referring to a person, organ, or tissue that contains cells with different genes than the rest of the person, organ, or tissue. chimeric antigen receptor - (pronounced) (ky-MEER-ik AN-tih-jen reh-SEP-ter) special lab-designed receptor designed to bind to specific proteins on cancer cells. The chimeric antigen receptor is then added to immune cells called T cells. chiropractic therapy - (pronounced) (KY-roh-PRAK-tik THAYR-uh-pee) type of therapy that uses the hands to manipulate the spine or other parts of the body. Sometimes heat and ice, relaxation techniques, exercises, and other treatments are also used. chlorine - (pronounced) (KLOR-een) A chemical used in manufacturing, as a bleach, and to kill bacteria and other organisms in water choke - (pronounced) (RECH) The action of the stomach and esophagus to try to vomit (expel some or all of the contents of the stomach). Gagging that does not induce vomiting is called a dry gagging cholangiocarcinoma - (pronounced) (koh-LAN-jee-oh-KAR-sih-NOH-muh) A rare cancer that forms in the bile ducts. A bile duct is a tube that carries bile (fluid produced by the liver) between the liver and the gallbladder and small intestine. cholecalciferol - (pronounced) (KOH-leh-kal-SIH-feh-rol) nutrient that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Cholecalciferol helps the body use calcium and phosphorus to build strong bones and teeth. cholelite - (pronounced) (KOH-leh-lith) Solid material that forms in the gallbladder or choledochus. Choleliths are made up of cholesterol or other substances found in the gallbladder. cholestasis - (pronounced) (koh-leh-STAY-sis) Any condition in which the release of bile from the liver is blocked. The blockage can occur in the liver (intrahepatic cholestasis) or in the bile ducts (extrahepatic cholestasis) cholesterol - (pronounced) (koh-LES-teh-rol) A waxy, fat-like substance made in the liver and found in the blood and all cells in the body. Cholesterol is important for good health and is needed for the manufacture of cell walls, tissues, hormones, vitamin D and bile acids. choline - (pronounced) (KOH-leen) nutrient in the vitamin B complex that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Choline helps cells make membranes, make a neurotransmitter (a chemical that helps nerve cells communicate with other cells), and remove fat from the liver. choline magnesium trisalicylate - (pronounced) (KOH-leen mag-NEE-see-um TRY-suh-LIH-sih-LAYT) substance used to treat arthritis and reduce pain, inflammation, and fever. It is also being studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). chordoma - (pronounced) (kor-DOH-moo) type of bone cancer that usually starts in the lower spine or at the base of the skull chorioallantoic membrane - (pronounced) (KOR-ee-oh-uh-lan-TOH-ik MEM-Brayn) The membrane in chicken eggs that helps chicken embryos get enough oxygen and calcium for development. The calcium comes from the eggshell chorioblastoma - (pronounced) (KOR-ee-oh-blow-TOH-moo) malignant, fast-growing tumor that develops from trophoblast cells (cells that help an embryo attach to the uterus and help form the placenta). Almost all chorioblastomas form in the uterus after a sperm fertilizes an egg, but a small number for chorioepithelioma - (pronounced) (KOR-ee-oh-EH-pih-THEE-lee-OH-moo) malignant, fast-growing tumor that develops from trophoblast cells (cells that help an embryo attach to the uterus and help form the placenta). Almost all chorioepithelioma form in the uterus after a sperm fertilizes an egg, but a s choroid - (pronounced) (KOR-oyd) A thin layer of tissue that is part of the middle layer of the wall of the eye, between the sclera (white outer layer of the eye) and the retina (the inner layer of nerve tissue at the back of the eye). The choroid is filled with blood vessels that bring oxygen and n choroid plexus - (pronounced) (KOR-oyd PLEK-sus) network of blood vessels and cells in the ventricles (fluid-filled spaces) of the brain. The blood vessels are covered by a thin layer of cells that form cerebrospinal fluid choroidal melanoma - (pronounced) (YOO-vee-ul MEH-luh-NOH-muh) rare cancer that starts in the cells that make the dark pigment called melanin in the uvea, or uveal tract, of the eye. The uvea is the middle layer of the wall of the eye and includes the iris, ciliary body and choroid. chromaffin cell - (pronounced) (KROH-moo-fin. chromosome - (pronounced) (KROH-moo-some) Part of a cell that contains genetic information. With the exception of sperm and egg cells, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes chronic bacterial prostatitis - (pronounced) (KRAH-nik bak-TEER-ee-ul PROS-tuh-TY-tis) Inflammation of the prostate caused by a bacterial infection that lasts for a long time or gets worse. The infection seems to go away but keeps coming back. chronic disease - (pronounced) (KRAH-nik dih-ZEEZ) disease or condition that usually lasts 3 months or more and can get worse over time. Chronic diseases tend to occur in older adults and can usually be controlled but not cured. chronic fatigue - (pronounced) (KRAH-nik fuh-TEEG SIN-drome) condition lasting more than 6 months in which a person feels tired most of the time. They may also have trouble concentrating and completing daily activities. chronic granulocytic leukemia - (pronounced) (KRAH-nik GRAN-yoo-loh-SIH-tik loo-KEE-mee-uh) An indolent (slow-growing) cancer in which too many myeloblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Myeloblasts are a type of immature blood cell that form white blood cells called myeloid cells. chronic heart failure - (pronounced) (KRAH-nik hart FAYL-yer) A condition in which the heart has trouble pumping blood around the body. It can develop over a long period of time. chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis - (pronounced) (KRAH-nik IH-dee-oh-PA-thik MY-eh-loh-fy-BROH-sis) progressive, chronic disease in which the bone marrow is replaced by fibrous tissue and blood is produced in organs such as the liver and spleen instead of the bone marrow. This disease is characterize chronic leukemia - (pronounced) (KRAH-nik loo-KEE-mee-uh) A slowly progressive cancer that starts in blood-forming tissues, such as the bone marrow, and causes large numbers of white blood cells to be produced and enter the bloodstream chronic lung disease - (pronounced) (KRAH-nik. chronic lymphocytic leukemia - (pronounced) (KRAH-nik LIM-foh-SIH-tik loo-KEE-mee-uh) An indolent (slow-growing) cancer in which too many immature lymphocytes (white blood cells) are found primarily in the blood and bone marrow. Sometimes in the later stages of the disease, cancer cells are found in chronic myeloid leukemia - (pronounced) (KRAH-nik MY-eh-LAH-jeh-nus loo-KEE-mee-uh) An indolent (slow-growing) cancer in which too many myeloblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Myeloblasts are a type of immature blood cell that form white blood cells called myeloid cells. chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm - (pronounced) (KRAH-nik MY-eh-loh-proh-LIH-feh-ruh-tiv NEE-oh-PLA-to) type of disease in which the bone marrow makes too many red blood cells, platelets, or certain types of white blood cells. Chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms usually get worse over time as th chronic neutrophilic leukemia - (pronounced) (KRAH-nik NOO-troh-FIH-lik loo-KEE-mee-uh) disease in which too many neutrophils (a type of white blood cell) are found in the blood. The extra neutrophils can cause enlargement of the spleen and liver. chronic pain - (pronounced) (KRAH-nik payn) Pain that can range from mild to severe and persists or progresses over a long period of time chronic phase - (pronounced) (KRAH-nik fayz) Refers to the early stages of chronic myeloid leukemia or chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The number of mature and immature abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow and blood is higher than normal but lower than in the accelerated or blast phase chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome - (pronounced) (KRAH-nik PROS-tuh-TY-tis/KRAH-nik PEL-vik payn SIN-drome) condition of the prostate that lasts for a long time or worsens. Symptoms include body aches, lower back and genital pain, a burning sensation when urinating, and difficulty emp chyles - (pronounced) (keel) A milky-white liquid that forms in the small intestine during digestion. It consists of lymph fluid and fats. cigar - (pronounced) (sih-GAR) tubular tobacco product consisting of tightly rolled, cured tobacco leaves in a tobacco leaf wrapper or tobacco casing. It may also contain other ingredients, including substances to add different flavors. ciliary body - (pronounced) (SIH-lee-ayr-ee BAH-dee) Part of the middle layer of the wall of the eye. The ciliary body is located behind the iris and includes the circular muscle that changes the shape of the lens as the eye focuses. circadian rhythm - (pronounced) (Sir-KAY-dee-un RIH-thum) The natural cycle of physical, mental, and behavioral changes that the body goes through in a 24-hour cycle. Circadian rhythms are primarily influenced by light and dark and are controlled from a small area in the center of the brain. circulating tumor DNA - (pronounced) (SER-kyoo-LAY-ting TOO-mer. circumcision - (pronounced) (SIR-kum-SIH-zhun) Surgery to remove some or all of the foreskin (loose skin covering the glans) cirrhosis - (pronounced) (seh-ROH-sis) A type of chronic, progressive liver disease in which liver cells are replaced by scar tissue citalopram - (pronounced) (sy-TA-loh stroller) A drug used to treat depression. It belongs to the drug families called antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). cladribine - (pronounced) (KLAD-rih-been) A drug used to treat hairy cell leukemia. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. clarithromycin - (pronounced) (kluh-RITH-raw-MY-sin) An antibiotic used to treat infections. It belongs to the macrolide family classic FAP - (pronounced) (UCK-sik. classic Hodgkin lymphoma - (pronounced) (UCK-sik HOJ-kin lim-FOH-muh) The most common form of Hodgkin's lymphoma (a cancer of the immune system). Classic Hodgkin lymphoma is characterized by the presence of a type of cell called a Reed-Sternberg cell classic familial adenomatous polyposis - (pronounced) (KLA-sik fuh-MIH-lee-ul A-deh-NOH-muh-tus PAH-lee-POH-sis) An inherited disorder in which many polyps (usually hundreds to thousands) form on the inner walls of the colon and rectum. Polyps are abnormal growths that can become cancer if not remov classic familial polyposis - (pronounced) (KLA-sik fuh-MIH-lee-ul PAH-lee-POH-sis) An inherited disorder in which many polyps (usually hundreds to thousands) form on the inner walls of the colon and rectum. Polyps are abnormal growths that can become cancer if not removed. clear cell carcinoma - (pronounced) (kleer sel KAR-sih-NOH-muh) A rare type of cancer where the cells look clear under a microscope. Clear cell carcinoma most commonly occurs in the kidney and female reproductive organs. clear cell renal cell carcinoma - (pronounced) (kleer sel REE-nul sel KAR-sih-NOH-muh) A type of kidney cancer in which the cells look clear or very pale under a microscope. Clear cell renal cell carcinoma begins in cells lining tiny tubes in the kidney. clear cell sarcoma of the kidney - (pronounced) (kleer sel sar-KOH-muh. clear fluid that surrounds a fetus during pregnancy and cushions and protects it clear liquid diet - (pronounced) (kleer LIH-kwid DY-et) diet consisting only of liquids and foods that are clear liquids at room temperature. Clear liquids are easily digested and include water, broth, gelatin, plain tea and coffee, popsicles and pulpless juices, sodas, and sports drinks. clinical - (pronounced) (KLIH-nih-kul) Has to do with examining and treating patients clinical diagnosis - (pronounced) (KLIH-nih-kul DY-ug-NOH-sis) The process of identifying a disease, condition, or injury based on a patient's signs and symptoms, medical history, and physical examination of the patient. Other tests, such as blood tests, imaging tests, and biopsies, may be done afte clinical research - (pronounced) (KLIH-nih-kul REE-serch) Research that examines people or data or tissue samples from people to understand health and disease. Clinical research helps find new and better ways to detect, diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases. clinical resistance - (pronounced) (KLIH-nih-kul reh-ZIH stunts) The failure of a cancer to shrink after treatment clinical series - (pronounced) (KLIH-nih-kul SEER-eez) A case series in which patients are treated in a clinic or other medical facility clinical study - (pronounced) (KLIH-nih-kul TRY-ul) A type of research study that tests how well new medical approaches work in people. These studies test new methods of early detection, prevention, diagnosis or treatment of a disease. clinical trial phase - (pronounced) (KLIH-nih-kul TRY-ul fayz) part of the clinical research process that answers specific questions about whether treatments or other interventions being studied work and are safe. Phase I studies test the best method of administering a new treatment and the best dos clinician - (pronounced) (klih-NIH-avoid) A medical professional who takes care of patients clodronate - (pronounced) (kloh-DROH-nayt) A drug used to treat hypercalcaemia (abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood) and cancer that has spread to the bones (bone metastases). It can reduce pain, the risk of fractures, and the development of new bone metastases clonidine hydrochloride - (pronounced) (KLOH-nih-deen HY-droh-KLOR-ide) A drug used to treat high blood pressure. It is also being studied to treat certain types of cancer pain and as a smoking cessation aid. cloretazine - (pronounced) (klor-EH-tuh-zeen) A drug used to treat acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It is also being studied in the treatment of several other types of cancer. close monitoring of a patient who is seriously ill clove cigarette - (pronounced) (klove SIH-guh-ret) A type of cigarette made in Indonesia. It is made from a mixture of tobacco, cloves and other ingredients. co-insurance - (pronounced) (KOH-in-SHOOR-ents) The amount of money not covered by a patient's health insurance that the patient pays for each healthcare service. For example, if a plan covers 80% of the cost of a service, the deductible that the patient pays is the remaining 20% of the cost coactivated T cell - (pronounced) (koh-AK-tih-vay-ted … sel) AT cell that has been coated with monoclonal antibodies to improve its ability to kill tumor cells codon - (pronounced) (KOH don) A sequence of three nucleotides in a strand of DNA or RNA. Each codon corresponds to a specific amino acid (a building block of a protein). coffee enema - (pronounced) (KAW fee EH-neh-muh) Injecting coffee through the anus into the colon (colon). Coffee enemas are being tested in the treatment of pancreatic cancer cognitive behavioral therapy - (pronounced) (KOG-nih-tiv beh-HAY-vyer THAYR-uh-pee) form of psychotherapy that helps patients change their behavior by changing the way they think and feel about certain things. It is used to treat mental, emotional, personality, and behavioral disorders. cognitive impairment - (pronounced) (KOG-nih-tiv im-PAYR-ment) Problems with a person's ability to think, learn, remember, make judgments, and make decisions. Signs of cognitive impairment include memory loss and difficulty concentrating, completing tasks, understanding, remembering, following direc cognitive therapy - (pronounced) (KOG-nih-tiv THAYR-uh-pee) A form of psychotherapy that helps patients change their behavior by changing the way they think and feel about certain things. It is used to treat mental, emotional, personality, and behavioral disorders. cohort study - (pronounced) (KOH-hort STUH-dee) A research study that compares a specific outcome (e. g. coiled tubes inside of the testicle that are the site of sperm production cold ischemia - (pronounced) (cold is-KEE-mee-uh) In surgery, the cooling of a tissue, organ, or body part after its blood supply has been reduced or cut off. This can be done while the organ is still in the body or after it has been removed from the body if the organ is to be used for transplantati cold ischemia time - (pronounced) (cold is-KEE-mee-uh. cold knife conization - (pronounced) (cold nife koh-nih-ZAY-shun) procedure in which a cone-shaped piece of abnormal tissue is removed from the cervix using a scalpel or laser knife. Some of the tissue is then examined under a microscope for signs of diseases such as cervical cancer. cold knot - (pronounced) (cold NAH-jool) When radioactive material is used to examine the thyroid with a scanner, nodules that accumulate less radioactive material than the surrounding thyroid tissue are considered "cold. " A cold node does not produce thyroid hormone. Cold nodules can be benign (no cold tumor - (pronounced) (cold TOO-mer) Describes a tumor that is unlikely to elicit a strong immune response. Cold tumors are usually surrounded by cells that are able to suppress the immune response and stop T cells (a type of immune cell) from attacking and killing the tumor cells. Cold tumors u colitis - (pronounced) (koh-ly-tis) inflammation of the colon collagen - (pronounced) (KAH-luh-jen) A fibrous protein found in cartilage and other connective tissue collagen disease - (pronounced) (KAH-luh-jen dih-ZEEZ) term formerly used to describe chronic connective tissue diseases (eg, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis) but now considered more appropriate for diseases associated with defects in collagen, which is a c collagenase - (pronounced) (KAH-luh-jeh-nays) A type of enzyme that breaks down the protein collagen collarbone - (pronounced) (UCK-vih-kul) One of two bones at the base of the front of the neck. The clavicles connect the sternum to the shoulder blades. collection channel - (pronounced) (cow-LEK-ting duct) The final part of a long, coiled tube that collects urine from the nephrons (cell structures in the kidney that filter blood and make urine) and directs it to the renal pelvis and ureters. Also called renal collecting tube coloanal anastomosis - (pronounced) (KOH-loh-AY-nul-uh-NAS-toh-MOH-sis) A surgical procedure in which the colon is attached to the anus after the rectum has been removed. Also called coloanal passage colon - (pronounced) (KOH-lun) The longest part of the large intestine (a tubular organ that connects to the small intestine at one end and the anus at the other). The large intestine removes water and some nutrients and electrolytes from partially digested foods. The remaining material, solid waste colon crypt - (pronounced) (KOH-lun script) Tube-like gland found in the lining of the colon and rectum. Intestinal crypt cells renew the intestinal mucosa and form mucus. Also called Lieberkuhn gland colony stimulating factor - (pronounced) (KAH-luh-nee-STIM-yoo-LAY-ting FAK-ter) substance that stimulates the production of blood cells. Colony stimulating factors include granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and promegapoietin colorectal - (pronounced) (KOH-loh-REK-tul) Has to do with the colon or rectum colostomy - (pronounced) (koh-LOS-toh-mee) An opening into the large intestine from the outside of the body. A colostomy provides a new route for waste to leave the body after part of the colon is removed colostomy irrigation - (pronounced) (koh-LOS-toh-mee EER-ih-GAY-shun) procedure in which a patient with a colostomy flushes the colon with water using a tube inserted into the stoma (a surgically created opening in the body that connects an organ or area inside the body to the outside). This causes colposcope - (pronounced) (KOL-poh-SKOPE) A lighted magnifying instrument used to examine the cervix, vagina, and vulva for signs of disease colposcopy - (pronounced) (kol-POS-koh-pee) procedure that uses a lighted magnifying instrument called a colposcope to examine the cervix, vagina, and vulva. During colposcopy, an instrument called a speculum is inserted into the vagina to expand it so the cervix can be seen better. A vinegar soluti coma - (pronounced) (KOH-moo) state in which a patient is in a deep sleep and cannot be awakened. A coma can be caused by many things, including trauma, drugs, toxins, or certain illnesses combined androgen blockade - (pronounced) (kum-BIND TO-threaten-jen blah-KAYD) Treatment to block androgen (male hormone) activity in the body. This can be done by giving an antiandrogen drug and removing the testicles (orchiectomy), or by giving an antiandrogen drug with a gonadotropin-releasing ho common - (pronounced) (my) A term from statistics. The average value in a series of measurements. common bacteria that cause skin infections and a number of other disorders companion diagnostic test - (pronounced) (kum-PAN-yun DY-ug-NAH-stik…) test designed to match a patient to a specific drug or therapy. For example, a companion diagnostic test can determine whether a patient's tumor has a specific genetic change or biomarker that the drug targets. This helps determi compassionate use - (pronounced) (Kum-pa-shuh-nut yoos) way to provide investigational therapy to a patient who is ineligible for treatment in a clinical trial but has a serious or life-threatening illness for which other treatments are unavailable. Compassionate use allows patients to receive promi complementary therapy - (pronounced) (KOM-pleh-MEN-tuh-ree THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment that is applied along with standard treatment but is not considered standard. Standard treatments are based on the results of scientific research and are currently accepted and widely used. Less research has been done complete blood count (. complete blood count - (pronounced) (kum-PLEET blud kownt) measure of the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in the blood. The amount of hemoglobin (substance in the blood that carries oxygen) and hematocrit (the amount of whole blood made up of red blood cells) are also mea complete or partial loss of sensation and movement of the legs complete remission - (pronounced) (kum-PLEET reh-MIH-avoid) The disappearance of all signs of cancer in response to treatment. This does not always mean that the cancer is cured. Also called complete remission complex decongestive therapy - (pronounced) (COM-plex DEE-art-JEH-stiv THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment to reduce lymphedema (swelling caused by accumulation of lymph fluid in the tissues). This therapy uses massage to move fluid away from areas where lymphatic vessels have been blocked, damaged, or removed complex fibroadenoma - (pronounced) (COM-plex FY-broh-a-deh-NOH-muh) type of benign (noncancerous) tumor that usually forms in the breast and is made up of fibrous (connective) and glandular tissue. In complex fibroadenomas, other abnormal tissue changes are also present. These changes can include c composite lymphoma - (pronounced) (kum-PAH-zit lim-FOH-muh) A rare form of lymphoma (cancer that starts in cells of the immune system) in which several types of lymphoma cells occur at the same time. The different lymphoma cells can form in the same tissue or organ or in many different tissues or or compound hemangioendothelioma - (pronounced) (kum-PAH-zit hee-MAN-jee-oh-EN-doh-THEE-lee-OH-muh) A blood vessel tumor made up of different cell types and with both benign (non-cancerous) and malignant (cancerous) characteristics. Compound hemangioendothelioma usually forms on or under the skin on th compound nevus - (pronounced) (KOM-pownd NEE-vus) type of birthmark formed by groups of nevus cells located in the epidermis and dermis (the two main layers of tissue that make up the skin) comprehensive cancer center - (pronounced) (KOM-pree-HEN-siv KAN-ser .. ) A cancer research center supported by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) to conduct cancer research and provide services directly to cancer patients. Scientists and physicians at these centers conduct basic laboratory researc compression - (pronounced) (Kum-PREH-Shun) squeeze or squeeze. In medicine, it can describe a structure, such as a tumor, that is pressing on another part of the body, such as a nerve. It can also describe the flattening of soft tissues, such as the breast, that occurs during a mammogram (X-ray of t compression pump - (pronounced) (kum-PREH-avoid.. ) A machine used to keep blood and lymph flowing by forcing air through bands or sleeves attached to the arms or legs computed tomographic colonography - (pronounced) (kum-PYOO-ted toh-muh-GRA-fik KOH-lun-AH-gruh-fee) method of examining the inside of the colon through a series of X-rays. A computer is used to create 2-dimensional (2-D) and 3-D images of the colon from these X-rays. The images can be saved, manipul concentration - (pronounced) (KON-sen-TRAY-avoid) In science, the amount of a substance, e. g. B. a salt, which is in a certain amount of tissue or fluid, z. B. blood is located. A substance becomes more concentrated when less water is present. For example, the salt in urine can become more concentr conditionally reprogrammed cell - (pronounced) (kun-DIH-shuh-nuh-lee ree-PROH-gramd sel) A cell type that is grown in the laboratory from samples of normal cells or cancer cells from patient tissue. These cells can be kept alive for as long as needed and grown in large numbers. The cells are treated conditioned response - (pronounced) (kun-DIH-shund reh-SPONTS) A type of learning in which repeated exposure to something can affect a person's behavior when encountering an unrelated object, sound, or smell that occurred at the same time as the initial exposure. For example, a patient who always fe conditioned stimulus - (pronounced) (kun-DIH-shund STIM-yoo-lus) A situation in which a signal or stimulus is given just before another signal. After this has happened several times, the first signal alone can evoke the response that the second signal would normally require conditioning program - (pronounced) (kun-DIH-shuh-ning REH-jih-men) The treatments to prepare a patient for a stem cell transplant (a procedure in which a person is given blood stem cells, which make any type of blood cell). A conditioning regimen may include chemotherapy, monoclonal antibody therap condyloma acuminata - (pronounced) (KON-dih-LOH-muh uh-KYOO-mih-NAY-tuh) A raised growth on the skin around the outside of the anus caused by the human papillomavirus" cone biopsy - (pronounced) (kone BY-op-see) procedure in which a cone-shaped piece of abnormal tissue is removed from the cervix. A scalpel, a laser knife, or a thin loop of wire heated by an electric current can be used to remove the tissue. confusion - (pronounced) (kun-FYOO-zhun) A state of mind where one does not think clearly congenital - (pronounced) (kun-JEH-nih-tul) A condition or trait present at birth. It can be the result of genetic or non-genetic factors congenital fibrosarcoma - (pronounced) (kun-JEH-nih-tul FY-broh-sar-KOH-muh) A type of cancer that forms in fibrous (connective) tissue. Congenital fibrosarcoma usually occurs in infants and young children, but it can also be detected by ultrasound before birth. congenital hemangioma - (pronounced) (kun-JEH-nih-tul hee-MAN-jee-OH-muh) benign (noncancerous) blood vessel tumor that is fully formed at birth. Congenital hemangiomas usually form on the skin of the head and neck or arms and legs. congenital hypoplastic anemia - (pronounced) (kun-JEH-nih-tul HY-poh-PLAS-tik uh-NEE-mee-uh) very rare condition in which the bone marrow does not produce enough red blood cells. It is usually seen in the first year of life. congenital neutropenia - (pronounced) (kon-JEH-nih-tul noo-troh-PEE-nee-uh) An inherited condition in which the number of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell important in fighting infection) is below normal. Infants with this condition get infections caused by bacteria and are at increased risk conization - (pronounced) (koh-nih-ZAY-shun) procedure in which a cone-shaped piece of abnormal tissue is removed from the cervix. A scalpel, a laser knife, or a thin loop of wire heated by an electric current can be used to remove the tissue. conjugate - (pronounced) (KON-jih-good) A compound formed by the chemical combination of two or more different substances. For example, an antibody-drug conjugate consists of a monoclonal antibody chemically linked to a drug. conjunctiva - (pronounced) (KON-Junk-TY-vuh) A membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelid and also covers the front part of the eye. Conjunctivitis is inflammation of the conjunctiva conjunctivitis - (pronounced) (kun-JUNK-tih-VY-tis) A condition in which the conjunctiva (membranes that line the eyelids and cover the white part of the eye) become inflamed or infected. Also called Pinkeye connecting peptide - (pronounced) (kuh-NEK-ting PEP flood) A substance made by the pancreas. The connecting peptide and insulin are both part of a larger molecule that is cleaved before being released into the blood. connection (ly-GAY-shun) The process of tying off blood vessels to keep blood from flowing to a part of the body or a tumor connective tissue - (pronounced) (kuh-NEK-tiv TIH-shoo) Tissues that support, protect, and give structure to other tissues and organs in the body. Connective tissue also stores fat, helps transport nutrients and other substances between tissues and organs, and helps repair damaged tissue. conscious sedation - (pronounced) (KON-shus see-TAG-avoid) A level of sedation where a person sleeps but wakes up when spoken to or touched. Conscious sedation is caused by specific medications and is used to relieve anxiety during certain medical or surgical procedures. consecutive case series - (pronounced) (kun-SEH-kyoo-tiv kays SEER-eez) A clinical study that includes all eligible patients identified by the investigators during the study enrollment period. Patients will be treated in the order in which they were identified. constitutional acupuncture - (pronounced) (KON-stih-TOO-shuh-nul AK-yoo-PUNK-cher) type of acupuncture based on a form of oriental medicine in which treatment is based on a person's constitution. According to this type of medicine, constitution is the specific way a person's organs affect health and contiguous - (pronounced) (kun-TIG-yoo-us) Touching or very close together continental reservoir - (pronounced) (KON-tih-nent REH-serv-vwar) A pouch made from a piece of small intestine to hold urine after the bladder is removed continuous hyperthermic peritoneal perfusion - (pronounced) (kon-TIN-yoo-us HY-per-THER-mik PAYR-ih-toh-NEE-ul per-FYOO-zhun) treatment during surgery in which a heated solution containing anticancer drugs is infused through a thin tube directly into the abdomen. After surgically removing as much tu continuous infusion - (pronounced) (kon-TIN-yoo-us in-FYOO-zhun) The administration of a fluid into a blood vessel, usually over a long period of time continuous lymphoma - (pronounced) (kun-TIG-yoo-us lim-FOH-muh) Lymphoma, in which cancerous lymph nodes are adjacent contralateral - (pronounced) (KON-truh-LA-teh-rul) Has to do with the opposite side of the body contralateral prophylactic mastectomy - (pronounced) (KON-truh-LA-teh-rul PROH-fih-LAK-tik ma-STEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove the healthy breast in a person who has had or has had the other breast removed with cancer. A contralateral prophylactic mastectomy can be performed to reduce the risk of a s control animal - (pronounced) (kun-TROLE A-nih-mul) An animal in a study not receiving the treatment being tested. By comparing the health of control animals to the health of treated animals, researchers can more accurately assess the effects of a treatment control group - (pronounced) (kun-TROLE group) In a clinical trial, the group not receiving the new treatment being studied. This group will be compared to the group receiving the new treatment to see if the new treatment is working controlled study - (pronounced) (kun-TROLD STUH-dee) An experiment or clinical study with a comparison (control) group controlled substance - (pronounced) (kun-TROLD SUB stunts) drug or other substance that is tightly controlled by the government because it can be abused or cause addiction. The control concerns the way the substance is manufactured, used, handled, stored and distributed. conventional mammography - (pronounced) (kun-VEN-shuh-nul ma-MAH-gruh fee) procedure that uses X-rays to take pictures of the inside of the breast and stores the images on X-ray film. Conventional mammography can be used to look for breast cancer and other changes in the breast, such as: B. conventional therapy - (pronounced) (kun-VEN-shuh-nul THAYR-uh-pee) treatment that is widely accepted and used by most health professionals. It differs from alternative or complementary therapies, which are not as widely used. conventional treatment - (pronounced) (kun-VEN-shuh-nul TREET-ment) A treatment that is widely accepted and used by most health professionals. It differs from alternative or complementary therapies, which are not as widely used. conversion - (pronounced) (avoid-TRANZ-for-MAY) In medicine, the change a normal cell undergoes when it becomes malignant copanlisib hydrochloride - (pronounced) (koh-PAN-lih-sib HY-droh-KLOR-ide) drug used to treat adults with follicular lymphoma that has come back after treatment with at least two other systemic therapies. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. copolymer - (pronounced) (KOH-pah-lih-mer) molecule made up of two or more different types of small molecules called monomers. The monomers are linked together in a repeating pattern cord blood - (pronounced) (um-BIH-lih-kul KORD blud) Blood from a newborn's umbilical cord. This blood contains high concentrations of stem cells (cells from which all blood cells develop) cordycepin - (pronounced) (KOR-duh-see-pin) A cancer drug that belongs to a family of drugs called anti-tumor antibiotics core biopsy - The removal of a sample of tissue with a wide needle for examination under a microscope. Also called core needle biopsy cornea - (pronounced) (KOR-nee-uh) The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and pupil, allowing light to enter coronary heart disease - (pronounced) (KOR-uh-NAYR-ee AR-tuh-ree dih-ZEEZ) A disease in which there is a narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries (blood vessels that carry blood and oxygen to the heart). Coronary artery disease is usually caused by atherosclerosis (a buildup of fat and plaque corpus cavernosum - (pronounced) (KOR-pus KA-ver-NOH sum) One of two columns of spongy tissue that runs through the shaft (body) of the penis. The erectile tissue forms the largest part of the penis and contains blood vessels that fill with blood to support an erection corpus spongiosum - (pronounced) (KOR-pus SPUN-jee-OH sum) A column of spongy tissue that runs through the shaft (body) and glans (head) of the penis. The corpus spongiosum surrounds the urethra (the tube through which urine and semen pass from the body). corpus uteri - (pronounced) (KOR-pus YOO-TEH-ry) The body of the uterus corticosteroid - (pronounced) (KOR-tih-koh-STAYR-oyd) Any steroid hormone made in the adrenal cortex (the outer part of the adrenal gland). They are also made in the laboratory. cortisone - (pronounced) (KOR-tih-sone) A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the lab. coumarin - (pronounced) (KOO-muh-rin) A substance used in the manufacture of drugs to prevent and treat blood clots in blood vessels and to treat certain heart conditions. Coumarin is derived from certain plants and can also be made in the lab. countestan - (pronounced) (KOO-meh-stan) An estrogen-like substance (phytoestrogen) made by some plants. Coumostane may have anti-cancer effects course of treatment - (pronounced) (TREEET-ment kors) treatment plan consisting of several treatment cycles. For example, one week of treatment followed by three weeks off (no treatment) is one treatment cycle. cramp - (pronounced) (SPA-to) A sudden contraction of a muscle or muscle group, such as B. a cramp cranial nerves - (pronounced) (KRAY-nee-ul nerve) One of twelve pairs of nerves that run from the brain through openings in the skull to various areas of the head, neck, chest, and abdomen. The cranial nerves transmit information between the brain and the sensory organs (eyes, ears, nose and tongue) creatine - (pronounced) (KREE-uh-teen) substance made by the body and used to store energy. It is being studied to treat weight loss associated with cancer. creatinine - (pronounced) (kree-a-tih-neen) A compound that is excreted from the body in the urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function crib death - (pronounced) (Crib) A disorder characterized by the sudden and unexpected death of a healthy child under the age of one year, usually during sleep. The cause of the manger's death is not known. cribriform - (pronounced) (KRIH-brih form) Pierced with small holes like in a sieve. Refers to the appearance of a tumor when viewed under a microscope. crisnatol mesylate - (pronounced) (KRIS-nuh-tol MEH-zih-layt) A cancer drug that interferes with the DNA of cancer cells cruciferous vegetables - (pronounced) (kroo-SIH-feh-rus VEJ-tuh-bul) A member of the vegetable family that includes broccoli, Brussels sprouts, collards, cauliflower, kale, collards, and turnips. These vegetables contain substances that can protect against cancer. cryopreservation - (pronounced) (KRY-oh-PREH-zer-VAY-avoid) The process of refrigerating and storing cells, tissues, or organs at very low or freezing temperatures in order to preserve them for future use. Also called cryobanking ctDNA - Small pieces of DNA that are released into a person's blood by tumor cells when they die. A blood sample can be used to look for and measure the amount of ctDNA and to identify specific mutations (changes) in the DNA. cubic centimeters - (pronounced) (KYOO-bik SEN-tih-MEE-ter) measure of volume in the metric system. One thousand cubic centimeters equal one liter. cultural competence - (pronounced) (KUL-cher-ul KOM-peh-ten-see) The ability to understand, interact and work well with people from different cultures. In medicine, one goal of cultural competence is to ensure that the quality of healthcare is consistent across cultures cultured cell - (pronounced) (KUL-cherd sel) A human, plant, or animal cell that has been adapted for growth in the laboratory. Cultured cells can be used to diagnose infections, test new drugs, and in research cultured cell line - (pronounced) (KUL-cherd Sel lineage) Cells of a single type (human, animal, or plant) adapted to grow continuously in the laboratory and used in research cumulative dose - (pronounced) (KYOO-myuh-luh-tiv dose) In medicine, the total amount of a drug or radiation administered to a patient over time; for example, the total dose of radiation delivered in a series of radiation treatments cumulative exposure - (pronounced) (KYOO-myuh-luh-tiv ek-SPOH-zher) The total amount of a substance or radiation to which a person is exposed over time. Cumulative exposure to a harmful substance or radiation can increase your risk for certain diseases or conditions cumulative risk - (pronounced) (KYOO myuh luh tiv risk) A measure of the overall risk that a given event will occur over a given period of time. In cancer research, it is the likelihood that a person who is free of a certain type of cancer will develop that cancer by a certain age. cupping - (pronounced) (KUP ping) A procedure in which a rounded glass cup is heated and placed upside down over an area of the body, creating suction that holds the cup against the skin. Cupping increases blood flow. curative surgery - (pronounced) (KYOOR-uh-tiv SER-juh-ree) Surgery to remove all malignant (cancer) tissue intended to cure the disease. This involves removing some or all of the cancerous organ or tissue and a small amount of healthy tissue around it. curcumin - (pronounced) (ker-KYOO-min) A yellow pigment of the spice turmeric that's being studied in cancer prevention cure-all - (pronounced) (PA-nuh-SEE-uh) A panacea curettage - (pronounced) (kyoo-reh-TAZH) Tissue removal with a curette (a spoon-shaped instrument with a sharp edge) curette - (pronounced) (kyoo RET) spoon-shaped instrument with a sharp edge currently - (pronounced) (TAH-pih-kul) on the body surface cut (in-SIH-zhun) A cut in the body to perform an operation cut point - In medicine, the test result values used to categorize certain types of laboratory findings as normal or abnormal. Values above or below the cut-off point can be used to help doctors determine the presence or risk of certain diseases or conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, or high chol cutaneous - (pronounced) (kyoo-TAY-nee-us) Has to do with the skin cutaneous T-cell lymphoma - (pronounced) (kyoo-TAY-nee-us. cutaneous breast cancer - (pronounced) (kyoo-TAY-nee-us brest KAN-ser) Cancer that has spread from the breast to the skin cutaneous leiomyoma - (pronounced) (kyoo-TAY-nee-us LY-oh-my-OH-muh) A benign (noncancerous) tumor that forms in the muscle tissue around a hair follicle (the opening in the skin through which hair grows). Cutaneous leiomyomas appear as small bumps that can be the same color as, or darker than, neig cutaneous lichen amyloidosis - (pronounced) (kyoo-TAY-nee-us LY-ken A-muh-loy-DOH-sis) chronic condition characterized by itchy, red-brown, scaly, raised bumps on the skin. Over time, the bumps can form thick, hard patches on the skin. cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma - (pronounced) (kyoo-TAY-nee-us SKWAY-mus sel KAR-sih-NOH-muh) Cancer that starts in cells that make up the epidermis (outer layer of skin). It usually occurs on areas of skin that have been exposed to natural sunlight or artificial sunlight (e. cyanocobalamin - (pronounced) (SY-uh-NOH-koh-BA-luh-min) nutrient in the vitamin B complex that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Cyanocobalamin helps form red blood cells, DNA, RNA, energy and tissues and keeps nerve cells healthy. cyanogenic glucoside - (pronounced) (SY-uh-noh-JEH-nik GLOO-koh side) A plant compound that contains sugars and produces cyanide cyanosis - (pronounced) (SY-uh-NOH-sis) Blue skin caused by insufficient oxygen in the blood cycle - (pronounced) (SER-kyoo-lah-tor-ee SIS-tem) The system that contains the heart and blood vessels and that moves blood throughout the body. This system helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products. cyclic neutropenia - (pronounced) (SY-click noo-troh-PEE-nee-uh) chronic condition affecting neutrophils (a type of white blood cell). In cyclic neutropenia, the neutrophil count in the blood goes from normal to low and back to normal in cycles. cyclooxygenase inhibitors - (pronounced) (SY-kloh-OK-sih-jeh-NAYS in-HIH-bih-ter) COX inhibitors. A type of drug used to treat inflammation and pain, and being studied to prevent and treat cancer. cyclooxygenase-2 - (pronounced) (SY-kloh-OK-sih-jeh-NAYS-2) An enzyme that accelerates the formation of substances that cause inflammation and pain. It can also cause tumor cells to grow. cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors - (pronounced) (SY-kloh-OK-sih-jeh-NAYS-2 in-HIH-bih-ter) nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug used to relieve pain and inflammation. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors are being studied for the prevention of colon polyps and as anticancer drugs. cyclophosphamide - (pronounced) (SY-kloh-FOS-fuh-mide) A drug used to treat many types of cancer and a certain type of kidney disease in children. Cyclophosphamide damages the cell's DNA and can kill cancer cells. cyclosporine - (pronounced) (SY-kloh-SPOR-een) A drug used to reduce the risk of the body rejecting organ and bone marrow transplants. It is also used in clinical trials to make cancer cells more sensitive to anti-cancer drugs cyst - (pronounced) (s is) closed, sac-like pocket of tissue that can form anywhere in the body. It may be filled with fluid, air, pus, or other material. cystectomy - (pronounced) (sis-TEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove all or part of the bladder (the organ that holds urine) or to remove a cyst (a blister or capsule in the body) cystic fibrosis - (pronounced) (SIS-tik fy-BROH-sis) A common inherited disorder in which exocrine (secretory) glands produce abnormally thick mucus. This mucus can cause problems with digestion, breathing, and body cooling cystic nephroma - (pronounced) (SIS-tik neh-FROH-moo) rare, benign (noncancerous) kidney tumor consisting of fluid-filled cysts. Cystic nephroma can occur in one or both kidneys. cystitis - (pronounced) (sis-TY-tis) Inflammation of the lining of the bladder. Symptoms include pain and a burning sensation when urinating, blood in the urine, dark or cloudy urine, feeling like you need to urinate often or immediately, inability to control the flow of urine, and pelvic or lower b cystoscope - (pronounced) (SIS-toh-SKOPE) A thin, tubular instrument used to look inside the bladder and urethra. A cystoscope has a light and lens for viewing and may have a tool for removing tissue cystoscopy - (pronounced) (sister-TOS-koh-pee) Examination of the bladder and urethra with a cystoscope inserted into the urethra. A cystoscope is a thin, tubular instrument with a light and lens for viewing. cytochlor - (pronounced) (SY-toh-klor) substance being studied to treat cancer that has spread to the brain. It has also been studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. cytogenetic analysis - (pronounced) (SY-toh-jeh-NEH-tik uh-NA-lih-sis) The process of analyzing cells in a sample of tissue, blood, bone marrow, or amniotic fluid to look for changes in chromosomes, including broken, missing, rearranged, or extra chromosomes. Changes in certain chromosomes can be a cytogenetics - (pronounced) (SY-toh-jeh-NEH-tix) The study of chromosomes, which are long strands of DNA and protein that contain most of the genetic information in a cell. Cytogenetics involves testing tissue, blood, or bone marrow samples in a laboratory to look for changes in chromosomes, includi cytokeratin - (pronounced) (SY-toh-KAYR-uh-tin) type of protein found on epithelial cells that line the inside and outside surfaces of the body. Cytokeratins help form the tissues of hair, nails, and the outer layer of skin. cytokine - (pronounced) (SY-toh-kine) type of protein made by certain immune and non-immune cells that has an effect on the immune system. Some cytokines stimulate the immune system and others slow it down. cytokine storm - (pronounced) (SY-toh-kine. cytokine therapy - (pronounced) (SY-toh-kine THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment that uses cytokines (substances made by immune cells) to help the body fight cancer, infection or other diseases. Cytokines play an important role in the body's immune response. cytology - (pronounced) (sy-TAH-loh-jee) Examination of cells with a microscope cytomel - (pronounced) (SY-toh-mel) A drug used to treat certain disorders of the thyroid (a gland near the voice box). It is also being studied in the treatment of thyroid cancer. cytopenia - (pronounced) (SY-toh-PEE-nee-uh) A condition in which the blood cell count is below normal cytoplasm - (pronounced) (SY-toh-PLA-to) The fluid inside a cell but outside the nucleus. Most chemical reactions in a cell take place in the cytoplasm cytoskeleton - (pronounced) (SY-toh-SKEH-leh-do) The large network of protein fibers and other molecules that give shape and structure to the body's cells. The cytoskeleton helps organize structures within the cell called organelles and other substances found in the fluid inside the cell. cytostatic - (pronounced) (SY-toh-STA-tik AY-jent) A substance that slows or stops the growth of cells, including cancer cells, without killing them. These agents can stop tumors from growing and spreading without shrinking in size cytotoxic T cell - (pronounced) (SY-toh-TOK-sik. cytotoxic T lymphocytes - (pronounced) (SY-toh-TOK-sik . cytotoxic agent - (pronounced) (SY-toh-TOK-sik AY-jent) A substance that kills cells, including cancer cells. These drugs can stop cancer cells from dividing and growing and shrink tumors cytotoxic chemotherapy - (pronounced) (SY-toh-TOK-sik KEE-moh-THAYR-uh-pee) Cancer drugs that kill cells, especially cancer cells cytotoxin - (pronounced) (SY-toh-TOK-sin) A substance that can kill cells da-huang - (pronounced) (dah hwong) The root of this plant has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It can have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. damage to body tissue as a result of freezing damage to the brain, nerves, red blood cells, or digestive system because of ingestion of lead damage to the skin and underlying tissue as a result of a blunt injury; a bruise dangerously decreased acidity of the blood, which can be caused by high altitudes, hyperventilation, and excessive vomiting darbepoetin alfa - (pronounced) (dar-bee-POH-ee-tin AL-fuh) drug used to treat anemia caused by chronic kidney disease and some types of chemotherapy. Darbepoetin alfa is a laboratory-made form of erythropoietin (a substance made naturally by the kidneys). de novo - (pronounced) (deh NOH-voh) In cancer, the first occurrence of cancer in the body de novo mutation - (pronounced) (deh NOH-voh myoo-TAY-avoid) term used to describe a change in a gene's DNA sequence that is first seen in a person and has not occurred in previous generations. A de novo mutation can explain how a person can have a genetic condition that their parents didn't have. deafness caused by damage to the inner ear or the nerve that conducts signals from the ear to the brain deal with - (pronounced) (kope) Adapting to new situations and overcoming problems death of a tissue because of a lack of blood supply death of tissue in the intestine due to lack of blood supply to that tissue deceased - (pronounced) (dih-SEEST) Dead decitabine - (pronounced) (deh-SY-tuh-been) A drug used to treat adults with myelodysplastic syndromes, including chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. decreased sensitivity of the body to a certain drug, usually either because the liver becomes more efficient at breaking down the drug or the body's tissues become less sensitive to it; increased tolerance creates a need for a higher dose of the drug in order to have the same effects decree - (pronounced) (reh-MIH-avoid) decrease or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some but not all of the signs and symptoms of cancer are gone. deep breathing - (. deep sedation - level of sedation in which a person is sound asleep, losing sensation, and having a hard time waking up. Deep sedation is caused by special medications and is used to relieve anxiety during certain medical or surgical procedures. deep vein thrombosis - The formation of a blood clot in a deep vein in the leg or lower pelvis. Symptoms can include pain, swelling, warmth, and redness in the affected area. defective bone formation deferred therapy - (pronounced) (deh-FURD THAYR-uh-pee) Closely monitoring a patient's condition, but not administering treatment unless symptoms appear or change, or there are changes in test results. Delaying therapy avoids problems that can be caused by treatments such as radiation or surgery. definitive diagnosis - (pronounced) (deh-FIH-nih-tiv DY-ug-NOH-sis) A definitive diagnosis made after receiving the results of tests such as blood tests and biopsies, which are done to find out if a specific disease or condition is present degarelix acetate - (pronounced) (DEH-guh-REH-lix A-seh-tayt) drug used to treat advanced prostate cancer. Degarelix acetate binds to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors in the pituitary gland. degenerative disease - (pronounced) (deh-JEH-neh-ruh-tiv dih-ZEEZ) A disease in which the function or structure of the affected tissues or organs deteriorates over time. Osteoarthritis, osteoporosis and Alzheimer's disease are examples degree (grey) In cancer, a description of a tumor based on how abnormal the cancer cells and tissue look under a microscope and how fast the cancer cells are likely to grow and spread. Low-grade cancer cells look more like normal cells and tend to grow and spread more slowly than high-grade cancer c dehydration - (pronounced) (avoid dee-hy-DRAY) condition that occurs when the body loses too much water and other fluids it needs to function normally. Dehydration is usually caused by severe diarrhea and vomiting, but it can also be caused by not drinking enough water or other fluids, sweating too delirium - (pronounced) (deh-EMPTY-ee-um) mental state in which a person is confused and less aware of their surroundings. The person may also be anxious, agitated, or less energetic than usual, and may be tired or depressed. demeclocycline hydrochloride - (pronounced) (DEH-meh-kloh-SY-kleen HY-droh-KLOR-ide) substance being studied to measure bone growth in patients taking bisphosphonates (a type of medicine used to treat bone pain caused by some types of cancer) for breast cancer. It binds to newly formed bone. dementia - (pronounced) (deh-MEN-shoe) condition in which a person loses the ability to think, remember, learn, make decisions, and solve problems. Symptoms can also include personality changes and emotional problems. dementia caused by multiple strokes dendritic cell - (pronounced) (den-DRIH-tik sel) A special type of immune cell found in tissues such as skin that enhances the immune response by presenting antigens on their surface to other cells in the immune system. A dendritic cell is a type of scavenger cell and a type of antigen presenting ce dendritic cell vaccine - (pronounced) (den-DRIH-tik sel vak-SEEN) A vaccine composed of antigens and dendritic antigen-presenting cells (APCs) denial - (pronounced) (deh-NY-ul) In psychiatry, a condition in which a person is unable or unwilling to recognize the truth or reality about a problem or situation denosumab - (pronounced) (deh-noh-SOO-mab) drug used to prevent or treat certain bone problems. Denosumab is used under the brand name Xgeva to prevent bone problems caused by multiple myeloma or by solid tumors that have spread to the bone. dense chest - (pronounced) (dented chest) A term used to describe breast tissue that has more fibrous and glandular tissue than adipose tissue. Dense breast tissue can only be seen on a mammogram. dense connective tissue - (pronounced) (dents cow-NEK-tiv TIH-shoo) type of tissue made up primarily of tough protein fibers called collagen and cells called fibroblasts. Dense connective tissue supports, protects, and holds bones, muscles, and other tissues and organs in place. dental implant - (pronounced) (DEN-tul IM facility) A metal device surgically inserted into the jawbone. It serves as an anchor for one or more artificial teeth dentist - (pronounced) (Dentist) A healthcare professional who has specialized training in the care of teeth, gums, and other tissues in the mouth deoxyribonucleic acid - (pronounced) (dee-OK-see-RY-boh-noo-KLAY-ik A-sid) The molecules in cells that carry genetic information and pass it on from one generation to the next. Also called DNA dependence on a substance (such as alcohol or other drugs) or an activity, to the point that stopping is very difficult and causes severe physical and mental reactions depsipeptide - (pronounced) (DEP-see-PEP-tide) A substance made naturally by some bacteria, fungi, and other organisms that can also be made in the laboratory. Depsipeptides are being studied to treat cancer derivative - (pronounced) (deh-RIH-vuh-tiv) In chemistry, a compound made from or related to another dermatitis acneiform (ak-NEE-ih-form DER-muh-TY-tis) skin condition in which small, raised, acne-like bumps form, usually on the face, scalp, chest, and upper back. The bumps on the affected skin are usually red and filled with pus, and may become crusted. dermoid cyst - (pronounced) (DER-moyd sist) type of tumor containing a cyst filled with tissues normally found in the outer layers of skin, including sweat and oil glands. These can also contain elements of hair and teeth. describes a baby who grows and gains weight slower than expected describes a condition or illness that begins suddenly and is usually short-lasting describes a condition that does not respond to treatment describes a disease or disorder that follows or is caused by another one describes a disorder that begins suddenly and worsens quickly describes a disorder that continues for a long period of time describes a physical condition that is influenced by psychological or emotional factors describes a treatment or procedure that is not urgent and can be arranged at the patient’s convenience describes something related to the eyes describes something that is located in or relates to the back of the body describes something that occurs after birth, usually to the baby describes something that spreads throughout body tissues, such as a tumor or microorganism; also describes a medical procedure in which body tissues are penetrated describes structures that encircle another structure (such as the coronary arteries, which circle the heart); commonly used to refer to a coronary thrombosis or a heart attack desmoplastic melanoma - (pronounced) (DES-moh-PLAS-tik MEH-luh-NOH-moo) A rare form of malignant melanoma characterized by non-pigmented lesions on sun-exposed areas of the body, most commonly the head and neck desmoplastic small round cell tumor - (pronounced) (DES-moh-PLAS-tik . destructive chorioadenoma - (pronounced) (KOR-ee-oh-A-deh-NOH-muh des-TROO-ens) A type of cancer that grows into the muscular wall of the uterus. It is formed after conception (fertilization of an egg by a sperm). determination of the amount of oxygen in the blood by measuring the amount of light transmitted through an area of skin detox - (pronounced) (dee-TOK-sih-fy) To make something less toxic or harmful. It can refer to the process of removing toxins, poisons, or other harmful substances from the body dexrazoxane hydrochloride - (pronounced) (DEX-ruh-ZOK-healthy HY-droh-KLOR-ide) A drug used to treat serious side effects caused by certain types of cancer drugs. It is used under the brand names Toctect and Zinecard to reduce heart damage in women taking doxorubicin for breast cancer that has sprea dextroamphetamine amphetamine - (pronounced) (DEK-straw-on-FEH-tuh-meen-on-FEH-tuh-meen) combination of medicines used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy (a sleep disorder). It's kind of a stimulant. di-dgA-RFB4 - A cancer drug that is a combination of a monoclonal antibody (RFB4) and an immunotoxin (dgA) diabetes - (pronounced) (dy-uh-BEE-teez) One of several diseases in which the kidneys produce a large amount of urine. Diabetes usually refers to diabetes mellitus, which also involves high levels of glucose (a type of sugar) in the blood because the body doesn't make enough insulin or doesn't use i diagnostic attempt - (pronounced) (DY-ug-NAH-stik TRY-ul) A research study evaluating disease detection methods diagnostic mammography - (pronounced) (DY-ug-NAH-stik MA-moo-gram) chest X-ray used to screen for breast cancer after a lump or other sign or symptom of the disease is found. It is also used to track a suspicious change found during a screening mammogram. diagnostic procedure - (pronounced) (DY-ug-NAH-stik proh-SEE-jer) test used to find out what disease or condition a person has based on their signs and symptoms. Diagnostic procedures can also be used to plan treatment, find out how well the treatment is working, and make a prognosis. dialysis - (pronounced) (dy-A-luh-sis) The process of blood filtering when the kidneys are unable to clean it diameter - (pronounced) (dy-A-meh-ter) The length of a straight line extending from one edge of a tumor or other object, through its center, and to the opposite edge. It is usually used to measure the size of round or spherical shapes diamorphine hydrochloride - (pronounced) (dy-uh-MOR-feen HY-droh-KLOR-ide) substance made from morphine. Diamorphine hydrochloride is highly addictive and illegal to use or sell in the United States. diarrhea when traveling in a foreign country, caused by contaminated food or water diathermy - (pronounced) (DY-uh-THER-mee) A procedure in which tissue is heated to destroy abnormal cells. The heat can come from electric currents, microwaves, radio waves, or ultrasound. diazepam - (pronounced) (dy-A-zeh-pam) A drug used to treat mild to moderate anxiety and tension and relax muscles. It's a type of benzodiazepine. differing - (pronounced) (DEE-vee-unt) Different than normal or standard, especially in terms of behavior difficulty breathing difficulty swallowing due to an abnormal web of tissue across the upper part of the esophagus diffuse - (pronounced) (dih-FYOOS) Widespread; not localized or limited diffuse large B-cell lymphoma - (pronounced) (dih-FYOOS larj. diffuse optical imaging - (pronounced) (dih-FYOOS OP-tih-kul IH-muh-jing) procedure that uses light waves to create two-dimensional (2-D) or three-dimensional (3-D) images of tissues in the body. Diffuse optical imaging can be used to study blood flow to tissues and measure changes in the amount of diffuse optical tomography - (pronounced) (dih-FYOOS OP-tih-kul toh-MAH-gruh fee) procedure that uses light waves to create three-dimensional (3-D) images of tissues in the body. The images are created by a computer connected to the light source. digestion - (pronounced) (dy-JES-chun) The process of breaking down food into substances that the body can use for energy, tissue growth, and repair digestive fluids produced by the lining of the stomach that break down proteins and destroy harmful organisms digestive tract - (pronounced) (dy-JES-tiv tract) The organs through which food and liquids travel when swallowed, digested, absorbed, and exit the body as feces. These organs include the mouth, throat (pharynx), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. digital image analysis - (pronounced) (DIH-jih-tul IH-mij uh-NA-lih-sis) method by which an image or other type of data is converted into a series of points or numbers so that they can be viewed and examined on a computer. In medicine, this type of image analysis is used to examine organs or tissues digital mammography - (pronounced) (DIH-jih-tul ma-MAH-gruh fee) Using a computer instead of x-ray film to create an image of the breast digoxin - (pronounced) (dih-JOK-sin) A drug used to treat irregular heartbeats and some types of heart failure. It is also being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. dilute - (pronounced) (dy-LOOT) Make something thinner, weaker, less concentrated, or less pure by adding something dimesna - (pronounced) (dy-CET-nuh) A drug that belongs to the family of chemoprotectants dimethyl sulfoxide - (pronounced) (dy-MEH-thul sul-FOK page) A colorless liquid that readily dissolves many chemicals and penetrates animal and plant tissues. It is used in human medicine, veterinary medicine and pharmacy dimethylxanthenoneacetic acid - (pronounced) (dy-MEH-thul-ZAN-theh-none uh-SEE-tik A-sid) A cancer drug that is a type of angiogenesis inhibitor dinaciclib - (pronounced) (you-nuh-SY-klib) A substance being studied for the treatment of advanced melanoma (a type of skin cancer) and other types of cancer. It blocks cell division and can lead to the death of cancer cells. direct ophthalmoscopy - (pronounced) (duh-REKT OF-thul-MOS-koh-pee) An examination of the inside of the back of the eye with an ophthalmoscope (a flashlight-sized instrument with a light source and a set of rotating lenses) disability - (pronounced) (ub-STRUK-avoid) obstruction of a passageway disease-causing mutation - (pronounced) (dih-ZEEZ-KAW-sing myoo-TAY-shun) change in the DNA sequence of a gene that causes a person to have a specific genetic disorder or disease, such as B. cancer, has or is at risk of developing it. disease-specific survival rate - (pronounced) (dih-ZEEZ-speh-SIH-fik ser-VY-vul rayt) The percentage of people in a study or treatment group who did not die from a specific disease over a defined period of time. The period usually begins with the time of diagnosis or with the start of treatment and disinfectant - (pronounced) (DIS-in-fect-tunt) Any substance or process used primarily on non-living objects to kill germs such as viruses, bacteria and other microorganisms that can cause infection and disease. Most disinfectants are harsh chemicals, but sometimes heat or radiation can be used displacement of the two bones in a joint distal - (pronounced) (DIS-tul) In medicine, refers to a part of the body that is further from the center of the body than another part. For example, the fingers are distal to the shoulder. distal colon - (pronounced) (DIS-tul KOH-lun) The last part of the large intestine. The distal colon includes the descending colon (the left side of the colon) and the sigmoid colon (the S-shaped portion of the colon that connects to the rectum) distal pancreatectomy - (pronounced) (DIS-tul PAN-kree-uh-TEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove the body and tail of the pancreas. The spleen can also be removed. distal urethra - (pronounced) (DIS-tul yoo-REE-thruh) The part of the urethra that is closest to the outside of the body. The urethra is the tube through which urine leaves the body. distal urethral cancer - (pronounced) (DIS-tul yoo-REE-thrul KAN-ser) rare cancer that forms in the part of the urethra that is closest to the outside of the body. The cancer often hasn't spread deep into the tissues distant metastases - (pronounced) (DIS-tunt meh-TAS-tuh-sis) Refers to cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to distant organs or distant lymph nodes. Also called distant cancer disturbance of electrical activity in the brain due to a blow to the head or neck, causing temporary loss of consciousness disturbing thought (IN-ter-FEER-ing thaw) An unpleasant memory or idea that frequently pops up in a person's everyday thoughts, keeping them from thinking about other things. Disturbing thoughts can make sleep difficult and make a person unable to perform daily activities. diuretic - (pronounced) (DY-yoo-REH-tik) type of drug that causes the kidneys to produce more urine. Diuretics help the body get rid of excess fluid and salt. diverticula - (pronounced) (DY-ver-TIH-kyoo-lum) A small pouch or sac that develops from the wall of a hollow organ, such as a B. the large intestine, bulges out dock - (pronounced) (doc) A plant used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It may have anti-cancer effects. donepezil - (pronounced) (doh-NEH-peh-zil) A drug used to treat Alzheimer's disease and being studied to treat side effects caused by radiation therapy to the brain. It's a type of cholinesterase inhibitor dose - (pronounced) (Dose) The amount of drug ingested or radiation administered at a time dose dependent - (pronounced) (Dose-deh-PEN-dent) Refers to the effects of treatment with a drug. When the effect changes when the dose of the drug is changed, it is called a dose-dependent effect dose rate - (pronounced) (dose jet) The strength of a treatment given over a period of time dose-adjusted EPOCH-R regimen - An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat certain types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It includes the drugs etoposide phosphate, prednisone, vincristine sulfate (Oncovin), cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin hydrochloride (hydroxydaunorubicin), and rituximab. dose-dense chemotherapy - (pronounced) (can dents KEE-moh-THAYR-uh-pee) A chemotherapy treatment plan in which drugs are given in less time between treatments than a standard chemotherapy treatment plan dose-limiting - (pronounced) (dose-LIH-mih-ting) Describes side effects of a drug or other treatment that are severe enough to prevent an increase in the dose or level of that treatment dose-matched EPOCH-R - An acronym for a chemotherapy combination used to treat certain types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It includes the drugs etoposide phosphate, prednisone, vincristine sulfate (Oncovin), cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin hydrochloride (hydroxydaunorubicin), and rituximab. dostarlimab - (pronounced) (dos-TAR-lih-mab) drug used to treat adults with endometrial cancer or other solid tumors that have come back or progressed and have certain mutations (changes) in genes involved in DNA repair. It is used in patients whose cancer has gotten worse during or after other trea doubling time - (pronounced) (DUH-bling. drain - (pronounced) (drayn) In medicine to remove fluid as it accumulates; or a tube or wick-like device used to remove fluid from a body cavity, wound, or infected area drainage of mucus from specific areas of the lungs by placing the body in a specific position drug - The main ingredient in a drug that produces the desired effect of the drug. Some medicines contain more than one active substance that works in different ways in the body. drugs taken in pill form to prevent pregnancy; contain synthetic progesterone and estrogen hormones drugs taken to lower the levels of specific fats called lipids in the blood in order to reduce the risk of narrowing of the arteries drugs that contain chemicals derived from plants; used to treat the skin disorders psoriasis and vitiligo drugs that remove the keratin-containing outer layer of skin; used to treat skin disorders such as warts and dandruff drugs used in the treatment of clinical depression drugs used to clear feces from the intestines; commonly used to treat constipation drugs used to relieve the symptoms and prevent the damage that can occur from high blood pressure drugs used to stop abnormal blood clotting, such as to prevent stroke drugs used to treat nausea and vomiting drugs used to treat rare diseases; not normally produced because potential sales are small drugs used to treat severe mental disorders drugs, usually painkillers, taken 1 to 2 hours before surgery dry orgasm - (pronounced) (dry OR-ga-zum) Sexual climax without the release of semen from the penis ductal carcinoma - (pronounced) (DUK-tul KAR-sih-NOH-muh) The most common type of breast cancer. It starts in the lining of the milk ducts (thin tubes that carry milk from the lobules of the breast to the nipple). ductal intraepithelial neoplasia - (pronounced) (DUK-tul IN-truh-eh-pih-THEE-lee-ul NEE-oh-PLAY-zhuh) condition in which abnormal cells are found in the lining of a milk duct (milk duct). Ductal intraepithelial neoplasia can increase the risk of breast cancer, in which these abnormal cells become ca ductal lavage - (pronounced) (DUK-tul luh-VAZH) A method of harvesting cells from milk ducts in the breast. A hair-sized catheter (tube) is inserted into the nipple and a small amount of salt water is released into the duct. dull, aching pain in the lower back dura mater - (pronounced) (THE-uh MAY-ter) The tough outer layer of tissue that covers and protects the brain and spinal cord and is closest to the skull. The dura mater is one of the three layers that make up the meninges durvalumab - (pronounced) (major-VAL-yoo-mab) drug that binds to the protein PD-L1 to help immune cells kill cancer cells better and is used to treat various types of cancer. Durvalumab is used alone or with other medicines to treat adults with certain types of bile duct cancer (including bile duct duvelisib - (pronounced) (DOO vehicle LIH sib) A drug used to treat adults with chronic lymphocytic leukemia or small lymphocytic lymphoma that has come back or has not improved after treatment with at least two other therapies. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. dysesthesia - (pronounced) (DIH-ses-THE-zhuh) condition in which one sense, particularly touch, is distorted. Dysesthesia can make a common stimulus uncomfortable or painful. dyskeratosis congenita - (pronounced) (dis-KAYR-uh-TOH-sis kun-JEH-nih-tuh) rare, inherited condition that can affect many parts of the body, particularly the nails, skin, and mouth. It is characterized by abnormally shaped fingernails and toenails that can grow poorly; changes in skin color, especi dyspepsia - (pronounced) (dis-PEP-see-uh) Stomach pain dysphagia - (pronounced) (dis-FAY-jee-uh) Difficulties swallowing dysplasia - (pronounced) (dis-PLAY-zhuh) A term used to describe the presence of abnormal cells in a tissue or organ. Dysplasia is not cancer, but it can sometimes become cancer. dysplastic nevus - (pronounced) (dis-PLAS-tik NEE-vus) specific type of nevus (birthmark) that looks different from a regular birthmark. Dysplastic nevi are usually flat and often larger than normal moles and have irregular borders. dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa - (pronounced) (dis-TROH-fik EH-pih-der-MAH-lih-sis boo-LOH-suh) rare inherited disorder in which blisters form on the skin and the moist lining of some organs and body cavities. The blisters usually appear at birth and can appear on specific parts of the body (like ear acupuncture (aw-RIH-kyoo-ler AK-yoo-PUNK-cher) A type of acupuncture in which thin needles are inserted into specific locations on the outer ear to control pain and other symptoms. It is believed that the outer ear contains a "map" of the entire body and that certain points on this map correspon early menopause (ER-lee MEH-nuh-pawz) A condition in which the ovaries stop working and menstruation stops before age 40. This can lead to fertility problems and menopause symptoms. early stage cancer (ER-lee-stayj KAN-ser) A term used to describe cancer that is in its early stages and may not spread to other parts of the body has spread. What is referred to as the early stage may differ depending on the type of cancer ecchymosis (EH-kih-MOH-sis) A small bruise caused by blood leaking from broken blood vessels into the tissues of the skin or mucous membranes eccrine gland (EK-rin . echocardiogram (EH-koh-KAR-dee-oh-gram) A computer image of the heart formed by bouncing high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) off internal tissues or organs in the chest. Echocardiograms show the size, shape, and position of the heart. echocardiography (EH-koh-KAR-dee-AH-gruh-fee) A procedure that uses high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) to examine tissues and organs in the chest. Echoes of the sound waves form an image of the heart's size, shape, and position on a computer screen (echocardiogram). ecological study (EE-kuh-LAH-jih-kul STUH-di) A study comparing large groups of people rather than individuals for differences in things like cancer rates. The groups may differ by location (e. economic burden (eh-kuh-NAH-mik BUR-den) In medicine, a term used to describe problems affecting a patient related to the cost of medical care has. Not having health insurance or having many medical expenses that are not covered by health insurance can lead to financial problems and lead to debt and economic hardship (eh-kuh-NAH-mik HARD-Schiff) In medicine, a term used to describe problems facing a patient related to the cost of medical care has. Not having health insurance or having many medical expenses that are not covered by health insurance can lead to financial problems and lead to debt ecteinascidin (ek-TIH-nuh-SY-din) A drug used to treat liposarcoma and leiomyosarcoma (types of soft tissue sarcomas) that cannot be surgically removed or have spread to other parts of the body to have. It is used in patients who have already been treated with other anticancer medicines. ectocervix (EK-toh-SER-vix) The outer part of the cervix that opens into the vagina. The ectocervix is lined with squamous epithelial cells (thin, flat-looking cells under a microscope). eculizumab (ek-yoo-LIH-zoo-mab) A drug used to stop the destruction of red blood cells in patients with a rare red blood cell disorder called paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH ) to prevent. It is also used to treat another rare condition called atypical urea haemolytic syndrome (aHUS), in whi edatrexat (EH-duh-TREK-sayt) A cancer medicine that belongs to a family of medicines called antimetabolites edema (eh-DEE-muh) Swelling caused by excess fluid in body tissues edetic acid (eh-DEH-tik A-sid) A chemical that binds certain metal ions such as calcium, magnesium, lead, and iron. It is used in medicine to prevent blood samples from clotting and to remove calcium and lead from the body. edition - (pronounced) (ser-kyoo-LAY-shun) In the body, the flow of blood through the heart and blood vessels, and the flow of lymph through the lymphatic vessels edotecarin (eh-doh-TEH-kar-in) A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It's a type of topoisomerase I inhibitor. edrecolomab (EH-rotary-KOH-loh-mab) A type of monoclonal antibody used in cancer detection or therapy. Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-made substances that can locate and attach to cancer cells efaproxiral (eh-fuh-PROK-sih-rul) A substance being studied for the treatment of brain tumors and some other types of cancer. It increases the amount of oxygen in the tumor tissue, which makes it easier for the tumor cells to be killed by radiation therapy. efavirenz (ee-FAH-vih-renz) A medicine used with other medicines to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. It stops HIV from making copies of itself. effector cell (eh-FEK-ter sel) A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system effusion (eh-FYOO-zhun) An abnormal accumulation of fluid in cavities or between tissues of the body. For example, a pleural effusion is a collection of fluid between the two layers of membrane that cover the lungs egg banking (. egg cryopreservation (…KRY-oh-PREH-zer-VAY-avoid) The process of freezing one or more unfertilized ova (ova that have not been combined with sperm) to preserve them for to save for future use. The eggs are thawed and fertilized in the laboratory to produce embryos that can be placed in a woman's ute eight bones that together make the wrist ejaculation (eh-JAK-yoo-LAY-avoid) The release of semen by the penis during orgasm ejaculation of semen during sleep, which is normal in adolescent males; commonly called a wet dream elacytarabine (EH-luh-sy-TAYR-uh-been) A drug used to treat advanced acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It is a form of the cancer drug cytarabine that may work in patients with leukemia who are resistant to cytarabine. electrocardiogram (ee-LEK-troh-KAR-dee-oh-gram) A line graph showing changes in the heart's electrical activity over time. It is made by an instrument called an electrocardiograph. electrode (ee-LEK-trode) In medicine, a device, such as a small metal plate or needle, that transmits electricity from an instrument to a patient for treatment or surgery. Electrodes can also transmit electrical signals from the muscles, brain, heart, skin, or other parts of the body to recording de electrodermal reaction (ee-LEK-troh-DER-mul reh-SPONTS) A change in heat and electricity conducted through the skin by nerves and perspiration. Electrodermal response increases in certain emotional states and during menopausal hot flashes. electrodiathermy (ee-LEK-troh-DY-uh-THER-mee) A procedure in which tissue is heated to destroy abnormal cells. The heat can come from electric currents, microwaves, radio waves, or ultrasound. electroencephalogram (ee-LEK-troh-en-SEH-fuh-loh-gram) A recording of electrical activity in the brain. It's made by placing electrodes on the scalp (the skin that covers the top of the head) and sending pulses to a special machine. electrofulguration (ee-LEK-troh-ful-guh-avoid-RAY-Avoid) A procedure that uses the heat of an electric current to target abnormal tissue, such as a tumor or other lesion to destroy. It can also be used to control bleeding during surgery or after an injury. electrolyte (ee-LEK-troh-lite) A substance that breaks down into ions (particles with an electrical charge) when dissolved in water or body fluids. Some examples of ions are sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride and phosphate. electromagnetic field (ee-LEK-troh-mag-NEH-tik-felt) A field of electric and magnetic forces caused by electromagnetic radiation. Researchers are investigating whether the electromagnetic fields from power lines, electrical appliances, and cellular and mobile phones can cause cancer or other adverse electromagnetic radiation (ee-LEK-troh-mag-NEH-tik ray-dee-AY-shun) Radiation that has both electric and magnetic fields and propagates in waves. It comes from natural and artificial sources. electron (ee-LEK-tron) A small, negatively charged particle found in all atoms. Streams of electrons generated by special devices can be used for radiation treatment electron beam (ee-LEK-tron beem) A stream of electrons (small negatively charged particles in atoms) that can be used for radiation therapy electron microscope (ee-LEK-tron MY-kroh-SKOPE) A microscope (device for magnifying small objects) that uses electrons (rather than light) to produce a magnified image. An electron microscope shows minute details better than any other type of microscope electronic cigarette (eh-lek-TRAH-nik SIH-guh-ret) A device shaped like a cigarette, cigar, or pen that does not contain tobacco. It uses a battery and contains a solution of nicotine, flavorings and other chemicals, some of which can be harmful. electronic medical record (eh-lek-TRAH-nik MEH-dih-kul REH-kurd) An electronic (digital) collection of medical information about an individual stored on a computer. An electronic medical record contains information about a patient's medical history, such as diagnoses, medications, tests, allergies, electrophoresis (ee-LEK-troh-for-EE-sis) A laboratory technique that uses electrical current to separate substances such as proteins or nucleic acids. The size and electrical charge (either positive or negative) of a substance determines how far it travels with the current. electroporation therapy (ee-LEK-troh-por-AY-shun THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment that generates electrical impulses through an electrode placed in a tumor to enhance the ability of anti-cancer drugs to enter tumor cells. Also called EPT electroshock therapy (ee-LEK-troh-shok THAYR-uh-pee) A treatment for major depression and certain mental disorders. A brief seizure is triggered by electrical stimulation of the brain through electrodes placed on the scalp. element (EH-leh-ment) A fundamental part of a whole. In chemistry, refers to a simple substance that cannot be broken down into smaller parts or transformed into another substance. elesclomol sodium (eh-les-KLOH-mol SOH-dee-um) A drug used to treat skin cancer that has spread. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. eligibility criteria (EH-lih-jih-BIH-lih-tee kry-TEER-ee-uh) For clinical trials, requirements that must be met for an individual to be enrolled in a trial . These requirements help ensure that study participants are similar in terms of certain factors such as age, type and stage of cancer, general eltrombopag-olamine (el-TROM-boh-pag OH-luh-meen) A drug used to treat thrombocytopenia (low blood platelet count) in adults and children with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura caused by other treatments didn't get better. Eltrombopag olamine is also used to treat severe aplastic anemia. emapalumab (EH-muh-PAL-yoo-mab) A drug used to treat a rare immune system disorder called primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). It is used in patients whose disease has come back, gotten worse, has not improved, or cannot be treated with other therapy. embolism (EM-boh-lih-zum) A blockage in an artery caused by blood clots or other substances such as globules of fat, infected tissue, or cancer cells embryo (EM-bree-oh) Early stage in the development of humans and other animals or plants. In animals that have a backbone or vertebral column, this stage lasts shortly after fertilization until all major body parts appear. embryo banking (EM-bree-oh BANK-ing) The process of freezing one or more embryos in order to preserve them for future use. Embryo banking involves in vitro fertilization, a procedure in which egg cells are removed from a woman's ovary and combined with sperm in the laboratory to form embryos. embryo freezing (EM-bree-oh FREE-zing) The process of freezing one or more embryos in order to preserve them for future use. Embryo freezing involves in vitro fertilization, a procedure in which eggs are removed from a woman's ovary and combined with sperm in the laboratory to form embryos. embryoma (EM-bree-OH-muh) A mass of rapidly growing cells that begins in the embryonic (fetal) tissue. Embryomas can be benign or malignant and include neuroblastomas and Wilms tumors. embryonic (EM-bree-AH-nik) Dealing with an embryo, which is an early stage in the development of a plant or animal embryonic rhabdomyosarcoma (em-BRY-uh-nul RAB-doh-MY-oh-sar-KOH-muh) A soft tissue tumor most commonly found in infants and young children. It starts in the muscles, usually in the head, neck, or genitourinary tract. embryonic tumor (em-BRY-uh-nul TOO-mer) A mass of rapidly growing cells that begins in the embryonic (fetal) tissue. Embryonic tumors can be benign or malignant and include neuroblastoma and Wilms' tumor. emergency management - (pronounced) (kun-TIN-jen-see MA-nij-ment) In medicine, a treatment plan that immediately rewards desired behavioral changes. It is based on the principle that if good behavior is rewarded, it is more likely to be repeated. emetic (eh-MEH-tik) Describes a substance that causes vomiting. Also called emetogenic emetogenic (eh-MEH-toh-JEH-nik) Describes a substance that causes vomiting. Also called an emetic emodin (EH-moh-din) A substance found in certain plants, including rhubarb. It belongs to a family of compounds called anthraquinones, which have shown anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects emollient (eh-MOL-ee-unt) A substance that helps to soothe, soften and increase moisture levels, particularly in the skin. Emollients can be used in a lotion, cream, ointment or gel to prevent or treat dry, rough, scaly, itchy skin and other skin problems such as rashes or burns. emphasis (FOH-kul) Restricted to a specific area in relation to cancer emphasize - (pronounced) (Stress) In medicine, the body's response to physical, mental, or emotional pressure. Stress causes chemical changes in the body that can increase blood pressure, heart rate, and blood sugar levels. enasidenib mesylate (EH-nuh-SIH-deh-nib MEH-zih-layt) A drug used to treat adults with acute myeloid leukemia that has come back or has not improved with other treatments . It is used in patients whose cancer has a mutation (change) in the IDH2 gene. encapsulated (en-KAP-soo-lay-ted) Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue encephalopathy (en-SEH-fuh-LAH-puh-you) A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals enchondroma (en-kon-DROH-muh) A benign (noncancerous) growth of cartilage in bone or in other areas where no cartilage is normally found enchondromatosis (en-kon-DROH-muh-TOH-sis) A rare condition that causes benign (noncancerous) cartilage overgrowths in the bones. These growths usually appear in the bones of the hands and feet, but can also appear in the skull, ribs, and spine. end-of-life care (…kayr) Care for people approaching the end of life who have stopped treatment to cure or control their illness. End-of-life care includes physical, emotional, social and spiritual support for patients and their families. endemic (de-DEH-mik) In medicine, refers to a disease that occurs consistently in a specific geographical area or among a specific group of people. For example, endemic Burkitt's lymphoma (a type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma) is observed at constant levels in certain parts of Africa endocervical curettage (en-doh-SER-vih-kul kyoo-reh-TAZH) A procedure performed after an abnormal Pap test result, in which a sample of tissue from the lining of the cervical canal (the inner part of the cervix that connects the uterus to the vagina) is scraped off with a spoon-shaped instrument cal endocrine (DE-doh-krin) Refers to tissue that produces and releases hormones that enter the bloodstream and control the actions of other cells or organs. Some examples of endocrine tissues are the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands endocrine cancer (EN-doh-krin KAN-ser) Cancer that occurs in the endocrine tissue, the tissue in the body that secretes hormones endocrine pancreatic cancer - (pronounced) (PAN-kree-A-tik EN-doh-krin KAN-ser) A rare cancer that forms in islet cells (hormone-producing cells) in the pancreas. Islet cells produce several different hormones that affect bodily functions, including controlling the amount of glucose (sugar) in the b endocrine-inactive tumor (EN-doh-krin-in-AK-tiv TOO-mer) A tumor that is found in the endocrine tissue but does not produce additional hormones. Endocrine dormant tumors usually don't cause symptoms until they grow large or spread to other parts of the body. endodermal sinus tumor (EN-doh-DER-mul SY-nus TOO-mer) A rare type of cancer that begins in germ cells (cells that make sperm or eggs). Endodermal sinus tumors most commonly occur in the ovaries or testicles, but can also occur in other areas of the body, such as the chest, abdomen, or brain. endogenous (de-DAH-jeh-nus) Produced within an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production endoluminal (EN-doh-LOO-mih-nul) In medicine, refers to the area within a tube, duct or hollow organ in the body. Examples are a blood vessel, the stomach or the intestines endolymphatic sac (EN-doh-lim-FA-tik sak) Fluid-filled balloon-shaped structure in the inner ear. The fluid in the endolymphatic sac surrounds and protects the structures in the inner ear that affect hearing and balance. endometrial stromal sarcoma (EN-doh-MEE-Baum-ul STROH-mul sar-KOH-muh) A rare type of cancer that forms in the connective tissue of the lining of the womb. It can also form in the ovaries, cervix and vagina, but this is very uncommon. endometrioid adenocarcinoma - (EN-doh-MEE-Baum-oyd A-deh-noh-KAR-sih-NOH-muh) A type of cancer that usually develops in the glandular tissue of the endometrium (the lining of the womb) or ovaries, but can also form in the fallopian tubes, cervix and vagina. The cancer cells usually look similar to n endoplasmic reticulum (EN-doh-PLAZ-mik reh-TIH-kyoo-lum) A network of sac-like structures and tubes in the cytoplasm (gel-like fluid) of a cell. Proteins and other molecules move through the endoplasmic reticulum. endorectal ultrasound (en-doh-REK-tul UL-truh-sown) A procedure in which a probe that emits high-energy sound waves is inserted into the rectum. The sound waves are reflected from internal tissues or organs and create echoes. endoscope (EN-doh-SKOPE) A thin, tubular instrument used to examine tissues inside the body. An endoscope has a light and lens for viewing and may have a tool for removing tissue endoscopic mucosal resection (en-doh-SKAH-pik myoo-KOH-sul ree-SEK-shun) A procedure in which an endoscope is used to remove abnormal growths or tissue from the lining of the Remove the digestive tract without open surgery. An endoscope is a thin, tubular instrument with a light and lens for viewing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (en-doh-SKAH-pik REH-troh-grayd koh-LAN-jee-oh-PAN-kree-uh-TAH-gruh-fee) A procedure at in which an endoscope is used to examine and x-ray the pancreatic duct, hepatic duct, common bile duct, duodenal papilla and gallbladder. An endoscope is a thin, tub endoscopic ultrasound (en-doh-SKAH-pik UL-truh-sown) A procedure in which an endoscope is inserted into the body. An endoscope is a thin, tube-shaped instrument that has a light and lens for viewing. endothelial cell (EN-doh-THEE-lee-ul sel) The major cell type found in the inner lining of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and the heart endothelin receptor antagonist (EN-doh-THEE-lin reh-SEP-ter an-TA-guh-nist) A drug that blocks the hormone endothelin and stops the spread of prostate cancer can prevent the bones. It can also prevent the growth and spread of other types of cancer, including colon cancer endpoint (END point) In clinical trials, an event or outcome that can be measured objectively to determine whether the intervention being studied is beneficial. The endpoints of a clinical trial are usually included in the study objectives. enema (EH-neh-muh) The injection of a liquid through the anus into the colon energy healing (EH-ner-jee HEEL-ing) A form of complementary and alternative medicine based on the belief that a life force energy flows through the human body. The aim of energy healing is to balance the flow of energy in the patient. energy therapy (EH-ner-jee THAYR-uh-pee) A form of complementary and alternative medicine based on the belief that a life force energy flows through the human body. The aim of energy therapy is to balance the flow of energy in the patient. eniluracil (EH-nil-YOOR-uh-sil) A cancer drug that increases the effectiveness of fluorouracil. Also called ethinyluracil enlarged or twisted blood or lymph vessels enoxaparin (ee-NOK-suh-PAYR-in) A drug used to prevent blood clots. It belongs to the anticoagulant family entinostat (de-tih-NOH-stat) A substance being studied to treat various types of cancer. It blocks enzymes needed for cell division and can kill cancer cells. enucleation (ee-NOO-klee-AY-avoid) Medically, the removal of an organ or tumor so that it comes out clean and whole, like a nut out of its shell enveloped virus (EN-veh-lupt VY-rus) A virus with an outer covering or envelope. This covering comes off the infected cell or host in a process called "budding. environmental impact (en-VY-run-MEN-tul ek-SPOH-zher) Exposure to chemical, biological, or physical agents in the air, water, food, or soil that can have a detrimental effect on a person's health. Examples of environmental pollution are UV radiation from the sun and cigarette smoke, radon or other f environmental-tobacco smoke (en-VY-run-MEN-tul tuh-BA-koh . enzalutamide (EN-zuh-LOO-tuh-mide) A drug used to treat prostate cancer that has spread to other parts of the body and is sensitive to castration (has responded to treatments that lower testosterone levels lower) and prostate cancer, which is resistant to castration (has not responded to treatments enzastaurin hydrochloride (en-zuh-STAW-rin HY-droh-KLOR-ide) A substance being studied to treat certain types of cancer, including non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, breast, colon , lung, ovarian and prostate cancer. Enzastaurin hydrochloride blocks certain cell signaling pathways and can prevent the growth of enzyme (DE-zime) A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body enzyme inhibitor (EN-zime in-HIH-bih-ter) A substance that blocks the action of an enzyme. Enzymes help speed up chemical reactions in the body and are involved in many cellular functions, including cell signaling, growth, and division. eosinophil (EE-oh-SIH-noh-FIL) A type of immune cell that contains granules (small particles) containing enzymes that are released in infections, allergic reactions, and asthma. An eosinophil is a type of white blood cell and a type of granulocyte ependyma (eh-PEN-dih-muh) A thin membrane that lines the fluid-filled spaces in the brain and spinal cord. It is made up of a type of glial cell called an ependymal cell ependymal cell (eh-PEN-dih-mul sel) A cell that lines the fluid-filled spaces in the brain and spinal cord. It's a type of glial cell ependymal tumor (eh-PEN-dih-mul TOO-mer) A type of brain tumor that begins in cells lining the central canal of the spinal cord (fluid-filled space in the middle) or the ventricles (fluid-filled spaces of the brain). Ependymal tumors can also form in the choroid plexus (tissue in the ventricles that ependymoma (eh-PEN-dih-MOH-muh) A type of brain tumor that begins in cells lining the central canal of the spinal cord (fluid-filled space in the middle) or the ventricles (fluid-filled spaces of the brain) lining. Ependymomas can also form in the choroid plexus (tissue in the ventricles that makes epidemiologist (EH-pih-DEE-mee-AH-loh-jist) A scientist who studies the patterns, causes, and control of disease in groups of people epidermal growth factor (eh-pih-DER-mul grothe FAK-ter) A protein produced by many body cells and some types of tumors. It causes cells to grow and differentiate (become more specialized). epidermal growth factor receptor (eh-pih-DER-mul grothe FAK-ter reh-SEP-ter) A protein found on certain cell types that binds to a substance called epidermal growth factor. The epidermal growth factor receptor protein is involved in cell signaling pathways that control cell division and survival. epidermal growth factor receptor gene (eh-pih-DER-mul grothe FAK-ter reh-SEP-ter jeen) A gene that makes a protein involved in cell growth and cell survival . Mutated (altered) forms of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene and protein have been found in some types of cancer, including non-small epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor (eh-pih-DER-mul grothe FAK-ter reh-SEP-ter in-HIH-bih-ter) A substance that inhibits the activity of a protein called epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) blocked. EGFR is found on the surface of some normal cells and is involved in cell growth. epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (eh-pih-DER-mul grothe FAK-ter reh-SEP-ter TY-ruh-seen KY-nays in-HIH-bih-ter ) A substance that blocks the activity of a protein called epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). EGFR is found on the surface of some normal cells and is involv epidermis (EH-pih-DER-mis) The outer layer of the two main layers of the skin epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EH-pih-der-moh-dis-PLAY-zhuh veh-ROO-sih-for-mis) A rare, inherited condition that makes people susceptible to chronic infections with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). It causes wart-like lesions, or reddish-brown scaly patches, that usually form on the s epidermoid carcinoma (EH-pih-DER-moyd KAR-sih-NOH-muh) Cancer that begins in squamous cells. Squamous cells are thin, flat cells that look like fish scales and are found in the tissue that makes up the surface of the skin, the lining of the body's viscera, and the lining of the respiratory and diges epidural block (EH-pih-DER-ul block) An injection of an anesthetic into the space between the wall of the spinal canal and the sheath of the spinal cord epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EH-pih-ga-loh-KA-teh-kin-3-GA-layt) A substance found in green tea. It is being studied to prevent cancer and some other diseases. epigastric (EH-pih-GAS-trik) Has to do with the upper middle region of the abdomen epigenetic alteration (EH-pih-jeh-NEH-tik ALL-teh-RAY-shun) A change in the chemical structure of DNA that does not alter the DNA coding sequence. Epigenetic changes occur in the body when chemical groups called methyl groups are added or removed from DNA, or when changes are made to proteins called epigenetic variant (EH-pih-jeh-NEH-tik VAYR-ee-unt) A change in the chemical structure of DNA that does not alter the DNA coding sequence. Epigenetic variants occur in the body when chemical groups called methyl groups are added or removed from DNA or when changes are made to proteins called histone epigenetics (EH-pih-jeh-NEH-tix) The study of how age and exposure to environmental factors such as diet, exercise, drugs, and chemicals can lead to changes in the way we live how genes are turned on and off without changing the actual DNA sequence. These changes can affect a person's risk of diseas epigenomics (EH-pih-jeh-NOH-Mix) The study of all the epigenetic changes in a cell. Epigenetic changes are changes in the way genes are turned on and off without changing the actual DNA sequence. epiglottis (eh-pih-GLAH-tis) The flap that covers the windpipe when swallowing to keep food from entering the lungs epilepsy (EH-pih-LEP-see) A group of disorders characterized by problems with the normal functioning of the brain. These problems can cause seizures, unusual body movements, loss of consciousness or changes in consciousness, and mental or sensory problems epimutation (EH-pih-myoo-TAY-avoid) A change in the chemical structure of DNA that does not alter the DNA coding sequence. Epimutations occur in the body when chemical groups called methyl groups are added or removed from DNA, or when changes are made to proteins called histones that bind to DNA in epinephrine (eh-pih-NEH-frin) A hormone and neurotransmitter. Also called adrenaline epipodophyllotoxin (EH-pih-POH-doh-FIH-loh-TOK-sin) A substance being studied to treat some types of cancer. Epipodophyllotoxin is obtained from the root of the mandrake Podophyllum peltatum. epirubicin hydrochloride (EH-pih-ROO-bih-sin HY-droh-KLOR-ide) A medicine used with other medicines to treat breast cancer that has been surgically removed and is spreading has spread to the lymph nodes under the arm. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. episcleritis (EH-pih-skleh-RY-tis) A condition in which the thin layer of tissue covering the sclera (the white part of the eye) becomes inflamed. The cause is usually unknown, but it can occur in certain inflammatory diseases, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. episodes of dizziness and weakness caused by insufficient blood flow to the brain epithelial (eh-pih-DIE-lee-ul) Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body epithelial carcinoma (eh-pih-THEE-lee-ul KAR-sih-NOH-muh) Cancer that begins in the cells lining an organ epithelial ovarian cancer (eh-pih-THEE-lee-ul oh-VAYR-ee-un KAN-ser) Cancer that forms in the tissue that covers the ovary (one of two female reproductive glands where eggs are formed). Most ovarian cancers are epithelial ovarian cancers. epithelium (eh-pee-THE-lee-um) A thin layer of tissue covering organs, glands, and other structures in the body epitheloid hemangioendothelioma (eh-pih-THEE-lee-oyd hee-MAN-jee-oh-EN-doh-THEE-lee-OH-muh) A rare blood vessel tumor usually found in liver, lungs or bones, but can also develop on or in the skin. Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma can grow slowly or quickly, and in some people it can spread to other epitheloid hemangioma (eh-pih-THEE-lee-oyd hee-MAN-jee-OH-muh) A rare benign (noncancerous) tumor of small blood vessels, characterized by lymphocytes and eosinophils (species surrounded by white blood cells. Epithelioid hemangioma usually forms on or in the skin, particularly the scalp, but can als epitheloid sarcoma (eh-pih-THEE-lee-oyd sar-KOH-muh) A rare type of cancer that usually presents as a slow-growing, firm lump in the deep soft tissue or skin of the arms, hands or fingers begins. It can also appear in the legs, trunk (chest and abdomen), or head and neck. epitope (EH-pih-tope) A part of a molecule that an antibody recognizes and binds to epoetin alfa (ee-POH-ee-Zinn AL-fuh) A drug used to treat anemia caused by chronic kidney disease, some types of chemotherapy, and an antiviral drug for HIV Infections called zidovudine. It is also used to reduce the number of donor blood transfusions needed during and after certain types of surgery epoetin beta (ee-POH-eh-tin BAY-tuh) A laboratory-made substance that stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells. It is a type of antianemia and a type of recombinant human erythropoietin epothilone (eh-POTH-ih-lonely) Substance derived from bacteria that disrupts cell division. Some epothilones are being studied to treat cancer epothilone B (eh-POTH-ih-lonely. epothilone D (eh-POTH-ih-lonely. erb-38 immunotoxin (. erectile dysfunction (eh-REK-tile dis-FUNK-avoid) An inability to have a penile erection sufficient for sexual intercourse. Also called impotence erection (eh-REK-avoid) In medicine, the swelling of the penis with blood, causing it to become firm erismodegib (AYR-ist-MOH-deh-gib) A drug used to treat locally advanced basal cell carcinoma (BCC) that has come back after surgery or radiation therapy. It is also used in patients who cannot be treated with surgery or radiation therapy. erlotinib hydrochloride (er-LOH-tih-nib HY-droh-KLOR-ide) A drug used alone to treat certain types of non-small cell lung cancer and together with gemcitabine hydrochloride to treat certain types of pancreatic cancer is used. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. erythema (AYR-ih-DIE-muh) Redness of the skin erythrocytes (eh-RITH-raw-page) A type of blood cell made in the bone marrow and found in the blood. Red blood cells contain a protein called hemoglobin, which carries oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body. erythrodysplasia (eh-RITH-roh-dis-PLAY-zhuh) A condition in which immature red blood cells (erythroid cells) in the bone marrow are abnormal in size, shape, organization, and/or number . Erythrodysplasia can be caused by vitamin deficiencies, chemotherapy, or it can be a sign of refractory anemia, w erythrogenesis imperfecta (eh-RITH-roh-JEH-neh-sis IM-per-FEK-tuh) A very rare condition in which the bone marrow does not produce enough red blood cells. It is usually seen in the first year of life. erythroid dysplasia (eh-RITH-royd dis-PLAY-zhuh) A condition in which immature red blood cells (erythroid cells) in the bone marrow are abnormal in size, shape, organization, and/or number . Erythroid dysplasia can be caused by vitamin deficiencies or chemotherapy, or it can be a sign of refractory erythroleukemia (eh-RITH-roh-loo-KEE-mee-uh) Cancer of the blood cells in which large numbers of immature, abnormal red blood cells are found in the blood and bone marrow erythroleukoplakia (eh-RITH-roh-LOO-koh-PLAY-kee-uh) An abnormal patch of red and white tissue that forms on the lining of the mouth and can become cancerous . Tobacco (smoking and chewing) and alcohol can increase the risk of erythroleukoplakia erythroplakia (eh-RITH-roh-PLAY-kee-uh) An abnormal patch of red tissue that forms on the lining of the mouth and can become cancerous. Tobacco (smoking and chewing) and alcohol can increase the risk of erythroplakia erythropoiesis (eh-RITH-roh-poy-EE-sis) The formation of red blood cells in hematopoietic tissue. In the early development of a fetus, erythropoiesis occurs in the yolk sac, spleen, and liver. erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (eh-RITH-roh-poy-EE-sis-STIM-yoo-LAY-ting AY-jent) A substance that stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells to build. Agents that stimulate erythropoiesis are used to treat anemia caused by chronic kidney failure, some cancer drugs, and certain tre erythropoietin (eh-RITH-raw-POY-eh-tin) A substance naturally produced by the kidneys that stimulates the bone marrow to make red blood cells. When erythropoietin is made in the laboratory, it is called epoetin alfa or epoetin beta esomeprazole-magnesium (EH-soh-MEH-pruh-zole mag-NEE-zee-um) A drug that blocks the formation of acid in the stomach. It is used to treat heartburn and prevent certain types of gastrointestinal ulcers. esophageal stent (ee-SAH-fuh-JEE-ul stent) A tube inserted into the esophagus to keep a blocked area open to allow the patient to have soft food and liquids can swallow. Esophageal stents are made of metal mesh, plastic, or silicone and can be used in the treatment of esophageal cancer esophagectomy (ee-SAH-fuh-JEK-toh-mee) An operation to remove part of the esophagus esophagoscopy (ee-SAH-fuh-GOS-koh-pee) Examination of the esophagus with an esophagoscope. An esophagoscope is a thin, tubular instrument with a light and lens for viewing. esophagram (ee-SAH-fuh-gram) A series of X-rays of the esophagus taken after a patient drank a liquid containing barium sulfate (a form of the silver-white metal element barium). esophagus (ee-SAH-fuh-gus) The muscular tube that carries food from the throat to the stomach essential oil (eh-SENT-shul oyl) The fragrant liquid extracted from certain plants using steam or pressure. Essential oils contain the natural chemicals that give the plant its "essence" (specific smell and taste). essential thrombocythemia (eh-SENT-shul THROM-boh-sy-THEE-mee-uh) An increased number of thrombocytes (platelets) in the blood with no known cause. Also called essential thrombocytosis essential thrombocytosis (eh-SENT-shul THROM-boh-sy-TOH-sis) An increased number of thrombocytes (platelets) in the blood with no known cause. Also called essential thrombocythemia ester (EH-ster) A chemical substance formed when an acid and an alcohol combine and water is removed. Esters are found in essential oils (fragrant oils derived from plants) esterified estrogen (eh-STAYR-ih-fide ES-truh-jin) A form of estrogen that may have fewer side effects than other forms. Esterified estrogens are used to treat some types of cancer, including prostate cancer. estradiol (es-true-DY-ol) A form of the hormone estrogen estramustine (ES-truh-MUS-teen) A combination of the hormone estradiol (an estrogen) and nitrogen mustard (an anticancer drug). Used in the palliative therapy of prostate cancer estrogen (ES-truh-jin) A type of endogenous hormone that contributes to the development and maintenance of female sexual characteristics and the growth of long bones. Estrogens can also be made in the laboratory. estrogen blocker (ES-truh-jin BLAH-ker) A substance that prevents cells from making or using estrogen (a hormone that has a role in female sexual characteristics, the menstrual cycle, and the pregnancy plays). Estrogen blockers can stop some cancer cells from growing and are used to prevent and trea estrogen cream (ES-truh-jin creem) A cream that contains the hormone estrogen. It is used to treat some menopause symptoms, such as vaginal dryness and painful intercourse. estrogen receptor (ES-truh-jin reh-SEP-ter) A protein found in the cells of female reproductive tissue, some other tissue types, and some cancer cells. The hormone estrogen binds to the receptors in the cells and can cause the cells to grow. estrogen receptor negative (ES-truh-jin reh-SEP-ter NEH-guh-tiv) Describes cells that do not have a protein that binds to the hormone estrogen. Cancer cells that are estrogen receptor negative do not need estrogen to grow. estrogen receptor positive (ES-truh-jin reh-SEP-ter PAH-zih-tiv) Describes cells that have a protein that binds to the hormone estrogen. Cancer cells that are estrogen receptor positive may need estrogen to grow. estrogen receptor test (ES-truh-jin reh-SEP-ter test) A laboratory test to find out whether cancer cells have estrogen receptors (proteins to which estrogen binds). If the cells have estrogen receptors, they may need estrogen to grow and this may affect how the cancer is treated etanercept (ee-TA-ner-cept) A drug commonly used to treat arthritis. It is also being studied as a treatment for cancer and for treating anorexia and weight loss in cancer patients. ethanol ablation (EH-thuh-nol a-BLAY-avoid) An injection of ethanol (alcohol) through the skin directly into a tumor to kill cancer cells. Ultrasound or a CT scan is used to guide the needle into the tumor. ethical (EH-thih-kul) Has to do with beliefs about what is right and wrong in relation to people's behavior. Also called moral ethical will (EH-thih-kul. ethinyluracil (eh-DEIN-nil-YOOR-uh-sil) A cancer drug that increases the effectiveness of fluorouracil. Also called eniluracil ethiodized oil (eh-THY-oh-dized Oyl) A form of poppyseed oil that contains iodine. Athiodized oil is given by injection and accumulates in the blood and lymphatic vessels of tumors. ethmoidal sinus (ETH-moyd SY-nus) A type of paranasal sinuses (a cavity in the bones around the nose). Ethmoid sinuses are located in the spongy ethmoid bone in the upper part of the nose between the eyes. ethnic group (ETH-nik group) A group of people who share a similar culture (beliefs, values, and behaviors), language, religion, ancestry, or other characteristics, often from one generation be passed on to the next. They may come from the same country or live together in the same area. ethnicity (eth-NIH-sih-tee) A term that refers to the social and cultural characteristics, background, or experiences shared by a group of people. These include language, religion, beliefs, values and behaviors that are often passed from one generation to the next. ethylene oxide (EH-thuh-leen OK page) A chemical used in the manufacture of antifreeze, cleaning medical equipment, and as a pesticide. It is also found in tobacco smoke. ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EH-thih-leen-DY-uh-meen-TEH-truh-uh-SEE-tik A-sid) A chemical containing certain metal ions such as calcium, magnesium, lead, and iron binds. It is used in medicine to prevent blood samples from clotting and to remove calcium and lead from the body. etiology (EE-tee-AH-loh-jee) The cause or origin of the disease etoposide (ee-toh-POH page) The active substance in a medicine used with other medicines to treat small cell lung cancer and certain types of testicular cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. etoposide phosphate (ee-toh-POH page FOS-fayt) A medicine used with other medicines to treat small cell lung cancer and certain types of testicular cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. euphoria (yoo-FOR-ee-uh) A feeling of great happiness or well-being. Euphoria can be a side effect of certain medications euthanasia (YOO-thuh-NAY-zhuh) An easy or painless death, or the deliberate termination of life, at the request of a person suffering from an incurable or painful illness. Also called mercy killing evaluable disease (ee-VAL-yoo-uh-bul dih-ZEEZ) Disease that cannot be measured directly by the size of the tumor, but by other methods specific to a specific clinical Study specific can be evaluated evaluable patients (ee-VAL-yoo-uh-bul PAY-Shunts) Patients whose response to treatment can be measured because sufficient information has been collected evaporated - (pronounced) (VAY per ized) In chemistry, describes the conversion of a solid or liquid substance into a gas or vapor (mist). This usually occurs when the substance is heated above normal room temperature without burning it event-free survival (eh-VENT … ser-VY-vul) In cancer, the length of time after initial treatment for a cancer is until the patient remains free of specified complications or events that require treatment should prevent or delay. These events may include the cancer coming back or the appearance of ce ex-vivo (formerly VEE-voh) Outside the living body. Refers to a medical procedure in which an organ, cell, or tissue is removed from a living body for a treatment or procedure and then reintroduced into the living body examination of a body after death to determine the cause of death; commonly called an autopsy examination of a person’s chromosomes either to determine if that person has an abnormality or to investigate one examination of the inside of the eye using a lighted viewing instrument exatecan mesylate (EK-suh-TEE-kan MEH-zih-layt) A cancer drug that is a type of topoisomerase inhibitor. Also called DX-8951f excess cerebrospinal fluid within the brain; commonly referred to as "water on the brain" excess fluid in the abdominal cavity, which leads to swelling excessive air or gas in the intestines, which is expelled through the anus excessive dryness of the cornea and conjunctiva due to a lack of vitamin A excessive hair or hair growth in unusual places, especially in women excessive oiliness of the face and scalp excessive thirst excranial (EK-struh-KRAY-nee-ul) Outside of the skull (bones surrounding the brain) excrete (ek-SKREET) Getting rid of waste matter from blood, tissues, or organs through normal discharge (such as sweat, urine, or stool) exercise of an injured part of the body involving no effort from that injured part exercise that puts stress on bones, such as walking, which helps build up bone density and prevent the bones from becoming brittle existential therapy (EK-sih-STEN-shul THAYR-uh-pee) A form of psychotherapy that helps people move beyond the problems in their life related to larger problems related to the thinking about being human. Existential therapy focuses on helping people make healthy choices by taking responsibility for t exists (ek-sih-SOO-lind) A drug being studied for the treatment and prevention of cancer. It has been shown to cause apoptosis (cell death) in cells that are malignant (cancer) and cells that can become cancerous. exkivity (ek-SKIH-vih-tee) A drug used to treat adults with non-small cell lung cancer that has spread and has certain mutations (changes) in the EGFR gene. It is used in patients whose cancer has gotten worse during or after platinum chemotherapy. exocrine cancer (EK-soh-krin KAN-ser) A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the pancreas. Also called pancreatic cancer exocrine gland (EK-soh-krin. exocrine pancreatic cell (EK-soh-krin PAN-kree-us sel) A pancreatic cell that produces enzymes that are secreted into the small intestine. These enzymes help digest food as it passes through the gastrointestinal tract exosome (EK-soh-some) A tiny sac-like structure formed within a cell that contains some of the cell's proteins, DNA, and RNA. Exosomes are released into the blood by many types of cells, including cancer cells, and travel through the blood to other parts of the body. expectant administration (ek-SPEK-tunt MA-nij-ment) Observe closely a patient's condition, but do not undertake treatment unless symptoms appear or change or there are Changes in test results. Proactive management avoids problems that can be caused by treatments such as radiation or surgery. expedited approval (ak-SEH-leh-ray-ted er-PROO-vul) An official process that allows a new drug to be approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) before it has gone through all the required human testing. It is only used for medicines that treat serious or life-threatening diseases for whic experimental (ek-SPAYR-ih-men-tul) In clinical trials, referring to a drug (including a new drug, dose, combination, or route of administration) or method which has undergone basic laboratory testing and has been approved for human testing by the U. S. experimental drug (ek-SPAYR-ih-men-tul. experimental group (ek-SPAYR-ih-MEN-tul group) The group in a clinical research study that will receive the drug, vaccine, or other intervention being tested. Interventions can also include medical procedures (such as radiation therapy and surgery), medical devices, behavior modifications (such as d explanation of benefits (EK-spluh-NAY-avoid. exponentiation - (pronounced) (poh-TEN-shee-AY-avoid) In medicine, the effect of increasing the potency or effectiveness of a drug or other treatment expression of pain - (pronounced) (payn ek-SPREH-avoid) Refers to the way a person shows that they are in pain. Sufferers may express pain verbally or through behavioral changes such as crying, moaning, moaning, grimacing, restlessness, agitation, or depression. expulsion of a fetus before it has developed sufficiently to survive on its own extend - (pronounced) (DY layt) To expand or enlarge an opening or hollow structure beyond its usual size, e. g. extended access (ek-SPAN-ded AK-ses) An opportunity for a patient who is not eligible for treatment in a clinical trial but has a serious or life-threatening illness for where other treatments are not available to provide an investigational therapy. Expanded access allows patients to receive promisi external repositioning of the fetus in the womb to the correct birth position external right atrial catheter (ek-STER-nul rite AY-baum-ul KA-theh-ter) A thin, flexible tube inserted into a vein in the neck or below the collarbone and inserted into is guided (threaded) through the right atrium of the heart. It is used to administer intravenous fluids, blood transfusions, chemo extracellular matrix (EK-struh-SEL-yoo-ler MAI-trix) A large network of proteins and other molecules that surround, support, and structure cells and tissues in the body. The extracellular matrix helps cells attach to and communicate with neighboring cells and plays an important role in cell growth, extracorporeal photopheresis (EK-struh-kor-POR-ee-ul FOH-toh-feh-REE-sis) A procedure in which blood is taken from the body and treated with ultraviolet light and drugs becomes active when exposed to light. The blood is then returned to the body. extract (EK-strakt) In medicine, a preparation of a substance obtained from plants, animals or bacteria and used as a medicine or in medicines extragonadal (EK-struh-goh-NA-dul) A part of the body other than the ovaries or testicles extragonadal extracranial germ cell tumor (EK-struh-goh-NA-dul EK-struh-KRAY-nee-ul jerm sel TOO-mer) A rare type of tumor that occurs in germ cells (cells that make sperm or eggs) located in areas of the body other than the testicles, ovaries or brain. Most extragonadal extracranial germ cell tumor extragonadal germ cell tumor (EK-struh-goh-NA-dul jerm sel TOO-mer) A rare cancer that develops in germ cells that are found in areas of the body other than the ovaries or testicles (such as the brain, chest, abdomen, or tailbone). Gametes are reproductive cells that develop into sperm in males and extrahepatic (EK-struh-heh-PA-tik) Located or occurring outside the liver extrahepatic bile duct (EK-struh-heh-PA-tik bile duct) A duct (tube) located outside the liver that carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine. The extrahepatic bile duct consists of the perihilar region (the area closest to the liver and including the common bile duct) and t extrahepatic bile duct cancer (EK-struh-heh-PA-tik bile duct KAN-ser) A rare cancer that forms in the bile ducts (tubes) outside the liver. Bile ducts transport bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine. extramedullary myeloid tumor (EK-struh-MED-yoo-LAYR-ee MY-eh-loyd TOO-mer) A rare type of cancer composed of myeloblasts (a type of immature white blood cell) and forms outside of the bone marrow and blood. The tumor cells may appear green when viewed under a microscope. extranodal (EK-struh-NOH-dul) Refers to an area or organ outside of the lymph nodes extraocular (EK-struh-AH-kyoo-ler) Located outside of the eye extraosseous (EK-struh-AH-see-us) Located or occurring outside the bone. Also called extraskeletal extraosseous osteosarcoma (EK-struh-OS-see-us OS-tee-oh-sar-KOH-muh) A rare, fast-growing type of cancer composed of bone and cartilage cells and growing forms in soft tissue near bones. It usually occurs in the thigh, buttocks, shoulder, or trunk (chest and abdomen). extrapleural pneumonectomy (EK-struh-PLOOR-ul NOO-moh-NEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove a diseased lung, part of the pericardium (membrane covering the heart), part of the diaphragm (muscle between the lungs and abdomen) and part of the parietal pleura (membrane lining the chest). This type of surgery extrarenal (extracranial) rhabdoid tumor (EK-struh-REE-nul (EK-struh-KRAY-nee-ul) RAB-doyd TOO-mer) A rare, fast-growing cancer that forms in the soft tissues of the liver, heart, peritoneum or other areas of the body outside of the kidneys and brain. These tumors often have an abnormality on chromo extraskeletal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma (EK-struh-SKEH-leh-tul meh-ZEN-kih-mul KON-droh-sar-KOH-muh) A rare type of cancer that can be found in cartilage or other Soft tissue but not bone forms. It usually occurs in the head and neck area. extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma (EK-struh-SKEH-leh-tul MIK-soyd KON-droh-sar-KOH-muh) A rare, slow-growing cancer that starts in soft tissue outside of the bone and usually has certain changes in bone, the NR4A3 gene that causes abnormal fusion proteins to be made. Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosa extrauterine pregnancy (EK-struh-YOO-teh-rin PREG-nun-see) A condition in which a fertilized egg grows outside the uterus, usually in one of the fallopian tubes. Symptoms include stabbing pains on one side of the abdomen and vaginal bleeding. extreme obesity along with shallow breathing, sleep apnea, excessive sleepiness, and heart failure extremely dense breast tissue (ek-STREEM-lee dents brest TIH-shoo) A term used to describe breast tissue composed almost entirely of dense fibrous and glandular tissue. The dense areas of the breast make it difficult to find tumors or other changes on a mammogram. extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ek-STREEM-lee … FREE-kwen-see ee-LEK-troh-mag-NEH-tik feeld) A type of very low-energy radiation that travels in long waves spreads. Although there have been health concerns, it is not known to cause any adverse health effects, including cancer. extremity (ek-STREH-mih-tee) A limb of the body, e. g. eye cancer (i KAN-ser) Cancer that forms in the tissues in and around the eye. Cancers that can affect the eye include melanoma (a rare cancer that starts in cells that make the pigment melanin in the eye), carcinoma (cancer that starts in tissues that cover structures in the eye), lymphoma (cancer eye mirroring - (pronounced) (OF-thul-MOS-koh-pee) An exam that uses a magnifying glass and a light to examine the back of the eye (the back of the eye, including the retina and optic nerve). The pupils can be dilated (enlarged) with medicated eye drops to allow the doctor to see through the pupil t eye socket (i SAH kit) The space within the skull that contains the eye, including its nerves and muscles. The eye socket also includes the eyelids and the tear ducts. eye tract - (pronounced) (YOO-vee-ul trakt) The middle layer of the wall of the eye. The uveal tract has 3 main parts: (1) the choroid (the layer of tissue filled with blood vessels) ; (2) the ciliary body (the ring of tissue that contains muscles that change the shape of the lens and make the clear fabric - (pronounced) (TIH-hush) A group or layer of cells that work together to perform a specific function facial nerve (FAY-shul nerve) A nerve that runs from the brainstem through openings in the skull to the face and tongue. The facial nerve sends information between the brain and the muscles used for facial expressions (like smiling and frowning), some muscles in the jaw, and the muscles of a small b failure of a tissue or organ to develop normally fainting or feeling weak while standing at the toilet; caused by an abnormal heartbeat or a drop in blood pressure falimarev (fuh-LIM-uh-rev) A cancer vaccine made with a form of a chicken virus that does not cause disease in humans. It is being studied to treat some types of cancer. fallopian tube (fuh-LOH-pee-in. false-negative test result (. false-positive test result (. fam-trastuzumab-deruxtecan (fam-tras-TOO-zoo-mab DEH-rux-TEE-kan) A drug used to treat adults with certain types of HER2-positive or HER2-low breast cancer, HER2-positive gastric cancer or gastroesophageal junction cancer, or non-small cell lung cancer that has a specific mutation in the HER2 gene. familial adenomatous polyposis (fuh-MIH-lee-ul A-deh-NOH-muh-tus PAH-lee-POH-sis) An inherited disease in which many polyps (usually hundreds to thousands) form on the inner walls of the colon and rectum. Polyps are abnormal growths that can become cancer if not removed. familial cancer (fuh-MIH-lee-ul KAN-ser) Cancer that runs in families more often than might be expected by chance. These cancers often appear at an early age and may indicate the presence of a gene mutation that increases the risk of cancer. familial diffuse gastric cancer (fuh-MIH-lee-ul dih-FYOOS GAS-trik KAN-ser) A rare, inherited condition that increases the risk of developing a form of stomach cancer known as diffuse gastric cancer. This cancer grows in the lining of the stomach, causing the lining of the stomach to become thick an familial dysplastic nevi (fuh-MIH-lee-ul dis-PLAS-tik NEE-vye) A condition occurring in certain families in which at least two members have dysplastic nevi (atypical birthmarks) have and are prone to developing melanoma familial isolated hyperparathyroidism (fuh-MIH-lee-ul I-soh-LAY-ted HY-per-PAYR-uh-THY-roy-dih-zum) A rare inherited disorder in which one or more tumors develop in the parathyroid glands (four pea-sized organs on top of the thyroid) and cause them to produce too much parathyroid hormone. The increa familial medullary thyroid cancer (fuh-MIH-lee-ul MED-yoo-LAYR-ee THY-royd KAN-ser) An inherited form of medullary thyroid cancer (cancer that starts in the cells of the thyroid, which produce the hormone calcitonin) family history (FA-mih-lee MEH-dih-kul HIH-stuh-ree) A record of relationships between family members along with their medical history. This includes current and past medical conditions. fat necrosis (…neh-KROH-sis) A benign condition in which the fatty tissue in the breast or other organs is damaged by injury, surgery, or radiation therapy. The fatty tissue in the breast can be replaced with a cyst or with scar tissue, which can feel like a round, tight lump. fat-soluble vitamin (. fatigue (fuh-TEEG) A condition characterized by extreme fatigue and inability to perform due to lack of energy. Fatigue can be acute or chronic fatigue, dizziness, and nausea experienced because of overexposure to heat; if not treated it can result in heat stroke fatty acid (FA-Tee A-Side) A major component of fats used by the body for energy and tissue development fatty breast tissue (FA-tee brest TIH-shoo) A term used to describe breast tissue composed almost entirely of adipose tissue. Breast fat does not look dense on a mammogram, which can make it easier to find tumors or other changes in the breast. fatty deposits around the eyes that are common in elderly people and are associated with high levels of cholesterol in the blood fatty deposits on the inner walls of blood vessels, which can cause narrowing and decrease blood flow fatty substances that make up the membranes surrounding cells fear of being confined in an enclosed or crowded space fecal impaction (FEE-kul im-PAK-shun) A mass of dry, hard stool that cannot leave the colon or rectum. Constipation can be caused by overuse of laxatives, use of certain types of pain relievers, little or no physical activity for a long time, changes in diet, or untreated constipation. fecal incontinence (FEE-kul in-KON-tih-nents) Inability to hold stool in the rectum feces (subject to charge) The material in a bowel movement. Feces are made up of undigested food, bacteria, mucus and intestinal lining cells. feelings of hopelessness, sadness, and a general disinterest in life, which for the most part have no cause and may be the result of a psychiatric illness fenofibrate (FEH-noh-FY-brayt) A drug used to treat high levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. Fenofibrate is being studied to treat advanced cancer in young patients and to treat other diseases. fenretinide (fen-REH-tih-nide) A substance being studied to treat and prevent some types of cancer. Fenretinide can cause ceramide (a waxy substance) to build up in tumor cells and kill them. fentanyl citrate (FEN-tuh-nil SIH-Trayt) A drug used to treat severe cancer pain that occurs even though the patient is already taking opioids. It is also used during anesthesia for surgeries. fentanyl sublingual spray (FEN-tuh-nil sub-LING-wul. ferritin (FAYR-ih-tin) A protein that binds iron and stores it for use by the body. Ferritin is found in cells of the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and other tissues ferrous sulfate (FAYR-us SUL-fayt) A form of the mineral iron used to treat anemia caused by low levels of iron in the blood. Anemia is a condition in which the red blood cell count is below normal. fertile (FER-bis) Able to father children ferumoxytol (fayr-yoo-MOK-sih-tol) A laboratory-made nanoparticle form of iron that is being studied for use in iron replacement therapy and as a contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging. Contrast agents are substances that are injected into the body and taken up by certain tissues, making the fetal (FEE-tul) Has to do with a fetus. A fetus is an unborn child that develops and grows in the uterus (womb) of humans and other mammals. fetus (FEE) An unborn child that develops and grows in the uterus (womb) of humans and other mammals. In humans, the fetal period begins 9 weeks after the fertilization of an ovum by a sperm and ends at the time of parturition fever (subject to charges) An increase in body temperature above normal (98. 6 degrees F), usually caused by an illness fexofenadine (FEK-soh-FEH-nuh-deen) A drug used to treat certain allergy symptoms. It blocks a chemical released during an allergic reaction that causes itching, sneezing, runny nose, wheezing and watery eyes. fiber (FY-ber) In foods, fiber is the portion of fruits, vegetables, legumes, and whole grains that cannot be digested. The fiber in foods can prevent cancer. fiber optic (FY-ber-OP-tik) Describes the use of a coated, thin, transparent glass or plastic fiber that can carry light and transmit information, including images. In medicine, flexible fiber optic instruments are used to look inside the body. fibrin (FY-brin) A protein involved in the formation of blood clots in the body. It is made from the protein fibrinogen and helps stop bleeding and heal wounds. fibrin glue (FY-brin SEE-fast) A substance used during surgery to heal wounds. It contains proteins found in human blood that cause blood to clot. fibrinogen (fy-BRIH-noh-jen) A protein involved in the formation of blood clots in the body. It is made in the liver and forms fibrin. fibroadenoma (FY-broh-a-deh-NOH-muh) A benign (noncancerous) tumor that most commonly forms in the breast and consists of fibrous (connective) tissue and glandular tissue . A fibroadenoma is usually painless. fibroblast (FY-broh-blast) A connective tissue cell that makes and secretes collagen proteins fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 gene (FY-broh-blast grothe FAK-ter reh-SEP-ter … jeen) A gene that makes a protein involved in cell division, cell maturation, formation of new blood vessels, wound healing and bone growth and development. A mutation (change) in the fibroblast growth factor recept fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 gene (FY-broh-blast grothe FAK-ter reh-SEP-ter … jeen) A gene that makes a protein involved in cell division, cell maturation, new blood vessel formation, wound healing and bone growth, development and maintenance. A mutation (change) in the fibroblast growth fact fibrocystic breasts (FY-broh-SIS-tik breasts) A common condition characterized by benign (noncancerous) changes in breast tissue. These changes can include irregular lumps or cysts, breast swelling or discomfort, tender nipples, and itching. fibrofolliculoma (FY-broh-fuh-LIH-kyoo-LOH-muh) A rare, benign (noncancerous) tumor that develops in a hair follicle (the opening in the skin through which hair grows). Fibrofolliculomas appear as small, raised, whitish bumps that usually appear on the face, ears, neck, and chest. fibroid (FY-broyd) A benign smooth muscle tumor, usually in the uterus or gastrointestinal tract. Also called leiomyoma fibromatosis (FY-broh-muh-TOH-sis) A condition in which multiple fibroids develop. Fibromas are (usually benign) tumors that affect the connective tissue fibrosarcoma (FY-broh-sar-KOH-muh) A type of soft-tissue sarcoma that begins in the fibrous tissue that holds bones, muscles, and other organs in place fibrosis (fy-BROH-sis) The growth of fibrous tissue fibrous (FY-brus) contain or resemble fibers fibrous connective tissue (FY-brus kuh-NEK-tiv TIH-shoo) A type of tissue composed primarily of tough protein fibers called collagen and cells called fibroblasts. Fibrous connective tissue supports, protects, and holds bones, muscles, and other tissues and organs in place. fifth cranial nerve (fith KRAY-nee-ul nerve) The main sensory nerve of the head and face and the motor nerve of the muscles of mastication. Also called the trigeminal nerve fight-or-flight syndrome (fite … flite SIN-drome) A group of changes that occur in the body to help a person fight or fight in stressful or dangerous situations escape. In this way, the body helps protect itself from possible harm. filgrastim-SD/01 (fil-GRAS-tim . filler (FIH-ler) An inactive substance used to make a product larger or handier. For example, bulking agents are often used to make pills or capsules because the amount of active ingredient is too small to be conveniently handled film mammography (. filter (filter) A material or device that allows certain substances to pass through while keeping other substances out. Filters can be used in cigarettes to trap tar and other harmful substances found in tobacco smoke. final treatment - (pronounced) (deh-FIH-nih-tiv TREET-ment) The treatment plan for a disease or disorder that has been chosen as best for a patient after considering all other options financial burden (fy-NAN-shul BUR-den) In medicine, a term used to describe problems a patient is experiencing related to the cost of medical care. Not having health insurance or having many medical expenses that are not covered by health insurance can lead to financial problems and lead to debt and financial difficulties (fy-NAN-shul HARD-Schiff) In medicine, a term used to describe problems a patient is experiencing related to the cost of medical care. Not having health insurance or having many medical expenses that are not covered by health insurance can lead to financial problems and lead t financial distress (fy-NAN-shul dih-STRES) In medicine, a term used to describe problems a patient is experiencing related to the cost of medical care. Not having health insurance or having many medical expenses that are not covered by health insurance can lead to financial problems and lead to debt financial navigator (fy-NAN-shul NA-vih-GAY-ter) A person who works with patients and their families to help them resolve stress or difficulties related to the cost of care for reducing a disease like cancer. Financial Navigators help patients understand their expenses and understand what their heal financial stress (fy-NAN-shul stres) In medicine, a term used to describe problems a patient is experiencing related to the cost of medical care. Not having health insurance or having many medical expenses that are not covered by health insurance can lead to financial problems and lead to debt and b financial toxicity (fy-NAN-shul-tok-SIH-sih-tee) In medicine, a term used to describe problems affecting a patient with the costs of medical care. Not having health insurance or having many medical expenses that are not covered by health insurance can lead to financial problems and lead to debt and finasteride (fih-NAS-teh-ride) A drug used to reduce the amount of the male hormone (testosterone) produced by the body fine needle aspiration biopsy (. fireproof - (pronounced) (reh-FRAK-tor-ee) In medicine, describes a disease or condition that does not respond to treatment fistula (FIS-chuh-luh) An abnormal opening or passage between two organs or between an organ and the body surface. Fistulas can be caused by injury, infection, or inflammation, or they can develop during surgery flavonoid (FLAY-vuh-noyd) A member of a group of substances found in many plants and plant-based foods. Flavonoids have shown antioxidant effects flowchart (flea. floxuridine (flox-YOOR-ih-deen) A drug used to treat cancer. It's a type of antimetabolite flt3L - A drug that increases the number of immune cells and can stimulate the immune system to kill cancer cells flu-like symptoms (flea. flu-like syndrome (floo . flucytosine (flood-SY-toh-seen) A drug that treats infections caused by fungi fludarabine phosphate (Flood-DAR-uh-been FOS-fayt) A medicine used to treat adults with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia who have failed treatment with other anticancer medicines or have deteriorated. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. fluorescein angiography (ground-EH-seen an-jee-AH-gruh-fee) A procedure that uses a special dye and camera to look at the blood vessels at the back of the eye . A yellow dye called fluorescein is injected into a vein and travels throughout the body, including the blood vessels in the eye. fluorescence in situ hybridization (ground-EH-sends in SY-to HY-brih-dih-ZAY-shun) A laboratory method for studying genes or chromosomes in cells and tissues. Pieces of DNA containing a fluorescent dye are made in the laboratory and added to a sample of cells or tissue. fluorescence microscopy (ground-EH-sends my-KROS-koh-pee) The use of a special microscope to see objects that emit fluorescent light. For example, cells or tissue can be treated with a substance containing a fluorescent dye. fluorescence-guided surgery (Boden-EH-Sents-GY-ded SER-juh-ree) Surgery that uses a fluorescent substance and a special microscope to image tumor margins (edges) so that more tumor can be removed. The substance is administered orally and taken up by rapidly growing cells. fluoride (FLOOR-ide) A form of the element fluorine that prevents tooth decay. Fluoride can be naturally present in drinking water or added to it. fluoropyrimidine (BODEN-oh-py-RIH-mih-deen) A substance in a group of substances used to treat cancer. A fluoropyrimidine is a type of antimetabolite. fluoroscopy (Boden-OS-Koh-Pee) An X-ray procedure that allows internal organs to be seen in motion fluphenazine hydrochloride (floo-FEH-nuh-ZEEN HY-droh-KLOR-ide) A drug used to treat mental and emotional disorders and being studied for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Fluphenazine hydrochloride can stop tumor growth by preventing myeloma cells from dividing and causing them to die. flutamide (FLOO-tuh-mide) A drug used with another drug to treat certain types of prostate cancer. Flutamide attaches to proteins called androgen receptors, which are found in some prostate cancer cells. fluvoxamine (fleh-VOK-suh-meen) A drug used to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder. It is a type of antidepressant and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). folate (FOH-layt) A nutrient in the vitamin B complex that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Folic acid helps form red blood cells. folate antagonist (FOH-layt an-TA-guh-nist) A type of drug that prevents cells from using folic acid to make DNA and can kill cancer cells. Certain folate antagonists are used to treat some types of cancer and inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. folic acid (FOH-like A-sid) A nutrient in the vitamin B complex that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Folic acid helps form red blood cells. folic acid antagonist (FOH-lik A-sid an-TA-guh-nist) A type of drug that prevents cells from using folic acid to make DNA and can kill cancer cells. Certain folic acid antagonists are used to treat some types of cancer and inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. folinic acid (foh-LIN-ik A-sid) A form of folic acid used alone or with other medicines to treat certain types of colon cancer and anemia and to reduce the toxic effects of the cancer drug methotrexate or other substances that block the action of folic acid. Folinic acid is also being studied to tre follicle (FAH-lih-kul) A sac-like or pouch-like cavity formed by a group of cells. In the ovaries, a follicle contains an egg. follicle stimulating hormone (FAH-lih-kul-STIM-yoo-LAY-ting HOR-mone) A hormone produced in the pituitary gland. In women, it acts on the ovaries to grow the follicles and eggs. follicular large cell lymphoma (fuh-LIH-kyoo-ler larj sel lim-FOH-muh) A rare type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (cancer that starts in cells of the immune system), characterized by enlarged lymph nodes and large cancer cells that may appear split (U-shaped) under a microscope. Follicular large cell lym follicular lymphoma (fuh-LIH-kyoo-ler lim-FOH-muh) A type of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (cancer of the immune system) that is usually indolent (slow grows). The tumor cells grow in groups to form nodules. follicular mixed cell lymphoma (fuh-LIH-kyoo-ler mikst sel lim-FOH-muh) An indolent (slow-growing) type of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (cancer of the lymphatic Systems) in which there are both small and large cancer cells follicular thyroid cancer (fuh-LIH-kyoo-ler THY-royd KAN-ser) Cancer that forms in follicular cells in the thyroid gland. It grows slowly and is easily treatable folliculin gene (fuh-LIH-kyoo-lin jeen) A gene that makes a protein that can help control cell growth and other important cell functions. Mutated (changed) forms of the folliculin gene can increase the growth of abnormal cells. follitropin (FAH-lih-TROH-pen) A hormone produced in the pituitary gland. In women, it acts on the ovaries to grow the follicles and eggs. follow-up (FAH-loh-up kayr) care of a patient over time after completion of treatment for an illness. Follow-up includes regular medical check-ups, which may include a physical exam, blood tests, and imaging tests. follow-up plan (FAH-loh-up-kayr-plan) A detailed plan given to a patient upon completion of treatment that summarizes the patient's treatment and recommends follow-up care. For cancer, the plan is based on the type of cancer and the treatment the patient received. foreign (For in) In medicine, foreign means something that comes from outside the body. A foreign substance in body tissue, such as B. foreskin (For the skin) The loose skin covering the glans formaldehyde (for-MAL-deh-hide) A chemical commonly used to kill germs and preserve laboratory samples and tissues. It is also used in the manufacture of building materials (like wood), glues, fabrics, paints, fertilizers, pesticides, and other substances. formation of a blood clot in a vein fortified food (FOR-tih-fide. fortified food (in-DIRECTION. fostamatinib disodium (FOS-tuh-MA-tih-nib dy-SOH-dee-um) A drug used to treat thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) in adults with chronic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), not improved by other treatments. ITP is a condition in which platelets are destroyed by the immune system. four main arteries that carry blood to the head and neck fractionation (FRAK-shuh-no-avoid) A way of dividing a total dose of radiation or chemotherapy into separate doses that are larger or smaller than usual frankincense tree (FRAN-kin-SENTS…) A tree belonging to the frankincense tree family. The tree's amber-colored resin is used in incense. free PSA (free. free flap (. free radicals (free RA-dih-kul) A type of unstable molecule formed during normal cellular metabolism (chemical changes that take place in a cell). Free radicals can accumulate in cells and damage other molecules such as DNA, lipids and proteins. freeze-dried (Freez-Dride) A method of drying substances such as food to give them a longer shelf life. The substance is frozen and then dried in vacuo freezing eggs (. frequency - (pronounced) (PREH-vih-fast) In medicine, a measure of the total number of people in a given group who have (or have had) a specific disease, condition, or risk factor (such as smoking or obesity) at a specific time or during a specific period of time. frontal sinus (FRUN-tul SY-nus) A type of paranasal sinus (a cavity in the bones around the nose). There are two large frontal sinuses in the frontal bone, which forms the lower part of the forehead and extends over the eye sockets and eyebrows. fruit acid (Froot A-Sid) Belongs to a group of substances found in several types of fruit and milk. They are used in skin care products to reduce wrinkles and soften skin. full answer - (pronounced) (cum-PLEET reh-SPONTS) The disappearance of all signs of cancer in response to treatment. This does not always mean that the cancer is cured. Also called complete remission fumarate hydratase gene (FYOO-muh-rayt HY-druh-tays jeen) A gene that makes an enzyme that helps cells in the body use oxygen and produce energy. Mutated (altered) forms of the fumarate hydratase gene can cause cells to lose the ability to use oxygen. functional magnetic resonance imaging (FUNK-shuh-nul mag-NEH-tik REH-zuh-nunts IH-muh-jing) A non-invasive tool for observing the function of the brain or other organs through detection changes in chemical composition, blood flow, or both functioning - (pronounced) (AH-peh-ruh-bul) Describes a condition that can be treated by surgery functioning lesion (FUN-gayt-ing LEE-zhun) A type of skin lesion characterized by ulceration (breaks on the skin or surface of an organ) and necrosis (death of living tissue). and which usually has a bad smell. functioning tumor (FUNK-shuh-ning TOO-mer) A tumor that resides in the endocrine tissue and produces hormones (chemicals that enter the bloodstream and control the actions of other cells or organs ) fundoscopy (funny DOS-koh-pee) An exam that uses a magnifying glass and light to examine the back of the eye (the back of the eye, including the retina and optic nerve). funduscopy (fun-DUS-koh-pee) An exam that uses a magnifying glass and light to examine the back of the eye (the back of the eye, including the retina and optic nerve). fungicide (FUN-jih page) Any substance used to kill fungi (plant-like organisms that do not produce chlorophyll), such as yeast and mold fungus (fungus) A plant-like organism that does not produce chlorophyll. Fungi, yeast and mold are examples. funny (HY-ler) Refers to the area where nerves and blood vessels attach to an organ fusion biopsy (FYOO-zhun BY-op-see) A biopsy procedure that combines images from an MRI scan and an ultrasound to create a detailed 3-D image of the prostate . This procedure makes it easier to see an abnormal area of tissue to guide the biopsy needle into the abnormal area. fusion gene (FYOO-zhun jeen) A gene formed by joining parts of two different genes together. Fusion genes and the resulting fusion proteins can be made in the laboratory or naturally in the body when part of the DNA moves from one chromosome to another chromosome. fusion protein (FYOO-zhun PROH-teen) A fusion gene protein formed by joining parts of two different genes together. Fusion genes can occur naturally in the body by transferring DNA between chromosomes. gFOBT - A test that checks for occult (hidden) blood in the stool. Small stool samples are placed on special cards coated with a chemical called guaiac and sent to a doctor or lab for testing. gabapentin (GA-boo-PEN-tin) A substance being studied to treat hot flashes in women with breast cancer. It belongs to the anticonvulsant family gadobenate dimeglumine (GA-doh-BEH-nayt dy-MEG-loo-meen) A drug used in MRI to get clear images of blood vessels in the brain, spine, and to make nearby tissues. It is also studied to find abnormal areas in the liver and other organs and to diagnose cancer. gadolinium texaphyrin (GA-doh-LIH-nee-um tek-SA-fih-rin) A substance being studied to treat and diagnose some types of cancer. It accumulates in some cancer cells, making them easier to kill with radiation therapy and chemotherapy. gadopentetate dimeglumine (GA-doh-PEN-teh-tayt dy-MEG-loo-meen) A substance used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to produce clear images of the brain, the spine, the heart, the soft tissues of the joints and the inside of the bones. Gadopentetate dimeglumine is being studied to diagnose cancer. galactography (GA-lak-TAH-gruh-fee) A procedure that uses X-rays to create images of milk ducts in the breast. A very thin catheter (tube) is inserted into the nipple and a small amount of dye is injected into the milk duct. gallbladder (GAWL-bla-der) The pear-shaped organ below the liver. The bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder gallbladder cancer (GAWL-bla-der KAN-ser) Cancer that forms in the tissue of the gallbladder. The gallbladder is a pear-shaped organ below the liver that collects and stores bile (a fluid made by the liver to help digest fat). gallium nitrate (GA-lee-um NY-Trayt) A drug that lowers blood calcium. To treat hypercalcaemia (too much calcium in the blood) and cancer that has spread to the bones (bone metastases) gallium scan (GA-lee-um skan) A technique used to detect areas of the body where cells are dividing rapidly. It is used to locate cancer cells or sites of inflammation. galvanic skin reaction (gal-VA-nik . gamma knife therapy (GA-muh nife THAYR-uh-pee) A treatment using gamma rays, a type of high-energy radiation that focuses narrowly on small tumors or other lesions in the head or neck area so that very little normal tissue is irradiated. The gamma rays are aimed at the tumor from many different angl gamma rays (GA-muh. ganciclovir (gan-SY-kloh-veer) An antiviral used to prevent or treat cytomegalovirus infections, which can occur when the body's immune system is suppressed. In gene therapy, ganciclovir with an altered herpes simplex virus 1 gene is used to kill advanced melanoma cells and brain tumor cells ganetespib (guh-NEH-tes-pib) A substance being studied to treat some types of cancer. Ganetespib blocks the activity of a protein called HSP90. ganglioside (GANG-glee-oh-side) A complex molecule containing both lipids (fats) and carbohydrates (sugars) and found in the (outer) plasma membrane of many types of cells. Several different types of gangliosides have been identified garden heliotrope (GAR-den HEE-lee-oh-TROPE) A plant whose roots are used as a sedative and to treat certain ailments. It is being studied to improve sleep in cancer patients undergoing treatment. garden valerian (GAR-den vuh-LEER-ee-un) A plant whose roots are used as a sedative and to treat certain ailments. It is being studied to improve sleep in cancer patients undergoing treatment. garlic (GAR-lik) A European plant with a bulb used to flavor food. It has also been used in some cultures to treat certain conditions such as high cholesterol, high blood pressure, infections and cancer. gastrinoma (gas-trih-NOH-muh) A tumor that causes an overproduction of stomach acid. It usually starts in the duodenum (first part of the small intestine that connects to the stomach) or the islet cells of the pancreas. gastritis (gas-TRY-tis) Inflammation of the gastric mucosa gastroenterologist (GAS-troh-EN-teh-RAH-loh-jist) A physician who has specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the digestive system gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (GAS-troh-EN-teh-roh-PAN-kree-A-tik NOOR-oh-EN-doh-krin TOO-mer) A rare type of tumor that which can form in the pancreas or other parts of the gastrointestinal tract, including the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and appendix. Gastroente gastroesophageal junction (GAS-troh-ee-SAH-fuh-JEE-ul JUNK-avoid) The point where the esophagus joins the stomach gastroesophageal reflux (GAS-troh-ee-SAH-fuh-JEE-ul REE-flux) The backflow of stomach acid contents into the esophagus (the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach). Also called esophageal reflux and gastric reflux gastrointestinal (GAS-troh-in-TES-tih-nul) Refers to the stomach and intestines. Also called GI gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumor - (GAS-troh-in-TES-tih-nul NOOR-oh-EN-doh-krin TOO-mer) An indolent (slow-growing) cancer that forms in cells that secrete hormones in the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract (stomach and intestines). It usually occurs in the small intestine, rectum, o gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GAS-troh-in-TES-tih-nul STROH-mul TOO-mer) A type of tumor that usually begins in cells in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract . Some gastrointestinal stromal tumors can grow slowly over time, while others can grow and spread very quickly. gastrointestinal system (GAS-troh-in-TES-tih-null SIS-tem) The organs that absorb food and liquids and break them down into substances that the body uses for energy , growth and tissue repair can use. Waste products that the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. gastrointestinal tract (GAS-troh-in-TES-tih-nul-tract) The organs through which food and liquids travel when swallowed, digested, and absorbed in the body as feces leaving. These organs include the mouth, throat (pharynx), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. gastroscope (GAS-TROH-SKOPE) A thin, tubular instrument used to examine the interior of the stomach. A gastroscope has a light and lens for viewing and may have a tool for removing tissue gastroscopy (Gas-TROS-Koh-Pee) Examination of the interior of the stomach using a gastroscope passed through the mouth and esophagus. A gastroscope is a thin, tubular instrument with a light and lens for viewing. gastrostomy tube (Gas-TROS-toh-mee toob) A tube that is inserted through the abdominal wall directly into the stomach. It allows air and fluid to leave the stomach and can be used to administer medication and fluids, including liquid food, to the patient. gavage (guh-VAZH) A method of administering drugs and liquids, including liquid foods, through a small tube inserted through the nose or mouth into the stomach or small intestine. Sometimes the tube is inserted into the stomach or small intestine through an incision (cut) on the outside of the abdom gel electrode (jelee-LEK-trode) A device that uses a gel to conduct an electric current from the skin to a measuring device. An adhesive patch can hold the gel electrode to the skin so that the electrical activity of the heart or brain can be measured geldanamycin analog (gel-DA-nuh-MY-sin A-nuh-log) An antineoplastic antibiotic that belongs to the ansamycin family of drugs gemcitabine hydrochloride (jem-SY-tuh-gewesen HY-droh-KLOR-ide) A medicine used alone or with other medicines to treat certain types of breast, non-small cell lung , ovarian and pancreatic cancer that is advanced or has spread to other parts of the body. It is also being studied in the treatment of gemcitabine-cisplatin (Jem-SY-tuh-been-sister-PLA-tin) A chemotherapy combination used to treat malignant mesothelioma, advanced non-small cell lung cancer, advanced bladder cancer, advanced cervical cancer, pancreatic cancer and epithelial ovarian cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment o gemcitabine-cisplatin regimen (jem-SY-tuh-been-sis-PLA-tin REH-jih-men) A chemotherapy combination used to treat malignant mesothelioma, advanced non-small cell lung cancer , advanced bladder cancer, advanced cervical cancer, pancreatic cancer and epithelial ovarian cancer. It is also being studied gemcitabine-erlotinib regimen (jem-SY-tuh-been-er-LOH-tih-nib REH-jih-men) A chemotherapy combination used to treat locally advanced and metastatic pancreatic cancer. It includes the active ingredients gemcitabine hydrochloride and erlotinib hydrochloride. gemcitabine-oxaliplatin (jem-SY-tuh-war-ok-SA-lih-platin) A chemotherapy combination used to treat pancreatic cancer and some other cancers. It contains the active substances gemcitabine hydrochloride and oxaliplatin. gemcitabine-oxaliplatin scheme (jem-SY-tuh-war-ok-SA-lih-pla-tin REH-jih-men) A chemotherapy combination used to treat pancreatic cancer and some others types of cancer. It contains the active substances gemcitabine hydrochloride and oxaliplatin. gemstone (JEM-zar) A medicine used alone or with other medicines to treat certain types of breast, non-small cell lung, ovarian and pancreatic cancer that have progressed or have spread to other parts of the body. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. gemtuzumab-ozogamicin (gem-TOO-zoo-mab OH-zoh-ga-MIH-sin) A drug used alone or with other drugs to treat acute myeloid leukemia and Is CD33 positive (expresses the protein CD33). It is used in adults and children from 1 month of age whose disease is newly diagnosed. gene (those) The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information needed to make a specific protein gene amplification (jeen AM-plih-fih-KAY-shun) An increase in the copy number of a gene. There can also be an increase in the RNA and protein made from this gene. gene deletion (jeen deh-LEE-avoid) The loss of all or part of a gene. There may also be a change in the RNA and protein made from this gene. gene expression (jeen ek-SPREH-meiden) The process by which a gene in a cell is turned on to make RNA and proteins. Gene expression can be measured by looking at the RNA or the protein made from the RNA or what the protein is doing in a cell gene expression profile (jeen ek-SPREH-shun PROH file) Information about all genes in a cell or tissue that produce messenger RNA. Messenger RNA molecules carry the genetic information that a cell needs to make proteins. gene signature (jeen SIG-nuh-cher) Information about the activity of a specific group of genes in a cell or tissue. In cancer, gene signatures can show how likely certain cancers are to grow and spread throughout the body, or how likely they are to recur (come back). gene therapy (jeen THAYR-uh-pee) An experimental treatment that adds a new gene, or replaces or repairs a mutated (altered) gene in the body's cells to prevent certain diseases, such as cancer or to treat. Gene therapy can also be used to train the body's immune system to recognize and attack cancer gene transfer (jeen tranz-fer) The introduction of genetic material into a cell general surgery (JEH-neh-rul SER-juh-ree) The branch of surgery that covers the main areas of surgical treatment. General surgeons treat diseases of the abdomen, chest, head and neck, blood vessels, and digestive tract. generalized anxiety disorder (JEH-neh-ruh-lized ang-ZY-eh-tee dis-OR-der) A condition characterized by excessive worry and feelings of fear, terror, and discomfort and lasting six months or longer. Other symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder include restlessness, tiredness or irritability, muscle generic (jeh-NAYR-ik) Official non-brand names by which medicines are known. Generic names usually refer to the drug's chemical name genes that, when altered by environmental factors or viruses, can cause abnormal cell growth genetic (jeh-NEH-tik) Has to do with genes. Most genes are sequences of DNA that contain information for making specific RNA molecules or proteins that perform important functions in a cell. genetic analysis (jeh-NEH-tik uh-NA-lih-sis) The examination of a sample of DNA to look for mutations (changes) that increase the risk of disease or make a person responsive person can influence the treatment genetic counseling (jeh-NEH-tik KOWN-suh-ling) A process of communication between a specially trained healthcare professional and an affected individual about genetic disease risk. The person's family and personal medical history may be discussed, and the counseling may lead to genetic testing genetic counselor (jeh-NEH-tik KOWN-seh-ler) A medical professional with specialized training in medical genetics and counseling. Genetic counselors help patients and families who have or are at risk of a genetic condition. genetic heterogeneity (jeh-NEH-tik HEH-teh-roh-jeh-NEE-ih-tee) A term used to describe when different gene mutations (changes) cause the same disease or condition . Genetic heterogeneity occurs when a single gene has different mutations (allelic heterogeneity) or when mutations are present in differ genetic infantile agranulocytosis (jeh-NEH-tik IN-fun-TILE ay-GRAN-yoo-loh-sy-TOH-sis) An inherited disorder in which the number of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell that is important in fighting infection) is below normal. Infants with this condition get infections caused by bacteria and are genetic marker (jeh-NEH-tik MAR-ker) A specific DNA sequence at a known location on a chromosome. There are many genetic markers on each chromosome. genetic marker of susceptibility (jeh-NEH-tik MAR-ker … suh-SEP-tih-BIH-lih-tee) A specific change in a person's DNA that increases the likelihood that the person will develop certain diseases such as cancer genetic predisposition (jeh-NEH-tik PREE-dih-spuh-ZIH-avoid) A hereditary increase in the risk of developing a disease. Also called genetic susceptibility, hereditary predisposition and inherited predisposition genetic profile (jeh-NEH-tik PROH file) Information about changes in specific genes, gene expression, or chromosomes in a person's cells or tissues. These changes can be a sign of a disease or condition like cancer. genetic testing (jeh-NEH-tik TES-ting) A laboratory method that looks for changes in genes, gene expression, or chromosomes in a person's cells or tissues. These changes can be a sign of a disease or condition like cancer. genetically modified (jeen-MAH-dih-FIDE) Cells that have been altered to contain different genetic material than they originally contained geneticist (jeh-NEH-tih-sist) A scientist with special training in the study of genes and heredity (the passing of genetic information from parents to their children). A medical geneticist is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating genetic disorders or diseases. genetics (jeh-NEH-tix) The study of genes and heredity. Heredity is the passing of genetic information and traits (such as eye color and an increased likelihood of getting a particular disease) from parents to offspring genistein (jeh-NIS-teen) An isoflavone found in soy products. Soy isoflavones are being studied to see if they help prevent cancer genital (JEH-nih-tul) Refers to the genitals (external and internal sex organs and glands) genital warts (JEH-nih-tul wort) A raised growth on the surface of the genitals caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The HPV in genital warts is highly contagious and can be transmitted through skin contact, usually during oral, anal, or genital sex with an infected partner. genome (JEE name) The complete set of DNA (genetic material) in an organism. In humans, almost every cell in the body contains a complete copy of the genome. genome-wide association study (JEE-nome. genomic characterization (jeh-NOH-mik KAYR-ik-ter-rih-ZAY-shun) A laboratory method that uses a sample of tissue, blood, or other body fluid to learn more about to learn all the genes in a person or a specific cell type and how those genes interact with each other and with the environment. Genomic c genomic instability (jeh-NOH-mik in-stuh-BIH-lih-tee) The increased tendency for DNA mutations (changes) and other genetic changes to occur during cell division. Genomic instability is caused by defects in certain processes that control cell division. genomic profiling (jeh-NOH-mik PROH-fy-ling) A laboratory method that uses a sample of tissue, blood, or other body fluid to learn more about all of the genes in a person or a particular cell type and the way these genes interact with each other and with the environment. Genomic profiling can be don genomic sequencing (jeh-NOH-mik SEE-kwen-sing) A laboratory method used to determine the overall genetic makeup of a particular organism or cell type. This method can be used to find changes in areas of the genome. genomics (jeh-NOH mix) The study of the complete set of DNA (including all of its genes) in a person or other organism. Almost every cell in the human body contains a complete copy of the genome. geranium (jeh-RAY-nee-um) A species of flowering plant native to southern Africa with white, pink, purple, or red flowers and 3- to 5-lobed leaves. An essential oil that smells like roses, extracted from the leaves, is used in perfumes, mosquito repellents, and in aromatherapy to treat skin conditio germ (jerm) A bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause infection and disease germ cell (jerm sel) A reproductive cell of the body. Gametes are egg cells in women and sperm cells in men germ cell tumor (jerm sel TOO-mer) A type of tumor that begins in the cells that give rise to sperm or egg cells. Germ cell tumors can occur almost anywhere in the body and can be either benign or malignant germ-free (JERM-free) Free from bacteria, viruses and other microorganisms that can cause infection and disease germicide (JER-mih page) Any substance or process that kills germs (bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms that can cause infection and disease). Also called microbicide germinoma (JER-mih-NOH-moo) A type of tumor that begins in germ cells (cells that make sperm or eggs). Germinomas can appear in the ovaries or testicles or other parts of the body, but most commonly they appear in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). germline (JERM lineage) The cells that make eggs in females and sperm in males. Germline cells contain the genetic information that is passed from one generation to the next germline DNA (JERM lineage. germline mutation (JERM-line myoo-TAY-avoid) A genetic change in a body's reproductive cell (egg or sperm) that is incorporated into the DNA of every cell in the offspring's body. Germline mutations are passed from parents to offspring. germline variant (JERM lineage VAYR-ee-unt) A genetic change in a body's reproductive cell (egg or sperm) that is incorporated into the DNA of every cell in the offspring's body. Germline variants are passed from parents to offspring. gestation carrier (jeh-STAY-shuh-nul KAYR-ee-er) A woman who carries and gives birth to a baby for a person who cannot bear children. Eggs from an egg donor are fertilized in the laboratory with sperm from a sperm donor to create an embryo. gestational trophoblastic tumor (jeh-STAY-shuh-nul troh-fuh-BLAS-tik TOO-mer) A rare condition in which abnormal cells grow in the uterus from tissue that is receding of conception (the union of sperm and egg). This tissue is made up of trophoblast cells that normally surround the fertilized egg in giant cell fibroblastoma (JY-unt sel FY-broh-blas-TOH-muh) A rare type of soft-tissue tumor characterized by painless nodules in the dermis (the inner layer of the two main layers of tissue that make up the skin) and in the subcutaneous (under the skin) tissue. These tumors can come back after surge giant cell tumor (JY-unt sel TOO-mer) A rare tumor that usually forms in bone but can also form in cartilage, muscle, fat, blood vessels, or other supporting tissues in the body. Most giant cell tumors occur at the ends of the long bones of the arms and legs near a joint (such as the knee, wrist, hi giant hypertrophic gastritis (JY-unt hy-per-TROH-fik gas-TRY-tis) A condition characterized by inflammation and ulcers (breaks in the skin or on the surface of an organ) of the lining (inner lining) of the stomach and characterized by overgrowth of the cells that make up the lining. Symptoms include giant lymph node hyperplasia (JY-unt limf-node HY-per-PLAY-zhuh) A rare condition in which benign (noncancerous) growths form in the lymph node tissue. There are two main ways in which giant lymph node hyperplasia occurs: localized (unicentric) and multicentric. gilteritinib fumarate (GIL-teh-RIH-tih-nib FYOO-muh-rayt) A drug used to treat adults with acute myeloid leukemia that has come back or has not improved with other treatments and have a mutation (change) in the leukemia FLT3 gene. Gilteritinib fumarate blocks certain proteins that can prevent cancer gimatecan (jih-muh-TEE-kan) A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of topoisomerase inhibitors. ginseng (JIN-seng) A single-rooted herb used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It may have anti-cancer effects gland (gland) An organ that produces one or more substances such as hormones, digestive juices, sweat, tears, saliva, or milk. Endocrine glands release the substances directly into the bloodstream. glandular (GOH-nad) The part of the reproductive system that produces and releases eggs (ovary) or sperm (testicles/testicles) glandular cell of the cervix (GLAN-juh-ler sel … SER-vix) A type of cell that produces mucus and is found in the tissue lining the inner portion of the cervix. Abnormal glandular cells can be found on Pap tests and can be a sign of cancer or another serious condition glandular epithelium (GLAN-juh-ler eh-pih-THEE-lee-um) A type of tissue that lines certain internal organs and produces and releases substances in the body, such as mucus, digestive juices, and other fluids . Glandular epithelium is commonly found in the breast, lungs, stomach, colon, pancreas, pros glandular tissue (GLAN-juh-ler TIH-shoo) A type of tissue that lines certain internal organs and produces and releases substances in the body, such as mucus, digestive juices, and other fluids. Glandular tissue is commonly found in the breast, lungs, stomach, colon, pancreas, prostate, uterus, and c glans (glossy PEE-nis) The rounded, gland-like head of the penis glasdegibmaleate (glas-DEH-gib MAY-lee-AYT) A drug used with low-dose cytarabine to treat newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia. It is used in patients aged 75 years and older, or in patients who cannot be treated with other anticancer medicines. glaucoma (glaw-KOH-muh) A condition in which fluid builds up in the eye, which presses on the retina and optic nerve. The retina is the layer of nerve tissue in the eye that perceives light and sends images along the optic nerve to the brain. glial cell (GLEE-ul sel) Any of the cells that hold nerve cells in place and help them work as they should. The types of glial cells include oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia and ependymal cells. glial tumor (GLEE-ul TOO-mer) A general term for tumors of the central nervous system, including astrocytomas, ependymal tumors, glioblastoma multiforme, and primitive neuroectodermal tumors glioblastoma (GLEE-oh-blas-TOH-muh) A rapidly growing central nervous system tumor that forms from glial (supportive) tissue of the brain and spinal cord and has cells that are profusely distinguish normal cells. Glioblastoma usually occurs in adults and affects the brain more often than the spinal glioma (joy-OH-moo) A cancer of the brain that begins in glial cells (cells that surround and support nerve cells) gliosarcoma (GLEE-oh-sar-KOH-muh) A type of glioma (brain cancer that originates in glial or supporting cells) glucagon (GLOO-kuh-gon) A hormone produced by the pancreas that increases the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood glucagonoma (GLOO-kuh-guh-NOH-moo) A rare pancreatic tumor that produces a hormone called glucagon. Glucagonomas can cause symptoms similar to diabetes glucocorticoid (GLOO-koh-KOR-tih-koyd) A compound belonging to the corticosteroid (steroid) family. Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. gluconeogenesis (GLOO-koh-NEE-oh-JEH-neh-sis) The process of making glucose (sugar) from its own breakdown products or from the breakdown products of lipids (fats) or proteins . Gluconeogenesis mainly takes place in cells of the liver or kidney glucophage (GLOO-koh-fayj) A drug used to treat diabetes mellitus (a condition in which the body cannot control blood sugar levels). It is also being studied in the treatment of cancer. glucose (GLOO-kose) A type of sugar; the most important source of energy for living organisms glucose in the urine glucuronic acid (GLOO-kyoo-RAH-nik A-sid) A form of a type of sugar called glucose that helps remove harmful substances from the body. Glucuronic acid and the pollutant combine in the liver and are then excreted in the urine. glufosfamide (GLOO-FOS-fuh-mide) An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents glutamic acid (gloo-TA-mik A-sid) One of twenty amino acids (molecules that combine to form proteins). Glutamic acid can help nerve cells send and receive information from other cells. glutathione (GLOO-tuh-DEIN) A substance found in plant and animal tissues that has many functions in a cell. These include activating certain enzymes and destroying toxic compounds and chemicals that contain oxygen glycan (GLY-kan) A large carbohydrate molecule. It contains many small sugar molecules chemically bonded together. glycan analysis (GLY-kan uh-NA-lih-sis) A study of the types of carbohydrate (sugar) molecules bound to proteins in cells. Proteins with carbohydrate molecules are called glycoproteins. glycemia (gly-SEE-mee-uh) Glucose (a type of sugar) in the blood. Also called blood sugar glycemic index (gly-SEE-mik IN-dex) A measure of the increase in blood sugar (a type of sugar) caused by eating a specific carbohydrate (food containing sugar) compared to eating a standard amount of glucose. Foods with a high glycemic index release glucose quickly and cause blood sugar to rise rapi glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase inhibitor (gly-SIH-nuh-mide RY-boh-NOO-klee-oh-tide FOR-mil-TRANZ-feh-rays in-HIH-bih -ter) A drug that blocks DNA synthesis and can prevent tumor growth. It is being studied to treat cancer glycine max (GLY-seen. glycopeptide (gly-koh-pep-tide) A short chain of amino acids (the building blocks of proteins) to which sugar molecules are attached. Some glycopeptides have been studied for their ability to stimulate the immune system glycoprotein (gly-koh-PROH-teen) A protein to which sugar molecules are attached glycoprotein 100 (gly-koh-PROH-teen …) gp100. A tumor-specific antigen used in the development of cancer vaccines. glycosaminoglycan (GLY-koh-suh-MEE-noh-GLY-kan) A type of long, unbranched polysaccharide molecule. Glycosaminoglycans are important structural components of cartilage and are also found in the cornea of the eye goiter (GOY-ter) An enlarged thyroid gland. It can be caused by not enough iodine in the diet or by other conditions. gold seeds (gold seeds) Tiny, golden seeds, about the size of a grain of rice, that are placed in and/or around a tumor to show exactly where it is in the body. Doctors can then target the tumor directly and deliver higher doses of radiation with less damage to nearby healthy tissue. golden fiducial marks (. gonadal dysgenesis (goh-NA-dul dis-JEH-neh-sis) Abnormal development of a gonad (ovary or testicle). Men with gonadal dysgenesis have a higher risk of developing testicular cancer. gonadoblastoma (goh-NA-doh-blas-TOH-muh) A rare tumor consisting of more than one cell type found in the gonads (testes and ovaries), including germ cells, stromal cells and granulosa cells. Gonadoblastomas are usually benign (not cancer), but they can sometimes become malignant (cancer) if left unt gonadotropin-releasing hormone (goh-NA-doh-TROH-pin-reh-LEE-sing HOR-mone) A hormone made by a part of the brain called the hypothalamus. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone causes the pituitary gland in the brain to make and secrete the hormones luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (goh-NA-doh-TROH-pin-reh-LEE-sing HOR-mone A-guh-nist) A substance that prevents the testicles and ovaries from To produce sex hormones by blocking other hormones needed for their production. In men, gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists cause the testicles t gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist (goh-NA-doh-TROH-pin-reh-LEE-sing HOR-mone an-TA-guh-nist) A substance that stimulates the pituitary gland prevents it from producing hormones called follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). In men, this causes the testicles to stop p gossipol acetic acid (GAH-sih-pole uh-SEE-tik A-sid) A substance being studied to treat various types of cancer. It is a form of a chemical derived from the seed of the cotton plant (Gossypium). gout (good) A condition characterized by increased levels of uric acid in the blood, joints, and tissues. The buildup of uric acid in the joints and tissues causes arthritis and inflammation gp100 - A tumor-specific antigen used in the development of cancer vaccines. Also called glycoprotein 100 gp96 HSP peptide complex (… PEP-Tide KOM-plex) A vaccine made from a patient's tumor cells that may help the body's immune system kill cancer cells. This vaccine is used to treat kidney cancer, a type of brain tumor called glioma, and metastatic melanoma (a type of skin cancer that has spread). grade III ductal carcinoma in situ (gray. gradual degeneration and weakening of muscles due to a degenerative spinal cord gradual loss of liver function due to cell damage and internal scarring gradual loss of the field of vision, owing to a degeneration of the light-sensitive nerve cells of the retina graft-versus-tumor (graft-VER-sus-TOO-mer) An immune response to a person's tumor cells by immune cells present in a donor's transplanted tissue, such as bone marrow or peripheral blood are grafting (graft) Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue harvested from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue harvested from another part of the body gram (gram) A unit of weight in the metric system. A gram is equal to one-thousandth of a kilogram and is approximately 30 times less than an ounce granisetron (gra-NIH-seh-tron) A drug used alone or with other drugs in adults to prevent nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy. Granisetron blocks the effects of a chemical called serotonin, which attaches to certain nerves and can cause nausea and vomiting. granisetron hydrochloride (gra-NIH-seh-tron HY-droh-KLOR-ide) A drug used to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy and radiation therapy, and to prevent and treat nausea and vomiting after operations in adults. Granisetron hydrochloride blocks the effects of a chemical called serotonin, granular leukocyte (GRAN-yoo-lur LOO-koh side) A type of immune cell containing granules (small particles) containing enzymes released in infections, allergic reactions, and asthma. Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils are granular leukocytes. granulocyte (GRAN-yoo-loh-SITE) A type of immune cell that contains granules (small particles) containing enzymes that are released in infections, allergic reactions, and asthma. Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils are granulocytes. granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GRAN-yoo-loh-SITE KAH-luh-nee-STIM-yoo-LAY-ting FAK-ter) A drug sold under the brand names Neupogen, Zarxio and Nivestym is used to treat neutropenia (a lower than normal white blood cell count), prevent infections and prepare the blood for drawing certain type granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GRAN-yoo-loh-SITE-MA-kroh-FAYJ KAH-luh-nee-STIM-yoo-LAY-ting FAK-ter) A Substance that helps produce more white blood cells, especially granulocytes, macrophages and cells that become platelets. It is a cytokine that is a type of hematopoietic (blood granulocytic sarcoma (GRAN-yoo-loh-SIH-tik sar-KOH-muh) A rare type of cancer consisting of myeloblasts (a type of immature white blood cell) that grow outside of the bone marrow and the blood. The tumor cells may appear green when viewed under a microscope. granulocytopenia (GRAN-yoo-loh-SY-toh-PEE-nee-uh) A condition in which the number of granulocytes (a type of white blood cell) is below normal granulosa cell tumor (GRAN-yoo-LOH-suh sel TOO-mer) A type of slow-growing, malignant tumor that usually affects the ovaries gray elm (grey elm) The inner bark of this plant was used in some cultures to treat certain medicinal problems. It can have antioxidant effects. grief (Greek) The normal reaction to a great loss, such as the death of a loved one. Grief can also be felt by a person with a serious, long-term illness or a terminal illness. groin orchiectomy (IN-gwih-nul OR-kee-EK-toh-mee) An operation in which the testicle is removed through an incision in the groin growth - (pronounced) (proh-LIH-feh-RAY-ting) Multiply or increase in number. In biology, cell proliferation occurs through a process known as cell division growth factor (capital FAK-ter) A substance in the body that regulates cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy growth hormone (grothe HOR-mone) A protein made by the pituitary gland that helps control body growth and the body's use of glucose and fat. Also called somatotropin growth of the eyelashes inward toward the cornea, causing persistent irritation of the eyeball guanine (GWAH-neen) A chemical compound used to make one of the building blocks of DNA and RNA. It's a kind of purine guided imagery (GY-ded IH-muh-jree) A technique in which a person visualizes positive images or scenarios in their mind. During guided imagery, a person uses all of their senses in their imagination to relax the body and develop a sense of well-being. gums (JIN-jih-vuh) The tissues of the upper and lower jaw that surround the base of the tooth. Also called gums gut (in-TES canned) The long, tubular organ in the abdomen that completes the digestive process. The intestine consists of two parts, the small intestine and the large intestine. gut microflora (in-TES-tih-nul MY-kroh-FLOR-uh) Bacteria and other organisms that live in the gut. They help digest food. guts - (pronounced) (VIH-seh-ruh) The soft internal organs of the body, including the lungs, heart, and organs of the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems gynecologic cancer (GY-neh-kuh-LAH-jik KAN-ser) Cancer of the female reproductive tract, including the cervix, endometrium, fallopian tubes, ovaries, uterus, and vagina gynecologic oncologist (GY-neh-kuh-LAH-jik on-KAH-loh-jist) A doctor who has specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer of the female reproductive system gynecological (GY-neh-kuh-LAH-jik) Has to do with the female reproductive tract (including the cervix, endometrium, fallopian tubes, ovaries, uterus, and vagina) gynecological check - (pronounced) (PEL-vik eg-ZAM) physical exam of the vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and rectum. First, the vulva is examined for redness, swelling, sores, or other abnormalities. hA20 - A substance being studied to treat different types of lymphoma. It attaches to the protein CD20, which is found on B cells (a type of cell in the immune system) and some types of lymphoma cells. hCRF - A substance being studied for the treatment of brain tumors. It is made naturally by the hypothalamus (part of the brain) and can also be made in the laboratory. hLL1 - A substance being studied for the treatment of multiple myeloma and several other types of cancer. It binds to CD74, a protein on the surface of myeloma cells and certain other cell types. haematogenous (HEE-muh-TAH-jeh-nus) Derived from or spread through the bloodstream half-zygotic (HEH-mi-ZY-gus) A term used to describe a person who has only one copy of a gene instead of the usual two. Hemizygosity can occur under normal conditions. hallucinations (huh-LOO-sih-NAY-avoid) A sight, sound, smell, taste, or touch that a person believes to be real but is not real. Hallucinations can be caused by nervous system disorders, certain medications, or mental disorders halofuginone hydrobromide (HA-loh-FYOO-jih-none HY-droh-BROH-mide) A substance being studied for its ability to slow the growth of connective tissue and the growth of new blood vessels to prevent tumors from growing. It is a type of quinazolinone alkaloid and a type of anti-angiogenesis agent hand-foot syndrome (. hard palate (. harmful effect that some drugs have on the organs or nerves in the ears, which can lead to hearing and balance problems harmful mutation - (pronounced) (DEH-leh-TEER-ee-avoid-us myoo-TAY) change in the DNA sequence of a gene that causes a person to have a specific genetic disorder or disease, such as B. cancer, has or is at risk of developing it. hazard ratio (HA-zurd RAY-shee-oh) A measure of how often a particular event occurs over time in one group compared to the frequency in another group. In cancer research, hazard ratios are often used in clinical trials to measure the survival at any given time of a group of patients who received a p headache, facial pain, and jaw tenderness caused by irregularities in the way the joints, muscles, and ligaments in the jaw work together headaches, dizziness, and nausea usually experienced at heights above 8,000 ft because of reduced oxygen in the air healing - (pronounced) (Kyoor) To heal or restore health; a treatment to restore health health equity (helth EH-kwih-tee) A situation in which all people are given the opportunity to lead as healthy a life as possible, regardless of race, ethnicity, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, disability, education, occupation, religion, language, place of residence or other factors. A la health history (helth HIH-stuh-ree) A record of information about a person's health. A personal medical history may include information about allergies, illnesses, surgery, vaccinations, and results of physical exams and tests. health inequality (helth dih-SPAYR-ih-tee) A type of avoidable health inequality that is closely linked to social, political, economic, and environmental disadvantage. Health disparities may arise because of race, ethnicity, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, age, religion, disability, edu health insurance (HELTH kayr proh-VY-der) A licensed person or organization that provides health care services healthy control (HEL-you kun-TROLE) In a clinical study, a person who does not have the disorder or disease being studied. Results from healthy controls are compared to results from the studied group healthy tissue that is used to replace diseased or defective tissue heart cancer (hard KAN-ser) A rare cancer that develops in the tissues of the heart. Also called cardiac sarcoma heart damage and failure caused by intake of too much alcohol heart disease (hard dih-ZEEZ) A type of disease affecting the heart or blood vessels. The risk of certain heart diseases can be increased by smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, unhealthy diet, lack of exercise and obesity. heat shock protein (. helical computed tomography (HEE-lih-kul kum-PYOO-ted toh-MAH-gruh-fee) A procedure that uses a computer connected to an X-ray machine to create a series of detailed images of areas inside the body to create. The X-ray machine scans the body in a spiral pattern. helical tomotherapy (HEE-lih-kul toh-mah-THAYR-uh-pee) A form of therapy in which radiation is directed at a tumor from many different directions. The patient lies on a table and is moved by a donut-shaped machine. helper T cell (HEL-per… sel) A type of immune cell that stimulates killer T cells, macrophages, and B cells to mount immune responses. A helper T cell is a type of white blood cell and a type of lymphocyte. hemagglutinin neuraminidase (HEE-muh-GLOO-tih-nin-NOOR-uh-MIH-nih-days) A protein found in the outer envelope of paramyxoviruses. This protein helps virus particles attach to cells, facilitating infection hematocrit (hee-ma-toh-crit) The amount of whole blood that is made up of red blood cells. It depends on the number and size of red blood cells. hematological cancer (HEE-muh-tuh-LAH-jik KAN-ser) Cancer that begins in blood-forming tissues such as bone marrow or in the cells of the immune system. Examples of hematological cancers are leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma. hematologist (HEE-muh-TAH-loh-jist) A doctor who has special training in the diagnosis and treatment of blood disorders hematoma (HEE-moo-TOH-moo) A collection of blood, usually clotted, that forms in an organ, tissue, or body space. A hematoma is usually caused by a ruptured blood vessel damaged by surgery or an injury. hematopathology laboratory (hee-MA-toh-pa-THAH-loh-jee LA-bruh-tor-ee) A laboratory that specializes in performing tests used in the Help diagnose and treat diseases of the blood, bone marrow and lymphatic system hematopoietic growth factor (hee-MA-toh-poy-EH-tik . hematopoietic stem cell (hee-MA-toh-poy-EH-tik stem Sel) An immature cell that can develop into all types of blood cells, including white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. Hematopoietic stem cells are found in peripheral blood and bone marrow. hematopoietic tissue (hee-MA-toh-poy-EH-tik TIH-shoo) Tissue where new blood cells are made heme (Hm) The part of certain molecules that contains iron. The heme portion of hemoglobin is the substance in red blood cells that binds oxygen in the lungs and carries it to the tissues hemihypertrophy (HEH-mee-hy-PER-troh-fee) A condition in which one side of the body, or part of a side, is larger than the other. Children with hemihypertrophy have an increased risk of developing certain types of cancer, including Wilms' tumor (a childhood kidney cancer) and liver cancer. hemilaryngectomy (HEM-ee-LAYR-in-JEK-toh-mee) An operation to remove one side of the larynx (voicebox) hemoglobin (HEE-moh-GLOH-bin) A protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues and organs in the body and carries carbon dioxide back to the lungs. Testing the amount of hemoglobin in the blood is usually part of a complete blood cell (CBC) test hemoglobin in the urine hemolysis (hee-MAH-lih-sis) The breakdown of red blood cells. Some diseases, drugs, and toxins can cause red blood cells to break down faster than usual hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HEE-moh-FA-goh-SIH-tik LIM-foh-HIS-tee-oh-sy-TOH-sis) A rare disorder in which histiocytes and lymphocytes combine (types of white blood cells) build up in organs such as the skin, spleen and liver and destroy other blood cells. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hemoptysis (hee-MOP-tih-sis) Coughing or spitting up blood from the airway hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accident (HEH-muh-RA-jik seh-REE-broh-VAS-kyoo-ler AK-sih-dent) A type of stroke that occurs when a blood vessel in the Leaking or rupturing the brain or on the surface of the brain, causing bleeding in or around the brain. This causes swelling and pressure that can damag hemorrhagic cystitis (HEH-muh-RA-jik sis-TY-tis) A condition in which the lining of the bladder becomes inflamed and begins to bleed. The blood can be seen in the urine. hemorrhagic stroke (HEH-muh-RA-jik stroke) A type of stroke that occurs when a blood vessel in the brain or on the surface of the brain leaks or ruptures, causing bleeding in or around the brain caused around. This causes swelling and pressure that can damage cells and tissues in the brain. hemorrhoids (HEH-muh-ROYD) An enlarged or swollen blood vessel, usually located near the anus or rectum hemp An herb derived from a variant of the cannabis sativa plant, and contains fiber, seeds, and oil used in the manufacture of many different industrial and consumer products. This includes textiles, building materials, paper, fabrics, soap, food, dietary supplements and cosmetics. heparin (HEH-puh-rin) A substance that slows the formation of blood clots. Heparin is made by the liver, lungs, and other tissues in the body, and can also be made in the laboratory. hepatic arterial infusion (heh-PA-tik ar-TEER-ee-ul in-FYOO-zhun) A method of delivering chemotherapy directly to the liver. Catheters are inserted into a groin artery that goes directly to the liver, and drugs are given through the catheters hepatic portal vein (heh-PA-tik POR-tul vayn) A blood vessel that carries blood from the intestines, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder to the liver. Also called portal vein hepatic veno-occlusive disease (heh-PA-tik VEE-noh-uh-KLOO-siv dih-ZEEZ) A condition in which some veins in the liver are blocked. This leads to a decrease in blood flow in the liver and can lead to liver damage. hepatitis delta virus (HEH-puh-TY-tis DEL-tuh VY-rus) A type of hepatitis virus that can coexist in the body with the hepatitis B virus . It significantly worsens hepatitis (inflammation of the liver) caused by hepatitis B. hepatobiliary (heh-PA-toh-BIH-lee-AYR-ee) Related to the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder hepatoblastoma (HEH-puh-toh-blah-STOH-moo) A type of liver tumor that occurs in infants and children hepatocellular carcinoma (heh-PA-toh-SEL-yoo-ler KAR-sih-NOH-muh) A type of adenocarcinoma and the most common type of liver tumor hepatocyte (heh-PA-toh site) A liver cell hepatolenticular degeneration (heh-PA-toh-len-TIH-kyoo-ler dee-JEH-neh-RAY-shun) A rare inherited condition that causes excess copper buildup in the body. The excess copper is stored in the body's tissues and organs, particularly the liver, brain and eyes. hepatoma (HEH-poof-TOH-moo) A liver tumor herba Scutellaria barbatae (ER-buh skoo-teh-LAYR-ee-uh BAR-buh-tay) An herb used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat certain medical conditions. It may have anti-cancer effects herbal cigarette (ER-bul SIH-guh-ret) A type of cigarette containing a mixture of flowers, herbs, and other natural ingredients. Herbal cigarettes contain neither tobacco nor nicotine. herbal medicine (ER-bul MEH-dih-sin) A type of medicine that uses the roots, stems, leaves, flowers, or seeds of plants to improve health, prevent disease, and disease to treat herbal supplement (ER-bul SUH-pleh-ment) A product made from a plant believed to be useful in treating disease or maintaining health. Herbal supplements are taken orally herbicide (ER-bih side) A chemical that kills plants herbs (ER-bul) Has to do with plants hereditary (heh-REH-dih-tayr-ee) Describes in medicine the transmission of genetic information from the parents to the child through the genes in sperm and egg cells. Also called inherited hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome (heh-REH-dih-tayr-ee brest … oh-VAYR-ee-un KAN-ser SIN-drome) An inherited disorder that increases the risk of breast cancer (especially before the age of 50) and ovarian cancer is higher than normal. Most cases of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer sy hereditary cancer syndrome (in-HAYR-ih-ted KAN-ser SIN-drome) A type of inherited disease in which the risk of certain types of cancer is higher than normal. Inherited cancer syndromes are caused by mutations (changes) in certain genes that are passed from parents to children. hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (heh-REH-dih-tayr-ee dih-FYOOS GAS-trik KAN-ser) A rare, inherited condition that increases the risk of developing a form of stomach cancer develop what is known as diffuse gastric cancer. This cancer grows in the lining of the stomach, causing the lining of the sto hereditary hemochromatosis (heh-REH-dih-tayr-ee HEE-moh-kroh-muh-TOH-sis) An inherited condition that causes excess iron buildup in the body. The excess iron is stored in the body's tissues and organs, particularly the liver, heart, pancreas, skin and joints. hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer syndrome (heh-REH-dih-tayr-ee LY-oh-MY-oh-muh-TOH-sis . hereditary paraganglioma-pheochromocytoma syndrome (heh-REH-dih-tayr-ee PAYR-uh-GANG-joy-OH-muh-FEE-oh-KROH-moh-sy-TOH- muh SIN-drome) A rare genetic disorder characterized by tumors called paragangliomas that occur in the paraganglia. Paraganglia are clusters of nerve-like cells found near the adre hereditary predisposition (in-HAYR-ih-ted PREE-dih-spuh-ZIH-shun) A hereditary increase in the risk of developing a disease. Also called genetic predisposition, genetic susceptibility and hereditary predisposition hereditary syndrome (heh-REH-dih-tayr-ee SIN-drome) A disorder caused by mutations (changes) in certain genes or chromosomes passed from the parents to the child be passed on. Hereditary syndromes can be inherited from one or both parents, and several close family members (such as a mother, daughter heritage (HAYR-ih-tij) Something handed down from the past, such as a tradition, birthright, or inherited trait hernia (HER-nee-uh) The bulging of an internal organ through a weak area or tear in the muscle or other tissue that holds it in place. Most hernias occur in the abdomen heroin (HAYR-oh-win) A substance derived from morphine. Heroin is highly addictive and illegal to use or sell in the United States. herpes virus (HER-peez SIM-plex VY-rus) A type of virus that causes herpes infections and contains DNA as genetic material. There are two types of herpes simplex virus. herpesvirus (HER-peez-VY-rus) A member of the herpesvirus family heterocyclic amine (HEH-teh-roh-SY-klik A-meen) A chemical produced when meat, poultry or fish is cooked at high temperatures, e. g. heterogeneous (HEH-teh-roh-JEE-nee-us) Consists of elements or ingredients that are not the same heterogeneously dense breast tissue (HEH-teh-roh-JEE-nee-us-lee dents brest TIH-shoo) A term used to describe breast tissue containing large areas of dense fibrous tissue and glandular tissue and some adipose tissue. The dense areas of the breast make it difficult to find tumors or other changes on heterozygous genotype (HEH-teh-roh-ZY-gus JEE-noh-tipe) A term used to describe that there are two different versions of the same gene (one from the mother and one from the inherited from father). In a heterozygous genotype, each gene can have a different mutation (change), or one of the genes can b hexyl-5-aminolevulinate (HEK-sul 5-uh-MEE-noh-LEH-vyoo-LIH-nayt) A substance used to find and kill tumor cells. It penetrates tumor cells and is activated when exposed to a special type of light. high blood pressure (HY-per-TEN-avoid) A blood pressure of 140/90 or higher. Hypertension usually has no symptoms. high blood sugar (hy blud SHUH-ger) Higher than normal level of glucose (a type of sugar) in the blood. High blood sugar can be a sign of diabetes or other medical conditions. high grade (hy gray) A term used to describe cells and tissues that appear abnormal under the microscope. High-grade cancer cells tend to grow and spread faster than low-grade cancer cells. high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (. high-dose radiation (hy-dose RAY-dee-AY-avoid) A level of radiation greater than typical radiation therapy. High-dose radiation is aimed precisely at the tumor to avoid damage to healthy tissue and can kill more cancer cells in fewer treatments. high-energy photon therapy (hy-eh-ner-jee FOH-ton THAYR-uh-pee) A type of radiation therapy that uses high-energy photons (units of light energy). High-energy photons penetrate deep into tissues to reach tumors, while superficial tissues like skin emit less radiation high-grade DCIS (hy-grey. high-intensity focused ultrasound therapy (hy-in-TEN-sih-tee FOH-kust UL-truh-sownd THAYR-uh-pee) A procedure in which high-energy sound waves are directed at an area with abnormal Cells or tissues in the body are targeted. The waves generate heat that kills the cells. high-resolution micro-ultrasound - (hy-reh-zuh-LOO-shun MY-kroh-UL-truh-sown) A procedure that uses high-energy sound waves to create images of the prostate and surrounding tissue, which are much more detailed than conventional ultrasound. This makes it easier to see a suspicious or abnormal area of high-risk HPV (Hy-risk. high-risk cancer (hy-risk KAN-ser) Cancer that is likely to recur (come back) or spread high-risk human papillomavirus (hy-risk HYOO-mun PA-pih-LOH-muh-VY-rus) A type of human papillomavirus (HPV) that causes cervical cancer and other cancers such as cancer of the anus, vagina, vulva, penis and oropharynx. Chronic high-risk human papillomavirus infection can cause cellular changes that histamine (SEIN-tuh-meen) A substance that has many effects in the body. It is released from some types of white blood cells during allergic reactions. histamine dihydrochloride (SEIN-tuh-meen dy-HY-droh-KLOR-ide) A substance being studied to treat some types of cancer and other diseases. When used with interleukin-2, histamine dihydrochloride can help some immune cells find and kill tumor cells. histiocytic neoplasia - (SEIN-tee-oh-SIH-tik NEE-oh-PLA-zum) A group of rare disorders in which too many histiocytes (a type of white blood cell) accumulate in certain tissues and organs, including skin, bones, spleen, liver, lungs and lymph nodes. This can cause tissue damage or tumors in one or mo histiocytoid hemangioma (SEIN-tee-oh-SY-toyd hee-MAN-jee-OH-muh) A rare benign (non-cancerous) tumor of small blood vessels, characterized by lymphocytes and eosinophils (species surrounded by white blood cells. Histiocytoid hemangiomas usually form on or in the skin, particularly the scalp, but can histological examination (SEIN-tuh-LAH-jik eg-ZA-mih-NAY-shun) Examination of tissue samples under the microscope histological grade (SEIN-tuh-LAH-jik gray) A description of a tumor based on how abnormal the cancer cells and tissue look under a microscope and how fast the cancer cells are likely to grow and spread . Low-grade cancer cells look more like normal cells and tend to grow and spread more slowly than histology (sein-TAH-loh-jee) The study of tissues and cells under a microscope histone (SEIN-tone) A type of protein found in chromosomes. Histones bind to DNA, give chromosomes their shape, and help control gene activity histone deacetylase (ITS sound dee-uh-SEH-tih-lay) An enzyme that removes a small molecule called an acetyl group from histones (proteins found in chromosomes). This changes the way the histones bind to DNA and can affect their activity. histone deacetylase inhibitor (ITS sound dee-uh-SEH-tih-lays in-HIH-bih-ter) A substance that causes a chemical change that stops tumor cells from dividing. Histone deacetylase inhibitors are being studied for the treatment of cancer. histone methyltransferase inhibitor (ITS sound MEH-thul-TRANZ-feh-rays in-HIH-bih-ter) A substance that blocks certain enzymes involved in gene expression and cell division are. These enzymes can be found in some types of cancer cells in a mutated (altered) form or in high levels. historical control subject (hih-STOR-ih-kul kun-TROLE SUB-ject) A historically treated individual used in a comparison group when researchers are evaluating the results of a clinical trial with no control group analyze. Using a control or comparison group helps researchers more accurately determine histrelin acetate (sein-TREH-lin A-seh-tayt) A drug used under the brand name Vantas as palliative care for advanced prostate cancer. Histrelin acetate keeps the testicles from producing the male hormone testosterone by blocking other hormones needed for production. hives (hvz) Itchy, raised red patches on the skin. Hives are caused by a reaction to certain foods, medications, infections, or emotional stress. homeopathic medicine (HOH-mee-uh-PA-thik MEH-dih-sin) An alternative approach to medicine based on the belief that natural substances prepared in a special way and mostly used in very small amounts that restore health. According to this belief, to be effective, a remedy must produce in a healthy per homeostasis (HOH-mee-oh-STAY-sis) A state of equilibrium between all body systems that the body needs to survive and function properly. In homeostasis, acid levels, blood pressure, blood sugar, electrolytes, energy, hormones, oxygen, proteins and temperature in the body are constantly being adjusted homeostatic (HOH-mee-oh-STA-tik) Has to do with homeostasis, which is a state of balance between all body systems required for the body to function properly homologous recombination repair pathway (hoh-MAH-luh-gus ree-KOM-bih-NAY-shun reh-PAYR PATH pathway) Describes a process in a cell in which a group of Proteins work together to repair DNA damage. Alterations in the homologous recombination repair pathway that make DNA unable to be repaired can lead homozygous genotype (HOH-moh-ZY-gus JEE-noh-spike) A term describing having two identical versions of the same gene (one inherited from the mother and one from the father). In a homozygous genotype, either both genes are normal or both genes have the same mutation (change). hormonal contraception (hor-MOH-nul KON-truh-SEP-avoid) A type of birth control that uses hormones to prevent pregnancy. Hormonal birth control pills contain estrogen and progesterone or only progesterone. hormonal treatment (HOR-mone TREET-ment) Treatment that adds, blocks, or removes hormones. For certain medical conditions (e. hormone (hormone) One of many substances made by glands in the body. Hormones circulate in the bloodstream and control the actions of certain cells or organs. hormone dependent (HOR-mone reh-SPONT-siv) In oncology, describes cancer that responds to hormone treatment hormone receptor (HOR-mone reh-SEP-ter) A cell protein that binds a specific hormone. The hormone receptor can be on the surface of the cell or inside the cell. hormone receptor negative (HOR-mone reh-SEP-ter NEH-guh-tiv) Describes cells that do not have a set of proteins that bind to a specific hormone. For example, some breast cancer cells do not have receptors for the hormones estrogen or progesterone. hormone receptor positive (HOR-mone reh-SEP-ter PAH-zih-tiv) Describes cells that have a group of proteins that bind to a specific hormone. For example, some breast cancer cells have receptors for the hormones estrogen or progesterone. hormone receptor test (HOR-mone reh-SEP-ter test) A test to measure the amount of certain proteins called hormone receptors in cancerous tissue. Hormones can bind to these proteins. hormone resistant (HOR-mone-reh-FRAK-tor-ee) Medically describing a disease or condition that does not respond to treatment with hormones. Also called hormone resistant hormone-resistant (HOR-mone-reh-ZIH-stunt) Medically describing a disease or condition that is unresponsive to hormone therapy. Also called hormone resistant hormones responsible for producing sex characteristics and controlling sexual functions hormones that stimulate activity in the ovaries and testicles hospice (HOS-pis) A program that provides special care for people who are near the end of their lives and who have stopped treatment to cure or control their illness. Hospice provides physical, emotional, social, and spiritual support to patients and their families. hospital attendant (HOS-pih-tuh-list) A physician who directs and coordinates the day-to-day medical care of patients during their hospitalization. A hospitalist may also supervise and teach medical students, interns, and residents. host cell (. hot flash (hot flash) A sudden, transient onset of body heat, flushing, and sweating (commonly associated with menopause) hot node (hot NAH-jool) When radioactive material is used to examine the thyroid with a scanner, nodules that accumulate more radioactive material than the surrounding thyroid tissue are considered "hot. " Hot nodules are rarely cancerous. Hot nodules are sometimes referred to as overactive nodules hot tumor (hot TOO-mer) Describes a tumor that is likely to elicit a strong immune response. Hot tumors often have many molecules on their surface that allow T cells (a type of immune cell) to attack and kill the tumor cells. Hot tumors usually respond to immunotherapy. Melanoma, non-small cell lung hotspot (hotspot) In genetics, an area of DNA likely to mutate (change) hu14. 18-interleukin-2 fusion protein (…inter-LOO-kin-2 FYOO-zhun PROH-teen) A cancer drug in which hu14. 18, a monoclonal antibody, is conjugated with interleukin -2 is combined. The monoclonal antibody binds to the cancer cells and delivers IL-2, which stimulates the immune system to destroy the c huC242-DM4 - A substance being studied to treat some types of cancer. It is made by linking the monoclonal antibody huC242 to a toxic substance called maytansinoid DM4. The monoclonal antibody attaches to the surface of cancer cells and the maytansinoid DM4 enters the cells and blocks their growth. human EGF receptor 2 (HYOO-mun.. reh-SEP-ter.. ) A protein involved in normal cell growth. Human EGF receptor 2 can be produced in higher than normal amounts by some types of cancer cells, including breast, ovarian, bladder, pancreatic, stomach and esophageal cancer. This can cause cancer cells to g human corticotropin releasing factor (HYOO-mun KOR-tih-koh-TROH-pin-reh-LEE-singen FAK-ter) A substance being studied for the treatment of brain tumors. It is made naturally by the hypothalamus (part of the brain) and can also be made in the laboratory. Human corticotropin-releasing factor may help human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HYOO-mun eh-pih-DER-mul grothe FAK-ter reh-SEP-ter.. ) A protein involved in normal cell growth. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 can be produced in higher than normal amounts by some types of cancer cells, including breast, ovarian, bladder, pancrea human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative (HYOO-mun eh-pih-DER-mul grothe FAK-ter reh-SEP-ter.. NEH-guh-tiv) Describes cells that have a small have a lot or no protein called HER2 on their surface. In normal cells, HER2 helps control cell growth. Cancer cells that are human epidermal growth human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive (HYOO-mun eh-pih-DER-mul grothe FAK-ter reh-SEP-ter.. PAH-zih-tiv) Describes cells that produce a protein called HER2 have on their surface. In normal cells, HER2 helps control cell growth. Cancer cells that produce too much HER2 can grow faster and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 test (HYOO-mun eh-pih-DER-mul grothe FAK-ter reh-SEP-ter 2 …) A laboratory test measuring the amount of HER2 -protein on cancer cells, or how many copies of the HER2 gene are in the DNA of cancer cells. The HER2 protein helps control normal cell growth. Highe human herpesvirus (HYOO-mun HER-peez-VY-rus) A type of virus that causes herpes infections and contains DNA as genetic material. There are two types of human herpesviruses. Type 1 virus infections cause cold sores on the lips or nostrils. Type 2 virus infections cause sores on the genitals (external human immunodeficiency virus (HYOO-mun IH-myoo-noh-deh-FIH-shun-see VY-rus) The cause of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Also called HIV human infestation with the larvae of a worm found in the intestines of dogs human lymphocyte antigen (HYOO-mun LIM-foh-site AN-tih-jen) A type of molecule found on the surface of most cells in the body. Human lymphocyte antigens play an important role in the body's immune response to foreign substances. They make up a person's tissue type, which varies from person to person human papillomavirus (HYOO-mun PA-pih-LOH-muh-VY-rus) A type of virus that can cause abnormal tissue growth (such as warts) and other cell changes. Long-term infection with certain types of human papillomavirus can cause cervical cancer. Human papillomavirus can also play a role in some other cancer human papillomavirus DNA test (HYOO-mun PA-pih-LOH-muh-VY-rus…) A laboratory test in which cells are scraped from the cervix to look for human papillomavirus DNA (HPV) to look for. HPV can cause abnormal tissue growth (such as warts) and other cell changes. Prolonged infection with certain types of human papillomavirus RNA test (HYOO-mun PA-pih-LOH-muh-VY-rus … test) A laboratory test in which cells are scraped from the cervix to look for RNA of the most common Look for types of human papillomavirus (HPV). Certain types of HPV can cause abnormal tissue growth, such as warts and other cell chan human papillomavirus test (HYOO-mun PA-pih-LOH-muh-VY-rus …) A laboratory test that checks cells for DNA or RNA of certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV) are tested that are known to cause cervical cancer. These high-risk HPV types can also cause other cancers, including cancer of the anus, vag human papillomavirus vaccine (HYOO-mun PA-pih-LOH-muh-VY-rus vak-SEEN) A vaccine that protects the body from infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV ) protects. HPV infection can cause abnormal tissue growths such as warts and other cell changes. Long-term infection with certain ty humanized monoclonal antibody (HYOO-muh-nized MAH-noh-KLOH-nul AN-tee-BAH-dee) A type of antibody made in the laboratory by combining a human antibody with a small portion of a mouse or rat monoclonal antibody. The mouse or rat portion of the antibody binds to the target antigen, and the human porti humanized monoclonal antibody MEDI-522 (HYOO-muh-nized MAH-noh-KLOH-nul AN-tee-BAH-dee…) A substance being studied to treat some cancers and other diseases will. The humanized monoclonal antibody MEDI-522 binds to a protein on the surface of blood vessels and can prevent the growth of new blood vess humidifier (hyoo-MIH-dih-fy-er) A machine that adds moisture to the air hurthle cell neoplasm (HEERT-leh.. NEE-oh-PLA-zum) A rare type of thyroid tumor that can be benign or malignant hydration (hy-DRAY-shun) The process of connecting with water. In medicine, the process of hydration that the body needs hydrolysis (hy-DRAH-lih-sis) A chemical reaction that uses water to break down a compound hydromorphone hydrochloride (HY-droh-MOR-fone HY-droh-KLOR-ide) A drug used to treat moderate to severe pain. It can also be used to treat certain types of coughs. Hydromorphone hydrochloride is made from morphine and binds to opioid receptors in the central nervous system. It's a type of opioid and hygiene (HY-jeen) The science of health and the practice of cleanliness that promotes health and well-being hyperactivity (HY-per-ak-TIH-vih-tee) A higher than normal level of activity. Hyperactivity can be used to indicate the increased effect of a bodily function, such as B. the hormone production, or to describe the behavior. A hyperactive person may seem to be constantly moving or fidgeting, impulsive hyperbaric oxygen (HY-per-BAYR-ik OK-sih-jen) Oxygen delivered at a pressure greater than the pressure of the atmosphere at sea level. I" hyperbilirubinemia (HY-per-bih-lih-ROO-bih-NEE-mee-uh) Higher than normal amount of bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is a substance produced when red blood cells are broken down hypercalcemia (HY-per-cal-SEE-mee-uh) Higher than normal blood calcium levels. Some types of cancer increase the risk of hypercalcemia hypercortisolism (HY-per-KOR-tih-SOL-ih-zum) A condition in which there is too much cortisol (a hormone produced by the outer layer of the adrenal gland) in the body is available. Hypercortisolism can be caused by taking too many steroid medications or by certain types of tumors. hyperfractionated radiation therapy (HY-per-FRAK-shuh-NAY-ted RAY-dee-AY-shun THAYR-uh-pee) Radiation treatment in which the total radiation dose is divided into small doses and the treatments performed more than once a day. Hyperfractionated radiation therapy is given over the same period (days or hyperfractionation (HY-pro-FRAK-shuh-NAY-shun) A treatment plan in which the total dose of radiation or chemotherapy is divided into small doses and the treatments are administered more than once a day hyperglycemia (HY-per-gly-SEE-mee-uh) Higher than normal levels of glucose (a type of sugar) in the blood. Hyperglycemia can be a sign of diabetes or other medical conditions. hyperkeratosis (HY-per-KAYR-uh-TOH-sis) A condition characterized by a thickening of the outer layer of skin, which is made up of keratin (a tough, protective protein). It can be caused by normal use (corns, calluses), chronic inflammation (eczema), or genetic disorders (X-linked ichthyosis, ichthyo hyperpigmentation (HY-pro-pigman-TAY-avoid) A common, usually harmless condition in which patches of skin are darker than the surrounding skin. It occurs when certain cells in the skin produce too much of the pigment melanin. hyperplasia (HY-per-PLAY-zhuh) An increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue. These cells appear normal under the microscope. hypersensitivity (HY-per-SEN-sih-tih-vih-tee) An exaggerated response of the immune system to a drug or other substance hyperthermia (HY-per-THER-mee-uh) Abnormally high body temperature. This can be caused by treatment, infection, or exposure to heat hyperthermia therapy (HY-per-THER-mee-uh THAYR-uh-pee) A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or cancerous cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain cancer drugs hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy - (HY-per-THER-mik IN-truh-PAYR-ih-toh-NEE-ul KEE-moh-THAYR-uh-pee) A treatment during an operation in which a heated solution containing anticancer drugs is infused through a thin tube directly into the abdominal cavity. After surgical removal of as much tu hyperthermic perfusion (HY-per-THER-mik per-FYOO-zhun) A procedure in which a heated solution containing anti-cancer drugs is used to heal the tissue or organ surrounding the tumor contains bathing or passing through the blood vessels of the tissue or organ hyperthyroidism (HY-pro-DEIN-roy-dih-zum) A condition that occurs when the thyroid gland produces more thyroid hormone than the body needs. Thyroid hormones control the way the body uses energy and affect the body's metabolism. hypertrophy of the gastric mucosa (GAS-trik myoo-KOH-sul hy-PER-troh-fee) A condition characterized by inflammation and ulcers (breaks in the skin or on the surface of an organ) of the lining (inner lining) of the stomach and characterized by overgrowth of the cells that make up the lining. Symptoms hypervascular (HY-pro-VAS-kyoo-ler) Having a large number of blood vessels hypnosis (hip NOH sister) A trance-like state in which a person becomes more aware and focused on a specific thought, feeling, image, sensation, or behavior. Under hypnosis, a person can feel calm, relaxed, and more open to suggestions. hypoglycemia (HY-poh-gly-SEE-mee-uh) Abnormally low blood sugar hypopharyngeal cancer (HY-poh-fuh-RIN-jee-ul-KAN-ser) Cancer that forms in the tissues of the hypopharynx (lower part of the throat). The most common type is squamous cell carcinoma (cancer that begins in flat cells lining the hypopharynx) hypopharynx (HY-poh-FAYR-inx) The lower part of the pharynx. Cancer of the hypopharynx is also known as hypopharyngeal cancer hypopigmentation (HY-poh-pigman-TAY-avoid) A condition in which the skin color is lighter than normal. It occurs when certain cells in the skin don't produce enough of the pigment melanin. hypotension (HY-poh-TEN-avoid) Abnormally low blood pressure hypothyroidism (HY-poh-DEIN-roy-dih-zum) Not enough thyroid hormone. Symptoms include weight gain, constipation, dry skin, and sensitivity to cold. hypoxemia (HY-pok-SEE-mee-uh) A condition in which there is not enough oxygen in the blood hypoxia (hy-POK-see-uh) A condition in which the supply of oxygen to a tissue decreases. In cancer treatment, the level of hypoxia in a tumor can help predict the tumor's response to treatment hypoxia-inducible factor - (hy-POK-see-uh-in-DOO-sih-bul FAK-ter) One of a group of proteins that play an important role in how cells respond to changing oxygen levels. When oxygen levels in cells are low, hypoxia-inducible factors activate specific genes involved in cell growth and survival. hypoxic (hy-POK-sik) Being deprived of oxygen hysterectomy subtotal - (pronounced) (sub-TOH-tul HIS-teh-REK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove the uterus but not the cervix. Also called partial hysterectomy and supracervical hysterectomy iFOBT - A test that checks for occult (hidden) blood in the stool. A small sample of stool is placed in a special collection tube or card for testing. ibandronate (i-BAN-droh-nayt) A drug used to prevent and treat osteoporosis and is being studied to treat cancer that has spread to the bones. It belongs to the bisphosphonate family of medicines ibritumomab-tiuxetan (ih-brih-TOO-moh-mab ty-UK-seh-tan) A drug used to treat adults with certain types of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma . It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. ibrutinib (i-BROO-tih-nib) A drug used alone or with other drugs to treat adults with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, small lymphocytic lymphoma, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma), mantle cell lymphoma or marginal zone lymphoma. It is also used to treat adults and childr idarubicin hydrochloride (I-duh-ROO-bih-sin HY-droh-KLOR-ide) A drug used with other drugs to treat adults with acute myeloid leukemia. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. idiopathic (IH-dee-oh-PA-thik) Describes a disease of unknown cause idiopathic myelofibrosis (IH-dee-oh-PA-thik MY-eh-loh-fy-BROH-sis) A progressive, chronic disease in which the bone marrow is replaced by fibrous tissue and Blood is made in organs such as the liver and spleen instead of in the bone marrow. This disease is characterized by an enlarged spleen and pro idiopathic pneumonia syndrome (IH-dee-oh-PA-thik noo-MOH-nyuh SIN-drome) A set of pneumonia-like symptoms (such as fever, chills, cough, and difficulty breathing) that are asymptomatic an infection in the lungs. Idiopathic pneumonia syndrome is a serious condition that can occur after stem cell tran idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IH-dee-oh-PA-thik PUL-muh-NAYR-ee fy-BROH-sis) A disease in which the alveoli (tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs) are overgrown with fibrous tissue. The cause of the disease is unknown and it gets worse over time. idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (IH-dee-oh-PA-thik THROM-boh-sy-toh-PEE-nik PUR-pyoo-ruh) A condition in which platelets (blood cells that cause blood clots to form) are destroyed by the immune system. The low platelet count causes easy bruising and bleeding, which is visible as purple areas on ileum (IH-lee-um) The last part of the small intestine. It connects to the cecum (first part of the large intestine). ileus (IH-lee-uns) Obstruction of the intestines image-guided radiation therapy (IH-mij-GY-ded RAY-dee-AY-shun THAYR-uh-pee) A procedure that uses a computer to create an image of a tumor to steer the beam path during radiation therapy. The recordings are made with CT, ultrasound, X-ray or other imaging methods. images produced by radionuclide scanning of the lungs; used to help diagnose a pulmonary embolism imaging (IH-muh-jing) In medicine, a process that takes pictures of areas in the body. Imaging uses methods such as X-rays (high-energy radiation), ultrasound (high-energy sound waves), and radio waves imaging technique (IH-muh-jing proh-SEE-jer) A type of test that takes detailed pictures of areas in the body. Imaging methods use different forms of energy such as X-rays (high-energy radiation), ultrasound (high-energy sound waves), radio waves and radioactive substances. imaging test (IH-muh-jing. imatinib mesylate (ih-MA-tih-nib MEH-zih-layt) A drug used to treat certain types of leukemia and other blood cancers, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, skin tumors called dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, and a rare condition called systemic mastocytosis. It is also being studied in the treatment of imexon (i-MEK son) A substance being studied for the treatment of some types of cancer, including pancreatic, lung, breast, prostate, melanoma and multiple myeloma. It belongs to the drug family of cyanoaziridine derivatives. imipenem (IH-mih-PEH-nem) An antibiotic used to treat severe or very resistant infections. It belongs to the carbapenem family of medicines imiquimod (IH-mih-KWIH-mod) A drug used to treat certain skin conditions. Imiquimod is used under the brand names Aldara and Zyclara to treat actinic keratosis (a skin condition that can become cancer) in adults with normal immune systems and to treat genital warts or perianal warts in adults and ch immature teratoma (IH-moo-CHOOR TAYR-uh-TOH-moo) A type of germ cell tumor often made up of several different types of tissue, such as hair, muscle, and bone. Immature teratomas have cells that look very different under a microscope than normal cells. immune adjuvant (ih-MYOON A-juh-vunt) A drug that stimulates the immune system to respond to disease immune cell (ih-MYOON sel) A cell that is part of the immune system and helps the body fight infection and other diseases. Immune cells develop from stem cells in the bone marrow and become different types of white blood cells. immune checkpoint inhibitor (ih-MYOON CHEK-poynt in-HIH-bih-ter) A type of drug that blocks proteins called checkpoints produced by some types of cells in the immune system, such as B. T-cells, and some cancer cells are formed. immune complex hemolytic anemia (ih-MYOON COMP-plex HEE-moh-LIH-tik uh-NEE-mee-uh) A condition in which the body's immune system stops making red blood cells or them clump together. Immune complex hemolytic anemia may occur in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). immune function (ih-MYOON FUNK-avoid) Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection immune hemolytic anemia (IH-myoo-noh-HEE-moh-LIH-tik uh-NEE-mee-uh) A condition in which the body's immune system stops red blood cell production or causes them to clump together leaves. Immunohemolytic anemia can occur in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). immune response (ih-MYOON reh-SPONTS) The way the body defends itself against substances it sees as harmful or foreign. In an immune response, the immune system recognizes the antigens (usually proteins) on the surface of substances or microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses, and attacks and des immune signature (IH-myoo-noh-SIG-nuh-cher) Information about the antibodies in a person's blood at a given point in time. Over time, antibodies can change and immune signatures can be used to track a person's health and diagnose infection, cancer or other diseases earlier immune stimulant (IH-myoo-noh-STIM-yoo-lunt) A substance that increases the immune system's ability to fight infection and disease immune system (ih-MYOON SIS-tem) A complex network of cells, tissues, organs, and the substances they make that help the body fight infections and other diseases. The immune system includes white blood cells and organs and tissues of the lymphatic system, such as the thymus, spleen, tonsils, lymph n immune system modulator (ih-MYOON SIS-tem MAH-juh-lay-ter) A substance that stimulates or suppresses the immune system and may help the body fight cancer, infection, or other diseases fight. Specific modulators of the immune system, such as monoclonal antibodies, cytokines, and vaccines, affect spec immune system tolerance (ih-MYOON SIS-tem TAH-leh-runts) The failure of the immune system to respond to an antigen that previously elicited an immune response immune thrombocytopenia (ih-MYOON THROM-boh-sy-toh-PEE-nee-uh) A condition in which platelets (blood cells that cause blood clots to form) are destroyed by the immune system. The low platelet count causes easy bruising and bleeding, which is visible as purple areas on the skin, mucous membranes, and immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ih-MYOON THROM-boh-sy-toh-PEE-nik PUR-pyoo-ruh) A condition in which platelets (blood cells that cause blood clots to form) from immune system are destroyed. The low platelet count causes easy bruising and bleeding, which is visible as purple areas on the skin, mucou immunity (ih-MYOO-nih-tee) In medicine, the immune system's method of protecting the body from an infectious disease. The three types of immunity are innate, adaptive, and passive. immunization (IH-myoo-nih-ZAY-shun) A technique used to induce an immune response that results in resistance to a specific disease, particularly an infectious disease immunoassay (IH-myoo-noh-A-say) A test that uses the binding of antibodies to antigens to identify and measure specific substances. Immunoassays can be used to diagnose diseases. immunochemical fecal occult blood test (IH-myoo-noh-KEH-mih-kul FEE-kul uh-KULT. immunocompromised (IH-myoo-noh-KOM-proh-mized) Having a compromised immune system. People with weakened immune systems have a reduced ability to fight off infections and other diseases. immunoconjugate (IH-myoo-noh-KON-jih-gut) A drug consisting of an immune substance, such as a monoclonal antibody, chemically combined with a cell-killing substance, such as a toxin, a radioactive molecule or associated with a drug. The antibody part of the immunoconjugate targets cancer cells and t immunoconjugate therapy (IH-myoo-noh-KON-jih-gut THAYR-uh-pee) A type of treatment that uses an immune substance, such as a monoclonal antibody, chemically conjugated with a cell-killing substance such as a toxin, a radioisotope or a drug. The immune substance targets specific cell types and the lin immunocytochemistry (IH-myoo-noh-SY-toh-KEH-mih-stree) A laboratory method that uses antibodies to test a sample of cells for specific antigens (markers). The antibodies are usually coupled to an enzyme or a fluorescent dye. immunodeficiency (IH-myoo-noh-deh-FIH-avoid-see) The body's decreased ability to fight infection and other diseases immunoglobulin (IH-myoo-noh-GLAH-byoo-lin) A protein made by B cells and plasma cells (types of white blood cells) that helps the body fight infection . Some immunoglobulins can be found in higher than normal amounts in patients with certain diseases or certain types of cancer, including multiple my immunohistochemistry (IH-myoo-noh-HIS-toh-KEH-mih-stree) A laboratory method that uses antibodies to test a sample of tissue for specific antigens (markers). The antibodies are usually coupled to an enzyme or a fluorescent dye. immunological adjuvant (IH-myoo-noh-LAH-jih-kul A-juh-vunt) A substance used to boost the immune response to a vaccine so that less vaccine is needed will immunological fecal occult blood test (IH-myoo-noh-LAH-jik FEE-kul uh-KULT. immunophenotyping (IH-myoo-noh-FEE-noh-ty-ping) A procedure that uses antibodies to identify cells based on the types of antigens or markers on the cells' surface . This procedure is used in basic research and to diagnose diseases such as certain types of leukemia and lymphoma. immunoscintigraphy (IH-myoo-noh-sin-TIH-gruh-fee) An imaging test in which the person is given antibodies labeled with radioactive substances. A picture is taken of places in the body where the antibody is located immunosuppressant (IH-myoo-noh-suh-PREH-siv AY-jent) A drug that decreases the body's immune response. It reduces the body's ability to fight infection and other diseases such as cancer. immunosuppressed (IH-myoo-noh-suh-PREST) Having a compromised immune system. People who are immunocompromised have a reduced ability to fight off infections and other diseases. immunosuppression (IH-myoo-noh-suh-preh-preh-avoid) Suppression of the body's immune system and its ability to fight infection and other diseases. Immunosuppression can be intentionally induced with drugs, as in preparation for bone marrow or other organ transplantation, to prevent rejection of dono immunosuppressive (IH-myoo-noh-suh-PREH-siv) Describes the ability to decrease the body's immune system responses immunosuppressive therapy (IH-myoo-noh-suh-PREH-siv THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment that lowers the activity of the body's immune system. This decreases its ability to fight infection and other diseases like cancer. immunotherapy (IH-myoo-noh-THAYR-uh-pee) A type of therapy that uses substances to stimulate or suppress the immune system to help the body Fighting cancer, infections and other diseases. Some types of immunotherapy only target specific cells in the immune system. impairment (im-PAYR-ment) A partial or total loss of a physical or mental ability, such as B. the ability to see, walk or learn impairment of the immune system, which reduces protection against infection and illness implant (implant) A substance or object placed in the body as a prosthesis, or for treatment or diagnosis implant displacement views (. implantable cardioverter defibrillator (im-PLAN-tuh-bul KAR-dee-oh-VER-ter-dee-FIH-brih-LAY-ter) A small device used to correct an abnormal ( too fast, too slow or irregular) heartbeat. The device is surgically placed in the chest or abdomen. implantable pump (im-PLAN-tuh-bul. impotence (IM phew tents) Medically referring to the inability to have an erection of the penis sufficient for sexual intercourse. Also called erectile dysfunction impotent (IM-poh-tent) In medicine, describes the inability to have an erection of the penis sufficient for sexual intercourse in place; often describes a cancer that has not spread in vitro (in VEE-troh) In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body) in vitro fertilization (in VEE-troh FER-tih-lih-ZAY-shun) A procedure in which egg cells are removed from a woman's ovary and combined with sperm outside the body to form embryos. The embryos are grown in the lab for several days and then either placed in a woman's uterus or cryopreserved (frozen) f in vivo (in VEE-voh) In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory) inability of the heart to efficiently pump blood through the body, causing buildup of blood in the veins and of other body fluids in tissue inability to move the muscles of the face, usually on only one side, due to inflammation of a nerve inalimarev (IH-nuh-LIH-muh-rev) A cancer vaccine made with a form of the vaccinia virus that does not cause disease in humans. It is being studied to treat some types of cancer. incident (IN-sih-dents) The number of newly diagnosed cases of the disease each year incisional biopsy (in-SIH-zhuh-nul BY-op-see) A surgical procedure in which an incision is made through the skin to remove a sample of abnormal tissue or part of a bump or remove a suspicious area. The tissue is then examined under the microscope for signs of disease incomplete Freund's adjuvant (in-kum-PLEET froyndz A-juh-vunt) A mixture of oil and water that is combined with a specific antigen to enhance the immune response to that antigen. It is being studied in immunotherapy and as a means of boosting the immune response to cancer vaccines. incomplete penetrance (in-kum-PLEET PEH-neh trunks) A term used to describe when some people with a disease-causing mutation (change) in a gene develop the disease, while others do do not do. For example, certain gene mutations cause cancer, but because of incomplete penetrance, not everyone who has incontinence (in-KON-tih-nents) Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the leakage of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence) increase in the size of an organ due to an increase in the size of its cells increased blood pressure in the arteries supplying blood to the lungs; caused by increased resistance to blood flow in the lungs, usually a result of a lung disease incubated (IN-kyoo-bay-ted) Grown in the laboratory under controlled conditions. For example, white blood cells can be grown under special conditions so that when they return to the body they attack certain cancer cells indication (IN-dih-KAY-shy) In medicine, a sign, symptom, or medical condition that leads to the recommendation of a treatment, test, or procedure indirect ophthalmoscopy (IN-duh-REKT OF-thul-MOS-koh-pee) An examination of the inside of the back of the eye using a beam of light and a hand-held lens. Indirect ophthalmoscopy provides a broader view of the inside of the eye than an ophthalmoscope examination indole (IN post) A type of chemical found in plants and certain vegetables such as broccoli, cabbage, and cauliflower. Indoles may promote health and are being studied to prevent certain types of cancer, including breast, prostate, and colon. indolent lymphoma (IN-doh-granted lim-FOH-muh) A type of lymphoma that tends to grow and spread slowly and has few symptoms. Also called low-grade lymphoma induction therapy (in-DUK-shun THAYR-uh-pee) The initial treatment of a disease. It's often part of standard treatment, such as surgery followed by chemotherapy and radiation. industrial hemp (in-DUH-stree-ul hemp) An herb derived from a variant of the cannabis sativa plant, and contains fiber, seeds, and oil used in the manufacture of many different industrial and consumer products . This includes textiles, building materials, paper, fabrics, soap, food, dietary suppleme infantile genetic agranulocytosis (IN-fun-TILE jeh-NEH-tik ay-GRAN-yoo-loh-sy-TOH-sis) An inherited disorder in which the number of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell that is important in fighting infection) is below normal. Infants with this condition get infections caused by bacteria and are infantile hemangioma (IN-fun-TILE hee-MAN-jee-OH-muh) A benign (noncancerous) blood vessel tumor found on the skin, in tissue under the skin, or in a organ forms. Infantile hemangiomas can be raised or flat and usually appear as bright red-blue lesions on the skin. infantile hemangiopericytoma (IN-fun-TILE hee-MAN-jee-oh-PAYR-ih-sy-TOH-muh) A rare type of soft-tissue tumor that begins in cells lining blood vessels . Infantile hemangiopericytomas can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). infantile myofibromatosis (IN-fun-TILE MY-oh-FY-broh-muh-TOH-sis) A rare condition in which one or more fibrous (connective tissue) tumors grow in the skin , form muscle or bone. Sometimes they also form in internal organs. infantile rickets (IN-Fun-TILE RIH-Kets) A condition in children in which bones become soft and deformed because they do not have enough calcium and phosphorus. It is caused by not having enough vitamin D in the diet or not getting enough sunlight. infection and inflammation of a gland, especially a lymph node infection and inflammation of the tonsils infection by a spiral-shaped bacterium that affects the skin, eyes, muscles, kidneys, and liver; leptospirosis is carried by rodents infection by salmonella bacteria infection by the herpes simplex virus, which causes blisterlike sores on the face, lips, mouth, or genitals; in rare cases, can also affect the eyes, fingers, or brain infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes a weakening of the immune system infection of the female genital tract following childbirth, abortion, or miscarriage infection of the vagina by the single-celled parasite Trichomonas vaginilis, which may cause inflammation, itchiness, and discharge from the vagina infection with a single-celled parasite, causing abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and nausea infections that are most commonly spread through sexual intercourse or genital contact inferior vena cava (in-FEER-ee-er VEE-nuh KAY-vuh) A large vein that drains into the heart. It carries blood from the legs and feet and from organs in the abdomen and pelvis infertility (IN-fer-TIH-lih-tee) The inability to father children infestation by a parasitic blood worm that can damage the liver, bladder, and intestines infestation by a pinworm infestation by a small, round, blood-sucking parasite; commonly causes a rash on the foot, but can also cause cough, pneumonia, and anemia infestation by the larvae of the parasitic worm Trichinella spiralis, usually acquired by eating undercooked pork infiltrating breast cancer (IN-fil-TRAY-ting brest KAN-ser) Cancer that has spread from its site of origin in the breast to the surrounding normal tissues. The most common type of infiltrating breast cancer is infiltrating ductal carcinoma, which starts in the lining of the milk ducts (thin tubes th infiltrating cancer (IN-fil-TRAY-ting KAN-ser) Cancer that has spread beyond the tissue layer in which it developed and into surrounding healthy tissue. Also called invasive cancer infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IN-fil-TRAY-ting DUK-tul KAR-sih-NOH-muh) The most common type of infiltrating breast cancer. It starts in the lining of the milk ducts (thin tubes that carry milk from the lobules of the breast to the nipple) and spreads outside the milk ducts to surrounding normal ti infiltrating lobular carcinoma (IN-fil-TRAY-ting LAH-byoo-ler KAR-sih-NOH-muh) A type of invasive breast cancer that begins in the lobules (mammary glands) of the breast and spreads to the surrounding normal tissue. It can also spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymphatic system inflammation (IN-fluh-MAI-avoid) Redness, swelling, pain and/or heat in an area of the body. This is a protective response to injury, disease, or tissue irritation inflammation and leakage of blood vessels, causing a rash inflammation and narrowing of arteries in the head and neck, including those in the scalp near the temple, which can cause blindness if untreated inflammation and weakening of small and medium arteries inflammation of a fallopian tube inflammation of a growing section of bone in a child or adolescent inflammation of a nerve, often characterized by pain, numbness, or tingling; also used to describe nerve damage and disease from causes other than inflammation inflammation of a tendon, usually caused by injury, characterized by pain, tenderness, and sometimes limited movement in the attached muscle inflammation of a testicle, which can be caused by infection with the mumps virus inflammation of blood vessels inflammation of bone inflammation of cartilage inflammation of lymph nodes in an abdominal membrane inflammation of the appendix inflammation of the blood vessels behind the retina that line the back of the eye inflammation of the cartilage that joins ribs to the breastbone, causing chest pain inflammation of the cervix inflammation of the cornea inflammation of the eyelids inflammation of the fibrous wall of the sheath that covers a tendon inflammation of the fluid-containing chamber of the inner ear (called the labyrinth) that maintains balance; can cause a feeling that one's surroundings are spinning around (known as vertigo) inflammation of the growing head of a femur; a type of osteochondritis juvenilis inflammation of the gums, typically caused by a buildup of plaque due to poor hygiene inflammation of the heart inflammation of the inner lining of the sheath that covers a tendon inflammation of the inside of the eye inflammation of the joints between the bones of the spine inflammation of the kidney, usually due to a bacterial infection inflammation of the layer of connective tissue that covers, separates, and supports muscles inflammation of the lining of the lungs and chest cavity, usually caused by a lung infection; characterized by sharp chest pain inflammation of the lungs due to a bacterial or viral infection, which causes fever, shortness of breath, and the coughing up of phlegm inflammation of the membrane lining a joint capsule as a result of injury or infection or due to a chronic illness such as rheumatoid arthritis; characterized by redness, swelling, stiffness, and pain inflammation of the membrane that covers the white of the eyes and lines the eyelids, causing redness, discomfort, and a discharge; can be caused by infection or allergies inflammation of the middle ear (between the eardrum and inner ear) because of the spread of an infection from the nose, sinuses, and throat inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the nose, which can cause sneezing, runny nose, congestion, and pain; when caused by substances in the air, it is called allergic rhinitis or hay fever inflammation of the outer ear due to an infection; commonly called swimmer's ear inflammation of the periosteum inflammation of the sacroiliac joints, which causes pain in the lower body inflammation of the small intestine, usually causing diarrhea inflammation of the spinal cord, which can cause headaches, fever, muscle stiffness, pain, weakness, and eventually paralysis inflammation of the throat (the pharynx), causing sore throat, fever, earache, and swollen glands inflammation of the trachea inflammation of the urethra inflammation of the urethra and the bladder inflammation of the vagina, which can be the result of infection, aging, a hormone deficiency, or a foreign object (such as a tampon) inflammation of the vulva inflammation of the vulva and vagina inflammation of the walls of an artery that causes the passageway to become narrower; can lead to tissue damage because oxygen is not properly supplied inflammatory (in-FLA-muh-TOR-ee) Dealing with inflammation (redness, swelling, pain, and a feeling of heat that helps protect tissues affected by injury or disease is) inflammatory bowel disease (in-FLA-muh-TOR-ee BOW-ul dih-ZEEZ) A general term referring to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel diseases include ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease inflammatory breast cancer (in-FLA-muh-TOR-ee brest KAN-ser) A type of breast cancer in which the breast looks red and swollen and is warm to the touch. The skin of the breast can also have the pitted appearance called peau d'orange (like the skin of an orange). inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (in-FLA-muh-TOR-ee MY-oh-FY-broh-BLAS-tik TOO-mer) A rare type of cancer composed of smooth muscle cells, connective tissue cells, and certain types of immune cells. It can occur anywhere in the body, but it usually occurs in the lungs, abdomen, pelvis, or the back infrared coagulation (IN-early-RED koh-A-gyuh-LAY-shun) A technique in which abnormal tissue is exposed to a burst of infrared light (a type of radiation). This causes blood in veins in the tissue to coagulate (harden) and the abnormal tissue to shrink. infrared thermography (IN-fruh-RED ther-MAH-gruh-fee) In medicine, a procedure that uses an infrared camera (one that detects heat) to detect differences in temperature to measure the body surface. The camera takes pictures that show areas of possible abnormal cell growth because abnormal tissue emi infusion (in-FYOO-zhun) A method of introducing fluids, including medicines, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion ingenol mebutate gel (IN-jeh-nol MEH-byoo-tayt …) A drug applied to the skin to treat actinic keratosis (thick, scaly growths on the skin that become too can become cancer) to treat. Ingenol mebutate gel can help kill abnormal cells. inhale (IN-huh-LAY-avoid) In medicine, referring to the absorption of a substance into the body through respiration inherited (in-HAYR-ih-ted) In medicine, describes the transmission of genetic information from parents to child through the genes in sperm and egg cells. Also called hereditary iniparib (ih-nih-PAR-ib) A substance being studied to treat some types of cancer. Iniparib can kill cancer cells. injection of a drug into a muscle; the drug is designed to absorb slowly into the body injection of an anesthetic into the space outside the dura mater, the fibrous membrane that envelops the spinal cord injection of semen into the cervix injury to the ligaments, joints, and soft tissues of the neck region of the spine because of a sudden, violent jerking motion of the head innate immunity (ih-NAYT ih-MYOO-nih-tee) Immunity present at birth and lasting throughout life. Innate immunity is the body's first response to a harmful foreign substance. inoperable (in-AH-peh-ruh-bul) Describes a condition that cannot be treated by surgery inositol (ih-NOH-sih-TOL) A nutrient in the vitamin B complex that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Inositol helps cells make membranes and respond to messages from their environment. inositol hexaphosphate (ih-NOH-sih-TOL HEK-suh-FOS-fayt) A substance found in many foods derived from plants, including corn, wheat, rice, and soybeans , and in large quantities in cereals and legumes. It is being studied in cancer prevention. inotuzumab-ozogamicin (ih-noh-TOO-zoo-mab OH-zoh-ga-MIH-sin) A drug used to treat adults with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia who have come back occurred or has not improved with other treatments. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. insertion of a tube through a surgical opening in the trachea to maintain an open airway insomnia (in-SOM-nee-uh) Difficulty falling asleep or getting enough sleep instruments resembling tweezers that are used to handle objects or tissue during surgery insulin (IN-suh-lin) A hormone produced by the islet cells of the pancreas. Insulin controls the amount of sugar in the blood by transporting it into the cells where it can be used by the body for energy insulin glargine (IN-suh-lin GLAR-jeen) A drug used to control blood sugar levels in patients with diabetes. It is a laboratory-made form of the hormone insulin. insulin glargine recombinant (IN-suh-lin GLAR-jeen ree-KOM-bih-nunt) A drug used to control blood sugar levels in patients with diabetes. It is a laboratory-made form of the hormone insulin. insulin-like growth factor (IN-suh-lin-wie grothe FAK-ter) An endogenous protein that stimulates the growth of many cell types. Insulin-like growth factor is similar to insulin (a hormone made in the pancreas). insulinoma (IN-suh-lih-NOH-muh) An abnormal mass that grows in the beta cells of the pancreas, which produce insulin. Insulinomas are usually benign (not cancerous). intelligence quotient; a measure of a person's intelligence as determined by specific tests intensification therapy (in-TEN-sih-fih-KAY-shun THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment given after the cancer has gone away after initial therapy. Intensification therapy is used to kill any cancer cells that may have remained in the body. intensity modulated radiation therapy (in-TEN-sih-tee-MAH-juh-LAY-tid RAY-dee-AY-shun THAYR-uh-pee) A type of three-dimensional radiation therapy that uses computer-generated images used to show the size and shape of the tumor. Thin beams of varying intensities are aimed at the tumor from many angle intensive chemotherapy (in-TEN-siv KEE-moh-THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment that uses cancer drugs given in high doses or given over several months to try to stop cancer to cure or induce remission. Intensive chemotherapy is used to treat certain types of cancer, including leukemia and lymphoma, and may be g interaction - change in the way a drug works in the body when taken with certain other medicines, herbs, or foods, or when taken with certain medical conditions. Drug interactions can cause the drug to be more or less effective, or have unexpected effects on the body interferon (inter-FEER-on) A natural substance that helps the body's immune system fight infection and other diseases, such as cancer. Interferons are made in the body by white blood cells and other cells, but they can also be used in the laboratory to treat various diseases. interferon alfa-2b (inter-FEER-on AL-fuh…) A drug used alone or with other drugs to treat adults with AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma, hairy cell leukemia , certain types of follicular lymphoma or melanoma, genital or perianal warts, or chronic hepatitis B or C is used to treat other cancers and other interleukin (inter-LOO-kin) One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. Interleukins regulate immune responses. interleukin-1-alfa (inter-LOO-kin . interleukin-1-alpha (inter-LOO-kin … AL-fuh) One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. Interleukin-1 alpha, a form of interleukin-1, is made primarily by one type of white blood cell called macrophages and helps another type of white blood interleukin-13-PE38QQR immunotoxin (inter-LOO-kin … IH-myoo-noh-TOK-sin) A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It is made by combining interleukin-13 with a toxin from Pseudomonas bacteria. interleukin-4-PE38KDEL immunotoxin (inter-LOO-kin . intermediate (IN-ter-MEE-dee-ut gray) A term used to describe what abnormal cancer cells look like under a microscope. Intermediate-grade cancer cells look more abnormal than low-grade cancer cells, but not as abnormal as high-grade cancer cells. internal exam (in-TER-nul eg-ZAM) A physical examination of the vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and rectum. First, the vulva is examined for redness, swelling, sores, or other abnormalities. internal medicine (in-TER-null MEH-deh-sin) A branch of medicine specializing in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease in adults without surgical intervention. An internal medicine doctor is often a person's primary health care provider and can coordinate treatment from other specialis internal radiation therapy (in-TER-nul RAY-dee-AY-shun THAYR-uh-pee) A type of radiation therapy that uses radioactive material contained in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly in or near a tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiotherapy and radiation brachytherapy internist (in-TER-nist) A physician with special training in internal medicine. An internist works with adult patients to prevent, diagnose, and treat disease without surgery interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (IN-ter-STIH-shul sel-STIM-yoo-LAY-ting HOR-mone) A hormone produced in the pituitary gland. In women, it acts on the ovaries to encourage the follicles to release their eggs and to produce hormones that prepare the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg. interstitial fluid (IN-ter-STIH-shul FLOO-id) Fluid found in the spaces around the cells. It comes from substances leaking from the blood capillaries (the smallest type of blood vessel). interstitial radiation therapy (IN-ter-STIH-shul RAY-dee-AY-shun THAYR-uh-pee) A type of internal radiation therapy in which radioactive material contained in needles, seeds, wires or catheters, is introduced directly into a tumor or body tissue interval breast cancer (IN-ter-vul brest KAN-ser) Breast cancer diagnosed in the interval between a normal-appearing regular screening mammogram and the next screening mammogram. At the last screening mammography there was no "true" interval breast cancer. intervention group (IN-ter-VEN-shy group) The group in a clinical research study that will receive the test drug, vaccine, or other intervention. Interventions can also include medical procedures (such as radiation therapy and surgery), medical devices, behavior modifications (such as diet and exerc intestinal obstruction (in-TES-tih-nul ub-STRUK-avoid) A partial or complete blockage of the small or large intestine, preventing food, liquid, gases and stool from moving to normal way through the intestines. Bowel obstructions can be caused by a torsion of the bowel, hernias, inflammation, scar ti intestinal passage - (pronounced) (KOH-loh-AY-nul PUL-throo) A surgical procedure in which the colon is attached to the anus after the rectum has been removed. Also called coloanal anastomosis intestinal polyp - (pronounced) (KOH-lun PAH-lip) An abnormal growth of tissue in the lining of the gut. Polyps are a risk factor for colon cancer intestines (in-TES-tih-nul) Has to do with the intestines intopicine (in-TOP-lih-seen) A substance that has been studied to treat some types of cancer. Intoplicine blocks certain enzymes needed for cell division and DNA repair and can kill cancer cells. intoxicating pepper (in-TOK-sih-KAYT-ing PEH-pro) An herb native to islands in the South Pacific. Substances derived from the root have been used in some cultures to relieve stress, anxiety, tension, insomnia and menopause issues. intra-arterial (IN-truh-ar-TEER-ee-ul) Inside an artery (blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to tissues and organs in the body) intra-arterial brachytherapy (IN-truh-ar-TEER-ee-ul BRAY-kee-THAYR-uh-pee) A type of radiation therapy used to treat liver cancer or cancer that affects the liver has spread. Using a thin, flexible tube, tiny beads containing the radioactive substance yttrium Y 90 are injected into the main blood ve intracarotid infusion (IN-truh-kuh-RAH-tid in-FYOO-zhun) The infusion of fluids and medications directly into the carotid artery, the main artery in the neck that carries blood from the heart to the brain transported intracellular (IN-true-SEL-yoo-ler) In a cell intracellular matrix (IN-truh-SEL-yoo-ler MAI-trix) The vast network of protein fibers and other molecules that give body cells shape and structure. The intracellular matrix helps organize structures within the cell called organelles and other substances found in the fluid inside the cell. intracolon (IN-truh-koh-LAH-nik) Inside the large intestine intracranial tumor (IN-truh-KRAY-nee-ul TOO-mer) A tumor that occurs in the brain intracutaneous (IN-truh-kyoo-TAY-nee-us) Inside the skin. Also called intradermal intradermal (IN-true-THE-mul) Inside the skin. Also called intracutaneous intraductal papilloma (IN-truh-DUK-tul PA-pih-LOH-muh) A benign (not cancerous), warty growth in a milk duct of the breast. It is usually located near the nipple and can cause nipple discharge. intraepithelial (IN-truh-eh-pih-DIR-lee-ul) Within the layer of cells that forms the surface or lining of an organ intraepithelial neoplasia (IN-truh-eh-pih-THEE-lee-ul NEE-oh-PLAY-zhuh) A condition in which abnormal cells are found on the surface or within the tissue , lining an organ such as the prostate, breast, or cervix. The changes in the cells can be minor or major, depending on how much tissue is affecte intrahepatic (IN-true-heh-PA-tik) Inside the liver intrahepatic bile duct (IN-truh-heh-PA-tik bile duct) A bile duct that runs through the liver and carries bile intrahepatic bile duct cancer (IN-truh-heh-PA-tik bile duct KAN-ser) A rare cancer that forms in the bile ducts inside the liver. A bile duct is a tube that carries bile (fluid produced by the liver) between the liver and the gallbladder and small intestine. intrahepatic infusion (IN-truh-heh-PA-tik in-FYOO-zhun) The delivery of cancer drugs directly to the blood vessels of the liver intralesional (IN-truh-LEE-zhuh-nul) Within an area of cancer, such as within a tumor in the skin intramuscular (IN-truh-MUS-kyoo-ler) Inside or into the muscle. Also called IM intramuscular injection (IN-truh-MUS-kyoo-ler in-JEK-avoid) Injection into the muscle intraocular (IN-truh-AH-kyoo-ler) Inside the eyeball intraocular melanoma (IN-true-AH-kyoo-ler MEH-luh-NOH-muh) A rare cancer that begins in the cells that produce the dark pigment called melanin in the uvea or form the uveal tract of the eye. The uvea is the middle layer of the wall of the eye and includes the iris, ciliary body and choroid. intraoperative radiation therapy (IN-truh-AH-pruh-tiv RAY-dee-AY-shun THAYR-uh-pee) Radiation treatment aimed directly at a tumor during an operation. Also called IORT intrapelvin (IN-truh-PEL-vik) Inside the pelvis, the lower part of the abdomen between the hip bones intraperitoneal (IN-truh-PAYR-ih-toh-NEE-ul) Inside the abdominal cavity (the area containing the abdominal organs). Also called IP intraperitoneal infusion (IN-truh-PAYR-ih-toh-NEE-ul in-FYOO-zhun) A method of delivering fluids and medications directly into the abdominal cavity through a thin tube. Also called peritoneal infusion intrapleural (IN-truh-PLOOR-ul) Inside the pleural cavity intraspinal (IN-truh-SPY-nul) Inside the vertebral column (backbone) intrathecal (IN-true-you-kul) Describes the fluid-filled space between the thin layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord. Drugs can be injected into the fluid or a sample of the fluid can be taken for testing intrathecal chemotherapy (IN-truh-THEE-kul KEE-moh-THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment in which cancer drugs are injected into the fluid-filled space between the thin layers of tissue that line the cover the brain and spinal cord intratumoral (IN-truh-TOO-mer-ul) Inside a tumor intrauterine (IN-truh-YOO-teh-rin) In the womb (the small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis where a fetus develops) intravaginal (IN-truh-VA-jih-nul) Has to do with the inside of the vagina (the birth canal) intravenous (IN-truh-VEE-nus) In or within a vein. Intravenous usually refers to a way of administering a drug or other substance through a needle or tube inserted into a vein. intravenous chemotherapy (IN-truh-VEE-nus KEE-moh-THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment in which cancer drugs are administered through a needle or tube inserted into a vein. The cancer drugs travel through the blood to kill cancer cells in the body intravenous infusion (IN-truh-VEE-nus in-FYOO-zhun) A method of introducing fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called infusion intravenous injection (IN-truh-VEE-nus in-JEK-avoid) Injection into a vein intravenous pyelography (IN-truh-VEE-nus PY-eh-LAH-gruh-fee) An X-ray examination of the kidneys, ureters and bladder, and prostate in men, in which a contrast medium is injected into a vein is injected. As the dye travels through the bloodstream, it collects in these organs, turning them bright whi intraventricular infusion (IN-truh-ven-TRIH-kyoo-ler in-FYOO-zhun) The delivery of a drug into a fluid-filled cavity in the heart or brain intravesical (IN-truh-VEH-sih-kul) Inside the bladder intravitreal chemotherapy (IN-truh-VIH-Baum-ul KEE-moh-THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment in which cancer drugs are injected directly into the vitreous (gel-like fluid in the eye). Intravitreal chemotherapy is used to treat retinoblastoma that has spread to the vitreous and has come back or has not improved af intrusive thought (in-TROO-siv thaw) An unpleasant memory or idea that frequently pops up in a person's everyday thoughts, keeping them from thinking about other things. Disturbing thoughts can make sleep difficult and make a person unable to perform daily activities. invasive cancer (in-VAY-siv KAN-ser) Cancer that has spread beyond the tissue layer in which it developed and into surrounding healthy tissue. Also called infiltrating cancer invasive cervical cancer (in-VAY-siv SER-vih-kul KAN-ser) Cancer that has spread from the surface of the cervix to tissues deeper in the cervix or to other parts of the body invasive ductal carcinoma (in-VAY-siv DUK-tul KAR-sih-NOH-muh) The most common type of invasive breast cancer. It starts in the lining of the milk ducts (thin tubes that carry milk from the lobules of the breast to the nipple) and spreads outside the milk ducts to surrounding normal tissues. invasive lobular carcinoma (in-VAY-siv LAH-byoo-ler KAR-sih-NOH-muh) A type of invasive breast cancer that starts in the lobules (mammary glands) of the breast and spreads spread to the surrounding normal tissue. It can also spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymphatic systems. invasive procedures (in-VAY-siv proh-SEE-jer) A medical procedure that enters (penetrates) the body, usually by cutting or puncturing the skin or by inserting instruments into the body inverted papilloma (in-VER-ted PA-pih-LOH-muh) A type of tumor in which surface epithelial cells grow downward into the underlying supporting tissue. It can occur in the nose and/or sinuses or in the urinary tract (bladder, renal pelvis, ureters, urethra). investigation (in-VES-tih-GAY-shuh-nul) In clinical trials, referring to a drug (including a new drug, dose, combination, or route of administration) or a Procedure that has undergone basic laboratory testing and has been approved for human testing by the U. S. investigational drug (in-VES-tih-GAY-shuh-nul . investigator (in-VES-tih-gay-ter) In research, an individual involved in the conduct of a clinical trial or research study. The investigator can help prepare and implement the protocol (plan) for the study, monitor the safety of the study, collect and analyze the data, and report the results of the involuntary (in-VAH-lun-TAYR-ee) An action that is not voluntary. In the body, involuntary actions (like blushing) occur automatically and cannot be voluntarily controlled involuntary contractions of muscles in the bladder, which can cause lack of control of urination involuntary nervous system (in-VAH-lun-TAYR-ee NER-vus SIS-tem) The part of the nervous system that controls the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart, blood vessels, lungs, stomach, and gut) and glands (such as salivary glands and sweat glands). Part of the involuntary nervous system he involuntary sudden contraction of the diaphragm along with the closing of the vocal cords, producing a "hiccup" sound iodine (I-oh-dine) An element needed by the body to make thyroid hormone. It is found in shellfish and iodized salt iodized oil (I-oh-dized oyl) A form of poppyseed oil that contains iodine. Given by injection, iodized oil accumulates in the blood and lymphatic vessels of tumors. ion (ion) An atom or molecule that has a positive or negative electrical charge. Examples are sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride and phosphate. ionizing radiation (I-uh-NY-zing RAY-dee-AY-shun) A type of high-energy radiation that has enough energy to remove an electron (negative particle) from an atom or molecule to remove, causing it to become ionized. Ionizing radiation can cause chemical changes in cells and damage DNA. ipilimumab (ih-pih-LIH-myoo-mab) A drug that binds to the protein CTLA-4 to help immune cells kill cancer cells better, and is used to treat many different types types of cancer is used. These include cancers that have certain mutations (changes) in genes involved in DNA repair. ipsilateral (IP-sih-LA-teh-rul) On the same side of the body as another structure or a specific point iq'mik (IK-mik) A type of smokeless tobacco made by mixing dried tobacco leaves with the ash of a specific type of mushroom. It is primarily used and chewed in Alaska. irinotecan hydrochloride (I-rih-noh-TEE-kan HY-droh-KLOR-ide) A drug used alone or with other drugs to treat colorectal cancer that spreads to others parts of the body has spread. It is used in patients whose cancer has not yet been treated or whose cancer has come back (came back) or gotten worse a irinotecan hydrochloride liposome (I-rih-noh-TEE-kan HY-droh-KLOR-ide LY-poh-some) A form of the cancer drug irinotecan hydrochloride contained in very small, fat-like particles and is used with other medicines to treat pancreatic cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It is used in pati iris (iris) The colored tissue at the front of the eye that contains the pupil at the center. The iris helps control the size of the pupil to let more or less light into the eye irofulvene (i-roh-FUL-ven) A substance being studied to treat some types of cancer. Irofulvene attaches itself to the cell's DNA and can block the growth of cancer cells. iron (I-urn) An essential mineral needed by the body to make hemoglobin, a substance in the blood that carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues throughout the body. Iron is also an important component of many other proteins and enzymes that the body needs for normal growth and development. iron overload (I-urn OH-ver-lode) A condition in which the body absorbs and stores more iron than it needs. The extra iron gets stored in the liver, heart, and pancreas, which can lead to liver disease, heart problems, organ failure, and cancer. irradiated (ih-RAY-dee-AY-ted) Treated with irradiation irradiation (ih-RAY-dee-AY-avoid) The use of high-energy radiation from X-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, protons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. The radiation can come from a device outside the body (external beam radiation therapy) or from radioactive material that is introd irregular contractions of the muscles in the esophagus, which lead to difficulty swallowing irreversible enzyme inhibitor (eer-ree-VER-sih-bul EN-zime in-HIH-bih-ter) A substance that permanently blocks the action of an enzyme. In cancer treatment, irreversible enzyme inhibitors can block certain enzymes that cancer cells need to grow and can kill cancer cells. irreversible toxicity (eer-ree-VER-sih-bul tok-SIH-sih-tee) Side effects caused by toxic substances or something harmful to the body that do not go away irrigation (EER-ih-GAY-avoid) Medically, the flushing of an organ (e. g. irritable bowel (EER-ih-tuh-bul KOH-lun) A disorder of the gut, often characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in a person's bowel habits. This may include diarrhea or constipation, or both, occurring one at a time. irritation of the nasal passages and the whites of the eyes, causing sneezing, runny nose, and sore eyes ischemia (ist-KEE-mee-uh) Lack of blood supply to a body part. Ischemia can cause tissue damage due to lack of oxygen and nutrients ischemic necrosis (is-KEE-mik neh-KROH-sis) A condition in which there is a loss of blood flow to bone tissue, resulting in bone death. It's most common in the hips, knees, shoulders, and ankles. isoflavone (I-soh-FLAY-vone) An estrogen-like substance made by some plants, including soybean. Soy isoflavones are being studied to prevent cancer, hot flashes that occur with menopause, and osteoporosis (loss of bone density) isointense (I-soh-in-tents) Having the same intensity as another object. Used to describe the results of imaging tests such as X-rays, MRIs, or CT scans isolated limb infusion (I-soh-LAY-ted LIM in-FYOO-zhun) A method of administering cancer drugs directly to an arm or leg, but not to the rest of the body. Blood flow to and from the limb is temporarily stopped with a tourniquet (a tight band around the limb). isolated limb perfusion (I-soh-LAY-ted LIM per-FYOO-zhun) A procedure that allows cancer drugs to be delivered directly to an arm or leg. Blood flow to and from the limb is temporarily stopped with a tourniquet (a tight band around the limb), and anti-cancer drugs are given directly into the limb's isolation (I-soh-LAY-avoid) State of separation from others. Isolation is sometimes used to prevent the spread of disease isomer (I-soh-mer) One of two or more compounds that have the same chemical formula but different arrangements of atoms within the molecule, and which may have different physical/chemical properties isotope (I-soh-tope) A form of a chemical element in which the atoms have the same number of protons (part of the nucleus) but a different number of neutrons (part of the nucleus) to have. For example, carbon 12, carbon 13, and carbon 14 are carbon isotopes. ispinesib (ist-PIN-eh-sib) A substance being studied to treat cancer. Ispinesib blocks a protein that tumor cells need to divide. isthmus (iz-muhs) A narrow part inside the body that connects two larger structures isulfan blue (I-soh-SUL-fan. itch - (pronounced) (proo-RY-tus) Itching. Severe itching can be a side effect of some cancer treatments and a symptom of some types of cancer ivosidenib (I-voh-SIH-deh-nib) A medicine used alone or with other medicines to treat adults with certain types of acute myeloid leukemia or cholangiocarcinoma (a type of bile duct cancer ) that have a mutation (change) in the bile duct IDH1 gene. It is also being studied in the treatment of other t ixabepilon (IK-suh-BEH-pih-lone) A medicine used alone or with capecitabine to treat breast cancer that is locally advanced or has spread to other parts of the body and does not improve after treatment with other anticancer medicines. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cance ixazomib citrate (ik-SA-zoh-mib SIH-Trayt) A drug used along with lenalidomide and dexamethasone to treat multiple myeloma. It is used in patients who have received at least one other cancer treatment. jamshidi needle (jam-SHEE-dee NEE-dul) A long, hollow needle with a tapered blade at one end and a handle with a place to attach a syringe at the other end. It is used to take a tissue sample from the bone marrow. jaundice (JAWN-dis) A condition in which the skin and whites of the eyes turn yellow, the urine turns darker, and the color of the stool turns lighter than normal. Jaundice occurs when the liver is not working properly or when a bile duct is blocked jaw cavity - (pronounced) (MAK-sih-LAYR-ee SY-nus) A type of sinus (a cavity in the bones around the nose). There are two large maxillary sinuses, one in each of the maxillary bones, located in the cheek area next to the nose. johimbe (yo-HIM bay) A tree native to West Africa. The bark is used as a supplement in bodybuilding and to increase male sexual performance. joint decision-making - In medicine, a process in which both the patient and healthcare professionals work together to determine the best treatment plan for the patient. When making a joint decision, the values, goals and concerns of the patient are taken into account. joint inflammation caused by a bacterial infection junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JUNK-shuh-nul EH-pih-der-MAH-lih-sis buh-LOH-suh) A rare inherited disorder that causes blisters on the skin and the moist form the inner lining of some organs and body cavities. The blisters usually appear at birth and can appear on specific parts of the body (such junctional nevus (JUNK-shuh-nul NEE-vus) A type of nevus (birthmark) that occurs at the junction (boundary) between the epidermis (outer) and dermis (inner) layers of the skin can be found. These birthmarks may be colored and slightly raised juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JOO-veh-NILE MY-eh-loh-MAH-noh-SIH-tik loo-KEE-mee-uh) A rare form of childhood leukemia in which Cancer cells often spread to tissues such as the skin, lungs and intestines. Also called JMML juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JOO-veh-nile NAY-zoh-fuh-RIN-jee-ul AN-jee-oh-fy-BROH-muh) A benign (noncancerous) tumor, which consists of blood vessels and fibrous (connective) tissue. Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas form in the bridge of the nose and can spread to the upper part of th juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma (JOO-veh-NILE PY-loh-SIH-tik AS-troh-sy-TOH-muh) A slow-growing central nervous system tumor that arises from glial (supporting ) tissues of the brain and spinal cord. Juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma usually occurs in children and young adults. juvenile polyposis syndrome (JOO-veh-nile PAH-lee-POH-sis SIN-drome) A rare, inherited disorder that causes symptoms in the gastrointestinal tract, usually before the age of 20 To be diagnosed with juvenile polyposis syndrome, a person must have one or more of the following: (1) more than five juven juvenile rickets (JOO-veh-NILE RIH-kets) A condition in children where bones become soft and deformed because they do not have enough calcium and phosphorus. It is caused by not having enough vitamin D in the diet or not getting enough sunlight. kaposiform hemangioendothelioma (kuh-POH-zee-form hee-MAN-jee-oh-EN-doh-THEE-lee-OH-muh) A rare blood vessel tumor that usually appears on the skin which forms arms and legs, but can also form in deeper tissues such as muscles and bones. Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma can sometimes form in the lymp katapres - (pronounced) (KA-tuh-pres) drug used to treat high blood pressure. It is also being studied to treat certain types of cancer pain and as a smoking cessation aid. keloid (KEE-loyd) A thick, irregular scar caused by excess tissue growth at the site of an incision or wound keratan sulfate (KAYR-uh-tan SUL-fayt) A glycosaminoglycan (a type of polysaccharide) found in the cartilage and cornea of the eye keratin (KAYR-uh-Tin) A type of protein found on epithelial cells that line the inside and outside surfaces of the body. Keratins help form the tissues of hair, nails, and the outer layer of skin. keratinocyte growth factor (keh-RA-tih-noh-site grothe FAK-ter) A natural substance that stimulates the growth of epithelial cells in the skin and in the lining of the mouth, stomach and intestines stimulates. A laboratory-made form of keratinocyte growth factor is called recombinant human keratinoc ketogenic diet (KEE-toh-JEH-nik DY-et) A high-fat and low-carbohydrate (sugar) diet that causes the body to break down fat into molecules called ketones. Ketones circulate in the blood and become the main source of energy for many cells in the body. ketone (KEE clay) A type of chemical substance used in perfumes, paints, solvents, and found in essential oils (fragrant liquid derived from plants). Ketones are also made by the body when there is not enough insulin keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KEE-hole LIM-pet HEE-moh-SY-uh-nin) A substance taken from a marine organism that may be associated with a specific antigen to enhance the immune response to step up to that antigen. Keyhole limpet hemocyanin is being studied to boost the immune response to cancer vaccines kidney (KID-nee) One of two organs in the abdomen. The kidneys remove waste and extra water from the blood (like urine) and help balance chemicals (like sodium, potassium, and calcium) in the body. kidney cancer (KID-nee KAN-ser) Cancer that forms in the tissues of the kidneys. There are many different types of kidney cancer, including renal cell carcinoma (RCC), transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the renal pelvis, and Wilms' tumor. kidney function (KID-nee FUNK-avoid) A term used to describe how well the kidneys are working. The kidneys remove waste and extra water from the blood (like urine) and help balance chemicals (like sodium, potassium, and calcium) in the body. kidney function - (pronounced) (REE-nul FUNK-avoid) A term used to describe how well the kidneys are working. The kidneys remove waste and extra water from the blood (like urine) and help balance chemicals (like sodium, potassium, and calcium) in the body. kidney function test - (pronounced) (REE-nul FUNK-avoid. kilogram (KIH-loh-gram) A measure of weight. One kilogram equals 2. kinaret (KIH-nuh-ret) A substance used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and being studied to treat cancer. Kinaret blocks the action of interleukin 1 (IL-1). kinase (KY-no) A type of enzyme (a protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body) that adds chemicals called phosphates to other molecules, such as sugars or proteins. This can cause other molecules in the cell to become either active or inactive. kinase inhibitor (KY-nays in-HIH-bih-ter) A substance that blocks a type of enzyme called a kinase. Human cells have many different kinases, and they help control important functions such as cell signaling, metabolism, division, and survival. kretek (KREE-tek) A type of cigarette manufactured in Indonesia. It is made from a mixture of tobacco, cloves and other ingredients. kyphosis (ky-FOH-sis) A condition characterized by a hump-like rounding or outward curvature of the upper spine. It can be present at birth, or it can be caused by growth problems, arthritis, osteoporosis, tumors, or certain other medical conditions. lab test (LA-bruh-tor-ee. lab-on-a-chip (lab-on-uh-chip) An instrument that uses very small amounts of liquid on a microchip to perform certain laboratory tests. A lab-on-a-chip can use body fluids or solutions containing cells or parts of cells to diagnose diseases. labial mucosa (LAY-bee-ul myoo-KOH-suh) The inner lining of the lips labor that begins before the full term of pregnancy (about 37 weeks) lactase (LAK-Tays) An enzyme that breaks down lactose, a type of sugar found in milk and dairy products lactate dehydrogenase (LAK-tayt dee-hy-DRAH-jeh-nays) One of a group of enzymes found in blood and other body tissues that are involved in the production of energy in cells. Elevated levels of lactate dehydrogenase in the blood can be a sign of tissue damage and some types of cancer or other disease lactation (lak-TAY-shun) The process of making and secreting milk from the mammary glands in the breasts. Lactation usually begins during pregnancy when changes in certain hormones signal the mammary glands to produce milk. lactic acid (LAK-tik A-sid) A substance produced from sugars in milk by the action of certain enzymes. It is used in skin care products to reduce wrinkles and soften skin. lactic acid dehydrogenase (LAK-tik A-sid dee-hy-DRAH-jeh-nays) One of a group of enzymes found in blood and other body tissues and involved in the production of energy in cells are. An increased amount in the blood can be a sign of tissue damage and some types of cancer or other diseases. lactobacilli (LAK-toh-buh-SIH-lus) A type of bacteria that produces lactic acid (a substance made from sugars found in milk and also made in the body). Lactobacilli do not usually cause disease, but they can cause tooth decay. lactose (LAK-tose) A type of sugar found in milk and milk products lactose intolerance (LAK-tose in-TAH-leh-runts) The inability to digest or absorb lactose, a type of sugar found in milk and other dairy products lamina propria (LA-mih-nuh PROH-pree-uh) A type of connective tissue that lies beneath the thin layer of tissue that covers a mucous membrane lamivudine (luh-MIH-vyoo-deen) A drug used to treat infections caused by viruses lamotrigine (luh-MOH-trih-jeen) A drug used to control some types of seizures. It is being studied to prevent peripheral neuropathy caused by some chemotherapy drugs. lanolin (LA-noh-lin) An oily substance derived from sheep's wool. Lanolin is used in moisturizing creams and lotions to treat dry, itchy skin lanreotide acetate (lan-REE-oh-flut A-seh-tayt) A drug similar to somatostatin (a hormone produced by the body) used to treat certain types of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, carcinoid syndrome, and acromegaly (a condition in which the pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone). lansoprazole (lan-SOH-pruh-zole) A drug that reduces the amount of acid formed in the stomach. It is used to treat stomach ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease (a condition where acid from the stomach causes heartburn) and conditions where the stomach produces too much acid. laparoscope (LA-puh-ruh-SKOPE) A thin, tubular instrument used to examine tissues and organs in the abdomen. A laparoscope has a light and lens for viewing and may have a tool for removing tissue laparoscopic surgery (LA-puh-ruh-SKAH-pik SER-juh-ree) Operation using a laparoscope. A laparoscope is a thin, tubular instrument with a light and lens for viewing. laparoscopy (LA-puh-ROS-koh-pee) A procedure that uses a laparoscope inserted through the abdominal wall to examine the inside of the abdomen. A laparoscope is a thin, tubular instrument with a light and lens for viewing. laparotomy (LA-puh-RAH-toh-mee) A surgical incision in the abdominal wall lapatinib ditosylate (luh-PA-tih-nib dy-TOH-sih-layt) A drug used with capecitabine or letrozole to treat certain types of HER2-positive breast cancer that have progressed are or have spread. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. lappa (LA-phew) A plant whose seeds and roots were used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It can have antioxidant effects. large cell carcinoma (. large granular lymphocyte (larj GRAN-yoo-lur LIM-foh-site) A type of white blood cell containing granules containing enzymes that can kill tumor cells or microbial cells large intestine (larj in-TES-tin) The long, tubular organ that connects to the small intestine at one end and to the anus at the other. The large intestine consists of four parts: cecum, large intestine, rectum and anal canal. large molecules made up of amino acids that play many major roles in the body, including forming the basis of body structures such as skin and hair, and important chemicals such as enzymes and hormones large, strong teeth at the back of the jaw, primarily used to grind food laromustine (LAYR-oh-MUS-teen) A drug used to treat acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It is also being studied in the treatment of several other types of cancer. larotrectinib sulfate (LAYR-oh-TREK-tih-nib SUL-fayt) A drug used to treat adults and children with certain types of solid tumors that have spread or are not removed by surgery can be and who have NTR gene fusion. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. larynx (luh-RIN-jee-ul) Has to do with the larynx larynx removal (LAYR-in-JEK-toh-MEE) A person whose larynx (voice box) has been removed laser (LAY-zer) A device that shapes light into intense, narrow beams used to cut or destroy tissue, e. g. laser acupuncture (LAY-zer AK-yoo-PUNK-cher) The use of a low-level laser beam instead of an acupuncture needle to stimulate an acupuncture point laser therapy (LAY-zer THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment that uses intense, narrow beams of light to target tissue, e. g. laser treatment (LAY-zer SER-juh-ree) A surgical procedure that uses the cutting power of a laser beam to make bloodless cuts in tissue or to remove a surface lesion such as a tumor late effect (layt eh-FEKT) A health problem that occurs months or years after a disease is diagnosed or after treatment has stopped. Long-term effects can be caused by cancer or cancer treatment. late-stage cancer (LAYT-stayj KAN-ser) A term used to describe cancer that is well advanced in its growth and has spread to the lymph nodes or other parts of the body has spread latency period (LAY-ten-see PEER-ee-ud) The time elapsing between exposure to something that may cause disease (such as radiation or a virus), and the onset of symptoms passes latent (LAY tent) Describes a condition that is present but not active or causing symptoms latissimus dorsi flap (luh-TIH-sih-mus DOR-sy…) A type of surgery used to restore the shape of the breast after a mastectomy. A muscle in the back called the latissimus dorsi is moved from the back to the chest along with skin, fat, and blood vessels to create a new breast mound, or pocket for a bre lavender (lavender) A plant with aromatic leaves and flowers that belongs to the mint family. Oil from the flowers has been used in some cultures to treat certain medicinal problems, keep insects away, and wash away. laxative (LAK-suh-tiv) A substance that promotes bowel movements lead compound (Leed KOM-pownd) In medicine, a chemical compound that shows promise for the treatment of a disease and may lead to the development of a new drug. Thousands of compounds are tested in the lab to find a lead ("lead") compound that can act on specific genes or proteins involved in a dise lectin (LEK can) A complex molecule containing both protein and sugar. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes within it. leiomyoma (LY-oh-my-OH-moo) A benign smooth muscle tumor, usually in the uterus or gastrointestinal tract. Also called myoma lemon (LEH-mun) A small, yellow citrus fruit that is a source of citric acid and ascorbic acid (vitamin C). The sap is used to flavor food and drink and to prevent scurvy. lens (Lenz) A transparent disk that focuses light, as in a camera or microscope. In the eye, the lens is a clear, curved structure at the front of the eye, behind the pupil. lenvatinib mesylate (len-VA-tih-nib MEH-zih-layt) A medicine used alone or with other medicines to treat certain types of endometrial cancer, renal cell carcinoma (a type of kidney cancer), hepatocellular carcinoma (a type of liver cancer) and thyroid cancer. It is also being studied in the treatmen leptomeningeal (LEP-toh-meh-NIN-jee-ul) Has to do with the two innermost meninges (thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord) leptomeningeal carcinoma (LEP-toh-meh-NIN-jee-ul KAR-sih-NOH-muh) A serious condition in which cancer cells spread from the original (primary) tumor to the meninges ( the thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord). This can cause the meninges to become inflamed, causing leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LEP-toh-meh-NIN-jee-ul KAR-sih-NOH-muh-TOH-sis) A serious condition in which cancer cells spread from the original (primary) tumor to the meninges (the thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord). This can cause the meninges to become inflam leptomeningeal metastases (LEP-toh-meh-NIN-jee-ul-meh-TAS-tuh-sis) A serious condition in which cancer cells spread from the original (primary) tumor to the meninges (the thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord). This can cause the meninges to become inflamed, causing leridistim (leh-RIH-dih-stim) A substance being studied for its ability to stimulate the production of blood cells during chemotherapy. It's a kind of colony stimulating factor. lesion (LEE-zhun) An area of abnormal tissue. A lesion can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous) lestaurtinib (leh-STOR-tih-nib) A drug being studied for the treatment of acute leukemia and some other types of cancer. It attaches to a protein present on the surface of some types of cancer cells and stops them from dividing. lethargy (LEH-thur-jee) A condition characterized by drowsiness and an unusual lack of energy and mental alertness. It can be caused by many things, including illness, injury, or drugs leucovorin-calcium (LOO-koh-VOR-in KAL-see-um) A form of folic acid used alone or with other drugs to treat and reduce certain types of colon cancer and anemia the toxic effects of the cancer drug methotrexate or other substances that block the effects of folic acid. Leucovorin calcium is also being leukapheresis (LOO-kuh-feh-REE-sis) Taking blood to obtain specific blood cells. The remaining blood is returned to the body leukemia (Lo-KEE-mi-uh) Cancer that starts in blood-forming tissues such as the bone marrow and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the bloodstream leukemia cell (loo-KEE-mee-uh sel) An abnormal type of white blood cell that accumulates in the bone marrow and blood of patients with leukemia, leaving less room for healthy blood cells. This can lead to infection, anemia, and easy bleeding. leukemic leptomeningitis (loo-KEE-mik MEH-nin-JY-tis) A serious problem that can occur with leukemia. In leukemic leptomeningitis, cancer cells have spread from the original (primary) tumor to the meninges (thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord). leukemic meningitis (loo-KEE-mik MEH-nin-JY-tis) A serious problem that can occur with leukemia. In leukemic meningitis, cancer cells have spread from the original (primary) tumor to the meninges (thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord). leukocytes (LOO-koh side) A type of blood cell made in the bone marrow and found in blood and lymphatic tissue. Leukocytes are part of the body's immune system. leukopenia (LOO-koh-PEE-nee-uh) A condition in which the number of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the blood is below normal leukoplakia (LOO-koh-SPIEL-kee-uh) An abnormal patch of white tissue that forms on mucous membranes in the mouth and other areas of the body. It can turn into cancer. leuprolide acetate (LOO-proh-lide A-seh-tayt) A drug used to treat prostate cancer, problems with the endometrium (the lining of the womb), and uterine fibroids (benign growths on the womb). It is also being studied in the treatment of other diseases and cancers. levocarnitine (LEE-voh-KAR-nih-teen) A form of carnitine, a substance made in muscle and liver tissue and found in certain foods such as meat, poultry, fish and some contains dairy products. Levocarnitine is also a drug used to treat patients who do not produce enough carnitine and is being studied licorice root extract (LIH-kuh-rish … EK-strakt) A substance made from the dried roots of the plant Glycyrrhiza glabra. It is used as a flavoring in medicines, beverages, and candy, and is being studied to treat cancer. lidocaine (LY-doh-kane) A substance used to relieve pain by blocking signals at nerve endings in the skin. It can also be given intravenously to stop abnormal heart rhythms. lifetime risk (lifetime risk) A measure of the risk that a particular event will occur during a person's lifetime. In cancer research, it is commonly expressed as the probability that a person who is free of a particular type of cancer will develop or die from that type of cancer during their lifeti light cigarette (lite SIH-guh-ret) A type of cigarette said to release less tobacco tar when smoked than a regular cigarette. Light cigarettes have not been shown to be any safer than regular cigarettes, and smoking them does not reduce the risk of cancer or other diseases. light diet - (pronounced) (soft DY et) A diet consisting of bland foods softened by boiling, pureeing, mashing, or blending light therapy (. lignan (LIG nun) A member of a group of substances found in plants that have shown estrogenic and anticancer effects. Lignans have been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems limb perfusion (lim per-FYOO-zhun) A procedure that allows cancer drugs to be delivered directly to an arm or leg. Blood flow to and from the limb is temporarily stopped with a tourniquet (a tight band around the limb), and anti-cancer drugs are given directly into the limb's blood. limb-sparing surgery (lim-SPAYR-ing SER-juh-ree) Surgery to remove a tumor in a limb (arm or leg) without removing the entire limb. The bone and tissue around the tumor can also be removed, and an implant can be used to replace the removed portion of the limb. limbic system (LIM-bik SIS-tem) A network of structures in the brain involved in memories and emotions limited-stage small cell lung cancer (LIH-mih-ted-stayj . linac (LIH-nak) A machine that uses electricity to create a stream of fast-moving subatomic particles. This creates high-energy radiation that can be used to treat cancer. linear accelerator (LIH-nee-er ak-SEH-leh-RAY-ter) A machine that uses electricity to form a stream of fast-moving subatomic particles. This creates high-energy radiation that can be used to treat cancer. lines on the skin that occur when the inner skin layer is stretched thin and loses its elasticity linseed (FLAX seed) The seed of the flax plant. It's a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids, fiber, and a compound called lignin. linseed (linseed) The seed of the flax plant. It's a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids, fiber, and a compound called lignin. lipid (LIH-pid) fat lipoma (lih-POH-muh) A benign (non-cancerous) tumor composed of fat cells lipophilic (LIH-poh-FIH-lik) Capable of dissolving, being dissolved in, or absorbing lipids (fats) liposarcoma (LIH-poh-sar-KOH-muh) A rare type of cancer that begins in fat cells. It usually forms in the layer of fat just under the skin or in the deep soft tissues of the legs (particularly in the thigh or back of the knee) or abdomen. liposomal (LY-poh-SOH-mul) A drug preparation that contains the active substance in very small, fat-like particles. This form is easier for the body to absorb and allows more medicines to reach the targeted area of the body, such as: B. liposomal SN-38 (LY-poh-SOH-mul…) A form of the cancer drug irinotecan contained in very small, fat-like particles. It may have fewer side effects and work better than irinotecan alone. liposomal doxorubicin hydrochloride (LY-poh-SOH-mul DOK-soh-ROO-bih-sin HY-droh-KLOR-ide) A form of the cancer drug doxorubicin, contained in very small, fat-like particles and is used alone or with other medicines to treat certain types of ovarian cancer, AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma and multiple liposomal paclitaxel (LY-poh-SOH-mul PA-klih-TAK-sil) A form of the cancer drug paclitaxel contained in very small, fat-like particles. It may have fewer side effects and work better than paclitaxel. liposome (LY-poh-some) A very small, fat-like particle made in the laboratory. In medicine, liposomes containing drugs or other substances are used to treat cancer and other diseases. liquid biopsy (LIH-kwid BY-op-see) A laboratory test done on a sample of blood, urine, or other body fluid to look for cancer cells from a tumor or small pieces of DNA, RNA or other molecules released by tumor cells into a person's body fluids. Liquid biopsy allows multiple samples to be taken over liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LIH-kwid KROH-muh-TAH-gruh-fee-mas-spek-TRAH-meh-tree) A laboratory technique that combines two different processes to measure the amount of different Separate, identify and measure substances in a liquid sample. In the liquid chromatography (LC) method, a li liter (LEE-ter) A measure of volume for a liquid using the metric system. A liter is equal to 1,000 cubic centimeters (cc), 1,000 milliliters (mL), or 1. live vaccine (. liver (LIH-ver) A large organ in the upper abdomen. The liver cleans the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile liver X receptor alpha pathway (LIH-ver. liver artery (heh-PA-tik AR-tuh-ree) The main blood vessel that carries blood to the liver liver function test (LIH-ver FUNK-avoid. liver-spleen scan (LIH-ver . living will (LIH-ving will) A type of living will that specifies the specific types of medical care a person wishes to receive if that person is no longer in the able to make medical decisions. A living will usually includes instructions about whether certain treatments should be used to keep a pers lobaplatin (LOH-boo-PLA-tin) A substance containing the metal platinum that can kill cancer cells by damaging their DNA and stopping them from dividing. It's a type of alkylating agent lobes (lobes) A part of an organ such as the liver, lungs, breast, thyroid, or brain lobular capillary hemangioma (LAH-byoo-ler KA-pih-layer-ee hee-MAN-jee-OH-muh) A benign (noncancerous) blood vessel tumor that usually appears on the skin forms. It can also form on mucous membranes and in capillaries (small blood vessels) or other parts of the body. lobular carcinoma (LAH-byoo-ler KAR-sih-NOH-muh) Cancer that starts in the lobules (mammary glands) of the breast. The lobular carcinoma can be either lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) or invasive lobular carcinoma. lobular carcinoma in situ (LAH-byoo-ler KAR-sih-NOH-muh in SY-too) A condition in which abnormal cells are found in the lobules of the breast. This condition rarely becomes an invasive cancer. lobular intraepithelial neoplasia (LAH-byoo-ler IN-truh-eh-pih-THEE-lee-ul NEE-oh-PLAY-zhuh) A condition in which abnormal cells form in the lobules (glands that produce milk) of the breast can be found. This condition rarely turns into cancer. lobular neoplasia (LAH-byoo-ler NEE-oh-PLAY-zhuh) A condition in which abnormal cells are found in the lobules (glands that produce milk) of the breast. This condition rarely turns into cancer. lobule (LAH-byool) A small lobe or subdivision of a lobe local anesthetic (LOH-kul A-nes-DIE-zhuh) A temporary loss of feeling in a small area of the body caused by special drugs called anesthetics. The patient remains awake but has no feeling in the numbed area. local therapy (LOH-kul THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment aimed at a specific organ or limited area of the body, such as the B. the breast or an abnormal growth on the skin. localized (LOH-kuh-lized) In medicine, refers to a disease that is limited to a specific part of the body. For example, localized cancer is usually only found in the tissue or organ in which it originated and has not spread to nearby lymph nodes or other parts of the body. localized cancer - (LOH-kuh-lized KAN-ser) Describes cancer that occurs only in the tissue or organ in which it originally originated and that has not spread to nearby lymph nodes or other parts of the body localized gallbladder cancer (LOH-kuh-lized GAWL-bla-der KAN-ser) Cancer is found only in the tissues that make up the wall of the gallbladder. Localized gallbladder cancer can be completely removed in one operation localized therapy (LOH-kuh-lized THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment aimed at a specific organ or limited area of the body, such as the B. the breast or an abnormal growth on the skin. locally advanced cancer (LOH-kuh-lee ad-VANST KAN-ser) Cancer that has spread from its site of origin to nearby tissues or lymph nodes location (LOH-kus) Specific place where something is or is happening. It can refer to a specific location on the body (such as an acupuncture point) or the location on a chromosome where a specific gene is located locus heterogeneity (LOH-kus HEH-teh-roh-jeh-NEE-ih-tee) A term used to describe when mutations (changes) in different genes cause the same disease or condition cause. Any mutation alone is sufficient to cause the disease or condition. long-term side effect (. longitudinal cohort study (LON-jih-TOO-dih-nul KOH-hort STUH-dee) A type of research study that follows large groups of people over a long period of time. The groups are similar in many respects, but differ in one specific characteristic (e. loperamide hydrochloride (loh-PER-uh-mide HY-droh-KLOR-ide) A drug used to treat diarrhea. Loperamide hydrochloride slows the movement of muscles in the small intestine to allow more water to be removed from the faeces (waste) and more nutrients to be absorbed. lopinavir (loh-PIH-nuh-veer) A drug used with another drug called ritonavir to treat infection with HIV (the virus that causes AIDS). It is also being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. lopinavir/ritonavir (loh-PIH-nuh-veer/ry-TOH-nuh-veer) A combination of the drugs ritonavir and lopinavir. It is used to treat infection with HIV (the virus that causes AIDS). lorvotuzumab mertansine (LOR-voh-TOO-zoo-mab mer-TAN-seen) A substance being studied to treat some types of cancer, including Wilms' tumor, neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and other types of soft tissue sarcomas. Lorvotuzumab mertansine contains a monoclonal antibody that attaches to a protein call losartan potassium (loh-SAR-tan puh-TA-see-um) A drug used to treat high blood pressure. Losartan potassium blocks the effects of chemicals that constrict (narrow) blood vessels. loss of peripheral vision so that only objects directly ahead can be seen; most commonly due to damage caused by increased pressure within the eye (glaucoma) loss of sensation or ability to move low birth weight (Loh Berth Wayt) A term used to describe an infant who is born weighing 5. 5 pounds (2500 grams) or less. low grade fibromyxoid sarcoma (…FY-broh-MIK-soyd sar-KOH-muh) A rare, slow-growing type of cancer that usually occurs in the deep soft tissues of the legs or trunk (chest and belly) forms. The cancer can come back many years after treatment and spread to the lungs and the wall of the chest cavity. low grade lymphoma (. low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (. low note (oh gray) A term used to describe cells and tissues that appear almost normal under a microscope. Low-grade cancer cells look more like normal cells and tend to grow and spread more slowly than high-grade cancer cells. low-dose CT scan (loh-dose . low-dose chemotherapy (loh-dose KEE-moh-THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment in which low doses of cancer drugs are given on a continuous or frequent, regular schedule (eg, daily or weekly) usually given over a long period of time. Low-dose chemotherapy causes fewer serious side effects than standard chemotherap low-dose computed tomography (loh-dose kum-PYOO-ted toh-MAH-gruh-fee) A procedure in which a computer is connected to an X-ray machine that emits a very low dose of radiation to create a series of detailed images of areas inside the body. The images are taken from different angles and are used to cr low-dose radiotherapy (loh-dose RAY-dee-AY-avoid THAYR-uh-pee) Radiation treatment in which the total radiation dose is less than standard radiation therapy. With low-dose radiotherapy, the total dose can be given in fewer treatments or over a shorter period of time (less days or weeks) than with st low-grade DCIS (tan-gray. low-risk HPV (loh-risk. low-risk cancer (loh-risk KAN-ser) Cancer, which tends to grow slowly, does not usually spread to other parts of the body and can have a good chance of being cured. Knowing if a cancer risk is low can be helpful in planning treatment. low-risk human papillomavirus (loh-risk HYOO-mun PA-pih-LOH-muh-VY-rus) A type of human papillomavirus (HPV) that can cause skin warts, such as skin warts on hands, feet, and the skin around the genitals and anus. It can also cause respiratory papillomatosis, a condition in which warts form on the l lower limb (LOH-er ek-STREH-mih-tee) The part of the body that includes the leg, ankle, and foot lubricant (LOO-brih-kunt) An oily or slippery substance lumen (LOO-men) The cavity or canal in a tube or tubular organ such as a blood vessel or the intestine lung (lung) One of two organs in the chest that supplies oxygen to the body and removes carbon dioxide from the body lung biopsy (… BY-op-see) The removal of a small piece of lung tissue that is examined by a pathologist for cancer or other diseases. The tissue can be removed with a bronchoscope (a thin, lighted, tube-like instrument that is inserted through the windpipe and into the lungs). lung cancer (lunge KAN-ser) Cancer that forms in the tissues of the lungs, usually the cells that line the airways. The two main types are small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. lung disease (… dis-OR-der) A type of disease affecting the lungs and other parts of the respiratory system. Lung diseases can be caused by infections, tobacco smoking, or inhaling secondhand smoke, radon, asbestos, or other forms of air pollution. lung function - (pronounced) (PUL-muh-NAYR-ee FUNK-avoid) term used to describe how well the lungs help a person breathe. During breathing, oxygen is taken into the lungs, where it enters the blood and enters body tissues. lung metastases (. lungs - (pronounced) (PUL-muh-NAYR-ee) Has to do with the lungs lupus (LOO pus) A chronic, inflammatory connective tissue disease that can affect the joints and many organs, including the skin, heart, lungs, kidneys, and nervous system. It can cause many different symptoms; however, not everyone with lupus has all of the symptoms. luspatercept (lus-PA-ter-cept) A drug used to treat anemia in adults with certain types of myelodysplastic syndromes or myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms who require regular red blood cell transfusions and whose anemia does not has responded to or cannot be treated with an erythropoiesis- luteinizing hormone (LOO-tih-NY-zing HOR-mone) A hormone produced in the pituitary gland. In women, it acts on the ovaries to encourage the follicles to release their eggs and to produce hormones that prepare the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg. luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LOO-tih-NY-zing HOR-mone-reh-LEE-sing HOR-mone) A hormone made by a part of the brain called the hypothalamus. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone causes the pituitary gland in the brain to produce and release the hormones luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicl luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist (LOO-tih-NY-zing HOR-mone-reh-LEE-sing HOR-mone A-guh-nist) A substance that secretes the testicles and ovaries Prevents sex hormones from being produced by blocking other hormones needed for their production. In men, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormon lutetium texaphyrin (loo-TEE-shee-um tek-SA-fih-rin) A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer using photodynamic therapy. It belongs to the metallotexaphyrin family. lycopene (LY-kuh-peen) A red dye found in tomatoes and some fruits. It is an antioxidant and can help prevent some types of cancer lying between body structures or in the interspaces of tissues lymph (Limf) The clear fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and other diseases. Also called lymph fluid lymph node (Limf node) A small bean-shaped structure that is part of the body's immune system. Lymph nodes filter substances that travel through the lymphatic fluid and contain lymphocytes (white blood cells) that help the body fight infection and disease. lymph node biopsy (limf-node BY-op-see) A procedure in which all or part of a lymph node is removed and examined under a microscope for signs of infection or disease, such as an infection. B. lymph node dissection (Limf node dy-SEK-shun) A surgical procedure in which the lymph nodes are removed and a sample of tissue is examined under a microscope for signs of cancer. In a regional lymph node dissection, some of the lymph nodes in the tumor area are removed; In a radical lymph node disse lymph node mapping (Limf node MA-ping) The use of dyes and radioactive substances to identify lymph nodes, which may contain tumor cells. Also called lymphatic mapping lymphagous carcinomatosis (LIM-Fan-JIH-tik KAR-sih-NOH-muh-TOH-sis) A serious condition in which cancer cells spread from the original (primary) tumor into the lymphatic vessels (the thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells through the body's lymphatic system). The cancer cells accumulate i lymphangiogram (lim-FAN-jee-oh-gram) An X-ray of the lymphatic system. A dye is injected into a lymphatic vessel and travels through the lymphatic system. lymphatic basins (lim-FA-tik BAY-sin) A group of lymph nodes that receive and filter lymph flowing from a specific area of the body. Special dyes can be used to stain and identify the lymphatic basin in the tissues around a tumor so that lymph nodes, which may contain cancer, can be removed and exam lymphatic fluid (lim-FA-tik FLOO-id) The clear fluid that flows through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and other diseases. Also called lymph lymphatic leukemia (LIM-foh-SIH-tik loo-KEE-mee-uh) A type of cancer in which the bone marrow produces too many lymphocytes (white blood cells) lymphatic vessel (lim-FA-tik . lymphoblast (LIM-foh-BLAST) A lymphocyte that has become larger after being stimulated by an antigen. Lymphoblast also refers to an immature cell that can develop into a mature lymphocyte lymphoblastic (LIM-foh-BLAS-tik) Refers to lymphoblasts (a type of immature white blood cell) lymphoblastic lymphoma (LIM-foh-BLAS-tik lim-FOH-muh) An aggressive (rapidly growing) form of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in which there are too many lymphoblasts (immature white blood cells ) located in the lymph nodes and thymus gland. These lymphoblasts can spread to other places in the body. lymphocytes (LIM-foh page) A type of immune cell made in the bone marrow and found in the blood and lymphoid tissues. The two main types of lymphocytes are B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. lymphocytic (LIM-foh-SIH-tik) Refers to lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) lymphocytic leukopenia (LIM-foh-SIH-tik LOO-koh-PEE-nee-uh) A condition in which there are lower than normal numbers of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) in the blood is available. Also called lymphocytopenia and lymphopenia lymphocytopenia (LIM-foh-SY-toh-PEE-nee-uh) A condition in which there are lower than normal numbers of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) in the blood. Also called lymphocytic leukopenia and lymphopenia lymphography (lim-FAH-gruh-fee) An X-ray examination of lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels, made visible by injecting a special dye lymphoid (LIM-foyd) Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue where lymphocytes develop lymphokine-activated killer cell (LIM-foh-kine-AK-tih-vay-ted KIH-ler sel) A white blood cell that is stimulated in a laboratory to kill tumor cells. Also called LAK cell lymphoma (lim-FOH-muh) Cancer that begins in cells of the immune system. There are two basic categories of lymphoma. lymphomatoid granulomatosis (lim-FOH-muh-toyd GRAN-yoo-loh-muh-TOH-sis) Destructive growth of lymphoid cells, usually affecting the lungs, skin, kidneys, and central nervous system. Grades I and II are not considered cancer, but grade III is considered lymphoma lymphomatous leptomeningitis (lim-FOH-muh-tus LEP-toh-MEH-nin-JY-tis) A serious problem that can occur with lymphoma. In lymphomatous leptomeningitis, cancer cells have spread from the original (primary) tumor to the meninges (thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord). lymphomatous meningitis (lim-FOH-muh-tus MEH-nin-JY-tis) A serious problem that can occur with lymphoma. In lymphomatous meningitis, cancer cells have spread from the original (primary) tumor to the meninges (thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord). lymphopenia (LIM-foh-PEE-nee-uh) A condition in which there are lower than normal numbers of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) in the blood. Also called lymphocytic leukopenia and lymphocytopenia lymphoplasmic lymphoma (LIM-foh-plaz-moo-SIH-tik lim-FOH-moo) An indolent (slow-growing) form of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma characterized by abnormal levels of IgM - Antibodies in the blood and an enlarged liver, spleen or lymph nodes. Also called Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia lymphoproliferative disorder (LIM-foh-proh-LIH-feh-ruh-tiv dis-OR-der) A disease in which cells of the lymphatic system grow excessively. Lymphoproliferative disorders are often treated like cancer lymphostatic elephantiasis (lim-foh-STA-tik EH-luh-fun-TY-uh-sis) A condition in which the tissue or a limb becomes severely swollen and thick and color changes. It is caused by a blockage in the flow of lymph and a build-up of fluid in the tissues. lysis (LY sister) In biology, lysis refers to the breakdown of a cell caused by damage to its plasma (outer) membrane. It can be caused by chemical or physical means (such as strong detergents or high-energy sound waves), or by infection with a strain of virus that can lyse cells lysosome (LY-soh-some) A sac-like compartment within a cell that contains enzymes capable of breaking down cellular components that need to be destroyed lytic (LIH-tik) Related to lysis. In biology, lysis refers to the breakdown of a cell by destroying its plasma membrane. lytic lesion (LIH-tik LEE-zhun) Destruction of an area of bone due to a disease process such as cancer mRNA - A type of RNA found in cells. mRNA molecules carry the genetic information needed to make proteins. mTOR - A protein that helps control multiple cell functions, including cell division and survival, and binds to rapamycin and other drugs. mTOR can be more active in some types of cancer cells than in normal cells. mTOR inhibitors - substance that blocks a protein called mTOR, which helps control cell division. Blocking the action of mTOR can prevent cancer cells from growing and prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. ma huang - (pronounced) (Mah Hwong) shrub native to China and India. The stems and roots are used in traditional medicine as a diuretic and for asthma, bronchitis and coughs. machine learning - (pronounced) (muh-SHEEN LER-ning) field of computer science that develops the processes used to teach computers how to learn and perform specific functions without having them specifically programmed to perform those functions. Machine learning involves analyzing very large amount macrophage - (pronounced) (MA-kroh-fayj) A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other cells in the immune system macular degeneration - (pronounced) (MA-kyoo-ler dee-JEH-neh-RAY-shun) A condition in which there is a slow breakdown of cells in the center of the retina (the light-sensitive layers of nerve tissue at the back of the eye). This blocks vision in the center of the eye and can cause problems with acti mainstream smoke - (pronounced) (MAYN stream. male breast cancer - (pronounced) (mayl brest KAN-ser) Cancer that forms in the tissues of the breasts in men. Most male breast cancer begins in cells lining the ducts. malicious - (pronounced) (muh-LIG-Nut) term used to describe cancer. Malignant cells grow out of control and can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymphatic systems malignant pericardial effusion - (pronounced) (muh-LIG-nunt PAYR-ih-KAR-dee-ul eh-FYOO-zhun) condition in which cancer causes extra fluid to build up in the sac around the heart. The extra fluid puts pressure on the heart, preventing it from pumping blood normally. malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor - (pronounced) (muh-LIG-nunt peh-RIH-feh-rul. malignant pleural effusion - (pronounced) (muh-LIG-nunt PLOOR-ul eh-FYOO-zhun) A condition in which cancer causes an abnormal amount of fluid to collect between the thin layers of tissue (pleura) that line the outside of the lungs and the wall of the chest cavity. Lung cancer, breast cancer, lymphom malnourished - (pronounced) (mal-ner-isht) Describes a condition caused by not consuming enough calories or the right amount of essential nutrients needed for health. Important nutrients are vitamins and minerals mammalian target of rapamycin - (pronounced) (muh-MA-lee-un TAR-hol. mandibular bone (LOH-er jawbone) The mandible is the largest and strongest bone in the face. It forms the lower part of the jaw and part of the mouth. manipulative and body-based practice - (pronounced) (muh-NIP-yoo-luh-tiv. mantle cell lymphoma - (pronounced) (MAN-tul sel lim-FOH-muh) An aggressive (rapidly growing) type of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma that usually occurs in middle-aged or older adults. It is characterized by small to medium-sized cancer cells that can be found in the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, b manual healing - (pronounced) (MAN-yoo-ul HEE-ling) A form of therapy in which the therapist moves or manipulates one or more parts of the patient's body. It can be used to treat pain, stress, anxiety and depression, and for general well-being. mapatumumab - (pronounced) (ma-puh-TOO-muh-mab) A substance being studied to treat some types of cancer. It attaches to a protein called TRAIL R1 on the surface of some tumor cells. margetuximab - (pronounced) (MAR-jeh-TUK-sih-mab) medicine used with other medicines to treat adults with HER2-positive breast cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It is used in patients who have already received at least two anti-HER2 treatments, including at least one anti-metastatic maribavir - (pronounced) (mar-i-buh-veer) A substance that blocks the ability of viruses to make new viruses and infect cells. It is being studied to prevent cytomegalovirus infection in cancer patients who have received a donor stem cell transplant. marigold ointment - (pronounced) (kuh-LEN-juh-luh OYNT-ment) A substance extracted from the flower of the calendulaMarigold officinalisCalendula-based skin products have been used to treat minor cuts, burns, and skin irritations. Products available in the United States may not contain the same amoun marijuana - (pronounced) (MAYR-ih-WAH-nuh) The dried leaves and flower spikes of the Cannabis sativa or Cannabis indica plant. Marijuana contains active chemicals called cannabinoids that produce drug-like effects throughout the body, including the central nervous system and immune system. marimastat - (pronounced) (muh-RIH-muh-stat) A cancer drug that belongs to the angiogenesis inhibitor family. Marimastat is a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor mark - (pronounced) (Marker) A diagnostic indication that a disease may develop marker (fih-DOO-shul MAR-ker) A medical device or small object placed in or on the body to mark an area for radiation treatment or surgery. For example, tiny gold seeds can be placed in the prostate to mark a tumor before radiation therapy. masses of lymphoid tissue located at either side of the back of the throat mast cell tumor - (pronounced) (mast sel TOO-mer) A growth or clump of mast cells (a type of white blood cell). Mast cell tumors can affect skin, subcutaneous tissue, and muscle tissue. mastectomy - (pronounced) (ma-STEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove part or all of the breast. There are different types of mastectomy, which differ in the amount of tissue removed and the amount of lymph nodes removed mastitis - (pronounced) (ma-STY-tis) A condition in which breast tissue is inflamed. It is usually caused by an infection and is most common in breastfeeding mothers matching finding - (pronounced) (kun-KOR-dent FINE-thing) In medicine, a term used to describe two or more findings that match on a physical exam, imaging or laboratory test, or biopsy. For example, the sensation of a suspicious breast lump on a physical exam, an abnormal mammogram, and finding brea maternal - (pronounced) (muh-TER-nul) Associated with mother, come from mother, or be related through mother matted lymph nodes - (pronounced) (MA-ted Limf knot) A group of fused lymph nodes. Matted lymph nodes can be a sign of certain medical conditions, such as infections, sarcoid, or lymphoma. mature T-cell lymphoma - (pronounced) (muh-CHOOR T-sel lim-FOH-muh) One of a group of aggressive (rapidly growing) non-Hodgkin's lymphomas that arise in mature T lymphocytes (T cells that have matured in the thymus gland and have migrated to other lymphatic sites in the body, including the lymph nod mature teratoma - (pronounced) (moo-CHOOR TAYR-uh-TOH-moo) type of germ cell tumor that is usually made up of several different types of tissue, such as hair, muscle, and bone. Mature teratomas have cells that look almost like normal cells under a microscope. maximum inspiratory pressure test - (pronounced) (MAK-sih-mother in-SPY-ruh-TOR-ee PREH-sher…) A test that measures the strength of the muscles used in breathing. A person breathes in and out through a device called a manometer, and the pressures are recorded by a computer. maximum tolerated dose - (pronounced) (MAK-sih-mum TAH-leh-RAY-ted. mean survival - (pronounced) (MEE-dee-our-VY-vul) The length of time from the date of diagnosis or the start of treatment for a disease, such as B. Cancer, in which half of the patients in a group of patients diagnosed with the disease are still alive. measurable disease - (pronounced) (MEH-to-uh-bul dih-ZEEZ) A tumor whose size can be accurately measured. This information can be used to assess response to treatment measurable residual disease - (pronounced) (MEH-zur-uh-bul ree-ZID-yoo-ul dih-ZEEZ) term increasingly used in place of minimal residual disease to describe a very small number of cancer cells that remain in the body during or after treatment. A measurable residual disease can only be found by highly measures taken to reduce the risk of acquiring a sexually transmitted disease, such as the use of a condom mechanistic target of rapamycin - (pronounced) (meh-kuh-NIS-tik TAR-get. medial supraclavicular lymph node - (pronounced) (MEE-dee-ul SOO-pruh-kla-VIH-kyuh-ler. median overall survival - (pronounced) (MEE-dee-un oh-ver-AWL ser-VY-vul) The length of time from the date of diagnosis or the start of treatment for a disease, such as B. Cancer, in which half of the patients in a group of patients diagnosed with the disease are still alive. mediastinal pleura - (pronounced) (MEE-dee-uh-STY-nul PLOOR-uh) The thin membrane that lines the chest cavity in the area between the lungs mediastinoscope - (pronounced) (MEE-dee-uh-STY-noh-Scope) thin, tubular instrument used to examine the tissue and lymph nodes in the area between the lungs. These tissues include the heart and its major blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and bronchi. mediastinoscopy - (pronounced) (MEE-dee-uh-sty-NOS-koh-pee) procedure that uses a mediastinoscope to examine the organs in the area between the lungs and nearby lymph nodes. A mediastinoscope is a thin, tubular instrument with a light and lens for viewing. mediastinum - (pronounced) (MEE-dee-uh-STY-num) The area between the lungs. Organs in this area include the heart and its major blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus, and lymph nodes, but not the lungs medical attention that does not include an overnight stay at a hospital medical care of a pregnant woman and the fetus medical castration - (pronounced) (MEH-dih-kul kas-TRAY-shun) Refers to the use of drugs to suppress the function of the ovaries or testicles medical device - (pronounced) (MEH-dih-kuldee-VISE) An instrument, tool, machine, test kit, or implant used to prevent, diagnose, or treat a disease or other condition. Medical devices range from tongue depressors to pacemakers to medical imaging equipment medical history - (pronounced) (MEH-dih-kul HIH-stuh-ree) record of information about a person's health. A personal medical history may include information about allergies, illnesses, surgery, vaccinations, and results of physical exams and tests. medical oncologist - (pronounced) (MEH-dih-kul on-KAH-loh-jist) doctor who has specialized training in diagnosing and treating adult cancer with chemotherapy, hormone therapy, biological therapy, and targeted therapy. A medical oncologist is often the primary healthcare provider for someone who has medical term for the armpit medicated urethral system for erection - (pronounced) (MEH-dih-KAY-ted yoo-REE-thrul SIS-tem … eh-REK-shun) A method of treating impotence (inability to have an erection). A suppository in the form of a very small pellet is inserted through the tip of the penis into the urethra. medication - (pronounced) (MEH-dih-KAY-shy) A dosage form containing one or more active and/or inactive ingredients. Medications come in many dosage forms, including tablets, capsules, liquids, creams, and patches. medicinal product - dosage form containing one or more active and/or inactive ingredients. Medicines come in many dosage forms, including tablets, capsules, liquids, creams, and patches. meditation - (pronounced) (MEH-dih-TAY-avoid) A mind-body practice in which a person focuses their attention on something, such as an object, word, phrase, or breathing, to minimize distracting or stressful thoughts or feelings. Meditation can help relax the body and mind and improve overall health medroxyprogesterone acetate - (pronounced) (meh-DROK-see-proh-JES-teh-rone A-seh-tayt) A drug used to prevent endometrial cancer. It is also used to treat menstrual disorders and as a form of birth control. medullary breast cancer - (pronounced) (MED-yoo-LAYR-ee brest KAR-sih-NOH-muh) A rare type of breast cancer that can often be successfully treated. It is characterized by lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) in and around the tumor that can be seen under a microscope medullary thyroid cancer - (pronounced) (MED-yoo-LAYR-ee THY-royd KAN-ser) Cancer that develops in C-cells of the thyroid. The C cells produce a hormone (calcitonin) that helps maintain healthy blood calcium levels melanocortin-1 receptor - (pronounced) (MEH-luh-noh-KOR-tin 1 reh-SEP-ter) A protein found in skin and eye cells that makes melanin (a pigment that gives skin color and helps protect it from damage caused by ultraviolet light). People with certain changes in the gene for the melanocortin-1 receptor melanotropin receptor - (pronounced) (MEH-luh-noh-TROH-pin reh-SEP-ter) protein found in skin and eye cells that makes melanin (a pigment that gives skin color and helps protect it from damage caused by ultraviolet light). People with certain changes in the gene for the melanotropin receptor have a melatonin - (pronounced) (MEH-luh-TOH-nin) A hormone produced by the pineal gland (tiny organ near the center of the brain). Melatonin helps control the body's sleep cycle and is an antioxidant. membrane - (pronounced) (MEM-Brayn) A very thin layer of tissue covering a surface memory error - (pronounced) (REE-kawl BY-us) A type of bias that occurs when participants in a research study or clinical trial do not accurately remember a past event or experience, or omit details when reporting it. Recall bias is more likely to occur if the event happened a long time ago or if th meningeal metastases - (pronounced) (meh-NIN-jee-ul meh-TAS-tuh-sis) serious condition in which cancer cells spread from the original (primary) tumor to the meninges (the thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord). This can cause the meninges to become inflamed, causing meningeal syndrome - (pronounced) (meh-NIN-jee-ul SIN-drome) condition characterized by headache, fever and a stiff neck caused when the meninges (three thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord) become irritated. Meningeal syndrome can be caused by blood, cancer cells, menopausal hormone therapy - (pronounced) (MEH-nuh-PAW-zul HOR-mone THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment with the hormones estrogen and progesterone or with estrogen alone to relieve menopausal symptoms. Symptoms can include hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, trouble sleeping, mood swings, and bone loss menopause - (pronounced) (MEH-nuh-pawz) The period of life when a woman's ovaries stop producing hormones and menstruation stops. Natural menopause usually occurs around the age of 50. menstrual cycle - (pronounced) (MEN-stroo-ul SY-kul) The monthly hormone cycle changes from the start of one menstrual period to the start of the next mercy shot - (pronounced) (MER-see KIH-ling) An easy or painless death, or the willful cessation of life, at the request of a person suffering from an incurable or painful illness. Also called euthanasia meridian - (pronounced) (meh-RIH-dee-un) In traditional Chinese medicine, one of 20 channels that form a network through which Qi (the body's life force energy) flows and connects the body's acupuncture points mesna - (pronounced) (CET-nuh) drug used to prevent hemorrhagic cystitis (bleeding from the bladder) caused by the cancer drug ifosfamide. Mesna helps protect healthy tissue from some of the side effects caused by certain cancer drugs. meta-analysis - (pronounced) (meh-tuh-uh-NA-lih-sis) A process that analyzes data from different studies conducted on the same topic. The results of a meta-analysis are usually stronger than the results of a study by itself metabolic acidosis - (pronounced) (MEH-tuh-BAH-lik A-sih-DOH-sis) condition in which the blood is too acidic. It can be caused by a serious illness or sepsis (bacteria in the bloodstream) metabolic disorder - (pronounced) (MEH-tuh-BAH-lik dis-OR-der) A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually due to a missing enzyme metabolic type - (pronounced) (MEH-tuh-BAH-like tip) In alternative medicine, a theory that people fall into one of three groups (protein, carbohydrate, or mixed type) based on the primary type of food their bodies need to stay healthy metaiodobenzylguanidine scan - (pronounced) (meh-tuh-i-oh-doh-BEN-zul-GWAH-nih-deen skan) method for finding neuroendocrine tumors such as neuroblastoma and pheochromocytoma. A small amount of a substance called radioactive metaiodobenzylguanidine is injected into a vein and travels through the bloo metallic - (pronounced) (meh-TA-lik) Has to do with metal. Some cancer treatments can alter the sense of taste and cause foods to taste metallic metallic endoprosthesis - (pronounced) (meh-TA-lik EN-doh-pros-THEE-sis) A metal device that is inserted into the body to replace a surgically removed body part. An example is a femur that is replaced during cancer surgery metaplasia - (pronounced) (meh-tuh-GAME-zhuh) change in cells into a form that does not normally occur in the tissue in which it is found metaplastic carcinoma - (pronounced) (meh-tuh-PLAS-tik KAR-sih-NOH-moo) A general term used to describe cancer that begins in cells that have changed into another cell type (for example, a squamous cell of the esophagus that changes to resemble a stomach cell). In some cases, metaplastic changes alo metastasis - (pronounced) (meh-TAS-tuh-sis) The spread of cancer cells from where they first formed to another part of the body. In metastasis, cancer cells break away from the original (primary) tumor, travel through the blood or lymphatic system, and form a new tumor in other organs or tissues of metastasize - (pronounced) (meh-tas-tuh-size) Spread from one part of the body to another. When cancer cells metastasize and form secondary tumors, the cells in the metastatic tumor are like those in the original (primary) tumor metastatic - (pronounced) (meh-tuh-STA-tik) Has to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from the primary site (the place where it started) to other sites in the body metastatic-free survival - (pronounced) (meh-TAS-tuh-sis . metasynchronous - (pronounced) (meh-tuh-SING-kruh-nus) Occurring almost simultaneously methanol - (pronounced) (MEH-thuh-nol) type of alcohol used in the manufacture of antifreeze, pesticides, windshield wiper fluid, paint thinner, certain types of fuel, and other substances. Methanol is flammable and very toxic. methods of planning a family that focus on a woman's time of ovulation, either so that pregnancy can be avoided or conception is likely methyl alcohol - (pronounced) (MEH-thul AL-kuh-hol) type of alcohol used in the manufacture of antifreeze, pesticides, windshield wiper fluid, paint thinner, certain types of fuel, and other substances. Methyl alcohol is flammable and very toxic. methyl group - (pronounced) (MEH-thul group) A small molecule made up of one carbon and three hydrogen atoms. Methyl groups are added to or removed from proteins or nucleic acids and can change the way these molecules work in the body methylation - (pronounced) (MEH-thuh-LAY-avoid) chemical reaction in the body that attaches a small molecule called a methyl group to DNA, proteins, or other molecules. The addition of methyl groups can affect how some molecules work in the body. metronomic chemotherapy - (pronounced) (MEH-truh-NAH-mik KEE-moh-THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment in which low doses of cancer drugs are given on a continuous or frequent, regular schedule (eg, daily or weekly), usually over a long period of time. Metronomic chemotherapy causes less severe side effects than mevalonate pathway - (pronounced) (meh-VA-loh-nayt PATH way) Describes a series of reactions in which proteins work together to make molecules. These molecules are part of many processes, including the manufacture of cholesterol. miRNA - A type of RNA found in cells and blood. MiRNA is smaller than many other types of RNA and can bind to messenger RNAs (mRNAs) to prevent them from making proteins. microRNA - (pronounced) (MY-kroh. microarray - (pronounced) (MY-kroh-uh-RAY) laboratory tool used to analyze large numbers of genes or proteins simultaneously. In a microarray, biological molecules such as DNA, RNA or protein are placed in a pattern on a surface such as a glass slide. microbiome - (pronounced) (MY-kroh-BY-ome) The collection of all microorganisms and viruses that live in a specific environment, including the human body or part of the body, such as B. the digestive system. microenvironment - (pronounced) (MY-kroh-en-VY-run-ment) In biology, the cells, molecules, and structures (such as blood vessels) that surround and support other cells and tissues. Abnormal cells such as cancer cells can change their microenvironment. microfluidic device - (pronounced) (MY-kroh-floo-IH-dik dee-VISE) An instrument that uses very small amounts of liquid on a microchip to perform certain laboratory tests. A microfluidic device can use body fluids or solutions containing cells or cell parts to diagnose diseases. micrograms - (pronounced) (MY-kroh-gram) A millionth of a gram microliter - (pronounced) (MY-kroh-LEE-ter) A measure of volume for a liquid using the metric system. A microliter is one millionth of a liter. micromolar - (pronounced) (MY-kroh-MOH-ler) A concentration of 1/1,000,000 (one millionth) molecular weight per liter (mol/L) micromole - (pronounced) (MY-kroh-mole) The amount of a substance equal to one millionth of a mole (a measure of the amount of a substance). Also called µM microorganism - (pronounced) (MY-kroh-OR-guh-NIH-to) An organism that is only visible through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae and fungi. microorganisms that cause several human infections and can be transmitted sexually microscopic - (pronounced) (MY-kroh-SKAH-pik) Too small to be seen without a microscope microscopic description - (pronounced) (MY-kroh-SKAH-pik deh-SKRIP-avoid) description of what cells or a sample of tissue taken from a biopsy look like when viewed under a microscope. The microscopic description may include the type and number of cells seen in the tissue sample and how they compare microsphere - (pronounced) (MY-kroh-sfeer) very small, hollow, round piece of glass, ceramic, plastic, or other material. Microspheres injected into blood vessels that supply a tumor can kill the tumor by blocking its blood supply. midostaurin - (pronounced) (MY-doh-STAW-rin) drug used alone or with other anticancer drugs to treat adults with certain types of acute myeloid leukemia, mast cell leukemia, or systemic mastocytosis. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. milk duct - A thin tube in the breast that carries milk from the breast lobes to the nipple. Also called breast duct milligrams - (pronounced) (MIH-lih-gram) A measure of weight. A milligram is approximately 450,000 times smaller than a pound and 28,000 times smaller than an ounce milliliters - (pronounced) (MIH-luh-LEE-ter) A measure of volume in the metric system. One thousand milliliters equal one liter. millimeters - (pronounced) (MIH-luh-MEE-ter) A measure of length in the metric system. A millimeter is one thousandth of a meter. millimoles - (pronounced) (MIH-lih mole) The amount of a substance equal to one-thousandth of a mole (a measure of the amount of a substance). Also called mmol mind-body modality - (pronounced) (ghost-BAH-dee moh-DA-lih-tee) health practice that combines mental focus, controlled breathing and body movement to relax the body and mind. It can be used to control pain, stress, anxiety and depression and to promote overall health. mind-body practice - (pronounced) (Mind-BAH-dee PRAK-tis) health practice that combines mental focus, controlled breathing and body movement to relax the body and mind. It can be used to control pain, stress, anxiety and depression and to promote overall health. minimal invasive surgery - (pronounced) (MIH-nih-muh-lee in-VAY-siv SER-juh-ree) Surgery performed with small incisions (cuts) and few stitches. During minimally invasive surgery, one or more small incisions may be made in the body. minimal residual disease - (pronounced) (MIH-nih-mul ree-ZID-yoo-ul dih-ZEEZ) term used to describe a very small number of cancer cells that remain in the body during or after treatment. Minimal residual disease can only be found by highly sensitive laboratory methods capable of finding one cancer c minimal sedation - (pronounced) (MIH-nih-mul seh-TAG-shy) level of sedation where a person is very relaxed and can be awake. The person can answer questions and follow instructions. misoprostol - (pronounced) (MY-soh-PROS-Tole) A radiation protection agent that belongs to the prostaglandin family of medicines missense mutation - (pronounced) (MIS-sens myoo-TAY-shun) change in the DNA sequence of a gene that results in an amino acid (protein building block) being replaced by an amino acid other than the usual amino acid at that position in the gene. Some missense mutations have little or no effect on the missense variant - (pronounced) (MIS-sens VAYR-ee-unt) A change in the DNA sequence of a gene that results in an amino acid (protein building block) being replaced by an amino acid other than the usual amino acid at that position in the gene. Some missense variants have little or no effect on the pr mitigate - (pronounced) (MIH-tih-gayt) To make it milder or less painful mitotic activity - (pronounced) (my-TAH-tik ak-TIH-vih-tee) Has to do with the presence of dividing (proliferating) cells. Cancerous tissue generally has more mitotic activity than normal tissue mitotic cycle - (pronounced) (my-TAH-tik SY-kul) The process a cell goes through with each division. The mitotic cycle consists of a series of steps during which chromosomes and other cellular material duplicate to create two copies. mitotic index - (pronounced) (my-TAH-tik IN-dex) In a cell population, the ratio of the number of cells undergoing mitosis (cell division) to the number of cells not undergoing mitosis mivobulin isethionate - (pronounced) (MY-voh-BYOO-lin I-see-YOUR-oh-nayt) A cancer drug that belongs to a family of drugs called anti-mitotics. Also called CI-980 ml - (pronounced) A measure of volume in the metric system. One thousand ml equals one liter. mmol - (pronounced) The amount of a substance equal to one-thousandth of a mole (a measure of the amount of a substance). Also called millimoles moderate DCIS (IN-ter-MEE-dee-ut-grayd. moderate lymphoma (IN-ter-MEE-dee-ut-grayd lim-FOH-muh) A type of lymphoma that grows and spreads rapidly and has severe symptoms. Also known as aggressive lymphoma and high-grade lymphoma moderate sedation - (pronounced) (MAH-deh-rut seh-TAG-shy) A level of sedation where a person sleeps but wakes up when spoken to or touched. Moderate sedation is caused by specific medications and is used to relieve anxiety during certain medical or surgical procedures. modified FOLFOX-6 - (pronounced) (MAH-dih-FIDE. modified FOLFOX-6 regimen - (pronounced) (MAH-dih-FIDE. modified radical hysterectomy - (pronounced) (MAH-dih-FIDE RA-dih-kul HIS-teh-REK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove the uterus, cervix, upper part of the vagina, and surrounding ligaments and tissues. The ovaries, fallopian tubes, or nearby lymph nodes may also be removed. modulate - (pronounced) (MAH-juh-layt) Adjust or change molecular characterization - (pronounced) (muh-LEH-kyoo-ler KAYR-ik-ter-rih-ZAY-shun) broad term that refers to the use of molecular markers, including DNA, RNA, and proteins, to determine the genetic properties of cells or tissues. In cancer, molecular characterization can provide information about molecular diagnosis - (pronounced) (muh-LEH-kyoo-ler dy-ug-NOH-sis) The process of identifying a disease by examining molecules such as proteins, DNA, and RNA in a tissue or fluid molecular marker - (pronounced) (muh-LEH-kyoo-ler MAR-ker) biological molecule found in blood, other body fluids, or tissues that is indicative of a normal or abnormal process, condition, or disease. A molecular marker can be used to see how well the body is responding to treatment for a disease or molecular mass - (pronounced) (muh-LEH-kyoo-ler mas) The sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule, based on a scale where the atomic masses of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are 1, 12, 14, and 16, respectively. For example, the molecular mass of water, which has two hydrogen a molecular pregnancy - (pronounced) (MOH-ler PREG-nun-see) slow-growing tumor that develops from trophoblast cells (cells that help an embryo attach to the uterus and form the placenta) after a sperm fertilizes an egg. A molar pregnancy contains many cysts (sacs of fluid). molecular profiling - (pronounced) (muh-LEH-kyoo-ler PROH-fy-ling) laboratory method that uses a sample of tissue, blood, or other body fluid to look for specific genes, proteins, or other molecules that can be a sign of a disease or condition, such as cancer. Molecular profiling can also be used to molecular radiation therapy - (pronounced) (muh-LEH-kyoo-ler RAY-dee-AY-avoid THAYR-uh-pee) type of radiation therapy that combines a radionuclide (a radioactive chemical) with a cell-targeting molecule, such as a B. a monoclonal antibody, and injected into the body. molecular risk assessment - (pronounced) (muh-LEH-kyoo-ler risk uh-SES-ment) A technique that uses biomarkers (such as biological molecules or changes in the DNA of tumor cells) to estimate a person's risk of developing cancer. Specific biomarkers can be associated with certain types of cancer molecular target - (muh-LEH-kyoo-ler TAR-get) In cancer, a term used to describe certain genes, proteins, and other molecules involved in the growth, spread, and survival of cancer cells that can be used as targets for cancer treatment. Treatments that block molecular targets or the signals they sen molecular testing - (pronounced) (muh-LEH-kyoo-ler TES-ting) laboratory method that uses a sample of tissue, blood, or other body fluid to look for specific genes, proteins, or other molecules that can be a sign of a disease or condition, such as cancer. Molecular testing can also be used to look fo molecule - (pronounced) (MAH-leh-kyool) The smallest particle of a substance that possesses all the physical and chemical properties of that substance. Molecules are made up of one or more atoms. molecules that form nucleic acids monoclonal antibody - (pronounced) (MAH-noh-KLOH-nul AN-t-BAH-dee) type of protein made in the lab that can attach to specific targets in the body, such as B. Antigens on the surface of cancer cells. monoclonal antibody HuM195 - (pronounced) (MAH-noh-KLOH-nul AN-tee-BAH-dee. monoclonal protein - (pronounced) (MAH-noh-KLOH-nul PROH-teen) An antibody found in abnormally large amounts in the blood or urine of people with multiple myeloma and other types of plasma cell tumors. Also called M protein monocyte - (pronounced) (MAH-noh side) type of immune cell that is made in the bone marrow and travels through the blood to tissues in the body, where they become macrophages, or dendritic cells. Macrophages surround and kill microorganisms, ingest foreign substances, remove dead cells, and enhance monogamous - (pronounced) (muh-NAH-guh-mus) A term used to describe a type of personal relationship in which a person has only one partner at a time monomer - (pronounced) (MAH-noh-mer) A molecule that can combine with other identical monomers to form a larger structure called a polymer morbidity - (pronounced) (mor-BIH-dih-tee) Refers to the presence of a disease or symptom of disease, or the extent of disease within a population. Morbidity also refers to medical problems caused by a treatment morphine sulfate - (pronounced) (MOR-feen SUL-fayt) A drug used to treat moderate to severe pain. It binds to opioid receptors in the central nervous system and some other tissues. mortality - (pronounced) (mor-ta-lih-tee) Refers to the state of the mortal (destined to die). In medicine, a term also used for the mortality rate, or the number of deaths in a given group of people over a given period of time. mouse model - The use of specific strains of mice to study, prevent, and treat a human disease or condition movement of the heart that is seen and felt through the chest wall moxibustion - (pronounced) (MOK-sih-BUS-chun) In traditional Chinese medicine, a type of heat therapy in which an herb is burned on or over the skin to heat and stimulate an acupuncture point or affected area muJ591 - A type of monoclonal antibody used in cancer detection or therapy. Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-made substances that can locate and attach to cancer cells mucin/peptide - (pronounced) (MYOO Sin/PEP Flood) A protein/sugar compound made by some cancer cells mucinous carcinoma - (pronounced) (MYOO-sin-us KAR-sih-NOH-muh) A type of cancer that begins in cells that line certain internal organs and produce mucin (the main component of mucus) mucosal neuroma - (pronounced) (myoo-KOH-sul noor-OH-moo) A benign (noncancerous) tumor that forms around the nerves in the lips, tongue, lining of the mouth, eyelids, and gastrointestinal tract. Mucosal neuromas are found in people with a rare inherited condition called multiple endocrine neoplasia mucous colitis - (pronounced) (MYOO-kus koh-LY-tis) A disorder of the gut, often characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in a person's bowel habits. This may include diarrhea or constipation, or both, occurring one at a time. mucous membrane - (pronounced) (myoo-KOH-suh) The moist inner lining of some organs and body cavities (such as the nose, mouth, lungs, and stomach). Glands in the mucous membrane produce mucus (a thick, slippery liquid). mucus and other material produced by the lining of the respiratory tract; also called phlegm mucus and other material produced by the lining of the respiratory tract; also called sputum multicenter study - (pronounced) (MUL-tee-SEN-ter STUH-dee) A clinical trial conducted at more than one medical facility multidisciplinary - (pronounced) (MUL-t-DIH-sih-plih-NAYR-ee) In medicine, a term used to describe a treatment planning approach or team composed of a number of physicians and other health professionals who are experts in different specialties (disciplines). In cancer treatment, the main disciplines multimodal therapy - (pronounced) (MUL-tee-moh-DA-lih-tee THAYR-uh-pee) Therapy that combines more than one treatment method. Also called combination therapy and multimodal treatment multimodal treatment - (pronounced) (MUL-tee-moh-DA-lih-tee TREET-ment) Therapy that combines more than one treatment method. Also called combination therapy and multimodality therapy muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine - (pronounced) (MYOOR-uh-mil try-PEP-tide FOS-fuh-TY-dul-EH-thuh-NOH-luh-meen) drug being studied to treat young adults with bone cancer that has gotten worse or has come back. Muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine activates certain types of white bl muscle damage resulting from excessive stretching or forceful contraction muscle inflammation, causing pain and weakness muscle relaxant - (MUH-sul ree-LAK-sunt) type of drug used to relax muscles and reduce tension, stiffness, and pain caused by muscle spasms or spasticity (stiff, rigid muscles). Muscle relaxants are also used to prevent muscle movement during surgery. muscle stiffness caused by an increase in contractions of the muscle fibers mustine - (pronounced) (MUS teenager) medicine used on the skin to treat stage I mycosis fungoides (a form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma) in patients who have already been treated with another therapy. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. mutagenic - (pronounced) (MYOO-tuh-jen) Anything that causes a mutation (a change in a cell's DNA). DNA changes caused by mutagens can damage cells and cause certain diseases, such as cancer. mutate - (pronounced) (MYOO-tayt) Change the genome of a cell. The changes (mutations) can be harmful, beneficial, or ineffective mutation - (pronounced) (avoid myoo-TAY) Any change in the DNA sequence of a cell. Mutations can be caused by errors during cell division, or they can be caused by exposure to DNA-damaging agents in the environment. mutation carrier - (pronounced) (myoo-TAY-shun KAYR-ee-er) A person who has a mutated (altered) copy of a gene. This change can cause illness in that person or their children mycosis fungoides - (pronounced) (my-KOH-sister-fun-GOY-deez) A type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that first appears on the skin and can spread to the lymph nodes or other organs, such as the spleen, liver, or lungs myeloablative chemotherapy - (pronounced) (MY-eh-loh-a-BLAY-tiv KEE-moh-THAYR-uh-pee) High-dose chemotherapy that kills cells in the bone marrow, including cancer cells. It decreases the number of normal blood-forming cells in the bone marrow and can cause serious side effects. myeloblastic - (pronounced) (MY-eh-loh-BLAS-tik) Refers to myeloblasts (a type of immature cell that forms in the bone marrow) myelogram - (pronounced) (MY-eh-loh-gram) An X-ray of the spinal cord after an injection of dye into the space between the lining of the spinal cord and the brain myeloid - (pronounced) (MY-eh-loyd) Related to or resembling the bone marrow. Can also refer to certain types of hematopoietic (blood-forming) cells found in the bone marrow. myeloproliferative neoplasia - (pronounced) (MY-eh-loh-proh-LIH-feh-ruh-tiv NEE-oh-PLA-to) type of disease in which the bone marrow makes too many red blood cells, platelets, or certain types of white blood cells. Myeloproliferative neoplasms usually get worse over time as the number of extra cells myocarditis - (pronounced) (MY-oh-kar-DY-tis) rare condition in which the heart muscle becomes thick and inflamed, and can also become weak. Myocarditis is usually caused by a viral infection but can also be caused by bacterial, parasitic, or fungal infections; autoimmune diseases; or exposed to rad myoclonic jerk - (pronounced) (MY-oh-KLAH-nik. myoinositol - (pronounced) (my-oh-ih-NOH-sih-TOL) A nutrient in the vitamin B complex that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Myoinositol helps cells make membranes and respond to messages from their environment. n medicine, breathing hyperbaric oxygen increases the amount of oxygen in the body. It is used to treat certain types of wounds, injuries, and infections. nM - (pronounced) The amount of a substance equal to one billionth of a mole (a measure of the amount of a substance). Also called nanomole nanograms - (pronounced) (NA-noh-gram) measure of weight. A nanogram weighs a billion times less than a gram and almost a trillion times less than a pound nanometers - (pronounced) (NA-noh-MEE-ter) A measure of length in the metric system. A nanometer is one billionth of a meter. nanomoles - (pronounced) (NA-noh mole) The amount of a substance equal to one billionth of a mole (a measure of the amount of a substance). Also called nM nanoparticles - (pronounced) (NA-noh-PAR-tih-kul) A particle of it is smaller than 100 nanometers (a billionth of a meter). In medicine, nanoparticles can be used to deliver antibodies, drugs, imaging agents, or other substances to specific parts of the body. nanoprobe - (pronounced) (NA-noh probe) device that uses X-rays instead of visible light to create images of very small structures, such as the insides of blood vessels and cells. This allows processes such as angiogenesis (growth of blood vessels) to be examined. nanotechnology - (pronounced) (NA-noh-tek-NAH-loh-jee) The field of research that deals with the design and manufacture of things from materials that are less than 100 nanometers (one billionth of a meter) in size, specifically individual atoms or molecules. Nanotechnology is being studied to detect narcotic - (pronounced) (nar-KAH-tik) substance used to treat moderate to severe pain. Narcotics are like opiates like morphine and codeine but are not made from opium. narrowing of a body passageway narrowing of blood vessels narrowing of the lining of the arteries due to the accumulation of fat and other materials; leads to coronary heart disease, stroke, and other disorders narrowing of the opening of the aortic valve in the heart, which increases resistance to blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta; commonly a birth defect or caused by scarring and calcium accumulation in the valve from rheumatic fever narrowing of the outlet located at the junction of the stomach and small intestine nasal - (pronounced) (NAY-perm) To do through or with the nose nasal cavity - (pronounced) (NAY-zul KA-vuh-tee) The space in the nose. The nasal cavity overlies the bone that forms the roof of the mouth and curves down at the back to join the pharynx. nasal vestibule - (pronounced) (NAY-zul VEH-stih-byool) The area just inside the nostril (nostril) that leads into the nasal cavity. The nasal vestibule is supported by nasal cartilage and is lined with tissue containing short, coarse hairs. nasogastric - (pronounced) (NAY-zoh-GAS-trik) Describes the transition from the nose to the stomach. For example, a nasogastric tube is inserted through the nose, throat, and esophagus and into the stomach nasogastric tube - (pronounced) (NAY-zoh-GAS-trik toob) tube that is inserted through the nose, throat, and esophagus and into the stomach. It can be used to administer medication, fluids and liquid food, or to remove substances from the stomach. nasoscope - (pronounced) (NAY-zoh area) A thin, tubular instrument used to examine the inside of the nose. A nasoscope has a light and lens for viewing and may have a tool for removing tissue. natural history study - (pronounced) (NA-chuh-rul HIH-stuh-ree STUH-dee) study that follows a group of people over time who have or are at risk of developing a specific medical condition or disease. A natural history study collects health information to understand how the medical condition or diseas natural killer T cell - (pronounced) (NA-chuh-rul KIH-ler … sel) type of immune cell that plays an important role in the body's initial immune response to invading microorganisms. Natural killer T cells are a type of T cell that also share certain characteristics of natural killer (NK) cells. natural killer cell - (pronounced) (NA-chuh-rul KIH-ler sel) A type of immune cell that contains granules (small particles) with enzymes that can kill tumor cells or cells infected with a virus. A natural killer cell is a type of white blood cell. nausea - (pronounced) (NAW-zee-uh) A feeling of nausea or discomfort in the stomach, which may be accompanied by an urge to vomit. Nausea is a side effect of some cancer treatments nausea and vomiting experienced early in a pregnancy, affecting about half of all pregnant women navitoclax - (pronounced) (na-VIH-toh-klax) substance being studied to treat lymphoma and other types of cancer. It blocks some of the enzymes that keep cancer cells from dying. necitumumab - (pronounced) (NEH-sih-TOO-moo-mab) drug used with gemcitabine and cisplatin to treat squamous non-small cell lung cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It is used in patients whose cancer has not been treated with any other cancer therapy. needle biopsy - (pronounced) (NEE-dul BY-op-see) The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. If a wide needle is used, the procedure is called a core biopsy. needle location - (pronounced) (NEE-dul LOH-kuh-lih-ZAY-shun) procedure used to mark a small area of abnormal tissue so it can be removed through surgery. An imaging machine is used to thread a thin wire with a hook on the end through a hollow needle to place the wire in or around the abnormal area. negative axillary lymph node - (pronounced) (NEH-guh-tiv AK-sih-LAYR-ee limf. negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy - (pronounced) (NEH-guh-tiv. negative predictive value - (pronounced) (NEH-guh-tiv preh-DIK-tiv VAL-yoo) The likelihood that a person with a negative test result actually does not have the disease, condition, biomarker, or mutation (change) in the gene being tested. The negative predictive value is a measure of how accurate a p negative test result - (pronounced) (NEH-guh-tiv . nelarabine - (pronounced) (neh-LAR-uh-been) A drug used to treat adults and children 1 year and older with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma. It is used in patients whose cancer has not gotten better or has come back (came back) after treatment with other anticanc nelfinavir mesylate - (pronounced) (nel-FIH-nuh-veer MEH-zih-layt) A drug that interferes with a virus' ability to make copies of itself neoplastic meningitis - (pronounced) (NEE-oh-PLAS-tik MEH-nin-JY-tis) serious condition in which cancer cells spread from the original (primary) tumor to the meninges (the thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord). This can cause the meninges to become inflamed, causing nephrologist - (pronounced) (neh-FRAH-loh-jist) A doctor who has special training in the diagnosis and treatment of kidney disease nephrotic syndrome - (pronounced) (neh-FRAH-tik SIN-drom) combination of symptoms caused by damage to the tiny blood vessels in the kidney that filter waste and excess fluid from the blood and send it to the bladder as urine. Signs and symptoms of nephrotic syndrome include higher-than-normal levels nephrotomogram - (pronounced) (NEH-froh-TOH-moh-gram) set of X-rays of the kidneys. X-rays are taken from different angles and show the kidneys clearly without the shadows of the organs around them nephrotoxic - (pronounced) (NEH-glad-TOK-sik) Toxic or kidney damaging neratinib maleate - (pronounced) (neh-RA-tih-nib MAY-lee-AYT) A drug used alone or with capecitabine to treat adults with certain types of HER2-positive breast cancer who have already been treated. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. nerve - (pronounced) (nervous) A bundle of fibers that receives and sends messages between the body and brain. The messages are sent through chemical and electrical changes in the cells that make up nerves nerve cell - (pronounced) (nerve) type of cell that receives and sends messages from the body to the brain and back to the body. The messages are sent by a weak electric current. nerve sheath - (pronounced) (nerve leaf) The tissue that covers and protects the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. The nerve sheath is made up of connective tissue and myelin (a substance containing protein and fat) nerve-sparing surgery - (pronounced) (Nerv-SPAYR-ing SER-juh-ree) type of surgery that attempts to spare the nerves near the tissue to be removed nerves that carry information about the body’s senses toward the brain nerves that play a role in the sense of smell nerves that stimulate movement of the eyeball nervous system - (pronounced) (NER-vus SIS-tem) The organized network of nervous tissue in the body. It includes the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord), the peripheral nervous system (nerves that extend from the spinal cord to the rest of the body), and other nervous tissue network - (pronounced) (oh-MEN-tum) fold of peritoneum (the thin tissue lining the abdomen) that surrounds the stomach and other organs in the abdomen neural - (pronounced) (NOOR-ul) Dealing with nerves or the nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord neurobehavioral - (pronounced) (NOOR-oh-beh-HAY-vyer-ul) Has to do with how the brain affects emotions, behavior and learning. Some cancers or their treatments can cause neurobehavioural problems neurocognitive - (pronounced) (NOOR-oh-KOG-nih-tiv) Has to do with the ability to think and reason. This includes the ability to concentrate, remember, process information, learn, speak and understand neurodegenerative disease - (pronounced) (NOOR-oh-dee-JEH-neh-ruh-tiv dis-OR-der) A type of disease in which cells in the central nervous system stop functioning or die. Neurodegenerative diseases usually get worse over time and have no cure. neuroectodermal tumor - (pronounced) (NOOR-oh-EK-toh-DER-mul TOO-mer) A tumor of the central or peripheral nervous system neuroendocrine - (pronounced) (NOOR-oh-EN-doh-krin) Has to do with the interactions between the nervous and endocrine systems. Neuroendocrine describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin - (pronounced) (NOOR-oh-EN-doh-krin KAR-sih-NOH-muh. neuroendocrine tumor - (pronounced) (NOOR-oh-EN-doh-krin TOO-mer) tumor that forms from cells that release hormones into the blood in response to a signal from the nervous system. Neuroendocrine tumors can produce higher levels of hormones than normal, which can cause a wide variety of symptoms. neuroendocrine tumor of the pancreas - (pronounced) (PAN-kree-A-tik NOOR-oh-EN-doh-krin TOO-mer) tumor that forms in islet cells (hormone-producing cells) in the pancreas. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). neurofeedback - (pronounced) (NOOR-oh-FEED-bak) treatment being studied to improve brain function in certain brain disorders and in patients being treated with chemotherapy for breast cancer. Sensors are attached to a person's head, allowing brain activity to be displayed as a pattern on a computer neurological examination - (pronounced) (NOOR-oh-LAH-jih-kul eg-ZAM) A series of questions and tests to check brain, spinal cord and nerve function. The exam checks a person's mental status, coordination, ability to walk, and functioning of muscles, sensory systems, and deep tendon reflexes neurologist - (pronounced) (noor-AH-loh-jist) A doctor who has specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the nervous system neuromuscular electrical stimulation - (pronounced) (NOOR-oh-MUS-kyoo-ler ee-LEK-trih-kul STIM-yoo-LAY-avoid) procedure in which weak or paralyzed muscles are stimulated with small electrical impulses. It helps increase muscle strength, blood flow and range of motion, and relieves muscle spasms. neuron - (pronounced) (NOOR-a) A type of cell that receives and sends messages from the body to the brain and back to the body. The messages are sent by a weak electric current. neuropathologist - (pronounced) (NOOR-oh-puh-THAH-loh-jist) pathologist who has special training in diseases of the nervous system. A pathologist identifies diseases by examining cells and tissues under a microscope neuropathy - (pronounced) (noor-AH-phew-you) A nerve problem that causes pain, numbness, tingling, swelling, or muscle weakness in different parts of the body. It usually starts in the hands or feet and gets worse over time. neurotransmitters - (pronounced) (NOOR-oh-tranz-MIH-ter) A chemical made by nerve cells and used to communicate with other cells, including other nerve and muscle cells neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase gene fusion - (pronounced) (NOOR-oh-TROH-fik TY-ruh-seen reh-SEP-ter KY-nays jeen FYOO-zhun) mutation (change) that occurs when a piece of the chromosome that contains a gene called NTRK breaks off and joins a gene on another chromosome. Neurotrophic tyrosine re nevus - (pronounced) (NEE-vus) benign (noncancerous) growth on the skin caused by a collection of melanocytes (cells that produce a substance called melanin, which gives color to the skin and eyes). A nevus is usually dark and may be raised from the skin. new mutation - (pronounced) (noo myoo-TAY-avoid) term used to describe a change in a gene's DNA sequence that is first seen in a person and has not occurred in previous generations. A new mutation may explain how a person can have a genetic condition that their parents didn't have. new variant - (pronounced) (no VAYR-ee-unt) term used to describe a change in a gene's DNA sequence that is first seen in a person and has not occurred in previous generations. A new variant may explain how a person can have a genetic condition that their parents didn't have. nicotine gum - (pronounced) (NIH-cow-TEEN…) A chewing gum containing a small dose of nicotine, which enters the bloodstream through absorption through the lining of the mouth. This helps stop nicotine cravings and relieves symptoms that occur when a person tries to quit smoking. nicotine inhaler - (pronounced) (NIH-cow-TEEN in-HAY-ler) device for inhaling (breathing in) small doses of nicotine through the mouth. The nicotine is absorbed through the mucous membranes in the mouth and lungs and enters the blood. nicotine lozenges - (pronounced) (NIH-cow-TEEN LAH-zinj) A candy-like tablet containing a small dose of nicotine. The nicotine is absorbed through the oral mucosa and enters the blood. nicotine patches - (pronounced) (NIH-cow-TEEN. nicotinic acid - (pronounced) (NIH-kuh-TIH-nik A-sid) A nutrient in the vitamin B complex that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Nicotinic acid helps some enzymes work properly and helps skin, nerves, and the digestive tract stay healthy. night sweats - (pronounced) (DREN-ching. nimodipine - (pronounced) (ny-MOH-dih-peen) Belongs to a family of medicines called calcium channel blockers. It is currently being studied for use with cancer drugs to prevent or overcome drug resistance and improve response to chemotherapy nimotuzumab - (pronounced) (ny-moh-TOO-zoo-mab) substance being studied to treat some types of cancer. Nimotuzumab attaches to a protein called epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which is found on some normal cells and some types of cancer cells. nipples - (pronounced) (NIH-pul) In anatomy, the small bump in the middle of the breast that allows milk to flow outwards nivolumab and relatlimab - (pronounced) (nih-VOL-yoo-mab … reh-LAT-lih-mab) A combination of two medicines used to treat adults and children 12 years and older with melanoma that has spread or cannot be removed with surgery. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. nocebo - (pronounced) (noh-SEE-boh) A harmless substance or treatment that can cause harmful side effects or worsening of symptoms because the patient thinks or believes they may occur or expect them to occur. For example, in a clinical trial, patients who are not given active treatment but are told node-negative - (pronounced) (node-NEH-guh-tiv) Cancer that has not spread to the lymph nodes node-positive - Cancer that has spread to the lymph nodes nodes - (pronounced) (NAH-jool) A growth or lump that can be malignant (cancerous) or benign (noncancerous) nodular parenchyma - (pronounced) (NAH-juh-ler puh-REN-kih-muh) A small mass of tissue within a gland or organ that performs the specialized functions of the gland or organ nolatrexed - (pronounced) (NOH-luh-TREK-sed) substance being studied to treat liver cancer. It belongs to the family of thymidylate synthase inhibitors. nomogram - (pronounced) (NAH-moh-gram) A mathematical device or model that shows relationships between things. For example, a nomogram of height and weight measurements can be used to find a person's surface area without doing math to determine the proper dose of chemotherapy. non-AIDS-defining cancer - type of cancer that is more likely to occur in people infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) than in people who are not infected. Non-AIDS-defining cancers include Hodgkin's lymphoma and cancers of the mouth, throat, liver, lungs and anus. non-carrier - (pronounced) (non-KAYR-ee-er) In genetics, a person who does not have a mutated (altered) disease-causing gene previously identified in their family non-consecutive case series - (pronounced) (non-kun-SEH-kyoo-tiv kays SEER-eez) A clinical study that includes some, but not all, of the eligible patients identified by the investigators during the study enrollment period. This type of study usually does not have a control group non-contiguous lymphoma - (pronounced) (non-kun-TIG-yoo-us lim-FOH-muh) Lymphoma, in which the cancerous lymph nodes are not adjacent but are on the same side of the diaphragm (the thin muscle below the lungs that helps breathe and separates the chest from the abdomen) non-data subject - (pronounced) (UN-uh-FEK-ted in-dih-VIH-joo-wul) In genetics, a term used to describe a person who does not have a specific genetic trait or disease non-endometrioid cancer - (…EN-doh-MEE-tree-oyd KAN-ser) term used to describe certain types of cancer that form in the non-glandular tissue of the endometrium (the lining of the womb) or ovaries. Examples of non-endometrioid cancers of the endometrium or ovary include serous, clear cell, mixed, and non-functioning tumor - (pronounced) (Non-FUNK-shuh-ning TOO-mer) A tumor that is found in the endocrine tissue but does not produce additional hormones. Dysfunctioning tumors usually don't cause symptoms until they grow large or spread to other parts of the body. non-hematological cancer - (pronounced) (Not-HEE-muh-tuh-LAH-jik KAN-ser) Cancer that doesn't start in the blood or bone marrow non-invasive - (pronounced) (NOT-in-VAY-siv) In medicine, it refers to an intervention in which no instrument has to be inserted through the skin or into a body opening. In cancer, it describes a disease that has not spread outside of the tissue where it started non-melanoma - (pronounced) (Non-MEH-luh-NOH-muh-tus) Linked to skin cancer that forms in the lower part of the epidermis (the outer layer of skin) or in squamous cells but not in melanocytes (skin cells that make pigment) non-metastatic - (pronounced) (not-meh-tuh-STA-tik) Cancer that has not spread from the primary site (where it started) to other sites in the body non-prescription - (pronounced) (NON-preh-SKRIP-avoid) Refers to a medicine that can be bought without a prescription (doctor's prescription). Examples include analgesics (painkillers) such as aspirin and acetaminophen. non-randomized clinical trial - (pronounced) (Non-RAN-duh-mized KLIH-nih-kul TRY-ul) clinical trial in which participants are not randomly assigned to different treatment groups. Participants can choose which group they want to be in, or they will be assigned to groups by the researchers non-seminoma - (pronounced) (NON-seh-meh-NOH-moo) A type of cancer that starts in cells that make sperm or eggs. There are several types of non-seminoma tumors, including embryonic carcinoma, malignant teratoma, choriocarcinoma, and yolk sac tumor. non-serous epithelial ovarian cancer - (…SEER-us eh-pih-THEE-lee-ul oh-VAYR-ee-un KAN-ser) term used to describe certain types of ovarian cancer that form in the tissue that covers the ovaries. The main types of non-serous epithelial ovarian carcinoma are clear cell carcinoma, endometrial carcinoma non-small cell lung cancer - group of lung cancers named for the types of cells found in the cancer and what the cells look like under a microscope. The three main types of non-small cell lung cancer are adenocarcinoma (the most common), squamous cell carcinoma and large cell carcinoma. non-specific immune stimulation - (pronounced) (don't-speh-SIH-fik ih-MYOON STIM-yoo-LAY-avoid) type of cancer therapy that stimulates the immune system in general and does not specifically target cancer cells. It can also help the body fight infection and other diseases. non-specific immunomodulating agent - (pronounced) (non-speh-SIH-fik IH-myoo-noh-MOD-yoo-lay-ting AY-jent) A substance that generally stimulates or suppresses the immune system. A non-specific immunomodulating agent can stimulate the immune system to help the body fight cancer, infection, or other d non-starchy vegetables - (pronounced) (non-STAR-chee VEJ-tuh-bul) member of the vegetable family that does not contain starches (chemically linked sugar molecules). Non-starchy vegetables typically contain less sugar and more fiber than starchy vegetables. non-toxic - (pronounced) (non-TOK-sik) Not harmful or destructive non-viable (in-VY-uh-bul) Non-viable nonavalent vaccine - (pronounced) (NOH-nuh-VAY-lent vak-SEEN) A vaccine that works by stimulating an immune response against nine different antigens, such as nine different viruses or other microorganisms. For example, Gardasil 9 is a non-valent vaccine that protects the body from infection with nin noni - (pronounced) (NOH-nee) Morinda citrifolia. A tropical shrub. normal contractions of the uterus after childbirth that usually occur for the first few days after delivery normal heart rhythm normal pap test result - (pronounced) (NOR-mul . not inheritable - (pronounced) (Not-HAYR-ih-tuh-bul) In medicine, describes a trait or trait that cannot be passed through the genes from a parent to a child. Non-hereditary forms of cancer can occur when there is a mutation (change) in the DNA in any of the body's cells, with the exception of the g not obstructed; open not resectable - (pronounced) (UN-ree-SEC-tuh-bul) Cannot be surgically removed not resected - (pronounced) (UN-ree-SEC-ted) Describes an organ, tissue, or cancer that has not been surgically removed, either partially or completely notch - (pronounced) (TY curb) A drug used with capecitabine or letrozole to treat certain types of HER2-positive breast cancer that are advanced or have spread. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. nuclear matrix protein 22 - (pronounced) (NOO-klee-er MAY-trix PROH-teen. nuclear medicine scan - (pronounced) (NOO-klee-er MEH-dih-sin skan) A method that uses radioactive substances to take pictures of areas inside the body. The radioactive substance is injected into the body and localizes and attaches to specific cells or tissues, including cancer cells. nucleolus - (pronounced) (noo-CLOVER-uh-lus) A region in the cell nucleus made up of RNA and proteins where ribosomes are made. Ribosomes help link amino acids together to form proteins. nucleotide - (pronounced) (NOO-klee-oh flood) A building block for nucleic acids (the molecules in cells that carry genetic information). Nucleotides are joined end to end to form the nucleic acids DNA and RNA numbness or tingling in the skin; commonly referred to as "pins and needles" nutrient - (pronounced) (NOO-tree-ent) A chemical compound (such as protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamin, or mineral) found in food. These compounds are used by the body to function and grow obinutuzumab - (pronounced) (OH-bin-yoo-TOO-zoo-mab) A medicine used with other medicines to treat certain types of follicular lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. objective answer - (pronounced) (ub-JEK-tiv reh-SPONTS) A measurable reaction obstruction of an artery that supplies blood to the retina, resulting in some degree of temporary or permanent blindness obstruction of the flow of blood from the heart to the lungs occupational therapist - (pronounced) (AH-kyoo-PAY-shuh-nul THAYR-uh-pist) A healthcare professional trained to assist people with disabilities or illnesses in managing their daily activities occupational therapist - (pronounced) (voh-KAY-shuh-nul THAYR-uh-piste) person who has special training to help people with disabilities find a job or career. An occupational therapist assesses a person's education, training, skills, interests, and financial needs to help him or her make employment occurring at an abnormal position or time occurring just before or just after birth octreotide - (pronounced) (ok-TREE-oh-tide) drug similar to the naturally occurring growth hormone inhibitor somatostatin. Octreotide is used to treat diarrhea and flushing associated with certain types of tumours octreotide scan - (pronounced) (ok-TREE-oh-tide-skan) A type of radionuclide scan used to detect carcinoids and other types of tumors. Radioactive octreotide, a drug similar to somatostatin, is injected into a vein and travels through the bloodstream. oculocutaneous albinism - (pronounced) (AH-kyoo-loh-kyoo-TAY-nee-us AL-bih-NIH-zum) group of rare inherited disorders in which there is little or no melanin (pigment) in the skin, hair, and eyes. Most people with these disorders have very pale skin, white or light-colored hair, and light-colored eye oculodermal melanocytosis - (pronounced) (AH-kyoo-loh-DER-mul meh-LAN-oh-sy-TOH-sis) condition characterized by brown, blue, or gray patches, usually on the inside of the eye and on the skin near or around the eye. It can also affect the eyelid and mouth. ofatumumab - (pronounced) (OH-fa-TOO-moo-mab) medicine used alone or with other medicines to treat certain types of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. olfactory - (pronounced) (ol-FAK-tuh-ree) Has to do with the sense of smell olfactory bulb - (pronounced) (ol-FAK-tuh-ree pear) A rounded mass of tissue containing several types of nerve cells involved in the sense of smell. There are two olfactory bulbs on the underside of the brain, one above each nasal cavity. olfactory conversion - (pronounced) (ol-FAK-tuh-ree tranz-DUK-avoid) series of events in which cells in the nose bind to odor-carrying molecules and send electrical signals to the brain, where they are perceived as smells olfactory neuroblastoma - (pronounced) (ol-FAK-tuh-ree NOOR-oh-blow-TOH-moo) rare type of cancer that forms in the tissues of the upper part of the nasal cavity (space in the nose). This area is near the bone that separates the nasal cavity from the brain. olfactory system - (pronounced) (ol-FAK-tuh-ree SIS-tem) The parts of the body involved in smell perception, including the nose and many parts of the brain. Smell can affect emotions, behavior, memory and thinking oligodendrocytes - (pronounced) (AH-lih-goh-DEN-threatening-page) A cell that makes up the myelin sheath (a layer that covers and protects nerve cells) in the brain and spinal cord. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell oligodendroglial tumor - (pronounced) (AH-lih-goh-den-DROH-joy-ul TOO-mer) rare, slow-growing tumor that starts in oligodendrocytes (cells that cover and protect nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord). Also called oligodendroglioma oligometastasis - (pronounced) (AH-lih-goh-meh-TAS-tuh-sis) type of metastasis in which cancer cells from the original (primary) tumor travel through the body and form a small number of new tumors (metastatic tumors) in one or two other parts of the body. For example, cancer cells can spread from th oltipraz - (pronounced) (OL-tih-praz) A drug used to prevent cancer on one side on site (also in SY) In its original place. For example, in carcinoma in situ, abnormal cells are only found where they first formed. onabotulinum toxin A - (pronounced) (ON-uh-BAH-choo-LY-num-TOK-sin-A) drug used to treat certain medical conditions. These include profuse sweating under the arms and severe muscle spasms in the neck and shoulders. oncology pharmacist - (pronounced) (on-KAH-loh-jee FAR-muh-see SPEH-shuh list) A licensed pharmacist with special training in the design, administration, supervision and modification of chemotherapy for cancer patients. Also called BCOP and certified oncology pharmacist oncolytic virus - (pronounced) (ON-koh-LIH-tik VY-rus) type of virus that infects and lyses (breaks down) cancer cells, but not normal cells. Oncolytic viruses can occur naturally or be created in the laboratory by modifying other viruses. one of the 4 major types of lung cancer one of the two bones that form the hip on either side of the body one of the two long bones of the forearm, located on the thumb side of the arm one of the two sex chromosomes; determines female sex characteristics one of the two sex chromosomes; determines male sex characteristics one of three periods lasting about 3 months each; the stages into which pregnancy is divided one of two bones that form the upper jaw, the roof of the mouth, and the center portion of the face one-sided - (pronounced) (YOO-nih-LA-teh-rul) Has to do with one side of the body open biopsy - (pronounced) (OH pen BY-op-see) procedure in which an incision is made through the skin to remove abnormal tissue so it can be examined under a microscope for signs of disease. The two types of open biopsy are incisional biopsy, in which part of a lump or tissue sample is removed, and open colectomy - An operation in which all or part of the large intestine is removed through a long incision in the abdominal wall. When only part of the colon is removed, it is called a partial colectomy open resection - Surgery to remove part or all of an organ or a tumor and nearby lymph nodes. The incision is large enough for the surgeon to see inside the body open study - (pronounced) (OH pen LAY-bel STUH-dee) A type of study where both the healthcare providers and the patients are aware that the drug or treatment is being administered ophthalmic - (pronounced) (from-THAL-mik) Has to do with the eye opiate - (pronounced) (OH-Pee-ut) substance used to treat pain or induce sleep. Opiates are made from or contain opium. opioid - (pronounced) (OH-Pee-OYD) A class of drugs used to relieve moderate to severe pain. Opioids can be made from the opium poppy plant or made in the laboratory. opioid growth factor - (pronounced) (OH-Pee-OYD grothe FAK-ter) A substance that relieves pain and is being studied to treat some types of cancer. Opioid growth factors bind to cells in the body, including tumor cells, that have opioid growth factor receptors on their surface. opportunistic infection - (pronounced) (Avoid AH-per-too-NIS-tik in-FEK) An infection caused by an organism that does not normally cause disease. Opportunistic infections occur in people with weakened immune systems oprelvekin - (pronounced) (oh-PREL-veh-KIN) drug used to increase the number of blood cells, particularly platelets, in some cancer patients who are receiving chemotherapy. Oprelvekin is a laboratory-made form of interleukin-11 (a cytokine normally made by supporting cells in the bone marrow). optic chiasm - (pronounced) (OP-tik ky-A-zum) The place in the brain where some of the optic nerve fibers coming from one eye cross the optic nerve fibers from the other eye. Also called the optic chiasm optic chiasm - (pronounced) (OP-tik ky-AZ-muh) The place in the brain where some of the optic nerve fibers coming from one eye cross the optic nerve fibers from the other eye. Also called the optic chiasm optic glioma - (pronounced) (OP-tik. optic nerve - (pronounced) (OP-tik nerve) The nerve that carries messages from the retina to the brain optic neuritis - (pronounced) (OP-tik noo-RY-tis) Inflammation of the optic nerve (the nerve that carries messages from the back of the eye to the brain). It can be caused by infections, medications, toxins, and immune system disorders like multiple sclerosis. optical coherence tomography - (pronounced) (OP-tih-kul koh-HEER-ents toh-MAH-gruh-fee) A method that uses infrared light waves to obtain three-dimensional (3-D) images of structures within tissues and organs. The images are created by a computer connected to the light source. optical spectroscopy - (pronounced) (OP-tih-kul spek-TROS-koh-pee) In medicine, a technique that uses low-level light, fiber optic instruments, and detectors to examine tissue. It is studied to identify differences between normal cells and cells that can become cancer, and to identify cancer cells t optical tract - (pronounced) (OP-tik tract) The nerves that travel from the optic chiasm (place in the brain where some of the optic nerve fibers cross) to specific parts of the brain involved in vision oral cavity - (pronounced) (OR-ul KA-vih-tee) Refers to the mouth. It includes the lips, the inside of the cheeks and lips, the front two-thirds of the tongue, the upper and lower gums, the floor of the mouth under the tongue, the bony palate, and the small area behind the wisdom dentition oral chemotherapy - (pronounced) (OR-ul KEE-moh-THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment with drugs given by mouth to kill cancer cells or stop them from dividing oral papilloma - (pronounced) (OR-ul PA-pih-LOH-muh) A benign (noncancerous), warty growth that appears on the lips or inside the mouth, including the tongue, gums, tonsils, and throat. Oral papillomas often appear as pink or white bumps that can vary in size. orbit - (pronounced) (Orbit) The space within the skull that contains the eye, including its nerves and muscles. The eye socket also includes the eyelids and the tear ducts. organic - (pronounced) (BY-oh-LAH-jih-kul) Relating to biology or life and living beings. In medicine, refers to a substance made from a living organism or its products. organism strain - (pronounced) (OR-guh-NIH-to. orthotopic - (pronounced) (OR-thoh-TAH-spades) In medicine, referring to something that occurs in the normal or usual place in the body. It is often used to describe tissue or an organ that is being transplanted into its normal place in the body osmotic - (pronounced) (oz-MAH-tik) Has to do with osmosis (the passage of a liquid through a membrane from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated one). This dilutes the more concentrated solution and the concentrations in both solutions become equal. osteogenic sarcoma - (pronounced) (OS-tee-oh-JEH-nik sar-KOH-muh) A bone cancer that usually affects the large bones of the arm or leg. It is most common in young people and affects more men than women. osteolytic - (pronounced) (OS-tee-oh-LIH-tik) Causes bone breakdown ostomy - (pronounced) (STOH-moo) A surgically created opening from an area inside the body to the outside ounce - (pronounced) (Owner) A measure of weight (one-sixteenth pound) and volume (one-eighth cup) outpatient - (pronounced) (OWT pay shunt) A patient who visits a healthcare facility for diagnosis or treatment without spending the night. Sometimes referred to as a day patient ovarian ablation - (pronounced) (oh-VAYR-ee-un a-BLAY-shun) Treatment that stops or lowers the amount of estrogen produced by the ovaries. Types of ovarian ablation include surgery to remove both ovaries, radiation therapy, and the use of certain medications. ovarian cell carcinoma - (pronounced) (oh-VAYR-ee-un eh-pih-THEE-lee-ul KAN-ser) Cancer that forms in the tissue that covers the ovary (one of two female reproductive glands that produce eggs). Most ovarian cancers are ovarian cell carcinomas. ovarian failure - (pronounced) (oh-VAYR-ee-un IN-suh-FIH-shen-see) A condition in which the ovaries stop working and menstruation stops before the age of 40. This can lead to fertility problems and menopause symptoms. ovarian follicles - (pronounced) (oh-VAYR-ee-un FAH-lih-kul) small, fluid-filled sac in the ovary that contains an immature egg. There are thousands of follicles in the ovaries. ovarian reserve - (pronounced) (oh-VAYR-ee-un reh-SERV) The total number of healthy, immature eggs in the ovaries. The number of healthy eggs decreases as a woman ages, which can reduce fertility (the ability to have children). ovarian transposition - (pronounced) (oh-VAYR-ee-un tranz-poh-ZIH-avoid) procedure designed to keep a woman fertile by preventing damage to the ovaries during radiation therapy. Before radiation therapy begins, one or both of the ovaries and fallopian tubes are separated from the uterus and attached over the counter - (pronounced) (OH-ver-the-KOWN-ter) Refers to a medicine that can be bought without a prescription (doctor's prescription). Examples include analgesics (painkillers) such as aspirin and acetaminophen. overall survival rate - (pronounced) (oh-ver-AWL ser-VY-vul rayt) The percentage of people in a study or treatment group who are alive for a specified period of time after being diagnosed with a disease, such as cancer, or having started treatment. Overall survival is often expressed as a five-year overexpress - (pronounced) (OH-ver-ek-SPRES) In biology, to make too many copies of a protein or other substance. The overexpression of certain proteins or other substances can play a role in the development of cancer overweight - (pronounced) (OH-ver-WAYT) Being too heavy for his height. Excess body weight can result from fat, muscle, bone and/or water retention. oxidation - (pronounced) (OK-sih-avoid-TAG) A chemical reaction that occurs when a substance comes into contact with oxygen or another oxidizing substance. Examples of oxidation are rust and the brown color of a cut apple oxidative metabolism - (pronounced) (OK-sih-DAY-tiv meh-TA-boo-lih-zum) A chemical process that uses oxygen to convert carbohydrates (sugars) into energy. Also called aerobic metabolism, aerobic respiration and cellular respiration oxidative stress - (pronounced) (OK-sih-DAY-tiv. oxide - (pronounced) (OK side) A type of chemical substance that is a combination of oxygen and another substance. Oxides are found in essential oils oxidize - (pronounced) (OK-sih-dize) cause oxidation (a chemical reaction that occurs when a substance comes into contact with oxygen or another oxidizing substance) oxygen - (pronounced) (OK-sih-jen) A colorless, odorless gas. It is needed for the life of animals and plants. oxygen radical - (pronounced) (OK-sih-jen RA-dih-kul) type of unstable molecule containing oxygen that easily reacts with other molecules in a cell. Accumulation of oxygen radicals in cells can cause damage to DNA, RNA and proteins and cause cell death. p-glycoprotein - A protein that pumps substances out of cells. Cancer drugs that contain too much p-glycoprotein may not be killed by anti-cancer drugs p-value - A term from statistics. It helps to show whether a difference found between compared groups is accidental. p53 gene - gene that makes a protein found in the nucleus of the cell that plays a key role in controlling cell division and cell death. Mutations (changes) in the p53 gene can cause cancer cells to grow and spread throughout the body. pH - A measure of how acidic or basic a substance or solution is. The pH is measured on a scale from 0 to 14. pM-81 - A monoclonal antibody being studied to detect and treat cancer. Monoclonal antibodies are made in the lab and can locate and attach to cancer cells pPNET - A type of cancer that forms in bone or soft tissue. Also called Ewing's sarcoma and peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor pacemaker - (pronounced) (PAYS-may-ker) An electronic device implanted in the body to monitor heart rate and rhythm. It electrically stimulates the heart when it is not beating normally. paclitaxel - (pronounced) (PA-klih-TAK-sil) drug used alone or with other drugs to treat AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma, advanced ovarian cancer, and certain types of breast cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. paclitaxel albumin stabilized nanoparticle formulation - (pronounced) (PA-klih-TAK-sil al-BYOO-min-STAY-bih-lized NA-noh-PAR-tih-kul for-myoo-LAY-shun) form of the cancer drug paclitaxel used alone or with other medicines to treat certain types of breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and pancr paclitaxel liposome - (pronounced) (PA-klih-TAK-sil LY-poh-some) form of the cancer drug paclitaxel contained in very small, fat-like particles. It may have fewer side effects and work better than paclitaxel. paclitaxel polilumex - (pronounced) (PA-klih-TAK-sil PAH-lee-GLOO-mex) A form of the cancer drug paclitaxel combined with a protein called polylumex that may have fewer side effects and work better than paclitaxel. It is being studied to treat breast cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, and other ty paclitaxel polyglutamate - (pronounced) (PA-klih-TAK-sil PAH-lee-GLOO-tuh-mayt) form of the cancer drug paclitaxel combined with a protein called polylumex that may have fewer side effects and work better than paclitaxel. It is being studied to treat breast cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, and o paclitaxel-loaded polymeric micelle - (pronounced) (PA-klih-TAK-sil-LOH-ded PAH-lih-MAYR-ik MY-sel) A form of the anti-cancer drug paclitaxel used to treat breast cancer, ovarian cancer and AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. It is also used with another drug to treat non-small cell lung cancer. pain along the course of a nerve caused by irritation or damage to the nerve pain along the sciatic nerve, which runs down the length of the leg to the foot; usually caused by pressure on the nerve due to disk prolapse or a tumor, abscess, or blood clot pain and tenderness experienced in the lower leg as a result of damage or strain to leg muscles and tendons; usually caused by exercise pain experienced in the chest, arms, or jaw because of a lack of oxygen to the heart muscle pain felt in a part of the body remote from the site where pain originates pain flares - (pronounced) (pay flair) sudden increase in pain that can occur in patients who already have chronic pain from cancer, arthritis, fibromyalgia, or other conditions. A flare-up of pain usually only lasts for a short time. pain in the chest caused by a virus pain in the rectum pain threshold - (pronounced) (Pay THRESH holde) The point at which a person perceives pain painful damage to the cartilage behind the kneecap painful enlargement and inflammation of the area of the shinbone just below the knee, usually occurring in adolescent boys palate - (pronounced) (PAL et) The roof of the mouth. The front part is bony (hard palate) and the back part is muscular (soft palate) palbociclib - (pronounced) (PAL-boh-SY-klib) A drug used to treat women and men with certain types of hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer that is advanced or has spread. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. palliative sedation - (pronounced) (PA-lee-uh-tiv seh-DAY-avoid) The use of special medications called sedatives to relieve extreme suffering by rendering a patient calm, unconscious, or unconscious. This can be done in patients who have symptoms that cannot be controlled with other treatments. palliative therapy - (pronounced) (PA-lee-uh-tiv THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment to relieve symptoms and reduce suffering caused by cancer or other life-threatening diseases. Palliative care can help a person feel better, but it does not treat or cure the illness. palm pit - (pronounced) (PAL-mer. palmar-plantar erythrodysaesthesia - (pronounced) (PAL-mer-PLAN-ter eh-RITH-roh-DIS-es-THEE-zhuh) A condition characterized by pain, swelling, numbness, tingling, or redness in the hands or feet. It sometimes occurs as a side effect of certain cancer drugs. palonosetron hydrochloride - (pronounced) (pa-loh-NOH-seh-tron HY-droh-KLOR-ide) drug used in adults and children from 1 month of age to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy and nausea and vomiting after surgery. Palonosetron hydrochloride blocks the effects of a chemical called seroto palpable illness - (pronounced) (PAL-puh-bul dih-ZEEZ) A term used to describe cancer that can be felt by touch and is usually present in the lymph nodes, skin, or other organs of the body such as the liver or colon palpation - (pronounced) (Buddy-PAY-avoid) Examination by pressing on the surface of the body to palpate the underlying organs or tissues palpitations - (pronounced) (PAL-pih-TAY-avoid) A fast or irregular heartbeat that a person can feel pancreas - (pronounced) (PAN-kree-A-tik) Has to do with the pancreas pancreatectomy - (pronounced) (PAN-kree-uh-TEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove all or part of the pancreas. A total pancreatectomy also removes part of the stomach, part of the small intestine, common bile duct, gallbladder, spleen, and nearby lymph nodes pancreatic function test - (pronounced) (PAN-kree-A-tik FUNK-avoid. pancreatic juice - (pronounced) (PAN-kree-A-tik joos) Fluid made by the pancreas. Pancreatic juices contain proteins called enzymes that help with digestion pancreatic tumor - (pronounced) (PAN-kree-A-tik TOO-mer) tumor that forms in the cells of the pancreas. The two main types of pancreatic tumors are exocrine pancreatic tumors and neuroendocrine pancreatic tumors. pancreatitis - (pronounced) (PAN-kree-uh-TY-tis) Inflammation of the pancreas. Chronic pancreatitis can cause diabetes and digestive problems. pancreatoduodenectomy - (pronounced) (PAN-kree-uh-toh-DOO-ah-deh-NEK-toh-mee) type of surgery used to treat pancreatic cancer. The head of the pancreas, duodenum, part of the stomach, and other nearby tissues are removed. pancytopenia - (pronounced) (Pan-SY-toh-PEE-nee-uh) condition in which there are below-average numbers of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in the blood. Pancytopenia occurs when there is a problem with the blood-forming stem cells in the bone marrow. panic - (pronounced) (Panic) Sudden extreme fear or anxiety that may lead to irrational thoughts or actions. Panic can include a rapid heart rate, flushing (a hot, red face), sweating, and difficulty breathing panic disorder - (pronounced) (PA-nik dis-OR-der) type of anxiety disorder in which a person repeatedly has panic attacks when there is no actual danger. Panic attacks are sudden periods of intense fear or anxiety that can provoke irrational thoughts or actions. panitumumab - (pronounced) (PAN-ih-TOO-myoo-mab) medicine used alone or with other medicines to treat certain types of colon cancer that have spread to other parts of the body. It is used in patients whose cancer has not yet been treated or whose cancer has gotten worse after treatment with other an pantothenic acid - (pronounced) (PAN-toh-THEH-nik A-sid) nutrient in the vitamin B complex that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Pantothenic acid helps some enzymes break down food and make many substances used in the body, and protects cells from damage caused by peroxi papillary dermis - (pronounced) (PA-pih-LAYR-ee DER-mis) The thin top layer of the dermis (the inner layer of the skin). The papillary dermis has connective tissue and blood vessels that nourish the epidermis (the outer layer of the skin) and help regulate the skin's temperature papillary edema - (pronounced) (PA-pil-eh-DEE-moo) Swelling around the optic disc, the area where the optic nerve (the nerve that carries messages from the eye to the brain) enters the eyeball. Papilledema occurs when increased intracranial pressure, caused by tumors or other problems, causes swelli papillary intralymphatic angioendothelioma - (pronounced) (PA-pih-LAYR-ee IN-truh-lim-FA-tik AN-jee-oh-EN-doh-THEE-lee-oh-muh) A rare, slow-growing tumor of the blood vessels that develops in or under the skin anywhere on the body. Papillary intralymphatic angioendothelioma can appear as firm, raise papillary kidney cancer - (pronounced) (PA-pih-LAYR-ee KID-nee KAN-ser) type of kidney cancer that forms in the lining of the tiny tubes in the kidney that return filtered substances the body needs to the blood and remove excess fluid and waste as urine. Most papillary tumors look like long, thin, f papillary renal cell carcinoma - (pronounced) (PA-pih-LAYR-ee REE-nul sel KAR-sih-NOH-muh) type of kidney cancer that forms in the lining of the tiny tubes in the kidney that return filtered substances the body needs to the blood and remove excess fluid and waste as urine. Most papillary tumors look papillary serous carcinoma - (pronounced) (PA-pih-LAYR-ee SEER-us KAR-sih-NOH-muh) An aggressive cancer that usually affects the uterus/endometrium, peritoneum, or ovaries papillary thyroid cancer - (pronounced) (PA-pih-LAYR-ee THY-royd KAN-ser) Cancer that forms in follicle cells in the thyroid gland and grows in tiny finger-like shapes. It grows slowly, is more common in women than men, and often occurs before age 45. papillary tumor - (pronounced) (PA-pih-LAYR-ee TOO-mer) A tumor that looks like long, thin "finger-like" growths. These tumors grow from tissue lining the inside of an organ. papillary-reticular dermal interface - (pronounced) (PA-pih-LAYR-ee-reh-TIH-kyoo-ler DER-mul IN-ter-fays) The layer of skin between the papillary dermis (the thin top layer of the dermis) and the reticular dermis (the thick bottom layer of the dermis). The dermis is the layer of skin below the epide para-aminobenzoic acid - (pronounced) (PAYR-uh-uh-MEE-noh-ben-ZOH-ik A-sid) A nutrient in the vitamin B complex that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Bacteria that live in the gut need para-aminobenzoic acid to survive. paralytic ileus - (pronounced) (PAYR-uh-LIH-tik IH-lee-us) condition in which the intestinal muscles do not allow food to pass through, resulting in intestinal obstruction. Paralytic ileus can be caused by surgery, inflammation, and certain medications parameters - (pronounced) (Payr-uh-MEE-tree-uh) The fat and connective tissue that surrounds the uterus. The parametrium helps connect the uterus to other tissues in the pelvis paraneoplastic syndrome - (pronounced) (PAYR-uh-NEE-oh-PLAS-tik SIN-drome) group of symptoms that can occur when substances released by some cancer cells disrupt the normal functioning of surrounding cells and tissues parapharyngeal space - (pronounced) (PAYR-uh-fuh-RIN-jee-ul. parasitic - (pronounced) (PAYR-uh-SIH-tik) Dealing with or being a parasite (an animal or plant that obtains nutrients by living on or in an organism of another species) parathyroid - (pronounced) (PAYR-uh-THY-royd. parenteral nutrition - (pronounced) (puh-REN-teh-rul noo-TRIH-avoid) A form of nutrition delivered into a vein. With parenteral nutrition, the digestive system is not used. parietal cell vagotomy - (pronounced) (puh-RY-uh-tul sel vay-GAH-toh-mee) Surgery to cut through the parts of the vagus nerve that cause acid to form in the stomach. It is used to treat stomach ulcers or other conditions where the stomach produces too much acid parietal peritoneum - (pronounced) (puh-RY-uh-tul PAYR-ih-toh-NEE-um) The layers of tissue lining the abdominal wall and pelvic cavity paroxetine hydrochloride - (pronounced) (puh-ROK-suh-teen HY-droh-KLOR-ide) A drug used to treat depression and anxiety disorders. It is a type of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria - (pronounced) (PAYR-ok-SIZ-mul nok-TER-nul HEE-moh-GLOH-bih-NOO-ree-uh) rare condition in which red blood cells are easily destroyed by certain proteins in the immune system. Symptoms include blood clots and red or brownish urine in the morning. partial answer - (pronounced) (PAR-shul-reh-SPONTS) reduction in the size of a tumor or the amount of cancer in the body in response to treatment. Also called partial remission partial cystectomy - (pronounced) (PAR-shul sis-TEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove part of the bladder (the organ that contains urine). Also called a segmental cystectomy partial hysterectomy - (pronounced) (PAR-shul HIS-teh-REK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove the uterus but not the cervix. Also called subtotal hysterectomy and supracervical hysterectomy partial laryngectomy - (pronounced) (PAR-shul LAYR-in-JEK-toh-mee) An operation to remove part of the larynx (larynx) partial mastectomy - (pronounced) (PAR-shul ma-STEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove cancer or other abnormal tissue from the breast and some surrounding normal tissue, but not the breast itself. Some lymph nodes under the arm can be removed for a biopsy. partial nephrectomy - (pronounced) (PAR-shul neh-FREK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove part of a kidney or a kidney tumor, but not an entire kidney partial oophorectomy - (pronounced) (PAR-shul oh-oh-foh-REK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove part of one ovary or part of both ovaries partial or total loss of the ability to move the eyes partial paralysis partial radical vulvectomy - (pronounced) (PAR-shul RA-dih-kul vul-VEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove most, but not all, of the vulva (a woman's external genitalia, including the clitoris, labia, and opening to the vagina). The clitoris must not be removed. partial remission - (pronounced) (PAR-schul-reh-MIH-avoid) A reduction in the size of a tumor or the amount of cancer in the body in response to treatment. Also called partial answer partial vulvectomy - (pronounced) (PAR-shul-vul-VEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove an affected area of the vulva (a woman's external genitalia, including the clitoris, labia, and opening to the vagina) along with a small amount of surrounding normal tissue passive antibody therapy - Treatment with injections of antibodies done in another animal or in the laboratory passive immunity - (pronounced) (PA-siv ih-MYOO-nih-tee) A type of immunity that occurs when a person is given antibodies instead of making them by their own immune system. For example, passive immunity occurs when a baby receives a mother's antibodies through the placenta or breast milk. patchouli - (pronounced) (phew-CHOO-lee) bushy herb that belongs to the mint family. A strong-smelling oil from the leaves is used in perfumes, incense, detergents, and hair conditioners. paternal - (pronounced) (puh-TER-nul) Dealing with the father, coming from the father, or being related through the father pathogenic variant - (pronounced) (PA-thoh-JEH-nik VAYR-ee-unt) change in the DNA sequence of a gene that causes a person to have a specific genetic disorder or disease, such as B. cancer, has or is at risk of developing it. pathognomonic - (pronounced) (PA-thog-noh-MAH-nik) Dealing with a sign or symptom specific to a particular disease pathologic complete response - (pronounced) (PA-thuh-LAH-jik kum-PLEET reh-SPONTS) The absence of any signs of cancer in tissue samples taken during surgery or biopsy after treatment with radiation or chemotherapy. To find out if there is a pathologic complete response, a pathologist examines tissue pathological diagnosis - (pronounced) (PA-thuh-LAH-jik DY-ug-NOH-sis) Identifying a disease or condition by examining cells and tissues under a microscope. For cancer, a pathologic diagnosis usually includes information about the type of cancer, the grade (how abnormal the cancer cells look under a pathological fracture - (pronounced) (PA-thuh-LAH-jik FRAK-sher) A broken bone caused by disease, often due to the spread of cancer to the bone pathological stage - (pronounced) (PA-thuh-LAH-jih-kul stayj) The cancer stage (amount or spread of cancer in the body), which is based on how different the cells in tissue samples look under a microscope pathological staging - (pronounced) (PA-thuh-LAH-jih-kul STAY-jing) A method of determining the stage of cancer (how much or how far the cancer has spread in the body) by taking a sample of tissue during surgery or a biopsy. The pathological stage is based on how different the cells in the specimens pathologist - (pronounced) (puh-THAH-loh-jist) A doctor who has special training in detecting disease by examining cells and tissues under a microscope pathology report - (pronounced) (puh-THAH-loh-jee. patient-controlled analgesia - (pronounced) (PAY-Shunt-kun-TROLD AN-ul-JEE-zee-uh) method of pain relief in which the patient controls the amount of pain medication used. When pain relief is needed, the person can receive a preset dose of a pain reliever by pressing a button on a computer-controlled patient-derived xenograft - (pronounced) (PAY-Shunt-deh-RIVED ZEE-noh-graft) Tumor tissue removed from a patient and implanted into mice for research purposes. Cancer drugs and other types of treatments can be tested on xenografts to see how well they work before they are given to the patient. peak load - (pronounced) (look ek-SPOH-zher) The greatest amount of a substance or radiation to which a person is exposed at any one time. Peak exposure to a harmful substance or radiation can increase your risk for certain diseases or conditions pediatric - (pronounced) (Pee-dee-A-trik) to deal with children pediatric gastroenterologist - (pronounced) (pee-dee-A-trik GAS-troh-EN-teh-RAH-loh-jist) doctor who has specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the gastrointestinal (gastrointestinal) system in children. These disorders include problems in the stomach, intestines, liver, pediatric hematologist - (pronounced) (PEE-dee-A-trik HEE-muh-TAH-loh-jist) A doctor who has special training in diagnosing and treating blood disorders in children pediatric oncologist - (pronounced) (pee-dee-A-trik on-KAH-loh-jist) A doctor who has special training in diagnosing and treating children with cancer pediatric surgeon - (pronounced) (pee-dee-a-trik SER-jun) A surgeon who has special training in treating children. A surgeon removes or repairs part of the body by operating on the patient pediatrician - (pronounced) (PEE-dee-uh-TRIH-shun) doctor who has specialized training in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases and injuries in children. Pediatricians also help manage other issues that affect children, such as developmental and behavioral, emotional, and social probl pedicle flap - (pronounced) (PEH-dih-kul. peer review process - (pronounced) (peer ree-VYOO PRAH-ses) The process by which original articles and grants written by researchers are evaluated for technical and scientific quality and correctness by other experts in the same field peer-reviewed scientific journal - (pronounced) (peer-ree-VYOOD SY-en-TIH-fik JER-nul) A publication containing original articles written by scientists and evaluated for technical and scientific quality and accuracy by other experts in the same field pegfilgrastim - (pronounced) (peg-fil-GRAS-tim) A medicine that is a form of filgrastim and is used to prevent infections in adults and children with neutropenia (a lower than normal white blood cell count) caused by some types of chemotherapy. Pegfilgrastim helps the bone marrow make more white blo peginterferon alfa-2a - (pronounced) (Peg-IN-ter-FEER-on AL-fuh. peginterferon alfa-2b - (pronounced) (Peg-IN-ter-FEER-on AL-fuh. pegylated arginine deiminase - (pronounced) (PEH-guh-LAY-ted AR-jih-neen DEE-IH-mih-nays) A substance being studied to treat melanoma, liver cancer, and other cancers. It breaks down the amino acid arginine and can block the growth of cancer cells that need arginine to grow. pelvic exenteration - (pronounced) (PEL-vik eg-ZEN-teh-avoid-RAY) Surgery to remove the lower colon, rectum, and bladder and create stomata (openings) through which urine and stool pass out of the body. In women, the cervix, vagina, ovaries, and nearby lymph nodes are also removed pelvic inflammatory disease - (pronounced) (PEL-vik in-FLA-muh-TOR-ee dih-ZEEZ) A condition in which the female reproductive organs are inflamed. It can affect the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and certain ligaments. pelvic lymph nodes - (pronounced) (PEL-vik Limf node) lymph node in the pelvis. The pelvis is the area of the body below the abdomen that contains the hip bones, bladder, rectum, and male or female reproductive organs. pelvic wall - (pronounced) (PEL-vik. penetrance - (pronounced) (PEH-neh trunks) Describes how likely it is that a person who has a specific disease-causing mutation (change) in a gene will show signs and symptoms of the disease. Not everyone who has the mutation will develop the disease. penicillin - (pronounced) (PEH-nih-SIH-lin) drug used to treat infections. It belongs to the family of antibiotics called antibiotics penile cancer - (pronounced) (PEE-nil KAN-ser) A rare cancer that forms in the penis (an external male reproductive organ). Most penile cancers are squamous cell carcinomas (cancers that start in flat cells lining the penis) penile implant - (pronounced) (PEE-Nil IM plant) A solid rod or inflatable device that is inserted into the penis (an external male reproductive organ) during a surgical procedure. The implant makes it possible to have and maintain an erection. penis - (pronounced) (PEE-nis) An external male reproductive organ. It contains a tube called the urethra that carries semen and urine to the outside of the body penta - (pronounced) (PEN tam) drug used to treat infections caused by certain microorganisms. It is also being studied in the treatment of melanoma. pentetic acid calcium - (pronounced) (Pen-TEH-tik A-sid KAL-see-um) A drug that protects healthy tissues from the toxic effects of anticancer drugs pentoxifylline - (pronounced) (PEN-tok-SIH-fuh-lin) A drug used to prevent blood from clotting and as a treatment that may help reduce weight loss in people with cancer pepsin - (pronounced) (Pepsin) An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins in food during digestion. Stomach acid converts a protein called pepsinogen into pepsin pepsinogen - (pronounced) (pep-SIH-noh-jen) A substance made by cells in the stomach. Acid in the stomach converts pepsinogen into pepsin, which breaks down proteins in food during digestion peptide - (pronounced) (Peptide) molecule containing two or more amino acids (the molecules that combine to form proteins). Peptides containing many amino acids are called polypeptides or proteins percutaneous - (pronounced) (per-kyoo-TAY-nee-us) Through the skin, as an injection, or as a topical drug percutaneous endoscopic tube - (pronounced) (per-kyoo-TAY-nee-us en-doh-SKAH-pik gas-TROS-toh-mee toob) tube that is inserted through the abdominal wall directly into the stomach. It allows air and fluid to leave the stomach and can be used to administer medication and fluids, including liquid food, percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration - (pronounced) (per-kyoo-TAY-nee-us eh-pih-DIH-dih-mul. percutaneous ethanol injection - (pronounced) (per-kyoo-TAY-nee-us EH-thuh-nol in-JEK-avoid) An injection of ethanol (alcohol) through the skin directly into a tumor to kill cancer cells. Ultrasound or a CT scan is used to guide the needle into the tumor. percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage - (pronounced) (per-kyoo-TAY-nee-us TRANZ-heh-PA-tik BIH-lee-ayr-ee DRAY-nij) bile drainage procedure to relieve pressure in the bile ducts caused by a blockage. An x-ray of the liver and bile ducts locates the blockage in bile flow. percutaneous transhepatic cholangiodrainage - (pronounced) (per-kyoo-TAY-nee-us TRANZ-heh-PA-tik koh-lan-jee-oh-DRAY-nij) bile drainage procedure to relieve pressure in the bile ducts caused by a blockage. An x-ray of the liver and bile ducts locates the blockage in bile flow. percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography - (pronounced) (per-kyoo-TAY-nee-us TRANZ-heh-PA-tik koh-lan-jee-AH-gruh-fee) A procedure for x-raying the liver and common bile ducts. A dye is injected through the skin into the liver or bile duct, and the ducts are then X-rayed to find the site of the obs perfusion - (pronounced) (per-FYOO-zhun) Bathing an organ or tissue with a liquid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or leg) receives high doses of cancer drugs through a blood vessel. periampullary cancer - (pronounced) (PAYR-ee-AM-puh-LAYR-ee KAN-ser) cancer that forms near the ampulla of vater (an enlargement of the ducts of the liver and pancreas, where they join and enter the small intestine) perianal wart - (pronounced) (PAYR-ee-AY-zero seasoning) raised growth on the skin around the outside of the anus caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV can spread through skin-to-skin contact, usually during oral, anal, or genital sex with an infected partner. pericardial effusion - (pronounced) (PAYR-ih-KAR-dee-ul eh-FYOO-zhun) condition in which extra fluid builds up between the heart and the pericardium (the sac around the heart). The extra fluid puts pressure on the heart. pericardial sac - (pronounced) (PAYR-ih-KAR-dee-um) The thin, fluid-filled sac that surrounds the heart, including the apex, which connects to large blood vessels such as the aorta and vena cava. The pericardium is an outer layer of connective tissue that holds the heart in place in the chest, prote pericarditis - (pronounced) (PAYR-ih-kar-DY-tis) condition in which the pericardium (the sac around the heart) becomes inflamed. Pericarditis is usually caused by an infection but can also be caused by an autoimmune disease or by cancer or cancer treatments (such as chemotherapy and radiation therap pericytic tumor - (pronounced) (PAYR-ih-SIH-tik TOO-mer) type of soft tissue tumor that starts in cells that wrap around blood vessels. Pericytic tumors can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). perihilar cholangiocarcinoma - (pronounced) (PAYR-ee-HY-ler koh-LAN-jee-oh-KAR-sih-NOH-muh) Cancer that forms in the area where the left and right hepatic ducts meet just outside the liver, forming the common hepatic duct. Bile ducts transport bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intesti perineal colostomy - (pronounced) (PAYR-ih-NEE-ul koh-LOS-toh-mee) A surgically created opening to allow the large intestine to exit the body through the perineum (the area of the body between the anus and vulva in women and between the anus and scrotum in men). A colostomy provides a new route for perineural - (pronounced) (payr-ih-NOOR-ul) Around a nerve or group of nerves periodic neutropenia - (pronounced) (PEER-ee-AH-dik noo-troh-PEE-nee-uh) A chronic condition affecting neutrophils (a type of white blood cell). In periodic neutropenia, the neutrophil count in the blood goes from normal to low and back to normal in cycles. perioperative - (pronounced) (PAYR-ee-AH-pruh-tiv) Around the time of the operation. This usually lasts from the time the patient comes to the hospital or doctor's office for surgery until the time the patient goes home peripheral T-cell lymphoma - (pronounced) (peh-RIH-feh-rul . peripheral blood - (pronounced) (peh-RIH-feh-rul blud) Blood circulates throughout the body peripheral blood smear - (pronounced) (peh-RIH-feh-rul blud smeer) A procedure in which a sample of blood is looked at under a microscope to count the various circulating blood cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, etc. ) and see if the cells look normal peripheral blood stem cell transplant - (pronounced) (peh-RIH-feh-rul . peripheral neuropathy - (pronounced) (peh-RIH-feh-rul noor-AH-phew-you) nerve problem that causes pain, numbness, tingling, swelling, or muscle weakness in different parts of the body. It usually starts in the hands or feet and gets worse over time. peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor - (pronounced) (peh-RIH-feh-rul PRIH-muh-tiv NOOR-oh-EK-toh-DER-mul TOO-mer) A type of cancer that forms in bone or soft tissue. Also called Ewing's sarcoma and pPNET peripheral stem cell - (pronounced) (peh-RIH-feh-rul tribe Sel) An immature cell that circulates in the bloodstream. New blood cells develop from peripheral stem cells peripheral venous catheter - (pronounced) (peh-RIH-feh-rul VEE-nus KA-theh-ter) A device used for blood collection and treatment, including intravenous fluids, medication, or blood transfusions. A thin, flexible tube is inserted into a vein, usually in the back of the hand, lower arm, or foot. peripherally inserted central catheter - (pronounced) (peh-RIH-feh-ruh-lee in-SER-ted SEN-trul KA-theh-ter) device used for blood collection and treatment, including intravenous fluids, medication, or blood transfusions. A thin, flexible tube is inserted into a vein in the upper arm and threaded (th peritoneal - (pronounced) (PAYR-ih-toh-NEE-ul) Has to do with the parietal peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and pelvic cavity) and the visceral peritoneum (the tissue that covers most of the organs in the abdomen, including the intestines) peritoneal cavity - (pronounced) (PAYR-ih-toh-NEE-ul KA-vuh-tee) The space within the abdomen that contains the intestines, stomach, and liver. It is bound by thin membranes peritoneal fluid - (pronounced) (PAYR-ih-toh-NEE-ul FLOO-id) A fluid made in the abdominal cavity to lubricate the surface of the tissues that line the abdominal wall and pelvic cavity and cover most of the organs in the abdomen peritoneal infusion - (pronounced) (PAYR-ih-toh-NEE-ul in-FYOO-zhun) A method of delivering fluids and medications directly into the abdominal cavity through a thin tube. Also called intraperitoneal infusion peritoneal perfusion - (pronounced) (PAYR-ih-toh-NEE-ul per-FYOO-zhun) A method of directly administering fluids and drugs to tumors in the abdominal cavity peritoneal washing - (pronounced) (PAYR-ih-toh-NEE-ul WAH-shing) procedure in which a saline solution is used to wash the abdominal cavity and then removed to look for cancer cells. The peritoneal cavity is the space in the abdomen that contains the intestines, stomach and liver. peritoneum - (pronounced) (PAYR-ih-toh-NEE-um) The tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen peritonitis - (pronounced) (PAYR-ih-tuh-NY-tis) Inflammation of the peritoneum (tissue lining the abdominal wall and covering most of the organs in the abdomen). Peritonitis can be caused by infection, injury, or certain diseases. perivascular tumor - (pronounced) (PAYR-ee-VAS-kyoo-ler TOO-mer) A type of soft tissue tumor that starts in cells that wrap around blood vessels. Perivascular tumors can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). permanent death or damage of brain cells resulting in decreased mental ability pernicious anemia - (pronounced) (per-NIH-shus uh-NEE-mee-uh) type of anemia (low red blood cell count) caused by the body's inability to absorb vitamin B12 persistent inflammation of the lining and muscle of the bladder persistent, rapid, involuntary movement of the eyes personal health record - (pronounced) (PER-suh-nul helth REH-kurd) collection of information about an individual's health that enables the individual to manage and track their own health information. A personal health record may contain information about allergies, illnesses, surgeries, vaccinations personal medical history - (pronounced) (PER-suh-nul MEH-dih-kul HIH-stuh-ree) collection of information about an individual's health that enables the individual to manage and track their own health information. A personal medical history may include information about allergies, illnesses, surgery, personal story - (pronounced) (PER-suh-nul HIH-stuh-ree) collection of information about an individual's health that enables the individual to manage and track their own health information. A personal medical history may include information about allergies, illnesses, surgery, vaccinations, and resu pertaining to blood vessels pertaining to the eyes pesticide - (pronounced) (PES-tih page) Any substance used to kill insects and other pests pet-assisted therapy - form of therapy that uses dogs or other pets to improve the physical and mental health of patients with certain acute or chronic illnesses. It is being studied as a means of relieving suffering in cancer patients undergoing pain management. petechiae - (pronounced) (peh-TEE-kee-ee) Pinpoint, non-raised, round red spots under the skin caused by bleeding pevonedistat - (pronounced) (PEH-voh-NEH-dih-stat) A substance being studied to treat some types of cancer. Pevonedistat blocks an enzyme called NEDD8 activating enzyme (NAE) that is involved in cell division. phagocytes - (pronounced) (FA-goh page) type of immune cell that can surround and kill microorganisms, ingest foreign substances, and remove dead cells. It can also enhance immune responses. phagocytosis - (pronounced) (FA-goh-sy-TOH-sis) The process by which a phagocyte (a type of white blood cell) surrounds and destroys foreign substances (such as bacteria) and removes dead cells pharmacological substance - (pronounced) (FAR-muh-koh-LAH-jik SUB stunts) The main ingredient in a drug that produces the desired effect of the drug. Some medicines contain more than one pharmacological substance that work in different ways in the body. phase II/III clinical trial - (pronounced) (fayz … KLIH-nih-kul TRY-ul) study that tests how well a new treatment works for a specific type of cancer or other disease and compares the new treatment to standard treatment. Phase II/III clinical trials could also provide more information on the safety pheresis - (pronounced) (feh-REE-sis) A procedure in which blood is drawn, some of the blood, such as platelets or white blood cells, is removed, and the rest of the blood is returned to the donor. Also called apheresis philosophical - (pronounced) (FIH-luh-SAH-fih-kul) It is about the deeper questions of life and about a person's basic beliefs, ideas and attitudes phlebitis - (pronounced) (beg-BY-tis) Inflammation (redness, swelling, pain and heat) in a vein, usually in the legs. Phlebitis can be caused by infection, injury, or irritation phobia - (pronounced) (FOH-bee-uh) An extreme, irrational fear of something that might cause a person to panic. Examples of common phobias include fear of spiders, flying on an airplane, elevators, heights, enclosed spaces, crowded public places, and embarrassing yourself in front of other people photosensitizer - (pronounced) (FOH-toh-SEN-sih-ty-zing AY-jent) drug used in photodynamic therapy. When absorbed by cancer cells and exposed to light, the drug becomes active and kills the cancer cells. phrenic nerve - (pronounced) (FREH-nik nerve) A nerve that runs from the spinal cord to the diaphragm (the thin muscle below the lungs and heart that separates the chest from the abdomen). It causes the diaphragm to contract and relax, which helps control breathing physical activity during which the heart and lungs must work harder to meet the body's increased oxygen demand physical and emotional changes that occur in a woman 1 or 2 weeks before menstruation, at or after ovulation; characterized by irritability, tension, depression, and fatigue physical distress experiencd by a fetus because of lack of oxygen physical examination - (pronounced) (FIH-zih-kul eg-ZA-mih-NAY-shun) An examination of the body to look for general signs of a disease physical touch methods - (pronounced) (FIH-zih-kul cloth MEH punches) form of therapy in which the therapist moves or manipulates one or more parts of the patient's body. It can be used to treat pain, stress, anxiety and depression, and for general well-being. physiological - (pronounced) (FIH-zee-uh-LAH-jik) Has to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiological age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age phytic acid - (pronounced) (FY-tik A-sid) A substance found in many foods derived from plants, including corn, wheat, rice, and soybeans, and in large amounts in grains and legumes. It is being studied in cancer prevention. phytochemical - (pronounced) (FY-toh-KEH-mih-kul) A substance found in plants. Some phytochemicals can reduce the risk of cancer phytoestrogen - (pronounced) (FY-toh-ES-truh-jin) An estrogen-like substance found in some plants and plant products. Phytoestrogens can have anti-cancer effects phytohemagglutinin - (pronounced) (FY-toh-HEE-muh-GLOO-tih-nin) A substance found in plants that causes red blood cells to clump together and certain white blood cells to divide phytol - (pronounced) (GJ tol) A chemical substance derived from plants that is used to make vitamins E and K. Phytol is also found in soaps, beauty care products and household products phytosterol - (pronounced) (FY-toh-STEER-ol) A plant compound that can compete with dietary cholesterol for absorption from the gut, resulting in lower blood cholesterol levels. Phytosterols may have some effect in preventing cancer. piglike - (pronounced) (POR sine) Associated with or derived from pigs pigment - (pronounced) (Pigment) A substance that gives color to fabric. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes and hair pilocarpine - (pronounced) (PY-loh-KAR-peen) A drug used to increase salivation in people with dry mouth caused by opioids or radiation therapy. Pilocarpine belongs to the alkaloid family pilocytic - (pronounced) (PY-loh-SIH-tik) Consists of cells that look like fibers under a microscope pineal gland - (pronounced) (PIH-nee-ul BAH-dee) A tiny organ in the cerebrum that produces melatonin. Also called pineal gland and pineal gland pineal organ - (pronounced) (PIH-nee-ul OR pistol) tiny organ in the cerebrum that produces melatonin. Also called pineal gland and pineal gland pinkey - (pronounced) (ROSA-I) A condition in which the conjunctiva (membranes that line the eyelids and cover the white part of the eye) become inflamed or infected. Also called conjunctivitis pituitary - (pronounced) (pih-TOO-ih-TAYR-ee. pituitary tumor - (pronounced) (pih-TOO-ih-TAYR-ee TOO-mer) A tumor that forms in the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland is a pea-sized organ at the base of the brain. placebo controlled - (pronounced) (pluh-SEE-boh-kun-TROLD) Refers to a clinical study in which control patients receive a placebo plantar pit - (pronounced) (PLAN-ter. plaque - (pronounced) (plaque) In medicine, a small, abnormal patch of tissue on a body part or organ. Plaques can also be a buildup of substances from a fluid, such as cholesterol, in the blood vessels plasma cell - (pronounced) (PLAZ-muh sel) A type of immune cell that produces large amounts of a specific antibody. Plasma cells develop from activated B cells. plasma cell tumor - (pronounced) (PLAZ-muh sel TOO-mer) A tumor that starts in plasma cells (white blood cells that produce antibodies). Multiple myeloma, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), and plasmacytoma are types of plasma cell tumors plasmablastic lymphoma - (pronounced) (PLAZ-moo-BLAS-tik lim-FOH-moo) A very aggressive (rapidly growing) form of large B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (cancer that starts in the cells of the immune system). It occurs most commonly in people who are infected with HIV, but it can also occur in people w plasmacyte - (pronounced) (PLAZ-muh-site) A type of immune cell that produces large amounts of a specific antibody. Plasmacytes develop from activated B cells. plasmocytic - (pronounced) (PLAZ-muh-SIH-tik) Has to do with plasma cells (a type of white blood cell) plastic surgery - (pronounced) (PLAS-tik SER-juh-ree) A surgery that restores or improves the appearance of body structures platinum refractory cancer - (pronounced) (PLA-tih-num reh-FRAK-tor-ee KAN-ser) Cancer that is unresponsive to treatment with anticancer drugs that contain the metal platinum, such as cisplatin and carboplatin platinum resistant cancer - (pronounced) (PLA-tih-num reh-ZIH-stunt KAN-ser) Cancer that initially responds to treatment with platinum-containing drugs such as cisplatin and carboplatin, but then recurs over a period of time. For example, ovarian cancer that recurs within 6 months of treatment is co platinum sensitive cancer - (pronounced) (PLA-tih-num SEN-sih-tiv KAN-ser) Cancer that responds to treatment with anticancer drugs that contain the metal platinum, such as cisplatin and carboplatin. Some cancers that respond to treatment but recur after a period of time can also be considered platin pleomorphic - (pronounced) (PLEE-oh-MOR-fik) Occur in various different forms. Regarding cells that have variations in the size and shape of the cells or their nuclei pleomorphic liposarcoma - (pronounced) (PLEE-oh-MOR-fik LIH-poh-sar-KOH-muh) A rare, fast-growing cancer that starts in fat cells. It usually forms in the deep soft tissues of the arms or legs, but it can also form in the abdomen or chest. plerixafor - (pronounced) (pleh-RIK-suh-for) drug used with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor before autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma or multiple myeloma. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. pleurectomy - (pronounced) (ploo-REK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove part of the pleura (a thin layer of tissue covering the inside wall of the chest cavity) pleuropulmonary blastoma familial cancer syndrome - (pronounced) (PLOOR-oh-PUL-muh-NAYR-ee blas-TOH-muh fuh-MIH-lee-ul KAN-ser SIN-drome) rare, inherited condition that increases the risk of pleuropulmonary blastoma (a rare, fast-growing cancer that forms in the tissues of the lungs and chest). Fami plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor - (pronounced) (PLEK-sih-form FY-broh-HIS-tee-oh-SIH-tik TOO-mer) A rare tumor that occurs mainly in children and young adults. It usually forms in the skin on the arms and legs. plexiform neurofibroma - (pronounced) (PLEK-sih-form NOOR-oh-fy-BROH-muh) tumor that forms in the tissue that covers and protects nerves. Plexiform neurofibromas can occur anywhere in the body outside of the brain and spinal cord. ploidy - (pronounced) (PLOY-dee) The number of sets of chromosomes in a cell or organism. For example, haploid means one sentence and diploid means two sentences pluripotent - (pronounced) (ploo-RIH-poof-tent) May mature or develop in a variety of ways pluripotent stem cell - (pronounced) (ploo-RIH-puh-tent. pneumatic larynx - (pronounced) (noo-MA-tik LAYR-inx) device used to help a person speak after a laryngectomy. It uses air to create a buzzing sound, which is converted to speech by moving the lips, tongue, or glottis pneumonectomy - (pronounced) (NOO-moh-NEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove the entire lung. In a partial pneumonectomy, one or more lobes of the lung are removed poikiloderma congenitale - (pronounced) (POY-kih-loh-DER-muh kun-JEH-nih-tal) rare, inherited condition that affects many parts of the body, particularly the skin, eyes, bones, hair and teeth. The main sign or symptom is a red, blistering rash on the face that begins in early childhood. poison - (pronounced) (TOK-sih-kunt) A toxin manufactured by humans or released into the environment through human activities. Many pesticides are toxins poisoning from poorly preserved food contaminated with a dangerous bacterial toxin that results in paralysis poisonous - (pronounced) (TOK-sik) Dealing with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects polatuzumab vedotin - (pronounced) (POH-lah-TOO-zoo-mab veh-DOH-tin) A drug used with bendamustine hydrochloride and rituximab to treat adults with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma that has come back or has not improved after treatment with at least two other cancer therapies. It is also being studied poly ICLC - (pronounced) (PAH-lee. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon - (pronounced) (pah-lee-SY-klik AYR-oh-MA-tik HY-droh-KAR-Bun) type of chemical produced when coal, oil, gas, garbage, tobacco, meat, and other substances are burned. These chemicals are also manufactured for use in many products including coal tar, creosote, roof tar polyethylene glycol - (pronounced) (PAH-lee-EH-thih-leen GLY-kol) A polymer made by joining ethylene oxide and water molecules in a repeating pattern. Polyethylene glycol can be a liquid or a waxy solid. polymorphism - (pronounced) (PAH-lee-MOR-fih-to) A common change in the genetic code in DNA. Polymorphisms can have a harmful effect, a beneficial effect, or no effect. polymorphonuclear leukocyte - (pronounced) (PAH-lee-MOR-foh-NOO-klee-er LOO-koh-side) A type of immune cell that contains granules (small particles) of enzymes that are released in infections, allergic reactions, and asthma. Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils are polymorphonuclear leukocytes. polyp - (pronounced) (PAH lip) growth protruding from a mucous membrane polypectomy - (pronounced) (PAH-lee-PEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove a polyp polypeptide - (pronounced) (PAH-lee PEP flood) A substance that contains many amino acids (the molecules that combine to form proteins) polyphenol - (pronounced) (PAH-lee-FEE-nol) A substance found in many plants that gives some flowers, fruits, and vegetables their color. Polyphenols have an antioxidant effect polyposis - (pronounced) (PAH-lee-POH-sis) The development of numerous polyps (growths protruding from a mucous membrane) polysaccharide - (pronounced) (PAH-lee-SA-cow-ride) A large carbohydrate molecule. It contains many small sugar molecules chemically bonded together. polysomnogram - (pronounced) (PAH-lee-SOM-noh-gram) group of recordings taken during sleep showing changes in brain waves, eye movements, respiratory rate, blood pressure, heart rate, and the electrical activity of the heart and other muscles. A polysomnogram can be used to diagnose sleep disorders pomegranate - (pronounced) (PAH-meh-GRA nut) A subtropical shrub or tree. Fruit juice may contain substances that decrease or slow down the rise in prostate specific antigen (PSA). ponatinib hydrochloride - (pronounced) (poh-NA-tih-nib HY-droh-KLOR-ide) drug used to treat adults with certain types of chronic myeloid leukemia or Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. It is used in patients whose cancer has the T315I mutation or whose cancer cannot be tre pons - (pronounced) (ponz) Part of the central nervous system, located at the base of the brain, between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain. It's part of the brainstem pontine - (pronounced) (PON teenagers) Has to do with the pons (part of the central nervous system located at the base of the brain, between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain) porfimer sodium - (pronounced) (POR-fih-mer SOH-dee-um) A drug used to treat some types of cancer. When porfimer sodium is absorbed by cancer cells and exposed to light, it becomes active and kills the cancer cells. porfiromycin - (pronounced) (POR-fih-raw-MY-sin) substance being studied to treat cancer. It belongs to the anti-cancer antibiotic family port-a-cath - (pronounced) (port-uh-cath) device used to draw blood and treat it, including intravenous fluids, blood transfusions, or medications such as chemotherapy and antibiotics. The port is placed under the skin, usually on the right side of the chest. portal vein - (pronounced) (POR-tul vayn) A blood vessel that carries blood from the intestines, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder to the liver. Also called hepatic portal vein positive axillary lymph node - (pronounced) (PAH-zih-tiv AK-suh-LAYR-ee limf. positive test result - (pronounced) (PAH-zih-tiv . positron emission tomography scan - (pronounced) (PAH-zih-tron ee-MIH-shun toh-MAH-gruh-fee skan) A procedure in which a small amount of radioactive glucose (sugar) is injected into a vein and a scanner is used to create detailed, computerized images of areas in the body where the glucose is picked post mortem - (pronounced) (post mortem) After death. Often used to describe an autopsy post-traumatic stress disorder - (pronounced) (post-traw-MA-tik stres dis-OR-der) An anxiety disorder that develops in response to physical injury or severe mental or emotional distress, such as B. military battles, violent attacks, natural disasters or other life-threatening events. posterior pelvic exenteration - (pronounced) (pos-TEER-ee-er PEL-vik eg-ZEN-teh-RAY-shun) Surgery to remove the lower part of the intestine, rectum, uterus, cervix, ovaries, fallopian tubes and vagina. Pelvic lymph nodes can also be removed posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome - (pronounced) (pos-TEER-ee-er ree-VER-sih-bul en-SEH-fuh-LAH-puh-thee SIN-drome) rare condition characterized by headaches, blurred vision, mental changes, seizures, and swelling in the brain. Symptoms of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome usua posterior urethral cancer - (pronounced) (pos-TEER-ee-er yoo-REE-thrul KAN-ser) disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the part of the urethra (the tube through which urine leaves the body) that connects to the bladder (the organ that stores urine) postmenopausal - (pronounced) (post-MEH-nuh-PAW-zul) Has to do with the post-menopausal period. Menopause (“life change”) is the time in a woman’s life when menstrual bleeding stops permanently postoperative - (pronounced) (after-AH-pruh-tiv) After the operation postprandial - (pronounced) (post-PRAN-dee-ul) After a meal practitioner - (pronounced) (prak-TIH-shuh-ner) A person who works in a specific profession. For example, a doctor or nurse is a naturopath precancerous dermatosis - (pronounced) (pree-KAN-sehr-rus DER-muh-TOH-sis) skin condition characterized by scaly or thickened patches on the skin, often caused by prolonged exposure to arsenic. The patches are common on sun-exposed areas of skin and in older white males. preclinical study - (pronounced) (pree-KLIH-nih-kul STUH-dee) Research on animals to find out if a drug, procedure, or treatment is likely to be useful. Preclinical studies take place before human testing is done prediction factor - (pronounced) (preh-DIK-tiv FAK-ter) condition or finding that can be used to predict whether a person's cancer will respond to a specific treatment. The predictive factor can also describe something that increases a person's risk of developing a condition or disease predisposing mutation - (pronounced) (PREE-dih-SPOH-zing myoo-TAY-avoid) change in the DNA sequence of a gene that causes a person to have a specific genetic disorder or disease, such as B. cancer, has or is at risk of developing it. pregabalin - (pronounced) (pree-GA-buh-lin) drug used to treat nerve pain caused by diabetes or herpes zoster infection and certain types of seizures. It is being studied to prevent and treat nerve pain in the hands and feet of cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. premalignant - (pronounced) (pree-muh-LIG-now) A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) progress to cancer. Also called precancerous premature birth - (pronounced) (PREE-muh-CHOOR berth) The birth of a baby before the 37th week of pregnancy. In humans, a normal pregnancy lasts about 40 weeks. premature death - (pronounced) (PREE-muh-CHOOR deth) Death that occurs before the mean age at death in a given population. In the United States, the median age at death is about 75 years. premature menopause - (pronounced) (PREE-muh-CHOOR MEH-nuh-pawz) condition in which the ovaries stop working and menstruation stops before the age of 40. This can lead to fertility problems and menopause symptoms. premature ovarian failure - (pronounced) (PREE-muh-CHOOR oh-VAYR-ee-un FAYL-yer) A condition in which the ovaries stop working and menstruation stops before the age of 40. This can lead to fertility problems and menopause symptoms. premenopausal - (pronounced) (pree-MEH-nuh-PAW-zul) Has to do with the pre-menopausal period. Menopause ("life change") is the period of life in which a woman's menstrual period stops permanently premycotic phase - (pronounced) (PREE-my-KAH-tik fayz) phase of mycosis fungoides in which a patient has red, scaly, itchy patches of skin on areas of the body not normally exposed to the sun. This is early-stage mycosis fungoides, but it is difficult to diagnose the rash at this stage as mycosis fu prenatal - (pronounced) (pree-NAY-tul) Has to do with the time a woman is pregnant before childbirth occurs. Also called prenatal preserving fertility (fer-TIH-lih-tee PREH-zer-VAY-shun) A type of procedure designed to preserve a person's ability to have children. A fertility preservation procedure is performed before medical treatment that may cause infertility, such as B. pressure on a nerve, which can cause nerve damage and muscle weakness pressure points - (pronounced) (PREH-sher sor) Damage to an area of skin caused by constant pressure on the area over a long period of time. This pressure can reduce blood flow to the affected area, which can lead to tissue damage and death. pretracheal space - (pronounced) (pree-TRAY-kee-ul spays) The area in front of the trachea (trachea) prevascular space - (pronounced) (pree-VAS-kyoo-ler. preventive - (pronounced) (pree-VEN-tiv) Used to prevent disease preventive mastectomy - (pronounced) (pree-VEN-tiv ma-STEK-toh-mee) Surgery to reduce the risk of breast cancer by removing one or both breasts before the disease develops. A preventive mastectomy can be performed in people who are at very high risk of developing breast cancer. primary peritoneal cancer - (pronounced) (PRY-mayr-ee PAYR-ih-toh-NEE-ul KAN-ser) Cancer that forms in the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers the organs in the abdomen) and has not spread there from another part of the body. Primary peritoneal cancer sometimes spreads to primitive neuroectodermal tumor - (pronounced) (PRIH-muh-tiv NOOR-oh-EK-toh-DER-mul TOO-mer) One of a group of cancers that develop from the same type of early cells and share certain biochemical and genetic characteristics. Some primitive neuroectodermal tumors develop in the brain and central nerv probability - measure of the probability of an event occurring in one group compared to the probability of the same event occurring in another group. In cancer research, odds ratios are most commonly used in case-control (retrospective) studies to determine whether exposure to a particular substance probiotic - (pronounced) (PROH-of-AH-tik) live microorganism used as a dietary supplement to aid in digestion and normal bowel function. It can also help keep the gastrointestinal (GI) tract healthy. problems in the development of the spinal cord and brain in an embryo, such as the failure of the spine to enclose the spinal cord (spina bifida) and the failure of the brain to develop (anencephaly) procedure (IN-ter-VEN-avoid) In medicine, a treatment, procedure, or other measure used to prevent or treat disease, or to otherwise improve health progesterone receptor - (pronounced) (proh-JES-teh-rone reh-SEP-ter) protein found in the cells of female reproductive tissue, some other types of tissue and some cancer cells. The hormone progesterone binds to the receptors in the cells and can cause the cells to grow. progestogen - (pronounced) (Proh-JES Tin) Any natural or laboratory-made substance that has some or all of the biological effects of progesterone, a female hormone programmed cell death - (pronounced) (PROH-gram sel deth) A type of cell death in which a series of molecular steps in a cell lead to its death. This is a method the body uses to get rid of unnecessary or abnormal cells. progression-free survival - (pronounced) (pruh-GREH-avoid . progressive deafness caused by bone formation around structures in the middle ear progressive disease - (pronounced) (pruh-GREH-siv dih-ZEEZ) Cancer that is growing, spreading, or getting worse progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis - (pronounced) (pruh-GREH-siv fuh-MIH-lee-ul IN-truh-heh-PA-tik koh-leh-STAY-sis) rare inherited disorder characterized by a buildup of bile (fluid that helps digest fat) in the liver. This can lead to liver disease and liver failure. promyelocytic leukemia gene - (pronounced) (proh-MY-eh-loh-SIH-tik loo-KEE-mee-uh jeen) gene that makes a protein that helps control cell growth and division. Mutations (changes) in the promyelocytic leukemia gene can occur when a piece of the chromosome that contains the promyelocytic leukemia gene prophylactic - (pronounced) (PROH-fih-LAK-tik) In medicine, something that prevents or protects prophylactic cranial irradiation - (pronounced) (PROH-fih-LAK-tik KRAY-nee-ul ir-RAY-dee-AY-shun) Radiation therapy to the head to reduce the risk of cancer spreading to the brain prophylactic mastectomy - (pronounced) (PROH-fih-LAK-tik ma-STEK-toh-mee) Surgery to reduce the risk of breast cancer by removing one or both breasts before the disease develops. A prophylactic mastectomy can be performed in people who are at very high risk of developing breast cancer. prophylactic oophorectomy - (pronounced) (PROH-fih-LAK-tik oh-oh-foh-REK-toh-mee) Surgery done to reduce the risk of ovarian and breast cancer by removing the ovaries before the disease develops. Removal of the ovaries lowers the amount of estrogen in the body, which can slow the growth of some type prophylactic surgery - (pronounced) (PROH-fih-LAK-tik SER-juh-ree) Surgery to remove an organ or gland that shows no signs of cancer, to prevent cancer from developing in that organ or gland. Prophylactic surgery is sometimes chosen by people who know they are at high risk of developing cancer prospective cohort study - (pronounced) (pruh-SPEK-tiv KOH-hort STUH-dee) A research study that tracks groups of people over time who are similar in many respects but differ by a specific characteristic (e. g. prostate specific antigen test - (pronounced) (PROS-tayt-speh-SIH-fik AN-tih-jen. prostatic acid phosphatase - (pronounced) (prah-STA-tik A-sid FOS-fuh-tays) An enzyme produced by the prostate. It can be found in elevated amounts in men with prostate cancer. prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia - (pronounced) (prah-STA-tik IN-truh-eh-pih-THEE-lee-ul NEE-oh-PLAY-zhuh) Benign growth of the cells lining the inner and outer surfaces of the prostate. High-grade intraepithelial prostatic neoplasia can increase the risk of developing prostate cancer. prosthesis - (pronounced) (pro-you-sis) A device e. g. protein - (pronounced) (PROH teenagers) A molecule of amino acids. Proteins are needed for the body to function properly. protein expression - (pronounced) (PROH-teen ek-SPREH-avoid) Refers to the production of proteins by cells. Studying protein expression in cancer cells can provide information about a particular type of cancer, the best treatment, and the effectiveness of a treatment protein expression profile - (pronounced) (PROH-teen ek-SPREH-shun PROH-nude) Information about all proteins that are formed in the blood, other body fluids or tissues at specific times. A protein expression profile can be used to find and diagnose a disease or condition and to see how well the body protein kinase B - (pronounced) (PROH-teen KY-no. protein kinase C - (pronounced) (PROH-teen KY-nays. protein kinase inhibitor - (pronounced) (PROH-teen KY-nays in-HIH-bih-ter) A substance that blocks the action of enzymes called protein kinases. There are many different types of protein kinases and they are involved in many cellular functions. protein signature - (pronounced) (PROH-teen SIG-nuh-cher) Information about all proteins that are formed in the blood, other body fluids or tissues at specific times. A protein signature can be used to find and diagnose a disease or condition and to see how well the body is responding to treatment. protein-bound paclitaxel - (pronounced) (PROH-teen-bownd PA-klih-TAK-sil) A form of the cancer drug paclitaxel used alone or with other medicines to treat certain types of breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and pancreatic cancer. Protein-bound paclitaxel may have fewer side effects and work proteins in blood and tissue fluids that help destroy microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses proteinuria - (pronounced) (PROH-teen-YOOR-ee-uh) Higher than normal amount of protein in urine proteomic profile - (pronounced) (PROH-tee-OH-mik PROH file) Information about all proteins that are formed in the blood, other body fluids or tissues at specific times. A proteomic profile can be used to find and diagnose a disease or condition and to see how well the body is responding to treatmen proto-oncogene - (pronounced) (PROH-toh-ON-koh-jeen) A gene involved in normal cell growth. Mutations (changes) in a proto-oncogene can cause it to become an oncogene that can cause cancer cells to grow proton - (pronounced) (PROH ton) A small, positively charged particle of matter found in the atoms of all elements. Proton currents generated by special devices can be used for radiation treatment proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging - (pronounced) (PROH-ton mag-NEH-tik REH-zuh-nunts SPEK-troh-SKAH-pik IH-muh-jing) A non-invasive imaging technique that provides information about cell activity (metabolic information). It is used together with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which protrusion of the spinal cord and its coverings out from the spine; one of the more severe forms of spina bifida proximal - (pronounced) (PROK-sih-mul) In medicine, referring to a part of the body that is closer to the midline than another part. For example, the knee is proximal to the toes. proximal colon - (pronounced) (PROK-sih-mul KOH-lun) The first and middle part of the large intestine. The proximal colon includes the cecum (a sac that connects the small intestine to the large intestine), the ascending colon (the right side of the colon), and the transverse colon (the part of the proximal urethra - (pronounced) (PROK-sih-mul yoo-REE-thruh) The part of the urethra that is closest to the inside of the body. The urethra is the tube through which urine leaves the body. proximal urethral cancer - (pronounced) (PROK-sih-mul yoo-REE-thrul KAN-ser) A rare cancer that forms in the part of the urethra that is closest to the inside of the body. The cancer has often spread deep into the tissues pseudomyogenic hemangioendothelioma - (pronounced) (SOO-doh-MY-oh-JEH-nik hee-MAN-jee-oh-EN-doh-THEE-lee-OH-moo) A very rare blood vessel tumor that usually forms on or under the skin of the arms or legs, but can also form in deeper tissues such as muscles and bones. These tumors can spread to nearb psilocybin - (pronounced) (SY-loh-SY-bin) A substance being studied to treat anxiety or depression in patients with advanced cancer. It is extracted from the Psilocybe mexicana mushroom. psoriasis - (pronounced) (suh-RY-uh-sis) chronic skin condition characterized by red patches covered with white scales psychiatrist - (pronounced) (sy-KY-uh-dreary) A doctor who has specialized training in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of mental, emotional and behavioral disorders psychoactive substance - (pronounced) (SY-koh-ACTIVE SUB-Stunts) A drug or other substance that affects how the brain works, causing changes in mood, consciousness, thoughts, feelings, or behavior. Examples of psychoactive substances include alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, marijuana, and certain pain r psychological - (pronounced) (SY-koh-LAH-jih-kul) Has to do with how the mind works and how thoughts and feelings affect behavior psychosocial - (pronounced) (SY-koh-SOH-schul) In medicine, to do with the mental, emotional, social and spiritual effects of an illness such as cancer. Some of the psychosocial effects of cancer include changes in the way a patient thinks, their feelings, moods, beliefs, coping styles, and relation psychosocial support - (pronounced) (SY-koh-SOH-shul suh-PORT) In medicine, support to meet the mental, emotional, social and spiritual needs of patients and their families. Diseases such as cancer can affect a patient's thoughts, feelings, moods, beliefs, coping skills, and relationships with famil psychotropic substance - (pronounced) (SY-koh-TROH-pik SUB stunts) A drug or other substance that affects how the brain works, causing changes in mood, consciousness, thoughts, feelings, or behavior. Examples of psychotropic substances include alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, marijuana, and certain pain pulmonary embolism - (pronounced) (PUL-muh-NAYR-ee EM-boh-lih-zum) Sudden blockage of an artery (blood vessel) in the lungs. A pulmonary embolism usually occurs when a blood clot breaks loose in a deep vein in the leg or pelvis and travels through the blood to the lungs. pulmonary sulcus tumor - (pronounced) (PUL-muh-NAYR-ee SUL-kus TOO-mer) form of lung cancer that starts in the upper part of a lung and spreads to nearby tissues, such as the ribs and vertebrae. Most pulmonary sulcus tumors are non-small cell cancers. pulmozyme - (pronounced) (PUL-moh-zime) drug given as an aerosol mist to reduce the thickness of mucus in the lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis. It is also being studied as a treatment to reduce the thickness of saliva in patients being treated for head and neck cancer. pulse - (pronounced) (Pulse) In medicine, the number of heartbeats in a given period of time, usually one minute. The pulse can be felt in the wrist, neck, back of the knees, back of the foot, groin, and other parts of the body where an artery is close to the skin. pulse rate (hard beam) In medicine, the number of heartbeats in a given period of time, usually one minute. Heart rate can be felt in the wrist, neck, behind the knees, back of the foot, groin, and other parts of the body where an artery is close to the skin. pump - (pronounced) (Pump) A device used to administer a controlled amount of a liquid at a specified rate. For example, pumps are used to administer medication (such as chemotherapy or pain relievers) or nutrients punch biopsy - A procedure in which a small round piece of tissue, the size of an eraser, is removed with a sharp, hollow, circular instrument. The tissue is then examined under the microscope for signs of disease. pure red cell aplasia - rare condition in which the bone marrow does not produce enough red blood cells. Signs and symptoms include tiredness, pale skin, breathing problems, dizziness, and headaches. purine - (pronounced) (PYOOR-een) One of two chemical compounds that cells use to make the building blocks of DNA and RNA. Examples of purines are adenine and guanine. pylorus - (pronounced) (py-LOR-us) The part of the stomach that connects to the duodenum (first part of the small intestine). The pylorus is a valve that opens and closes during digestion. pyogenic granuloma - (pronounced) (PY-oh-JEH-nik GRAN-yoo-LOH-moo) benign (noncancerous) blood vessel tumor that usually forms on the skin. It can also form on mucous membranes and in capillaries (small blood vessels) or other parts of the body. pyrazoloacridine - (pronounced) (PEER-uh-ZOH-loh-A-krih-deen) A substance being studied to treat cancer. It belongs to the acridine family pyridoxine - (pronounced) (PEER-ih-DOK-seen) nutrient in the vitamin B complex that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Pyridoxine helps keep nerves and skin healthy, fights infection, keeps blood sugar levels normal, makes red blood cells, and allows some enzymes to work p pyrimidine - (pronounced) (py-RIH-mih-deen) One of two chemical compounds that cells use to make the building blocks of DNA and RNA. Examples of pyrimidines are cytosine, thymine and uracil. pyroxamide - (pronounced) (py-ROK-suh-mide) A substance being studied to treat cancer. It belongs to the histone deacetylase inhibitor family qi - (pronounced) (chee) In traditional Chinese medicine, life energy or life force that keeps a person's mental, emotional, spiritual and physical health in balance quadrivalent vaccine - (pronounced) (KWAH-drih-VAY-lent vak-SEEN) A vaccine that works by stimulating an immune response against four different antigens, such as four different viruses or other microorganisms. Gardasil, for example, is a quadrivalent vaccine that protects the body from infection wit quinone oxidoreductase 1 - (pronounced) (KWIH-no OK-sih-doh-ree-DUK-tays. quinone reductase - (pronounced) (KWIH-no ree-DUK-tays) An enzyme in cells that makes certain molecules less toxic. Also called quinone oxidoreductase 1 r-metHuSCF - A substance that causes blood stem cells (cells from which other types of cells develop) to turn into other types of blood cells and increases the number and activity of these cells in the blood. It is being studied for the treatment of myelodysplasia. r-tPA - A form of tissue plasminogen activator made in the laboratory. It helps dissolve blood clots and is used to treat heart attacks, strokes, and clots in the lungs. rAd/p53 - A substance that has been studied to treat some types of cancer. rAd/p53 is an attenuated adenovirus that inserts the p53 gene into tumor cells and causes them to die. rF-TRICOM - (pronounced) cancer vaccine made with a form of a chicken virus that doesn't cause disease in humans. It is being studied to treat some types of cancer. rV-TRICOM - (pronounced) cancer vaccine made with a form of a vaccinia virus that doesn't cause disease in humans. It is being studied to treat some types of cancer. radial scar - (pronounced) (RAY-dee-ul skar) A benign (noncancerous) area of hardened tissue in the breast that looks like a scar under a microscope. Radial scars often occur in both breasts, and there is usually more than one lesion in each breast. radiation fibrosis - (pronounced) (RAY-dee-AY-shun fy-BROH-sis) The formation of scar tissue as a result of radiation therapy radiation oncologist - (pronounced) (RAY-dee-AY-shun on-KAH-loh-jist) A doctor who has special training in the use of radiation to treat cancer radical cervicectomy - (pronounced) (RA-dih-kul SER-vih-SEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove the cervix, surrounding tissue, and the top of the vagina. Lymph nodes in the pelvis can also be removed. radical cystectomy - (pronounced) (RA-dih-kul sis-TEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove the entire bladder (the organ that contains urine) and surrounding tissues and organs radical hysterectomy - (pronounced) (RA-dih-kul HIS-teh-REK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove the uterus, cervix, part of the vagina, and a large area of ligaments and tissues around these organs. The ovaries, fallopian tubes, and nearby lymph nodes may also be removed. radical laparoscopic prostatectomy - (pronounced) (RA-dih-kul LA-puh-ruh-SKAH-pik PROS-tuh-TEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove the entire prostate using a laparoscope. A laparoscope is a thin, tubular instrument with a light and lens for viewing. radical local excision - (pronounced) (RA-dih-kul LOH-kul ek-SIH-zhun) Surgery to remove a tumor and a large amount of surrounding normal tissue. Neighboring lymph nodes can also be removed radical lymph node dissection - (pronounced) (RA-dih-kul limf-knot dy-SEK-shun) A surgical procedure to remove most or all of the lymph nodes that drain lymph from the area around a tumor. The lymph nodes are then examined under a microscope to see if cancer cells have spread to them radical mastectomy - (pronounced) (RA-dih-kul ma-STEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove the entire breast, all of the lymph nodes under the arm, and the chest wall muscles under the breast. For many years, radical mastectomy was the most commonly performed type of breast cancer surgery, but it is rarely us radical nephrectomy - (pronounced) (RA-dih-kul neh-FREK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove an entire kidney, the nearby adrenal gland and lymph nodes, and other surrounding tissue radical perineal prostatectomy - (pronounced) (RA-dih-kul PAYR-ih-NEE-ul PROS-tuh-TEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove all of the prostate and some of the tissue around it, including the seminal vesicles (a gland that helps produce semen). In a radical perineal prostatectomy, an incision (cut) is made in radical prostatectomy - (pronounced) (RA-dih-kul PROS-tuh-TEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove all of the prostate and some of the tissue around it, including the seminal vesicles (a gland that helps produce semen). Neighboring lymph nodes can also be removed. radical trachelectomy - (pronounced) (RA-dih-kul TRAY-kee-LEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove the cervix, surrounding tissue, and the top of the vagina. Lymph nodes in the pelvis can also be removed. radical vulvectomy - (pronounced) (RA-dih-kul vul-VEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove the entire vulva (the female external genitalia, including the clitoris, vaginal lips, and the opening to the vagina) and nearby lymph nodes radio wave - (pronounced) (RAY-dee-oh. radioactive - (pronounced) (RAY-dee-oh-active) emit radiation radioactive drug - (pronounced) (RAY-dee-oh-active. radioactive fallout - (pronounced) (RAY-dee-oh-active. radioactive glucose - (pronounced) (RAY-dee-oh-ACTIVE GLOO-kose) A radioactive form of glucose (sugar) that is often used during a PET (positive emission tomography) scan, a type of imaging test. In PET, a small amount of radioactive glucose is injected into a vein, and a scanner takes a picture of radioactive iodine - (pronounced) (RAY-dee-oh-active I-oh-food) radioactive form of iodine that is often used for imaging tests or to treat an overactive thyroid gland, thyroid cancer, and certain other types of cancer. For imaging tests, the patient takes a small dose of radioactive iodine, which b radioactive palladium - (pronounced) (RAY-dee-oh-active puh-LAY-dee-um) radioactive form of palladium (a metallic element resembling platinum). In the treatment of prostate cancer, radioactive seeds (small pellets containing radioactive palladium) are placed in the prostate. radioactive seed - (pronounced) (RAY-dee-oh-active. radioisotope - (pronounced) (RAY-dee-oh-i-su-tope) An unstable form of a chemical element that emits radiation as it decays and becomes more stable. Radioisotopes can occur naturally or can be made in a laboratory. radiological examination - (pronounced) (RAY-dee-oh-LAH-jik eg-ZAM) test that uses radiation or other imaging techniques to find signs of cancer or other abnormalities radionuclide - (pronounced) (RAY-dee-oh-NOO-klide) An unstable form of a chemical element that emits radiation as it decays and becomes more stable. Radionuclides can occur naturally or can be manufactured in a laboratory. radiopharmaceutical - (pronounced) (RAY-dee-oh-FAR-muh-SOO-tih-kul) A drug that contains a radioactive substance and is used to diagnose or treat diseases, including cancer. Also called radioactive drug radiosensitization - (pronounced) (RAY-dee-oh-SEN-sih-tih-ZAY-avoid) Using a drug that makes tumor cells more sensitive to radiation therapy radiosensitizer - (pronounced) (RAY-dee-oh-SEN-sih-TY-zer) Any substance that facilitates the killing of tumor cells by radiation therapy. Some radiosensitizers are being studied to treat cancer. radiotagged - (pronounced) (RAY-dee-oh-LAY-buld) Any compound that has been associated with a radioactive substance radon - (pronounced) (RAY don) A radioactive gas released from uranium, a substance found in earth and rock. Breathing in too much radon can damage lung cells and lead to lung cancer raloxifene hydrochloride - (pronounced) (ra-LOK-sih-feen HY-droh-KLOR-ide) drug used to reduce the risk of invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women who are at high risk of developing this disease or who have osteoporosis, and to prevent and treat osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Raloxifen raltitrexed - (pronounced) (RAL-tih-TREK-sed) A cancer drug that stops tumor cells from growing by blocking the cells' ability to make DNA. It belongs to the family of thymidylate synthase inhibitors. ramucirumab - (pronounced) (RA-myoo-SIR-yoo-mab) A drug that binds to the protein vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to prevent new blood vessels from forming and is used to treat various types of cancer. It is used alone or with other medicines to treat certain types of non-small cell lung c rapid, inefficient contraction of muscle fibers of the heart caused by disruption of nerve impulses rapid, irregular contractions of the heart rare cancer - (pronounced) (rayr KAN-ser) As defined by the National Cancer Institute, cancer affecting fewer than 15 in 100,000 people each year. Most cancers are considered rare and are often more difficult to prevent, diagnose, and treat than the more common cancers. rare disease - (pronounced) (rayr dih-ZEEZ) A disease that affects fewer than 200,000 people in the United States. There are about 7,000 rare diseases. ras peptide - (pronounced) (ras PEP flood) short piece of the ras protein made by the ras gene. The ras gene has been found to cause cancer when mutated (changed) rash - (pronounced) An area of skin that changes in texture or color and may appear inflamed or irritated. The skin may be red, warm, scaly, bumpy, dry, itchy, swollen, or painful. rating (GREY thing) A system for classifying cancer cells in terms of how abnormal they look when examined under a microscope. The aim of a grading system is to provide information about the probable growth rate of the tumor and its tendency to spread. ravulizumab - (pronounced) (RAV-yoo-LIZ-yoo-mab) A medicine used to treat adults with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (a rare disease affecting red blood cells) and adults and children from 1 month of age with atypical haemolytic uremic syndrome (a very rare disease in which tiny blood clots for reactivate - (pronounced) (ree-AK-tih-VAYT) To make it active again or to get something working again. In medicine, an infection or disease is said to be reactivated when it recurs after a period of no symptoms reactive oxygen species - (pronounced) (ree-AK-tive OK-sih-jen SPEE-sees) type of unstable molecule containing oxygen that easily reacts with other molecules in a cell. Accumulation of reactive oxygen species in cells can cause damage to DNA, RNA and proteins and cause cell death. reagent - (pronounced) (ree-AY-jent) A substance used to perform a laboratory test. Reagents can be used in a chemical reaction to detect, measure, or produce other substances rear - (pronounced) (pos-TEER-ee-er) In human anatomy, has to do with the back of a structure or a structure located at the back of the body receptor - (pronounced) (reh-SEP-ter) A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and produces a specific effect in the cell receptor tyrosine kinase - (pronounced) (reh-SEP-ter TY-ruh-seen KY-nays) member of a group of proteins called tyrosine kinases found on the surface of cells. Receptor tyrosine kinases play important roles in many cellular functions, including cell-to-cell communication and cell division, maturation recombinant - (pronounced) (ree-KOM-bih-nunt) In genetics, describes DNA, proteins, cells or organisms made by combining genetic material from two different sources. Recombinant substances are made in the laboratory and studied for the treatment of cancer and many other uses recombinant adenovirus-p53 - (pronounced) (ree-KOM-bih-nunt A-den-oh-VY-rus . recombinant human interleukin-11 - (pronounced) (ree-KOM-bih-nunt HYOO-mun inter-ter-LOO-kin. recombinant human interleukin-2 - (pronounced) (ree-KOM-bih-nunt HYOO-mun inter-ter-LOO-kin. recombinant human methionyl stem cell factor - (pronounced) (ree-KOM-bih-nunt HYOO-mun meh-THY-oh-nil tribe sel FAK-ter) substance that causes blood stem cells (cells from which other types of cells develop) to turn into different types of blood cells and increases the number and activity of these c recombinant human papillomavirus bivalent vaccine - (pronounced) (ree-KOM-bih-nunt HYOO-mun PA-pih-LOH-muh-VY-rus by-VAY-lent vak-SEEN) vaccine that is no longer available in the United States but is still used in other countries to prevent infection with the two types of human papillomavirus (HPV) recombinant interferon alfa-2b - (pronounced) (ree-KOM-bih-now inter-FEER-auf AL-fuh …) drug used alone or with other drugs to treat adults with AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma, hairy cell leukemia, certain types of follicular lymphoma or melanoma, genital or perianal warts, or chronic hepatitis B or recombinant tissue plasminogen activator - (pronounced) (ree-KOM-bih-nunt TIH-shoo plaz-MIN-oh-jen AK-tih-vay-ter) form of tissue plasminogen activator made in the laboratory. It helps dissolve blood clots and is used to treat heart attacks, strokes, and clots in the lungs. recombinant urate oxidase - (pronounced) (ree-KOM-bih-nunt YOOR-ayt OK-sih days) A drug used to treat high blood levels of uric acid in adults and children with leukemia, lymphoma, or other cancers who are receiving certain types of cancer treatments. Uric acid is a natural substance that can build reconnaissance operation (ek-SPLOR-uh-TOR-ee SER-juh-ree) Operation to look inside the body to make a diagnosis reconstruction or repair of a narrowed heart valve recording (in-KLOO-zhun) to be part of something. Can also refer to creating an environment that encourages a person or group to feel included and supported, respected and valued. recovered - (pronounced) (ree-KUH-ver) To make you healthy and happy again rectal - (pronounced) (REK-tul) Through or pertaining to the rectum. The rectum is the last inch of the colon closest to the anus rectal reconstruction - (pronounced) (REK-tul REE-kun-STRUK-avoid) Surgery to rebuild the rectum (the last few inches of the colon before the anus) using a section of the colon. This can happen when the rectum has been removed to treat cancer or other diseases rectitis - (pronounced) (rek-TY-tis) Inflammation of the lining of the rectum (the last few inches of the colon closest to the anus). Also called proctitis rectovaginal examination - (REK-toh-VA-jih-nul eg-ZAM) physical exam of the rectum and vagina. During a rectovaginal exam, a doctor inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the vagina and another finger of the same hand into the rectum and presses on the lower abdomen with the other hand. rectum - (pronounced) (Rectum) The last centimeters of the colon, closest to the anus recurring cancer - (pronounced) (ree-KER-ent KAN-ser) Cancer that has come back (recurred), usually after a period in which the cancer could not be detected. The cancer can return to the same site as the original (primary) tumor or to a different site in the body. red cedar - (pronounced) (red SEE-der) An evergreen species of hard, fragrant wood that belongs to the cypress family. The oil from the wood is used in soaps, shampoos, bath salts, perfumes, aromatherapy and to repel insects. red date - (pronounced) (red day) The fruit of the jujube plant. It has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems red elm - (pronounced) (red elm) The inner bark of this plant has been used in some cultures to treat certain medicinal problems. It can have antioxidant effects. redox - (pronounced) (REE-dox) chemical reaction that takes place between an oxidizing substance and a reducing substance. During the reaction, the oxidizing substance releases electrons and the reducing substance gains electrons. reduced penetrance - (pronounced) (ree-DOOST PEH-neh Trunks) term used to describe when some people with a disease-causing mutation (change) in a gene develop the disease while others do not. For example, certain gene mutations cause cancer, but because of reduced penetrance, not everyone who has th reduction - (pronounced) (ree-DUK-avoid) A chemical reaction that occurs when a substance comes into contact with hydrogen or another reducing substance reference interval - (pronounced) (REH-frents IN-ter-vul) In medicine, a set of values used by a doctor to interpret a patient's test results. The reference interval for a given test is based on results observed in 95% of the healthy population. reference values - (pronounced) (REH-frents VAL-yooz) In medicine, a set of values used by a doctor to interpret a patient's test results. The reference values for a given test are based on the results observed in 95% of the healthy population. reflux - (pronounced) (REE Fluks) The reflux of fluid from the stomach into the esophagus refractory cancer - (pronounced) (reh-FRAK-tor-ee KAN-ser) Cancer not responding to treatment. The cancer may be resistant when treatment begins or may become resistant during treatment. regional - (pronounced) (REE-juh-nul) In oncology, describes the area of the body directly around a tumor regional cancer - (pronounced) (REE-juh-nul KAN-ser) Refers to cancer that has grown beyond the original (primary) tumor to nearby lymph nodes or organs and tissues regional chemotherapy - (pronounced) (REE-juh-nul KEE-moh-THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment with cancer drugs that target a specific area of the body regional lymph node - (pronounced) (REE-juh-nul Limf knot) In oncology, a lymph node that drains lymph from the region around a tumor regional lymph node dissection - (pronounced) (REE-juh-nul Limf knot dy-SEK-shun) A surgical procedure to remove some of the lymph nodes that drain lymph from the area around a tumor. The lymph nodes are then examined under a microscope to see if cancer cells have spread to them registered dietitian - healthcare professional who has specialized training in diet and nutrition. Registered Dietitians provide advice on nutrition and healthy eating habits to help people improve their health and well-being. regulatory T cell - (pronounced) (REH-gyoo-luh-TOR-ee Tsel) A type of immune cell that blocks the actions of some other types of lymphocytes to prevent the immune system from becoming overactive. Regulatory T cells are being studied in the treatment of cancer. rehab - (pronounced) (REE-huh-BIH-lih-TAY-shun) In medicine, a process of restoring mental and/or physical abilities lost through injury or disease to function in a normal or near-normal manner relapse - (pronounced) (REE rounds) The return of an illness or the signs and symptoms of an illness after a period of improvement. Relapse also refers to a return to using an addictive substance or behavior, such as B. relating to psychosis relative odds - (pronounced) (REH-luh-tiv…) measure of the probability of an event occurring in one group compared to the probability of the same event occurring in another group. In cancer research, relative probabilities are most commonly used in case-control (retrospective) studies to determine w relative survival rate - (pronounced) (REH-luh-tiv ser-VY-vul …) A way to compare the survival of people who have a given disease versus those who don't, over a given period of time. This is usually five years from the date of diagnosis or the start of treatment for those with the condition. relatively mild emotional disorders (such as mild depression and phobias) religion - (pronounced) (reh-LIH-jun) A set of beliefs and practices that focus on questions about the meaning of life and may involve worship of a supreme being relugolix - (pronounced) (reh-loo-GOH-lix) drug used to treat adults with advanced prostate cancer. Relugolix binds to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors in the pituitary gland, preventing the pituitary gland from making the hormones follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing ho remote recurrence - (pronounced) (DIS-tunt ree-KER-ents) Cancer that has reappeared (come back) in another part of the body that is far removed from where the original (primary) tumor first formed. For example, if breast cancer recurs in the liver, the cancer cells in the liver are breast cancer cel removal of abnormal scar tissue between a fallopian tube and nearby tissue removal of cancerous tissue from the prostate gland using a resectoscope (a long, narrow instrument passed up the urethra), which allows the surgeon to simultaneously view the prostate and cut away the cancerous tissue renal artery - (pronounced) (REE-nul AR-tuh-ree) The main blood vessel that supplies blood to a kidney and the nearby adrenal gland and ureter. There is a renal artery for each kidney renal cell adenocarcinoma - (pronounced) (REE-nul sel A-deh-noh-KAR-sih-NOH-muh) Cancer that starts in the lining of the tiny tubes in the kidney that return filtered substances the body needs to the blood and remove excess fluid and waste as urine. Renal cell adenocarcinoma is the most common form renal cell cancer - (pronounced) (REE-nul sel KAN-ser) Cancer that starts in the lining of the tiny tubes in the kidney that return filtered substances the body needs to the blood and remove excess fluid and waste as urine. Renal cell cancer is the most common form of kidney cancer in adults. renal cell carcinoma - (pronounced) (REE-nul sel KAR-sih-NOH-muh) Cancer that starts in the lining of the tiny tubes in the kidney that return filtered substances the body needs to the blood and remove excess fluid and waste as urine. Renal cell carcinoma is the most common form of kidney cancer in renal fascia - (pronounced) (REE-nul FA-shuh) A fibrous tissue sheath that surrounds the kidney. Also called Gerota's capsule and Gerota's fascia renal glomerulus - (pronounced) (REE-nul gloh-MAYR-yoo-lus) tiny, round collection of blood vessels in the kidneys. It filters the blood to reabsorb useful materials and remove waste materials like urine renal pelvis - (pronounced) (REE-null PEL-vus) The area in the middle of the kidney. Urine collects here and is directed into the ureter, the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder renal tubular acidosis - (pronounced) (REE-nul TOO-byoo-ler A-sih-DOH-sis) A rare condition in which structures in the kidney that filter blood are affected, producing urine that is more acidic than normal renal tubules - (pronounced) (REE-null TOO-byool) One of millions of tiny tubes in the kidneys that return nutrients, fluids and other substances that have been filtered out of the blood but are needed by the body back into the blood. The remaining fluid and waste in the renal tubules become urine renal vein - (pronounced) (REE-nul vayn) The main blood vessel that carries blood from the kidney and ureter to the inferior vena cava (a large vein that carries blood from the lower part of the body to the heart). There is a renal vein for each kidney replicate - (pronounced) (REH-plih-kayt) Make a copy or duplicate of something replication cycle - (pronounced) (reh-plih-kay-avoid. reproductive apparatus - (pronounced) (REE-proh-DUK-tiv SIS-tem) The tissues, glands, and organs involved in producing offspring (children). In women, the reproductive system includes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina. reproductive cell - (pronounced) (REE-proh-DUK-tiv sel) An egg or sperm cell. Each mature reproductive cell carries a single set of 23 chromosomes reproductive history - (pronounced) (REE-proh-DUK-tiv HIH-stor-ee) collection of information about a woman's health related to reproduction (childbearing). A reproductive history may include information about menstrual periods, contraceptive use, pregnancies, breastfeeding, and menopause. rescue therapy - (pronounced) (SAL-vij THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment given after the cancer has not responded to other treatments rescue transplant - (pronounced) (REH-skyoo TRANZ system) method of replacing blood-forming stem cells that have been destroyed by treatment with high-dose cancer drugs or radiation therapy. The stem cells help the bone marrow to recover and make healthy blood cells. resectable - (pronounced) (ree-SEK-tuh-bul) Can be removed by surgery resected - (pronounced) (ree-SEC-ted) Removed by surgery resiquimod - (pronounced) (reh-SIH-kwih-mod) A substance being studied to treat some types of skin cancer. When resiquimod is applied to the skin, it causes some immune cells to produce certain chemicals that can help them kill tumor cells. resistant cancer - (pronounced) (reh-ZIH-stunt KAN-ser) Cancer not responding to treatment. The cancer may be resistant when treatment begins or may become resistant during treatment. respirator - (pronounced) (RES-pih-RAY-ter) In medicine, a machine that helps a patient breathe. Also called a ventilator response rate - (pronounced) (deer SPONTS. rests - (pronounced) (RES ting) In biology, refers to a cell that does not divide resulting from psychological or emotional disorders resuscitation - (pronounced) (KAR-dee-oh-PUL-muh-NAYR-ee ree-SUH-sih-TAY-shun) An emergency procedure used to restart a person's heartbeat and breathing after one or both have stopped. It's about giving strong, quick thrusts to the chest to get the blood moving. reticular dermis - (pronounced) (reh-TIH-kyoo-ler DER-mis) The thick bottom layer of the dermis (the inner layer of the skin). The reticular dermis has blood vessels and connective tissue that supports the skin. retiform hemangioendothelioma - (pronounced) (REE-tih-form hee-MAN-jee-oh-EN-doh-THEE-lee-OH-moo) A rare, slow-growing tumor that usually forms on or under the skin of the arms, legs, and trunk. The tumor has blood vessels that branch out like a tree. retina - (pronounced) (REH-tih-nuh) The light-sensitive layers of nerve tissue at the back of the eye that receive images and send them as electrical signals through the optic nerve to the brain retracted nipple - (pronounced) (reh-TRAK-ted NIH-pul) nipple that turns inward into the chest or lies flat against the chest. A retracted nipple can be present at birth or it can be caused by aging, breastfeeding, breast surgery, injury, infection, or certain breast conditions. retromolar trine - (pronounced) (deer-troh-MOH-ler TRY-away) The small area behind the wisdom teeth retroperitoneal - (pronounced) (REH-troh-PAYR-ih-toh-NEE-ul) Has to do with the area outside or behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen) retrospective cohort study - (pronounced) (REH-troh-SPEK-tiv KOH-hort STUH-dee) A research study in which the medical records of groups of people who are similar in many respects but differ by a specific characteristic (e. g. retrospective study - (pronounced) (REH-troh-SPEK-tive STUH-dee) study that compares two groups of people: those with the disease or condition being studied (cases) and a very similar group of people who do not have the disease or condition (controls). Researchers examine the medical and life histor retroviral vector - (pronounced) (REH-troh-VY-rul VEK-ter) RNA from a virus used to introduce genetic material into cells retrovirus - (pronounced) (REH-troh-VY-rus) type of virus that contains RNA instead of DNA as genetic material. It uses an enzyme called reverse transcriptase to become part of the host cell's DNA. return - (pronounced) (ree-KER) come back or return rhIL-11 - A drug used to increase the number of blood cells, particularly platelets, in some cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. rhIL-11 is a form of interleukin-11 (a cytokine normally made by supporting cells in the bone marrow) that is made in the laboratory. rhabdoid tumor - (pronounced) (RAB-doyd TOO-mer) rare, fast-growing cancer that usually forms in the kidney or central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), but can also form in soft tissues in other areas of the body. Rhabdoid tumors tend to spread quickly, are difficult to treat, and have a poor rheumatism - (pronounced) (ROO-moo-TIH-zum) group of disorders characterized by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat rickets - (pronounced) (Ray-KY-tis) A condition in children where bones become soft and deformed because they don't have enough calcium and phosphorus. It is caused by not having enough vitamin D in the diet or not getting enough sunlight. ridaforolimus - (pronounced) (rih-duh-foh-ROH-lih-mus) A substance being studied for the treatment of soft tissue and bone cancer. It is also being studied for the treatment of other solid tumors and hematological cancers. rifampin - (pronounced) (rih-FAM pen) A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria. It belongs to the family of antibiotics called antibiotics rinse (luh-VAZH) In medicine, the flushing of an organ (e. g. risk ratio - measure of the risk of a particular event occurring in one group compared to the risk of the same event occurring in another group. In cancer research, risk metrics are used in prospective (future-oriented) studies such as cohort studies and clinical trials. risk-reducing mastectomy - (pronounced) (Risk-ree-DOO-sing ma-STEK-toh-mee) Surgery to reduce the risk of breast cancer by removing one or both breasts before the disease develops. A low-risk mastectomy can be performed in people who are at very high risk of developing breast cancer. risk-reducing oophorectomy - (pronounced) (Risk-Ree-DOO-sing oh-oh-foh-REK-toh-mee) Surgery done to reduce the risk of ovarian and breast cancer by removing the ovaries before the disease develops. Removal of the ovaries lowers the amount of estrogen in the body, which can slow the growth of some ty risperidone - (pronounced) (ris-PAYR-ih-done) drug used to treat certain mental disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. It can also be used to treat certain behavioral problems in children. ritonavir - (pronounced) (ry-TOH-nuh-veer) medicine used to treat HIV infection (the virus that causes AIDS). It is also being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. ritual - (pronounced) (RIH-chuh-wul) An action or series of actions that are repeated, often in a religious or social setting. In medicine, it can describe a repeated action (like washing hands) performed to relieve feelings of fear, terror, and discomfort in people with OCD rofecoxib - (pronounced) (ROH-feh-KOK-sib) A drug used to relieve pain and has been studied for its ability to prevent cancer and stop the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. It is a type of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and a type of anti-angiogenesis drug. rolapitant hydrochloride - (pronounced) (roh-LA-pih-tunt HY-droh-KLOR-ide) A medicine used with other medicines in adults to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy. Rolapitant hydrochloride blocks the effects of a certain chemical in the central nervous system that can cause nausea and v romidepsin - (pronounced) (ROH-meh-DEP-sin) drug used to treat adults with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma who are already being treated with at least one other type of systemic therapy. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. romiplostim - (pronounced) (ROH-mih-PLOH-stim) A medicine used to treat thrombocytopenia (low blood platelet counts) in adults and certain children with immune thrombocytopenic purpura that has not improved with other treatments. It is also being studied in the treatment of other diseases and cancer ropivacaine hydrochloride - (pronounced) (roh-PIH-vuh-kayn HY-droh-KLOR-ide) drug used to relieve pain and temporary numbness in a part of the body during and after surgery. It is also being studied for pain control after cancer surgery. rosiglitazone maleate - (pronounced) (roh-sig-LIH-tuh-zone MAY-lee-AYT) drug that helps control the amount of glucose (sugar) in the blood and is being studied to prevent and treat some types of cancer. Rosiglitazone maleate stops cell growth and can prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumo rotational plastic - (pronounced) (raw TAY shun PLAS tea) Surgery to remove a tumor in or near the knee joint, often in young people who are still growing. The knee and part of the thigh are removed. rushing pepper - (pronounced) (ROWSH-error-fer) herb native to islands in the South Pacific. Substances derived from the root have been used in some cultures to relieve stress, anxiety, tension, insomnia and menopause issues. ruxolitinib phosphate - (pronounced) (RUK-soh-LIH-tih-feather FOS-fayt) drug used to treat adults with certain types of primary myelofibrosis (MF), post-polycythemia vera MF, post-essential thrombocythemia MF, or polycythemia vera, and adults and children 12 years and older with acute or chronic gra sacred thistle (. saline - (pronounced) (SAY-leen) A solution of salt and water saliva - (pronounced) (suh-LY-vuh) The watery fluid in the mouth made by the salivary glands. Saliva moistens food to aid in digestion and helps protect the mouth from infection salivary gland - (pronounced) (SA-lih-VAYR-ee gland) A gland in the mouth that produces saliva salivary gland cancer - (pronounced) (SA-lih-VAYR-ee gland KAN-ser) rare cancer that forms in the tissue of a salivary gland (gland in the mouth that produces saliva). Most salivary gland cancers occur in older people salivary glands located in the mouth near the ears salts containing phosphorus; essential to some body functions such as the bones and teeth sarCNU - A substance being studied for the treatment of cancer. It's a type of alkylating agent. sarcomatoid carcinoma - (pronounced) (sar-KOH-moo-toyd KAR-sih-NOH-moo) type of cancer that looks like a mixture of carcinoma (cancer that starts in the skin or tissues that line or cover internal organs in the body) and sarcoma (cancer of bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other). conn sarcopenia - (pronounced) (SAR-koh-PEE-nee-uh) condition characterized by loss of muscle mass, strength, and function in older adults. Signs and symptoms include weakness, fatigue, loss of energy, balance problems, and trouble walking and standing. sarcosinamide nitrosourea - (pronounced) (SAR-koh-SIH-nuh-MIDE ny-TROH-soh-YOO-ree-uh) A substance being studied to treat cancer. It's a type of alkylating agent. sargramostim - (pronounced) (sar-GRA-moh-stim) substance that helps make more white blood cells, especially granulocytes, macrophages, and cells that become platelets. It is a cytokine that is a type of hematopoietic (blood-forming) agent. saturated fat - (pronounced) (SA-chuh-RAY-ted…) type of fat with specific chemical properties that is usually solid at room temperature. Most saturated fats come from animal foods, but some vegetable oils like palm and coconut oil also contain high levels. scanners - (pronounced) (SKA-ner) In medicine, an instrument that takes pictures of the inside of the body scarring of connective tissue in the lungs that leads to shortness of breath scarring of the filtering structures in the kidneys due to damage scattered radiation - (pronounced) (SKA-ter RAY-dee-AY-shun) Radiation propagating from a ray in different directions when the ray interacts with a substance such as body tissue. For example, during X-ray mammography, very small amounts of radiation may be scattered into areas remote from the breast scent (FRAY-grunts) A pleasant, sweet smell scientific review panel - (pronounced) (SY-en-TIH-fik ree-VYOO PA-nil) group of physicians, scientists and other experts who review the detailed plan of a clinical trial for scientific quality and correct study design. In every healthcare facility that conducts clinical research, there is a scientif scientist - (pronounced) (SY-de-tist) A person who has studied science, especially a person who is engaged in a specific field of research scirrhotic gastric cancer (GAS-trik SKIR-us KAR-sih-NOH-muh) A rare form of stomach cancer that begins in the lining of the stomach and spreads to the muscles of the stomach wall. This causes the stomach wall to become thick, hard, and rubbery, leading to digestive problems. sclerosing adenosis - (pronounced) (skleh-ROH-sing A-deh-NOH-sis) benign (noncancerous) condition in which scar-like fibrous tissue is found in the breast lobules (the glands that produce milk). In sclerosing adenosis, the lobules are larger than normal. scrotum - (pronounced) (SKROH-tum) In males, the outer sac that contains the testicles seaweed (seaweed) A type of algae. The stem-like parts of this plant have been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. second opinion - (pronounced) (SEH-kund uh-PIN-yun) In medicine, the opinion of a doctor other than the patient's current doctor. The second doctor reviews the patient's medical records and gives an opinion on the patient's health problem and treatment. second primary cancer - (pronounced) (SEH-kund PRY-mayr-ee KAN-ser) term used to describe a new primary cancer that occurs in a person who has had cancer in the past. Second primary cancers can appear months or years after the original (primary) cancer is diagnosed and treated. second tumor - (pronounced) (SEH-kun-dayr-ee TOO-mer) term used to describe cancer that has spread (metastasized) from where it first broke out to another part of the body. Secondary tumors are the same type of cancer as the original (primary) cancer. secondary cancer - (pronounced) (SEH-kun-dayr-ee KAN-ser) A term used to describe cancer that has spread (metastasized) from where it first broke out to another part of the body. Secondary cancers are the same type of cancer as the original (primary) cancer. secondary ovarian failure - (pronounced) (SEH-kun-dayr-ee oh-VAYR-ee-un IN-suh-FIH-shen-see) condition in which the ovaries stop working and menstruation stops before the age of 40. This can lead to fertility problems and menopause symptoms. secret human - (pronounced) (seh-KREE-tin HYOO-mun) drug used to help diagnose gastrinomas (tumors that cause excess stomach acid) and other problems with the pancreas. It is also used to increase secretions from the pancreas and help identify a duct called the ampulla of vater. see AIDS-related complex see Abortion see Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome see Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis see Chorionic villus sampling see Computed tomography scanning see Contusion see Decompression sickness see Degenerative arthritis see Dilatation and Curettage see Disk prolapse see Gamete intrafallopian transfer see Gastrointestinal series see High-density lipoprotein see Human T-cell lymphotrophic virus see Influenza see Intestine see Liposuction see Low-density lipoprotein see Monoamine oxidase inhibitor antidepressant see Multiple sclerosis see Myocardial infarction see Otitis externa see Over-the-counter remedy see Oxygen free radical see Polycystic ovary syndrome see Positron emission tomography scanning see Premenstrual syndrome see Seasonal affective disorder syndrome see Septicemia see Single photon emission computed tomography see Temporomandibular joint syndrome see Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation see Transient ischemic attack see Trigeminal neuralgia see Venereal disease see Very low-density lipoprotein see Zygote intrafallopian transfer seizure - (pronounced) (SEE-zher) Sudden, uncontrolled body movements and behavioral changes that occur because of abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Symptoms include loss of consciousness, emotional changes, loss of muscle control, and tremors. sella turcica - (pronounced) (SEL-uh TER-sih-cow) A depression in the bone at the base of the skull where the pituitary gland is located semen - (pronounced) (SEH-mih-nul FLOO-id) Fluid from the prostate and other sex glands that helps transport sperm out of a man's body during orgasm. Semen contains sugars as an energy source for sperm seminal vesicle biopsy - (pronounced) (SEH-mih-nul VEH-sih-kul BY-op-see) The removal of fluid or tissue from the seminal vesicles with a needle for examination under a microscope. The seminal vesicles are glands in the male reproductive tract that produce part of the semen seminal vesicles - (pronounced) (SEH-mih-nul VEH-sih-kul) A gland that helps in semen production semiparasitic - (pronounced) (SEH-mee-PAYR-uh-SIH-tik) In botany, a plant that receives nourishment from a host but also contains chlorophyll and is capable of photosynthesis senile keratosis - (pronounced) (SEE-nile KAYR-uh-TOH-sis) A thick, scaly patch of skin that can become cancerous. It usually forms on areas exposed to the sun, such as the face, scalp, backs of hands, or chest. senses - (pronounced) (SENT-ses) In medicine, the way the body receives signals from the environment. The five human senses are sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch. sensor - (pronounced) (Sensor) A device that responds to a stimulus, such as heat, light, or pressure, and produces a signal that can be measured or interpreted sensorkain - (pronounced) (SEN-sor-kane) A drug used to relieve pain by blocking signals at nerve endings. It is being studied to relieve pain after cancer surgery. sensory - (pronounced) (SEN-sor-ee) Has to do with the senses septate - (pronounced) (SEP-tat) An organ or structure divided into compartments sequential treatment - (pronounced) (see-KWEN-shul TREET-ment) One treatment after the other serological test - (pronounced) (seh-RAH-loh-jee. seroma - (pronounced) (see-ROH-moo) mass or lump caused by a buildup of clear fluid in a tissue, organ, or body cavity. It usually goes away on its own but may need to be drained with a needle. seronegative - (pronounced) (SEER-oh-NEH-guh-tiv) Describes a laboratory test result showing that a substance the test is designed to find, such as B. an antibody, is not present at all or in very small amounts. seropositive - (pronounced) (SEER-oh-PAH-zih-tiv) Describes a laboratory test result that shows the presence of a specific marker, usually an antibody, in the blood. Antibodies are proteins produced by the body's immune system in response to a foreign substance or microorganism, such as a virus. seroprevalence - (pronounced) (SEER-oh-PREH-vih-fast) The percentage of people in a population who have proteins called antibodies in their blood that show they have been exposed to a virus or other infectious agent. For example, examining the seroprevalence of antibodies against a particular virus serosa - (pronounced) (seh-ROH-suh) The outer lining of the organs and body cavities of the abdomen and chest, including the stomach. Also called serous membrane serotype - (pronounced) (SEER-oh tip) Describes a method of grouping cells or microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses, based on the antigens or other molecules found on their surfaces. For example, human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are a group of many related viruses, and each virus in the group has serous - (pronounced) (SEER-us) Has to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood serous membrane - (pronounced) (SEER-us MEM-Brayn) The outer lining of the organs and body cavities of the abdomen and chest, including the stomach. Also called serosa seventh cranial nerve - (pronounced) (SEH-venth KRAY-nee-ul nerve) nerve that runs from the brainstem through openings in the skull to the face and tongue. The seventh cranial nerve sends information between the brain and the muscles used for facial expressions (like smiling and frowning), some musc severe combined immunodeficiency disease - (pronounced) (seh-VEER kum-BIND IH-myoo-noh-deh-FIH-shun-see dih-ZEEZ) rare inherited disorder characterized by a deficiency in B lymphocytes (white blood cells that produce antibodies and help fight infection) and a deficiency in T lymphocytes (white blood severe inflammation of the colon as a result of antibiotic use by an immunocompromised individual severe inflammation of the eyes severe myelosuppression - A severe form of myelosuppression. Myelosuppression is a condition in which bone marrow activity is reduced, resulting in fewer red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. severe pain and swelling of a testicle, due to twisting of the spermatic cord severe pain on one side of the lower back, usually as a result of a kidney stone severe pain that occurs suddenly and affects one side of the head, including the face and neck severe prolapse of an organ sex cord tumor - rare type of cancer that forms in the tissues that support the ovaries or testicles. These tumors can release sex hormones. sexual intercourse sexual interest in members of both sexes shinbone - (pronounced) (TIH-bee-uh) The larger of two bones between the knee and the ankle. Also called shinbone short-term side effect - A problem caused by treatment for a disease, but usually goes away after treatment is stopped. Short-term side effects of cancer treatment include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hair loss, fatigue, and mouth sores shortness of breath - (pronounced) (DISP-nee-uh) Difficult, painful breathing or shortness of breath shunt - (pronounced) (shunt) In medicine, a passageway that allows blood or other fluids to flow from one part of the body to another. For example, a surgeon may implant a tube to drain cerebrospinal fluid from the brain into the abdomen. sialic acid - (pronounced) (sy-A-lik A-sid) A group of simple sugar molecules side effect - (pronounced) (on the side eh-FEKT) An effect of a drug or other type of treatment that is in addition to or beyond the desired effect. Side effects can be harmful or beneficial, and most go away on their own over time. sideropenic dysphagia - (pronounced) (SIH-the-oh-PEE-nik dis-FAY-jee-uh) Iron-deficiency anemia and web-like growths of mucous membranes in the throat that make swallowing difficult. Sideropenic dysphagia can increase the risk of developing esophageal cancer. sidestream smoke - (pronounced) (SIDE stream . sigmoid colon - (pronounced) (SIG-moyd KOH-lun) The S-shaped section of the colon that connects to the rectum signal path - (pronounced) (SIG-nuh-ling. signal transduction - (pronounced) (SIG-nul trance-DUK-shun) The process by which a cell responds to substances outside the cell through signaling molecules found on the surface and inside the cell. Most of the molecules involved in signaling are chemical substances, such as hormones, neurotransmitt signature molecule - (pronounced) (SIG-nuh-cher MAH-leh-kyool) biological molecule found in blood, other body fluids, or tissues that is indicative of a normal or abnormal process, condition, or disease. A signature molecule can be used to see how well the body is responding to treatment for a disea significant - (pronounced) (sig-NIH-fih-kunt) In statistics, describes a mathematical measure of the difference between groups. The difference is said to be significant if it is greater than what would be expected by chance alone. silicon phthalocyanine 4 - (pronounced) (SIH-lih-kon THA-loh-SY-uh-NEEN. silymarin - (pronounced) (SIH-lih-MAYR-in) A substance derived from milk thistle seeds that's being studied to prevent liver damage from certain cancer treatments simple fibroadenoma - (pronounced) (SIM-pul FY-broh-a-deh-NOH-muh) A type of benign (non-cancerous) tumor that usually forms in the breast and is made up of fibrous (connective) tissue and glandular tissue. Viewed under the microscope, all cells in a simple fibroadenoma look the same and have clear, simple hysterectomy - (SIM-pul HIS-teh-REK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove the uterus and cervix. The ovaries and fallopian tubes can also be removed. simple mastectomy - (pronounced) (SIM-pul ma-STEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove the entire breast, which may include the nipple, areola (the dark skin around the nipple), and the skin over the breast. Some of the lymph nodes under the arm may also be removed to check for cancer. simple nephrectomy - (pronounced) (SIM-pul neh-FREK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove a kidney simple vulvectomy - (pronounced) (SIM-pul vul-VEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove the entire vulva (the female external genitalia, including the clitoris, labia, and opening to the vagina) simultaneous therapy - (pronounced) (kun-KER-ent THAYR-uh-pee) A treatment performed at the same time as another sing - (pronounced) (SIN-jeh-NAY-ik) Has to do with individuals or tissues that have identical genes. For example, identical twins and cells and tissues from them are syngeneic single nucleotide polymorphism - (pronounced) (SING-gul NOO-klee-oh-tide PAH-lee-MOR-fih-zum) The most common type of change in DNA (molecules in cells that contain genetic information). Single nucleotide polymorphisms occur when a single nucleotide (building block of DNA) is replaced with another. single-blinded study - (pronounced) (SING-gul-blind STUH-dee) type of clinical trial in which only the researcher conducting the study knows what treatment or intervention the participant is receiving until the study is over. A single-blinded study makes it less likely that the study results will be singular - (pronounced) (SING yoo layer) A drug used to treat asthma symptoms such as difficulty breathing, chest tightness, wheezing, coughing, and runny nose. Singulair blocks the effects of a substance that causes narrowing of the airways in the lungs and other asthma symptoms. sinuses - (pronounced) (PAYR-uh-NAY-zul SY-nus) One of many small cavities in the bones around the nose. Paranasal sinuses are named for the bones they contain: frontal (the lower forehead), maxillary (cheekbones), ethmoid (next to the upper nose), and sphenoid (behind the nose). sinusoidal obstruction syndrome - (pronounced) (SINE-yoo-SOY-dul ub-STRUK-shun SIN-drome) A condition in which some veins in the liver are blocked. This leads to a decrease in blood flow in the liver and can lead to liver damage. sipuleucel-T - (pronounced) (SY-puh-LOO-sel. skin blisters - A fluid-filled sac in the outer layer of skin. It can be caused by friction, heat, or skin diseases. skin graft - (pronounced) (skin graft) Skin moving from one part of the body to another skin line - change in the heat and electricity conducted through the skin by nerves and sweat. Skin conduction increases in certain emotional states and during hot flashes that occur with menopause. skin spot - (pronounced) (skin packet) A bandage-like patch that delivers medicine through the skin into the body. The drug enters the blood slowly and steadily skin tag - (pronounced) (skin tag) common benign (noncancerous) skin growth that appears as a small, raised, brown or skin-colored bump that may have a short, narrow stalk. Skin tags usually appear in areas where the skin folds, such as the neck, armpit, inner thigh, and eyelid. skin test - (pronounced) (skin test) A test of an immune response to a compound by applying it to or under the skin skin tests performed to determine previous infection with tuberculosis; can help rule out the possibility of being currently infected with tuberculosis sleeve lobectomy - Surgery to remove a lung tumor in a lobe of the lung and part of the main bronchus (airway). The ends of the bronchus are reconnected and any remaining flaps are reattached to the bronchus. slimy - (pronounced) (MYOO-sin-us) Contains or resembles mucin, the main compound in mucus sluggish (IN-doh-borrowed) A type of crab that grows slowly small cell lung cancer - An aggressive (fast-growing) cancer that forms in the tissues of the lungs and can spread to other parts of the body. The cancer cells look small and oval under the microscope small eight-legged animals, many of which burrow and feed on blood small glands located in the neck that produce a hormone that regulates the levels of calcium in the blood small spots that float across the field of vision, caused by debris floating in the gel-like substance that fills the eye small, eight-legged animals that can attach to humans and animals and feed on blood; sometimes spread infectious organisms via their bites small, painful sore that usually occurs on the inside of the lip or cheek, or sometimes under the tongue; caused by bacteria, irritation of the area, stress, or allergies smokeless tobacco - (pronounced) (SMOKE-les tuh-BA-koh) A type of tobacco that is not smoked or burned. It can be used as chewing tobacco or wet snuff, or inhaled through the nose as dry snuff. smoldering myeloma - (pronounced) (SMOLE-der-ing MY-eh-LOH-muh) A very slow-growing form of myeloma in which abnormal plasma cells (a type of white blood cell) make too much of a single type of monoclonal antibody (a protein). This protein accumulates in the blood or is excreted in the urine. snuff - A type of smokeless tobacco made from finely ground or shredded tobacco leaves. It can have different scents and tastes and can be wet or dry. soblidotin - (pronounced) (soh-blih-DOH-tin) A substance being studied to treat cancer. It's a type of tubulin inhibitor. social service - (pronounced) (SOH-shul SER-vis) community resource that helps people in need. Services may include assistance with getting to and from medical appointments, home delivery of medicines and meals, home nursing care, help paying for medical expenses not covered by insurance, loan of me socioeconomic status - (pronounced) (SOH-see-oh-EH-kuh-NAH-mik STA-tus) way to describe people based on their education, income, and type of work. Socioeconomic status is commonly described as low, medium, and high. soft palate - The back, muscular (not bony) part of the palate soft tissue - Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissues in the body solid cancer - (pronounced) (SAH lid TOO-mer) An abnormal mass of tissue that usually does not contain cysts or areas of fluid. Solid tumors can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer). soluble - (pronounced) (SOL-yoo-bul) Can be dissolved in a liquid somatic - (pronounced) (soh-ma-tik) Has to do with the body somatic mutation - (pronounced) (soh-MA-tik myoo-TAY-shun) A change in DNA that occurs after conception. Somatic mutations can occur in all body cells except the germ cells (sperm and egg) and are therefore not passed on to children. sonogram - (pronounced) (SAH-noh-gram) computer image of areas within the body created by high-energy sound waves. The sound waves are reflected from internal tissues or organs and create echoes. spastic colon - (pronounced) (SPAS-tik KOH-lun) A disorder of the gut, often characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in a person's bowel habits. This may include diarrhea or constipation, or both, occurring one at a time. spasticity involving partial paralysis specialized, contracting cells that are bundled together to form muscles specific immune cell - (pronounced) (speh-SIH-fik ih-MYOON sel) An immune cell, such as a T or B lymphocyte, that responds to a single, specific antigen specific points on the body where external pressure can be applied to prevent excessive arterial bleeding specificity - (pronounced) (SPEH-sih-FIH-sih-tea) When it comes to a medical test, specificity refers to the percentage of people who test negative for a particular disease in a group of people who do not have the disease. No test is 100% specific, as some people who don't have the disease will test speech therapist - (pronounced) (speech THAYR-uh-piste) A specialist who examines and treats people with communication and swallowing problems. Also called speech pathologist sperm cord - (pronounced) (sper-MA-tik cord) cord-like structure in the male reproductive system that contains nerves, blood and lymphatic vessels, and the vas deferens (a tortuous tube that carries sperm from the testicles). It runs from the abdomen to the testicles and connects to the testicle in sperm count - (pronounced) (track known) A count of the number of sperm in a semen sample. A sperm count can be used as a measure of fertility sphenoid - (pronounced) (SFEE Noyd Bone) A butterfly-shaped bone at the base of the skull behind the nose. The sphenoid bone helps form the eye socket. sphenoid sinus - (pronounced) (SFEE-noyd SY-nus) type of sinus (a cavity in the bones around the nose). There are two large sphenoid sinuses in the sphenoid bone, which is located behind the nose between the eyes. sphincter - (pronounced) (SFINK-ter) A ring-shaped muscle that relaxes or contracts to open or close a passage or opening in the body. Examples are the anal sphincter (around the opening of the anus) and the pyloric sphincter (at the lower opening of the stomach) spiked mass - (pronounced) (SPIH-kyoo-LAY-ted. spinal cord - (pronounced) (SPY Null Cord) A column of nerve tissue that runs from the base of the skull to the middle of the back. It is covered by three thin layers of protective tissue called membranes. spinal puncture - (pronounced) (SPY-null. spinal tap (LUM-bar PUNK-cher) A procedure in which a thin, hollow needle is inserted into the lower part of the spine to collect a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). To do this, the needle is placed between two bones in the spine and into the subarachnoid space (the fluid-filled space between the spindle cell tumor - (pronounced) (SPIN-dul sel TOO-mer) type of tumor that contains cells called spindle cells because of their shape. Spindle cells look long and slender under the microscope. spine - (pronounced) (spine) The bones, muscles, tendons, and other tissues that stretch from the base of the skull to the tailbone. The spine encloses the spinal cord and the fluid that surrounds the spinal cord. spiral CT scan - (pronounced) (SPY-rul … skan) procedure that uses a computer connected to an X-ray machine to create a series of detailed images of areas inside the body. The X-ray machine scans the body in a spiral pattern. split - (pronounced) (klevd) Has to do with how cells look when viewed under a microscope. The nucleus of split cells appears divided or segmented sporadic cancer - (pronounced) (spuh-RA-dik KAN-ser) Cancer that occurs in people who do not have a family history of this cancer or an inherited change in their DNA that would increase their risk of this cancer spotted thistle - plant whose leaves, stems, and flowers were used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. Spotted thistle may have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. spread - (pronounced) (you-SEH-mih-NAYT) Scatter or spread over a large area or range squamous cell - (pronounced) (SKWAY mussel) Flat cell that looks like a fish scale under the microscope. These cells are found in the tissues that make up the surface of the skin, the airways and digestive tract, and the lining of the body's lumen organs (such as the bladder, kidneys, and uterus, in squamous intraepithelial lesion - (pronounced) (SKWAY-mus IN-truh-eh-pih-THEE-lee-ul LEE-zhun) general term for the abnormal growth of squamous epithelial cells on the surface of the cervix. The changes in the cells are described as low-grade or high-grade depending on how much of the cervix is affe stable disease - (pronounced) (STAY-bul dih-ZEEZ) Cancer that is neither decreasing nor increasing in extent or severity stage 0 chronic lymphocytic leukemia - There are too many lymphocytes in the blood but there are no other symptoms of leukemia. Stage 0 is indolent (slow growing) stage I chronic lymphocytic leukemia - There are too many lymphocytes in the blood and the lymph nodes are larger than normal stage II chronic lymphocytic leukemia - There are too many lymphocytes in the blood, the liver or spleen is larger than normal, and the lymph nodes may be larger than normal stage III chronic lymphocytic leukemia - There are too many lymphocytes in the blood and too few red blood cells. The lymph nodes, liver, or spleen may be larger than normal stage IV chronic lymphocytic leukemia - There are too many lymphocytes in the blood and too few platelets. The lymph nodes, liver, or spleen may be larger than normal, and there may be too few red blood cells staging system - (pronounced) (STAY-jing SIS-tem) A system used to describe the extent of cancer in the body. The grading is usually based on the size of the tumor and whether the cancer has spread from its site of origin to nearby areas, lymph nodes, or other parts of the body stalked - (pronounced) (peh-DUN-kyoo-LAY-ted) In the body, a structure that has a stalk (a stem or stems) or is attached to another structure by a stalk standard medical care - (pronounced) (STAN-durd MEH-dih-kul kayr) treatment accepted by medical experts as an appropriate treatment for a specific type of disease and widely used by healthcare professionals. Also called best practice, standard of care and standard therapy star-shaped - (pronounced) (STAND-layt) star shaped statistically significant - (pronounced) (stuh-TIS-tih-kuh-lee sig-NIH-fih-kunt) Describes a mathematical measure of the difference between groups. The difference is said to be statistically significant if it is greater than what would be expected by chance alone. stature - (pronounced) (STA-cher) The height of a person when standing statutory health insurance - (pronounced) (PUH-blik helth in-SHOOR-ents) program administered by a U. S. stem cell - (pronounced) (Sel tribe) A cell from which other cell types develop. Blood cells arise from hematopoietic stem cells, for example stem cell factor - (pronounced) (stem sel FAK-ter) substance that causes blood stem cells (cells from which other types of cells develop) to turn into different types of blood cells and increases the number and activity of these cells in the blood. Stem cell factor is a type of cytokine and a type o stem cell factor receptor - protein found on the surface of many different cell types. It attaches to a substance called stem cell factor (SCF), which causes certain types of blood cells to grow. stent - (pronounced) (stent) A device placed in a body structure (such as a blood vessel or the gastrointestinal tract) to keep the structure open stereotactic ablative body radiation therapy - (pronounced) (STAYR-ee-oh-TAK-tik a-BLAY-tiv BAH-dee RAY-dee-AY-shun THAYR-uh-pee) type of external radiation therapy that uses special equipment to position a patient and deliver precise radiation to tumors in the body (other than the brain). The total stereotactic biopsy - (pronounced) (STAYR-ee-oh-TAK-tik BY-op-see) A biopsy procedure that uses a computer and three-dimensional scanning device to find a tumor site and guide the removal of tissue for examination under a microscope stereotactic injection - (pronounced) (STAYR-ee-oh-TAK-tik in-JEK-avoid) A procedure that uses a computer and three-dimensional scanning device to inject cancer drugs directly into a tumor stereotactic method - (pronounced) (STAYR-ee-oh-TAK-sik proh-SEE-jer) procedure that uses special equipment and imaging techniques to find an abnormal area in the brain, breast, lungs, or liver and direct the removal of a sample of tissue from that area. Stereotactic procedures are also used to trea stereotactic radiosurgery - (pronounced) (STAYR-ee-oh-TAK-tik RAY-dee-oh-SER-juh-ree) type of external beam radiation therapy that uses special equipment to position the patient and precisely deliver a single large dose of radiation to a tumor. It is used to treat brain tumors and other brain disord stereotactic radiotherapy - (pronounced) (STAYR-ee-oh-TAK-tik RAY-dee-AY-shun THAYR-uh-pee) type of external beam radiation therapy that uses special equipment to position the patient and precisely beam a tumor. The total radiation dose is divided into several smaller doses that are given over sever sterile - (pronounced) (STAYR-il) Unable to father children. Also means sterile sternum - (pronounced) (Sternum) The long flat bone that forms the center front of the chest wall. The sternum is attached to the collarbone and the first seven ribs. steroid drug - (pronounced) (STAYR-oyd. stomach (GAS-Trik) Has to do with the stomach stomach - (pronounced) (STUH-muk) An organ that is part of the digestive system. The stomach helps digest food by mixing it with digestive juices and turning it into a thin liquid stomach acid (GAS-Trik A side) Acid secreted into the stomach from glands in the stomach wall. It helps digest food. stomach acid test - (pronounced) (STUH-muk A-sid…) A test used to measure the amount of stomach acid produced by the stomach. The patient is given an injection of the hormone gastrin or insulin. stomach cancer (GAS-trik KAN-ser) Cancer that forms in tissues lining the stomach. Also called stomach cancer stomach cancer - (pronounced) (STUH-muk KAN-ser) Cancer that forms in tissues lining the stomach. Also called stomach cancer stomach pain, diarrhea, and/or vomiting caused by eating contaminated food stomach ulcer - (pronounced) (PEP-tik UL-ser) A tear in the lining of the lower part of the esophagus, stomach, or upper part of the small intestine. Stomach ulcers form when cells on the surface of the lining become inflamed and die. stool test - (pronounced) (stool test) test to look for hidden blood in the stool storage (KEH-puh-vants) A drug used to prevent and treat severe oral mucositis (inflammation in the mouth). It is used in blood cancer patients who are being treated with high-dose chemotherapy and radiotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation. straight colorectal anastomosis - (pronounced) (strayt KOH-loh-REK-tul uh-NAS-toh-MOH-sis) A surgical procedure in which the colon is connected directly to the rest of the rectum after most of it has been removed during rectal cancer surgery. This procedure differs from the colorectal J-pouch anasto strangulation of the head of the penis by a tight or inflamed foreskin that has been pulled back string - (pronounced) (TEN dun) Tough, fibrous, cord-like tissue that connects muscle to bone or other structures, such as an eyeball. Tendons help the bone or structure move stroma - (pronounced) (STRAW-moo) The cells and tissues that support and structure organs, glands, or other tissues in the body. The stroma consists mainly of connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves. stromagen - (pronounced) (straw-MUH-jen) product made from special stem cells taken from a patient's bone marrow and grown in the laboratory. After a patient's bone marrow has been destroyed by treatment with total body radiation or chemotherapy, these cells are reinjected into the patient to help t stromal cells - (pronounced) (STRAW mul sel) A type of cell that forms certain types of connective tissue (supporting tissue that surrounds other tissues and organs) stromal tissue - (pronounced) (STRAW-mul TIH-shoo) type of tissue that is part of the stroma and provides support and structure to organs, glands, and other tissues in the body. The stroma provides nutrients to other tissues and organs, removes waste and excess fluid, and may be involved in the body stromal tumor - (pronounced) (STRAW times TOO-mer) A tumor that develops in the supporting connective tissue of an organ strong connective tissue cords that attach muscle to bone or muscle to muscle structural racism - (pronounced) (STRUK-cher-ul RAY-sih-zum) system of organizational and institutional policies created over time that supports continued unfair advantage for some people and unfair or harmful treatment for others because of their race or ethnic group. Structural racism arises from study group (in-VES-tih-GAY-shuh-nul-group) The group in a clinical research study that will receive the test drug, vaccine, or other intervention. Interventions can also include medical procedures (such as radiation therapy and surgery), medical devices, behavior modifications (such as diet and exe subcutaneous - (pronounced) (SUB-kyoo-TAY-nee-us) under the skin subcutaneous access - (pronounced) (SUB-kyoo-TAY-nee-us. subependymal - (pronounced) (SUB-eh-PEN-dih-mul) Describes the layer of cells just below the ependyma (the thin membrane that lines the fluid-filled spaces in the brain and spinal cord) subependymal giant cell astrocytoma - (pronounced) (SUB-eh-PEN-dih-mul JY-unt sel AS-troh-sy-TOH-muh) A benign (noncancerous), slow-growing tumor that usually forms in the walls of fluid-filled spaces in the brain. The tumors consist of large, star-shaped cells called astrocytes. subglottis - (pronounced) (SUB-glah-tis) The lowest part of the larynx; the area just below the vocal cords to the top of the trachea subject - (pronounced) (PROH band) The first person in a family who may have been diagnosed with a genetic disorder and who can receive genetic counseling or genetic testing. The person may have a condition that is thought to be inherited, or be concerned about the risk of developing a genetic condi subjective improvement - (pronounced) (sub-JEK-tiv im-PROOV-ment) An improvement reported by the patient but not measurable by the healthcare provider (e. g. submucosa - (pronounced) (sub-myoo-KOH-suh) The layer of tissue under the mucous membrane (inner lining of some organs and body cavities that makes mucus) substance abuse - (pronounced) (SUB stunts uh-BYOOS) The use of illegal drugs or the use of prescription or over-the-counter medicines or alcohol for purposes other than those for which they are intended or in excessive amounts. Substance abuse can lead to social, physical, emotional, and work-relat substances containing lipids and proteins, comprising most fats in the blood substances found in every living organism that provide the instructions for development; includes DNA and RNA substances that protect against cell damage by guarding the cell from oxygen free radicals substances used in cancer treatment that interfere with the division of cells suction aspiration - (pronounced) (SUK-avoid AS-pih-RAY-avoid) A surgical procedure in which the cervix is dilated (opened) and vacuum is used to remove tissue from the uterus. Also called suction evacuation and vacuum aspiration sulfonamide - (pronounced) (sul-FAH-nuh-mide) A type of antibiotic used to treat infections. Also called sulfonamides sulphate drug - (pronounced) (SUL-fuh. sun hat - (pronounced) (PER-pul KONE Flower) A herb native to North America used to prevent and treat colds and other respiratory infections. Purple coneflowers can interfere with a treatment the immune system uses to fight cancer. superficial - (pronounced) (SOO per FIH shul) Influencing cells on the surface. Non-invasive superfractionated radiotherapy - (pronounced) (SOO-per FRAK-shuh-NAY-ted RAY-dee-AY-shun THAYR-uh-pee) Radiation treatment in which the total radiation dose is divided into small doses and treatments are given more than once a day. Superfractionated radiation therapy is given over the same period of superior vena cava - (pronounced) (soo-PEER-ee-er VEE-nuh KAY-vuh) The large vein that carries blood from the head, neck, arms, and chest to the heart supplementary nutrition - (pronounced) (SUH-pleh-MEN-tul noo-TRIH-avoid) substance or product added to a person's diet to ensure they are getting all the nutrients they need. It may contain vitamins, minerals, protein or fat and can be given orally, through a tube or into a vein supportive care - (pronounced) (suh-POR-tiv kayr) Care to improve the quality of life of people suffering from a disease by preventing or treating the symptoms of the disease and the side effects caused by treating the disease as early as possible. Supportive care includes physical, psychological, s supportive technology (uh-SIS-tiv tek-NAH-loh-jee) Any device or technology that helps a disabled person. Examples include special handles for holding utensils, computer screens that help a person with visual impairment read more easily, computers that are controlled by speech, phones that make the suppositories - (pronounced) (YOO-vyoo-luh) The soft flap of tissue that hangs down at the back of the mouth (at the edge of the soft palate). Also called uvula supraclavicular lymph node - (pronounced) (SOO-pruh-kla-VIH-kyuh-ler. supraglottic laryngectomy - (pronounced) (SOO-pruh-GLAH-tik LAYR-in-JEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove the supraglottis, which is part of the larynx (larynx) above the vocal cords supraglottis - (pronounced) (SOO-pruh-GLAH-tis) The upper part of the larynx (larynx), including the epiglottis; the area above the vocal cords suprazervical hysterectomy - (pronounced) (SOO-pruh-SER-vih-kul HIS-teh-REK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove the uterus but not the cervix. Also called partial hysterectomy and subtotal hysterectomy surface electrode - (pronounced) (SER-fus ee-LEK-trode) A small device attached to the skin to sense or induce electrical activity in underlying tissue. Surface electrodes can be used to look for problems with muscles and nerves surgery performed to remove the lining of an artery that has been narrowed by fatty tissue buildup surgery that changes the structure of the nose, either to improve appearance or to correct a deformity or injury surgery to rebuild part of the body that has been damaged or defective from birth surgical biopsy - (pronounced) (SER-jih-kul BY-op-see) procedure in which an incision is made through the skin to remove abnormal tissue so it can be examined under a microscope for signs of disease. The two types of surgical biopsy are incisional biopsy, in which part of a lump or tissue sample is surgical castration - (pronounced) (SER-jih-kul kas-TRAY-shun) Surgical removal of the testicles (orchiectomy) or ovaries (oophorectomy) to stop the production of sex hormones. Reducing hormone levels can stop certain types of cancer from growing surgical correction of a narrowed heart valve surgical cutting and repositioning of a tendon so that the muscle attached to it has a new function surgical excision - (pronounced) (SER-jih-kul ek-SIH-zhun) The removal of tissue from the body using a scalpel (a sharp knife), laser, or other cutting tool. Surgical excision is usually performed to remove a lump or other suspicious growth. surgical insertion of a small object just under the skin that slowly releases a synthetic hormone for purposes such as birth control surgical menopause - (pronounced) (SER-jih-kul MEH-nuh-pawz) Describes a woman's menstrual cessation caused by surgery to remove her ovaries. Symptoms of menopause include hot flashes, mood swings, night sweats, vaginal dryness, trouble concentrating and infertility surgical oncologist - (pronounced) (SER-jih-kul on-KAH-loh-jist) A surgeon who has specialized training in performing biopsies and other surgical procedures on cancer patients surgical opening of a fallopian tube for drainage or removal of an obstruction surgical removal of a diseased part of the gums surgical removal of a kidney stone surgical removal of a section of breast containing cancer surgical removal of a stapes (a sound-conducting bone in the middle ear) that cannot move to transmit sound; performed to treat hearing loss caused by otosclerosis surgical removal of all or part of a cartilage disk from a joint surgical removal of dead, damaged, or infected tissue, or some foreign material from a wound or burn surgical removal of one or both fallopian tubes surgical removal of the appendix to treat appendicitis surgical removal of the gallbladder using a laparoscope surgical removal of the protruding part of a prolapsed disk surgical removal of the synovial membrane surgical removal of the tonsils, usually to treat tonsillitis surgical repair of a damaged fallopian tube to treat infertility surgical replacement or reshaping of the cornea surgical widening of the outlet between the stomach and small intestine surrogacy - (pronounced) (SER-uh-well PREG-well-see) form of pregnancy in which a woman carries and gives birth to a baby for a person who is unable to have children. In surrogacy, eggs from the woman who will carry the baby or from an egg donor are fertilized with sperm from a sperm donor to create survival rate - (pronounced) (ser-VY-vul. susceptibility gene mutation - (pronounced) (suh-SEP-tih-BIH-lih-tee jeen myoo-TAY-shun) A change in the DNA sequence of a gene that causes a person to have a specific genetic disorder or disease, such as B. cancer, has or is at risk of developing it. swelling, enlargement, or stretching swollen veins in the lower esophagus and possibly the upper part of the stomach; can cause vomiting of blood and passing of black stool symptom - (pronounced) (SIMP-tum) physical or mental problem experienced by a person that may indicate an illness or condition. Symptoms cannot be seen and do not show up on medical tests. symptomatic - (pronounced) (SIMP-toh-MA-tik) Dealing with symptoms that are signs of a condition or disease symptoms caused by an enlarged prostate gland, including difficulty with urination symptoms including weight loss, fever, and enlarged lymph nodes experienced by people who are infected with HIV but do not yet have AIDS synapse - (pronounced) (SIH nap) The space between the end of a nerve cell and another cell. Nerve impulses are normally carried to neighboring cells by chemicals called neurotransmitters, which are released from the nerve cell and picked up by another cell on the other side of the synapse. syndrome - (pronounced) (SIN drome) A set of symptoms or conditions occurring together that indicate the presence of a specific disease or an increased likelihood of developing the disease synergistic - (pronounced) (SIH-ner-JIS-tik) In medicine, describes the interaction of two or more drugs when their combined effect is greater than the sum of the effects observed when each drug is administered alone syngeneic bone marrow transplant - (pronounced) (SIN-jeh-NAY-ik bone MAYR-oh TRANZ-plant) A procedure in which a patient is given healthy stem cells (blood-forming cells) to replace their own stem cells that have been destroyed by treatment with radiation or high-dose chemotherapy. In a syngeneic bo synovial membrane - (pronounced) (sih-NOH-vee-ul MEM-Brayn) A layer of connective tissue that lines the cavities of joints, tendon sheaths, and bursae (fluid-filled sacs between tendons and bones). The synovial membrane forms synovial fluid, which has a lubricating function synthetic - (pronounced) (sin-THEH-tik) Dealing with fabrics that are man-made and not taken from nature synthetic drugs that are used to replace natural hormones or to suppress the immune system and help prevent inflammation synthetic human secretin - (pronounced) (sin-THEH-tik HYOO-mun seh-KREE-zinn) A drug used to help diagnose gastrinomas (tumors that cause excess stomach acid) and other problems with the pancreas. It is also used to increase secretions from the pancreas and help identify a duct called the ampulla of synthetic lethality - (pronounced) (sin-THEH-tik lee-THA-luh-tee) Describes a situation in which mutations (changes) in two genes together lead to cell death, but mutation in either gene alone does not. Cancer cells that have only one mutated gene in a given pair of genes may depend on the normal pa synthetic retinoid - (pronounced) (sin-THEH-tik REH-tih-noyd) A substance related to vitamin A that is made in the laboratory systematic biopsy - (pronounced) (SIS-tuh-MA-tik BY-op-see) procedure in which many tissue samples (usually 12) are taken from different areas of the prostate via a long needle for examination under a microscope. The needle is inserted through the rectum into the prostate using ultrasound. systemic - (pronounced) (sis-TEH-mik) Entire body affected systemic chemotherapy - (pronounced) (sister-TEH-mik KEE-moh-THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment with cancer drugs that travel to cells throughout the body through the blood systemic disease - (pronounced) (sis-TEH-mik dih-ZEEZ) Disease that affects the whole body systemic lupus erythematosus - (pronounced) (sis-TEH-mik LOO-pus AYR-ih-THEE-muh-TOH-sus) chronic, inflammatory connective tissue disease that can affect the joints and many organs, including the skin, heart, lungs, kidneys, and nervous system. It can cause many different symptoms; however, not ever systemic mastocytosis - (pronounced) (sis-TEH-mik MAS-toh-sy-TOH-sis) A rare disease in which too many mast cells (a type of immune system cell) are found in the skin, bones, joints, lymph nodes, liver, spleen and gastrointestinal tract. Mast cells release chemicals like histamine that can cause flu systemic radiotherapy - (pronounced) (Sister-TEH-mik RAY-dee-AY-shun THAYR-uh-pee) type of radiation therapy in which a radioactive substance, such as radioactive iodine or a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, is swallowed or injected into the body and travels through the blood to localize and kill t systemic scleroderma - (pronounced) (Sister-TEH-mik SKLAYR-oh-THE-moo) A disease characterized by hardening and thickening of the skin, the connective tissue that surrounds other tissues and organs, and blood vessels. Also called systemic sclerosis systemic sclerosis - (pronounced) (sister-TEH-mik skleh-ROH-sister) A disease characterized by hardening and thickening of the skin, the connective tissue that surrounds other tissues and organs, and blood vessels. Also called systemic scleroderma systemic therapy - (pronounced) (Sister-TEH-mik THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment with substances that travel through the bloodstream and reach and affect cells throughout the body t-AML - A form of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) caused by prior treatment with chemotherapy or radiation therapy. t-AML is an aggressive (rapidly growing) cancer in which there are too many myeloblasts (immature white blood cells) in the blood or bone marrow. t-test - A statistical test used to find out if there is a real difference between the means (averages) of two different groups. It is sometimes used to see if there is a significant difference in treatment response between groups in a clinical trial tPA - An endogenous enzyme that helps dissolve blood clots. A form of this enzyme is made in the laboratory to treat heart attacks, strokes and blood clots in the lungs. tabloid - (pronounced) (TAB-loyd) A drug used to treat acute myeloid leukemia. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. tachycardia - (pronounced) (TA-kih-KAR-dee-uh) Fast beating of the heart, usually defined as more than 100 beats per minute tachypnea - (pronounced) (TA-kip-NEE-uh) Rapid breathing tagraxofusp - (pronounced) (tag-RAK-soh-fusp) drug used to treat adults and children 2 years and older with a rare blood cancer called blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. tail bone - (pronounced) (TAYL bone) The small bone at the bottom of the spine. It consists of 3-5 fused bones. tailored intervention - (pronounced) (TAY-lurd IN-ter-VEN-avoid) The use of communication, medication, or other types of treatment specific to an individual or group to improve health or change behavior talactoferrin alfa - (pronounced) (tuh-LAK-toh-FAYR-in AL-fuh) drug being studied to treat spreading kidney cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer and other conditions. talimogene laherparepvec - (pronounced) (tah-LIH-moh-jeen lah-HER-pah-REP-vek) drug used to treat melanoma that has come back after surgery. It is used in patients whose cancer is in the skin and lymph nodes and cannot be surgically removed. tallow - (pronounced) (SEE bum) An oily substance produced by certain glands in the skin tamsulosin hydrochloride - (pronounced) (tam-SOO-loh-sin HY-droh-KLOR-ide) A drug used to treat urinary problems caused by an enlarged prostate. Tamsulosin hydrochloride relaxes the muscles of the prostate and bladder, which increases the flow of urine. tannic acid - (pronounced) (TA-nik A-sid) A type of chemical found in plants and certain foods, such as fruits, vegetables, nuts, wine, and tea. Tannic acid has antioxidant properties and can promote health. tannins - (pronounced) (TA-nin) type of chemical found in plants and certain foods, such as fruits, vegetables, nuts, wine, and tea. Tannins have antioxidant properties and can promote health. tanspimycin - (pronounced) (ta-NEH-spih-MY-sin) substance being studied to treat cancer. It is made from an antibiotic called geldanamycin. tear gland (LA-krih-mul . tebentafusp - (pronounced) (teh-BEN-tah-fusp) A drug used to treat adults with uveal melanoma (a type of eye cancer) that has spread or cannot be removed with surgery. It is used in patients who have the HLA-A02:01 antigen. techniques used to diagnose abnormalities in a fetus teenager (A-doh-LEH-sent) A young person who has entered puberty but is not yet an adult. During adolescence, a child experiences physical, hormonal, and developmental changes that mark the transition into adulthood. tegafur - (pronounced) (TEH-guh-fer) An anticancer drug that belongs to the antimetabolite family temporary paralysis of the arm after extended pressure on a nerve in the armpit temsirolimus - (pronounced) (TEM-sih-ROH-lih-mus) A drug used to treat advanced renal cell carcinoma (a type of kidney cancer). It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. teratocarcinoma - (pronounced) (TAYR-uh-toh-KAR-sih-NOH-muh) A type of germ cell cancer that usually forms in the testicles (testicles) teratoma - (pronounced) (TAYR-uh-TOH-moo) type of germ cell tumor that can involve several different types of tissue, such as hair, muscle, and bone. Teratomas can be mature or immature depending on how normal the cells look under a microscope. term used to describe a substance that stops the growth of bacteria (such as an antibiotic) terminal cancer (… stayj KAN-ser) Cancer that cannot be cured and leads to death. Also called terminal cancer termination of a pregnancy; can occur because of natural causes (called a miscarriage) or be a medical intervention terpene - (pronounced) (TER peen) type of strong-smelling chemical substance found in some plants, particularly trees with cones. Terpenes are found in essential oils (fragrant liquid from plants) test for occult blood in guaiac feces (GWY-ak FEE-kul uh-KULT . testicular intraepithelial neoplasia - (pronounced) (tes-TIH-kyoo-ler IN-truh-eh-pih-THEE-lee-ul NEE-oh-PLAY-zhuh) Abnormal cells are found in the tiny tubes where sperm begin to develop. These abnormal cells can become cancerous and spread to nearby normal tissue. testicular intratubular germ cell neoplasia - (pronounced) (tes-TIH-kyoo-ler IN-truh-TOO-byoo-ler jerm sel NEE-oh-PLAY-zhuh) Abnormal cells are found in the tiny tubes where sperm begin to develop. These abnormal cells can become cancerous and spread to nearby normal tissue. tests performed on a pregnant woman or her fetus to prevent or diagnose abnormalities tests used to determine the cause of impotence, including blood tests and nerve function tests tests used to determine the compatibility of tissues used in grafts and transplants tethered capsule endoscope - (pronounced) (TEH-thurd KAP-sul EN-doh-SKOPE) device used to examine tissue in the esophagus. It's a tiny capsule with a laser scanner inside and a very thin cord attached to it. thalamus - (pronounced) (THA-luh-mus) An area of the brain that helps process information from the senses and relay it to other parts of the brain the X and Y chromosomes that determine a person’s gender; women normally have two X chromosomes and men normally have one X and one Y the act of listening to sounds within the body, such as the heartbeat, with a stethoscope the administration of heart compression and artificial respiration to restore circulation and breathing the alteration of genetic information to change an organism; mainly used to produce vaccines and drugs such as insulin the appearance of varicose veins around the testicles; commonly occurs and is harmless, but may cause discomfort the area of the retina that allows fine details to be observed at the center of vision; also refers to any small, flat spot on the skin the area on both sides that can be seen while looking straight ahead the arteries that branch off from the aorta and supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle the artery that supplies the lungs with blood from the heart the backflow of fluid; can refer to food and drink flowing back up from the stomach into the mouth or blood flowing back into the heart through a defective heart valve the backflow of gastric acid from the stomach to the lower esophagus, owing to a defect in the valve that separates them the beginning of menstruation the beginning of the large intestine, which is connected to the appendix at its lower end the blockage of a coronary artery by a blood clot the blockage of an artery by air bubbles, which may have entered during surgery or after an injury the blockage of the airways during sleep, which causes breathing to stop for very short periods of time, commonly caused by excessive relaxation of muscles at the back of the throat the blocking of an opening or passageway in the body the blood pressure measured when the heart is at rest between beats the blood pressure measured while the heart is contracting the body's system for determining its position relative to the outside world the bone located between the hip and the knee; the thighbone the brain and spinal cord the breakdown of the cartilage lining the bones in joints, usually weight-bearing joints (such as the knee); causes stiffness and pain (also called osteoarthritis) the buildup of fluid in the middle ear, which can affect hearing the bulging of a portion of the intestines or abdominal tissue into the muscles of the groin (the area just below the abdomen) the cell that results when an egg is fertilized by a sperm the center or most important point of an object the center part of an organ or body structure; sometimes used to refer to the lower part of the brain stem the chemical term for vitamin C the chest the clear, watery fluid that fills the cavity of the eye behind the lens the clinical term for bad breath; commonly caused by poor oral hygiene or eating certain foods; if persistent it can be a sign of illness the coloration of the skin, hair, and eyes by the pigment melanin the common name for Rubella the common name for allergic rhinitis the common name for arteriosclerosis the common name for the visual defect resulting from untreated strabismus, in which the eyes are not correctly aligned the common term for disk prolapse the complete or partial failure of any organ or tissue to grow the condition in which the brain stops functioning while the heart continues to beat the dangerous accumulation of chemicals called ketones in the blood, sometimes occurring as a complication of diabetes mellitus; also called ketosis the death of an area of heart muscle as a result of being deprived of its blood supply; characterized by severe pain in the chest; commonly called a heart attack the degeneration of a muscle (loss of bulk), caused by disease or starvation the development by bacteria of the ability to live in the presence of a certain antibiotic, making treatment difficult the digestive acid in the stomach the displacement of an organ from its normal position to a new one the dulling of sensation in an area of the body by injecting a painkiller into or around a nerve leading to that section of the body the examination of a body following death, possibly to determine the cause of death or for research the excessive production of urine; can be a symptom of various diseases, most notably diabetes mellitus the external genitals, usually referring to the female the failure either to produce or to ejaculate sperm the failure of the body to exchange gases properly, which leads to a buildup of carbon dioxide and a lack of oxygen in the blood the fat]] Sandbox - and protein-containing material that surrounds and protects some nerves the feeling that one or one's surroundings are spinning the final stage of liver disease, in which liver function becomes so impaired that other areas of the body are affected, most commonly the brain the forcing of air (either by mouth-to-mouth or mouthto-nose means) into the lungs of a person who has stopped breathing the foreskin the formation and maintenance of bone the formation of a blood clot inside of a deep-lying vein, usually in the legs the formation of gas bubbles in the body’s tissues as a result of a scuba diver ascending too quickly from depth; commonly called the bends the group of bones in the lower part of the trunk that support the upper body and protect the abdominal organs the hard deposit formed on teeth when mineral salts in saliva combine with plaque; can cause dental problems such as gum disease if not controlled the heart and blood vessels that are responsible for circulating blood throughout the body the heart valve that stops blood pumped to the lungs from leaking back into the heart the inability of the heart to pump blood effectively the inner lining of the heart the inner skin layer the interval from onset of contractions to birth of a baby the introduction of a substance into the body by any route other than the digestive tract, such as through a vein or muscle the inward curvature of the spine at the lower back, which is normal to a certain degree; abnormal as a result of certain medical conditions, being overweight, or having muscle problems the joining of an egg and a sperm, creating the first cell of a new life the lack of sensation in a part of the body because of interruption of nerve impulses the large, dome-shaped muscle separating the abdomen and chest that contracts and relaxes to make breathing possible; also, a thin, rubber dome that is used as a method of female contraception the largest network of nerves in the body, located behind the stomach the layer of flat cells that lines the blood and lymph vessels, the heart, and other structures in the body the least dangerous form of spina bifida, in which bones in the spine fail to close but there is no protrusion of the spinal cord or its fluid cushion out of the body the loss of hearing that occurs naturally with age the loss of the ability to focus the eyes on near objects that occurs naturally with age, as a result of loss of elasticity of the lens of the eyes the lower part of the spine between the lowest pair of ribs and the pelvis; made up of five vertebrae the lowest rate at which a person can possibly use energy and remain alive; at this rate, only absolutely necessary functions such as breathing are maintained the main artery in the body, carrying oxygenated blood from the heart to other arteries in the body the main artery that supplies blood to the leg the main form of fat in the blood; determining levels of triglyceride is useful in diagnosing and treating diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart disease the main form that glucose, the body’s energy source, takes when it is stored the maximum speed that air is exhaled from the lungs; used to diagnose asthma or to determine the effectiveness of asthma medications the mechanisms that the body uses to keep its fluids close to neutral (neither basic nor acidic) so that the body can function properly the medical term for an earache the medical term for bleeding the medical term for heart muscle the medical term for itching the medical term for lockjaw the medical term for nearsightedness the medical term for suffocation; can be caused by choking on an object, by lack of oxygen in the air, or by chemicals such as carbon monoxide, which reduce the amount of oxygen in the blood the medical term for the collarbone the medical term for the eardrum the medical term for the kneecap the medical term for wetting the bed the membranous sac that covers the heart and the base of the blood vessels that are attached to the heart the monitoring of the heart during strenuous exercise, usually on a treadmill or exercise bicycle, to evaluate how the heart responds to stress the most common cause of breast lumps the most common of a group of disorders known as motor neuron diseases, in which the nerves in the brain that control the movement of muscles degenerate and muscle function is gradually lost; commonly called Lou Gehrig's disease the most serious form of lung cancer the most serious type of skin cancer, in which a mole changes shape, darkens, becomes painful, and/or bleeds easily the muscle (consisting of 4 distinct parts) located at the front of the thigh that straightens the leg the muscles of the upper part of the chest that move the arm across the body, raise some of the ribs, and move the shoulders the narrowing of blood vessels in the legs or arms, causing pain and possibly tissue death (gangrene) as a result of a reduced flow of blood to areas supplied by the narrowed vessels the natural tension in resting muscles the nerves that branch out from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body the normal curling of the toes downward when the sole of the foot is stroked the number of white blood cells in the blood, which is used as a measure of health and possible infection the number of white blood cells present in a blood sample; useful in diagnosing and evaluating various diseases and infections the oily, lubricating substance that is secreted by glands in the skin the opening at the center of the iris in the eye that constricts (contracts) and dilates (widens) in response to light the opening through which feces are passed from the body the orange-yellow pigment in bile, causing jaundice if it builds up in the blood and skin; the levels of bilirubin in the blood are used to diagnose liver disease the organs and structures that allow men and women to have sexual intercourse and produce children the organs that make up the reproductive system the pair of joints located in the pelvis between the sacrum and the hipbones the pair of nerves that carry visual information from the retina to the brain the part of the body between the bottom of the ribs and the top of the thighs, containing most of the digestive and urinary systems along with some reproductive organs the part of the nervous system that controls automatic body functions, such as heart rate, sweating, pupil dilation, and digestion; divided into the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system the passage of a tube into an organ or body structure; commonly used to refer to the passage of a tube down the windpipe for artificial respiration the passage that includes the uterus and vagina through which the baby passes at birth the passageways that air moves through while traveling in and out of the lungs during breathing the passing of feces out of the body through the anus; a bowel movement the passing of traits from parent to child through genes the period of time between fertilization of an egg by a sperm and birth of a baby the placement of semen into a woman's uterus, cervix, or vagina the placenta and membranes that are eliminated from the woman's uterus following the birth of a child the pleura the positive or negative response to a drug that is caused by a person's expectations of a drug rather than the drug itself the presence of an excessive number of fingers or toes the presence of an extra X chromosome in a woman, which may cause some degree of mental retardation the presence of bacterial toxins in the blood the presence of more than one fetus in the uterus, such as occurs with twins the presence of viruses in the blood the presence of white blood cells in the urine; usually an indication of kidney or urinary tract infection the pressure of the fluids within the eye the prevention of pregnancy after sexual intercourse has occurred the procedure used to measure the pressure within the eye; is useful in detecting glaucoma the process by which a woman develops male characteristics; caused by overproduction of male sex hormones the process by which oxygen is taken in and used by tissues in the body and carbon dioxide is released the process by which the body rids itself of waste the process of closing a blood vessel or duct by tying it off the process of making a person less allergic to a substance by injecting gradually increasing amounts of the substance; sometimes done to prevent anaphylactic shock the process of passage of the solvent portion of a lesser-concentrated solution through a semipermeable membrane into a higher-concentrated solution until the two solutions are equal in concentration; plays an important role in water distribution in the body the process through which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the lungs and the air; also refers to the use of a machine to carry out this process in someone who cannot breathe on his or her own the production and development of a disease or disorder the production of pus the pulse rate when a person is not experiencing any physical activity or mental stress the range of doses of a drug that will produce beneficial results without side effects the rate at which the heart pumps blood, measured in the number of heartbeats per minute the realignment of the broken ends of a bone the regulation of the number of children born, referring either to the prevention of pregnancy (by birth control pill, sterilization, etc) or the prevention of birth (by abortion, etc) the replacement of normal kidney structures with scar tissue the rupture of the sac that holds the fluid surrounding the fetus before the full term of pregnancy (about 37 weeks) the science that studies the chemistry of living organisms, including humans the section of the nose that divides the left and right nostrils; made of cartilage and bone and covered by a mucous membrane the sensation of a limb after it has been amputated the separation of the placenta from the wall of the uterus before childbirth, which causes severe bleeding that threatens the life of the mother and the fetus the shrinkage or near disappearance of a tissue or organ the slipping of a vertebra in the spine over the one below it the small cavity between the eardrum and inner ear; contains three tiny, linked bones that transmit sound to the inner ear the smallest free-living microorganisms the smallest particle found in the blood, which plays a major role in forming blood clots the soft tissue inside of a tooth that contains blood vessels and nerves the softening and destruction of bone the space between the two layers of the pleura the speed at which the body uses energy the sticky, brown substance in cigarettes that coats the lungs; causes lung and other cancers the stiffness that occurs in the body after death the stopping of bleeding by the body’s mechanisms the structure at each exit of the four chambers of the heart that allows blood to exit but not to flow back in the structure of bodies; commonly refers to the study of body structure the structure that regulates the heartbeat; a natural "pacemaker" the structures of the body that are responsible for its movement the study of microorganisms the study of the body’s functions the sudden cessation of the heart's pumping action, possibly due to a heart attack, respiratory arrest, electrical shock, extreme cold, blood loss, drug overdose, or a severe allergic reaction the surgical creation of an opening in the abdominal wall into the stomach for drainage or a feeding tube the surgical joining of two or more adjacent vertebrae using bone fragments; used to help severe back pain or prevent damage to the spinal cord the surgical placement of a drainage opening in the bladder the surgical removal of a noncancerous tumor from muscle the surgical removal of diseased tissue the surgical removal of the gallbladder the system of organs and ducts through which bile is made and transported from the liver to the small intestine the tearing or stretching of the ligaments in a joint, characterized by pain, swelling, and an inability to move the joint the temporary disappearance of a disease or its symptoms, either partially or completely; also refers to the time period in which this occurs the temporary narrowing of the airways in the lungs, either as a result of muscle contraction or inflammation; may be caused by asthma, infection, lung disease, or an allergic reaction the tendon at the back of the lower leg that connects the calf muscle to the heel bone the testing of an otherwise healthy person in order to diagnose disorders at an early stage the thick, greasy substance that covers the skin of a newborn baby the thicker of the two long bones in the lower leg; commonly called the shin the throat; the tube connecting the back of the mouth and nose to the esophagus and windpipe the time it takes for a sample of blood to clot after substances that speed clotting time have been added; used to measure the effect of anticoagulants the time period after childbirth (about 6 weeks) during which a woman's body returns to its normal physical state the time period between when an infectious organism enters the body and when symptoms occur the tiny filtering units of the kidney the tissue covering bones, except the surfaces in joints the transfer of blood or any of its parts to a person who has lost blood due to an injury, disease, or operation the tubal structure (consisting of two arteries and one vein) that connects the fetus to the placenta, supplying the fetus with oxygen and nutrients and removing some waste products the tube located along the back of an embryo that later develops into the spinal cord and brain the tube that connects the middle ear and the back of the nose, draining the middle ear and regulating air pressure the two pairs of skinfolds that protect the opening of the vagina the two soft spots on a baby’s scalp that are the result of gaps in the skull where bones have not yet fused the two upper chambers of the heart; the singular form is atrium the unexpected, sudden death of an apparently healthy baby, the cause of which cannot be found; also called crib death the use of a thin, hollow needle and syringe to remove body fluid for examination the use of an instrument that cups the baby's head (called an obstetric forceps), to help deliver a baby the use of an instrument to record or listen to a fetus' heartbeat during pregnancy and labor the use of artificial means to start the process of childbirth the use of drugs or radiation therapy in the treatment of cancer along with surgery the use of heat, an electric current, or a chemical to destroy tissue or stop bleeding the use of natural or artificial hormones to treat hormone deficiencies the use of surgery to make a damaged blood vessel function properly again; may involve widening or reconstructing the blood vessel the use of tension to hold a body part in place or to correct or prevent an alignment problem the usual, head-first presentation of the fetus during delivery the valve in the heart that allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, but prevents blood from flowing back in the valve located between the two left chambers of the heart (the left atrium and the left ventricle) thearubigin - (pronounced) (dee-uh-ROO-bih-jin) A substance produced when green tea is fermented into black tea. It is being studied to treat cancer and other conditions such as high cholesterol. therapeutic - (pronounced) (THAYR-uh-PYOO-tik) Dealing with treating disease and promoting healing therapeutic angiotensin-(1-7) - (pronounced) (THAYR-uh-PYOO-tik AN-jee-oh-TEN-sin. therapeutic touch - (pronounced) (THAYR-uh-PYOO-tik cloth) A form of complementary and alternative medicine based on the belief that life energy flows through the human body. This energy is said to be balanced or enhanced when practitioners run their hands over or gently touch a patient's body. thermal ablation - (pronounced) (THER-mul a-BLAY-shun) A procedure that uses heat to remove tissue or part of the body or destroy its function. For example, to remove the lining of the uterus, a catheter is inserted through the cervix into the uterus, a balloon at the end of the catheter is inflated thiazide diuretic - (pronounced) (THY-uh-zide DY-yoo-REH-tik) type of drug used to treat high blood pressure, edema (extra fluid in tissues), and other conditions. Thiazide diuretics cause the kidneys to produce more urine, which allows the body to get rid of excess fluid and salt thick, sticky, greenish-brown stool passed by a postmature fetus, or one experiencing fetal distress, into the amniotic fluid, or by an infant during the first couple of days after birth thin, flexible instruments that transmit light and images, allowing structures inside of the body to be viewed thiotepa - (pronounced) (THY-oh-TEH-phew) drug used to treat certain types of bladder cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer and malignant effusion (a condition in which cancer causes an abnormal amount of fluid to collect in cavities or between tissues in the body). It is also being studied in the t third molar - The last tooth to erupt at the back of each side of the upper and lower jaw. Third molars usually come out between the ages of 17 and 23, but not everyone has them. thoracic gangectasia - (pronounced) (brest duct ek-TAY-zhuh) benign (non-cancerous) condition in which a milk duct under the nipple widens and thickens. This can cause the milk duct to become blocked and fluid to build up in it. thoracic surgical oncologist - (pronounced) (thor-A-sik SER-jih-kul on-KAH-loh-jist) A surgeon who has special training in operating on tumors in the breast thoracoscope - (pronounced) (Thor-A-Koh scope) A thin, tubular instrument used to examine the inside of the breast. A thoracoscope has a light and lens for viewing and may have a tool for removing tissue thoracoscopy - (pronounced) (THOR-uh-KOS-koh-pee) Examination of the inside of the chest with a thoracoscope. A thoracoscope is a thin, tubular instrument with a light and lens for viewing. thoracotomy - (pronounced) (THOR-uh-KAH-toh-mee) An operation to open the chest throat - (pronounced) (FAYR inx) The hollow tube in the throat that begins behind the nose and ends at the top of the windpipe (trachea) and esophagus (the tube that leads to the stomach). The pharynx is about 5 cm long, depending on body size. throat cancer - (pronounced) (throte KAN-ser) Cancer that forms in the tissues of the pharynx (the hollow tube in the throat that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the windpipe and esophagus). Laryngeal cancer includes cancer of the nasopharynx (the upper part of the throat behind the no thrombectomy - (pronounced) (throm-BEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove a thrombus (blood clot) from a blood vessel thrombohaemorrhagic event - (pronounced) (THROM-boh-HEH-muh-RA-jik eh-VENT) A process that involves either a blood clot or bleeding, such as B. a heart attack or stroke thrombosis - (pronounced) (throm-BOH-sis) The formation or presence of a thrombus (blood clot) in a blood vessel through the skin thymus - (pronounced) (Thymus) An organ that is part of the lymphatic system where T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus gland is located in the chest behind the breastbone thyroid - (pronounced) (THY-royd. thyroid cancer - (pronounced) (THY-royd KAN-ser) Cancer that forms in the thyroid (an organ at the base of the neck that produces hormones that help control heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature and weight). Four main types of thyroid cancer are papillary, follicular, medullary and anaplastic thyroid cartilage - (pronounced) (THY-royd KAR-tih-lij) The tough, flexible tissue that makes up the front part of the larynx (larynx). It supports and protects the vocal cords and helps create the sound of a person's voice. thyroid doctor - (pronounced) (THY-roy-DAH-loh-jist) A doctor who has special training in the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid disorders thyroid follicular cell - (pronounced) (THY-royd fuh-LIH-kyoo-ler sel) A cell type in the thyroid. Thyroid follicular cells produce thyroid hormones tiazofurin - (pronounced) (ty-A-zoh-FYOOR-in) A cancer drug being studied to stop cells from growing tightness of the foreskin, which prevents it from being moved back over the head of the penis tin ethyletiopurpurine - (pronounced) (tin EH-thul EE-tee-oh-PUR-pyoo-rin) cancer drug that is also used in cancer prevention. It belongs to the photosensitizer family. tiny structures in the skin that secrete sweat tiny, hairlike structures on the outside of some cells, providing mobility tipifarnib - (pronounced) (Tih-Pee-FAR-Feather) A substance being studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and other types of cancer. It belongs to the family of farnesyl transferase inhibitors. tipranavir sodium - (pronounced) (tih-PRA-nuh-veer SOH-dee-um) A drug used with another drug, ritonavir, to treat patients infected with HIV (the virus that causes AIDS) who have been treated with other anti-HIV drugs. Tipranavir sodium stops the HIV virus from making copies of itself. tirapazamine - (pronounced) (TEER-uh-PA-zuh-meen) A substance that has been studied to treat some types of cancer. It can damage DNA in cells with low oxygen levels, including cancer cells. tiredness (LA-sih-tood) A feeling of tiredness, weakness, and disinterest in everyday activities tisagenlecleucel - (pronounced) (TIH-suh-jen-LEK-loo-sel) drug used to treat adults with certain types of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and people up to 25 years of age with certain types of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. tisotumab vedotin - (pronounced) (ty-SOH-too-mab Veh-DOH-tin) drug used to treat adults with cervical cancer that has come back or spread. It is used in patients whose cancer has gotten worse during or after chemotherapy. tissue death due to lack of blood supply tissue fluid - (pronounced) (TIH-scare FLOO-id) Fluid found in the spaces around the cells. It comes from substances leaking from the blood capillaries (the smallest type of blood vessel). tivozanib hydrochloride - (pronounced) (ty-VOH-zuh-nib HY-droh-KLOR-ide) drug used to treat adults with advanced renal cell carcinoma (a type of kidney cancer). It is used in patients whose cancer has come back (came back) or has not improved after treatment with at least two other systemic therapie to scan - (pronounced) (scan) type of test that takes detailed pictures of areas in the body. A scan can also refer to the picture taken during the test. to trust - (pronounced) (to trust) A legal document in which a person specifies what is to be done with their property after death. There are many types of trust, and a trust can replace a will tobacco-specific nitrosamine - (pronounced) (tuh-BA-koh-speh-SIH-fik ny-TROH-suh-meen) type of harmful, carcinogenic chemical found in tobacco and tobacco smoke. Tobacco-specific nitrosamines are formed when tobacco leaves are grown, dried, aged, and processed. together (joyfully) In medicine, the place where two or more bones join. Examples are shoulder, elbow, knee and jaw tongue cancer - (pronounced) (tung KAN-ser) Cancer that starts in the tongue. When the cancer starts in the front two-thirds of the tongue, it is considered a type of oral cancer; If the cancer starts in the back third of the tongue, it is considered a type of oropharyngeal or throat cancer topical chemotherapy - (pronounced) (TAH-pih-kul KEE-moh-THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment with cancer drugs in a lotion or cream that is applied to the skin topotecan hydrochloride - (pronounced) (toh-poh-TEE-kan HY-droh-KLOR-ide) medicine used alone or with other medicines to treat certain types of ovarian cancer, small cell lung cancer and cervical cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. toremifene citrate - (pronounced) (tor-EH-mih-feen SIH tray) drug used to treat postmenopausal women with breast cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It is used in patients whose cancer is estrogen receptor positive (ER+) or when it is not known whether the cancer is ER+ or estrogen re total androgen blockade - (pronounced) (TOH-tul AN-droh-jen blah-KAYD) Treatment to block androgen (male hormone) activity in the body. This can be done by giving an antiandrogen drug and removing the testicles (orchiectomy), or by giving an antiandrogen drug with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (G total estrogen blockade - (pronounced) (TOH-tul ES-truh-jin bla-KAYD) Therapy to eliminate estrogen in the body. This can be done through surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these procedures total hysterectomy - (pronounced) (TOH-tul HIS-teh-REK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove the uterus and cervix. The ovaries and fallopian tubes can also be removed. total laryngectomy - (pronounced) (TOH-tul LAYR-in-JEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove the entire larynx (voice box) total mastectomy - (pronounced) (TOH-tul ma-STEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove the entire breast, which may include the nipple, areola (the dark skin around the nipple), and the skin over the breast. Some of the lymph nodes under the arm may also be removed to check for cancer. total nodal irradiation - (pronounced) (TOH-tul NOH-dul ih-RAY-dee-AY-avoid) Irradiation of the mantle field, the spleen, the lymph nodes in the upper abdomen and the lymph nodes in the pelvic area total pancreatectomy - (pronounced) (TOH-tul PAN-kree-uh-TEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove the entire pancreas. Part of the stomach, part of the small intestine, common bile duct, gallbladder, spleen, and nearby lymph nodes are also removed total parenteral nutrition - (pronounced) (TOH-tul puh-REN-teh-rul noo-TRIH-avoid) form of nutrition delivered into a vein. With total parenteral nutrition, the digestive system is not used. totipotent - (pronounced) (toh-tih-puh tent) To do with cells that can develop into any type of cell found in the body toxicity - (pronounced) (tok-SIH-sih-tea) The extent to which something is toxic or harmful trabectedin - (pronounced) (true-BEK-teh-din) A drug used to treat liposarcoma and leiomyosarcoma (types of soft tissue sarcoma) that cannot be surgically removed or that have spread to other parts of the body. It is used in patients who have already been treated with other anticancer medicines. trabecular cancer - (pronounced) (truh-BEH-kyoo-ler KAN-ser) A rare type of cancer that forms on or just under the skin, usually in parts of the body that have been exposed to the sun. It is most common in older people and in people with weakened immune systems. trace element - (pronounced) (shells EH-leh-ment) An element found in very small amounts in a given substance. Organisms need certain trace elements to survive tracers - (pronounced) (TRAY ser) A substance (such as a radioisotope) used in imaging techniques trachea - (pronounced) (Windpipe) The airways leading from the larynx (larynx) to the bronchi (large airways leading to the lungs). Also called trachea tracheobronchial tumor - (pronounced) (TRAY-kee-oh-BRON-kee-ul TOO-mer) tumor that starts in cells lining the trachea (windpipe) or bronchi (large airways of the lungs). Tracheobronchial tumors are rare and can occur in both children and adults. tracheoesophageal puncture - (pronounced) (TRAY-kee-oh-ee-SAH-fuh-JEE-ul-PUNK-cher) small opening made by a surgeon between the esophagus and trachea. A valve keeps food out of the windpipe but allows air into the esophagus for esophageal speech tracheostomy tube - (pronounced) (track. track (FAH-loh-up) Monitoring a person's health over time after treatment. This includes monitoring the health of individuals participating in a clinical study or clinical trial for a period of time, both during the study and after the study has ended traditional acupuncture - (pronounced) (Truh-DIH-shuh-nul AK-yoo-PUNK-cher) An ancient form of acupuncture based on the principle that there are five universal elements (wood, fire, earth, metal, and water) that affect a person's emotions, personality, health, and response to treatment. Each person traditional replacement - (pronounced) (true-DIH-shuh-nul SER-uh-good) woman who carries and gives birth to a baby for a person who cannot bear children. The woman who is the traditional surrogate mother can either become pregnant through artificial insemination using sperm from a sperm donor, or he trametinib dimethyl sulfoxide - (pronounced) (truh-MEH-tih-nib dy-MEH-thul sul-FOK page) drug used alone or with dabrafenib to treat certain types of anaplastic thyroid cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, melanoma, and other solid tumors that have a specific mutation (change) in the BRAF gene. It is trans fat - (pronounced) (trance fat) type of fat with specific chemical properties that is typically found in processed foods such as baked goods, snack foods, fried foods, shortening, margarine, and certain vegetable oils. Eating trans fats increases blood cholesterol and the risk of heart disease transabdominal ultrasound - (pronounced) (TRANZ-from-DAH-mih-nul UL-truh-sown) A procedure for examining the organs in the abdomen. An ultrasound transducer (probe) is pressed firmly against the abdominal skin. transarterial chemoembolization - (pronounced) (tranz-ar-TEER-ee-ul KEE-moh-EM-boh-lih-ZAY-shun) procedure in which the blood supply to a tumor is blocked after anti-cancer drugs have been injected into blood vessels near the tumor. Sometimes the cancer drugs are attached to small beads that are inj transarterial embolization - (pronounced) (tranz-ar-TEER-ee-ul EM-boh-lih-ZAY-shun) procedure in which the blood supply to a tumor or abnormal area of tissue is blocked. In trans-arterial embolization, a small incision (cut) is made on the inner thigh and a catheter (thin, flexible tube) is inserted transcription - (pronounced) (avoid trans-SKRIP) In biology, the process by which a cell makes an RNA copy of a piece of DNA. This copy of RNA, called messenger RNA (mRNA), carries the genetic information needed to make proteins in a cell. transcriptomics - (pronounced) (trans-crip-TOH-mix) The study of all RNA molecules in a cell. RNA is copied from pieces of DNA and contains information to make proteins and perform other important functions in the cell. transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation - (pronounced) (tranz-kyoo-TAY-nee-us ee-LEK-trih-kul nerv STIM-yoo-LAY-shun) A procedure in which weak electric currents are applied to certain parts of the skin. Also called TENS transdermal - (pronounced) (trance-THE-mul) Absorbed through unbroken skin transfusion - (pronounced) (tranz-FYOO-zhun) A procedure in which whole blood or part of the blood is introduced into a patient's bloodstream through a vein. The blood may have been donated by someone else or collected from the patient and stored until needed. transgender - (pronounced) (tranz-JEN-der) term used to describe a person whose gender identity differs from the gender assigned at birth. For example, a transgender person who was assigned a female at birth may identify as male, a combination of male and female, or neither transgenic mice - (pronounced) (trans-JEH-nik. transient leukemia - (pronounced) (TRAN-zee-ent loo-KEE-mee-uh) disease of the bone marrow that can occur in newborn babies with Down syndrome. It is characterized by abnormal, immature haematopoietic cells in the blood and bone marrow (particularly the cells involved in the formation of platelets). transient myeloproliferative disorder - (pronounced) (TRAN-zee-ent MY-eh-loh-proh-LIH-feh-ruh-tiv dis-OR-der) disease of the bone marrow that can occur in newborn babies with Down syndrome. It is characterized by abnormal, immature haematopoietic cells in the blood and bone marrow (particularly the transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 6 - (pronounced) (TRAN-zee-ent reh-SEP-ter poh-TEN-shul KA-ty-on CHA-nul sub-FA-mih-lee …) A protein found in cell membranes that transports calcium into cells. Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 6 levels transition cell - (pronounced) (tran-ZIH-shuh-nul sel) cell that is shaped differently depending on whether the tissue is stretched. Transitional cells can be stretched without breaking apart. translation - (pronounced) (trans-LAY-shun) In biology, the process by which a cell makes proteins using the genetic information contained in messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA is made by copying DNA, and the information it contains tells the cell how to join amino acids together to form proteins translational research - (pronounced) (trans-LAY-shuh-nul REE-serch) A term used to describe the process by which the results of research conducted in the laboratory are used to develop new ways of diagnosing and treating disease translocation - (pronounced) (TRANZ-loh-KAY-shy) A genetic change in which a piece of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome. Sometimes parts of two different chromosomes swap places. transoral robotic surgery - (pronounced) (TRANZ-or-ul roh-BAH-tik SER-juh-ree) Surgery that uses a robot with arms to remove cancer from hard-to-reach areas of the mouth and throat. Cameras attached to the robot provide a three-dimensional (3D) image for a surgeon to see. transperineal biopsy - (pronounced) (TRANZ-PAYR-ih-NEE-ul BY-op-see) A procedure in which a sample of tissue is taken from the prostate for examination under a microscope. The sample is taken with a thin needle inserted into the prostate through the skin between the scrotum and the rectum transperineal template-guided prostate mapping biopsy - (pronounced) (TRANZ-payr-ih-NEE-ul TEM-plut-GY-ded PROS-tayt MA-ping BY-op-see) procedure being studied for diagnosing prostate cancer and planning treatment for prostate cancer. Ultrasound is used to create a map of the prostate so that the en transplant - (pronounced) (avoid tranz-plan-TAY) A surgical procedure in which tissue or an organ is transferred from one area of a person's body to another area or from one person (the donor) to another person (the recipient) transrectal biopsy - (pronounced) (tranz-REK-tul BY-op-see) A procedure in which a sample of tissue is taken from the prostate using a thin needle that is inserted through the rectum and into the prostate. Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) is usually used to guide the needle. transrectal ultrasound - (pronounced) (tranz-REK-tul UL-truh-sown) A procedure in which a probe that emits high-energy sound waves is inserted into the rectum. The sound waves are reflected from internal tissues or organs and create echoes. transsphenoidal surgery - (pronounced) (TRANS-sfee-NOY-dul SER-juh-ree) type of surgery in which instruments are inserted through the nose and sphenoid sinus (a cavity in a bone in the nose) to remove tumors located in or near the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland is a pea-sized organ located at transurethral biopsy - (pronounced) (TRANZ-yoo-REE-thrul BY-op-see) A procedure in which a sample of tissue is taken from the prostate for examination under a microscope. A thin, lighted tube is inserted through the urethra into the prostate, and a small piece of tissue is removed with a cutting loo transurethral electrovaporization of the prostate - (pronounced) (TRANZ-yoo-REE-thrul ee-LEK-troh-VAY-per-ih-ZAY-shun. transurethral incision of the prostate - (pronounced) (TRANZ-yoo-REE-thrul in-SIH-zhun. transurethral microwave thermotherapy - (pronounced) (TRANZ-yoo-REE-thrul MY-kroh-WAYV THER-moh-THAYR-uh-pee) A procedure to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). An instrument is inserted through the urethra into the bladder. transurethral needle ablation - (pronounced) (TRANZ-yoo-REE-thrul NEE-dul a-BLAY-avoid) procedure to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). An instrument with a small probe that emits low-level radiofrequency energy is inserted through the urethra into the prostate. transurethral radiofrequency ablation - (pronounced) (TRANZ-yoo-REE-thrul RAY-dee-oh-FREE-kwen-see a-BLAY-shun) A procedure to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). An instrument with a small probe that emits low-level radiofrequency energy is inserted through the urethra into the prostate. transurethral resection - (pronounced) (TRANZ-yoo-REE-thrul ree-SEK-avoid) Surgery performed with a special instrument inserted through the urethra. Also called DOOR transurethral resection of the prostate - (pronounced) (TRANZ-yoo-REE-thrul ree-SEK-avoid. transvaginal sonography - (pronounced) (tranz-VA-jih-nul soh-NAH-gruh fee) A procedure to examine the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries and bladder. An instrument is inserted into the vagina that causes sound waves to bounce off organs in the pelvis. transvaginal ultrasound - (pronounced) (tranz-VA-jih-nul UL-truh-sown) procedure to examine the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries and bladder. An instrument is inserted into the vagina that causes sound waves to bounce off organs in the pelvis. transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap - (pronounced) (TRANZ-verse REK-tus ab-DAH-mih-nis MY-oh-kyoo-TAY-nee-us …) type of surgery used to restore the shape of the breast after a mastectomy. A muscle in the lower abdomen called the rectus abdominis is moved along with skin, fat, and blood ves trauma - (pronounced) (TRAW-moo) Injury to the body or an event that causes long-lasting mental or emotional damage treating doctor (uh-TEN-thing fih-ZIH-avoid) physician responsible for the overall care of a patient in a hospital or clinic. A treating physician may also supervise and teach medical students, interns, and residents involved in the patient's care treatment cycle - (pronounced) (TREEET-ment SY-kul) A period of treatment followed by a period of rest (no treatment) that is repeated periodically. For example, a one-week treatment followed by a three-week break is a treatment cycle. treatment for an injury or illness aimed at restoring physical abilities treatment for dehydration (an abnormally low level of water in the body) in which levels are restored by taking fluids containing water, salt, and glucose by mouth or, if severe, through a vein treatment given either to fight a person's dependence on alcohol or other drugs or to rid the body of a poisonous substance and its effects treatment of disease by surgically removing all tissue that is or may be affected treatment that relieves the symptoms of a disorder without curing it treatment to help someone overcome a problem communicating verbally treatment to relearn physical skills lost as a result of an illness or accident treatment with synthetic estrogen drugs to relieve symptoms of menopause and to help protect women against osteoporosis and heart disease trepan - (pronounced) (BAUM-fine) surgical tool used to cut out circular pieces of bone or other tissue tributyrin - (pronounced) (Try-BYOO-tuh-rin) A triglyceride drug that can inhibit cell growth and induce cell differentiation. Differentiating agents can be effective in converting cancer cells into normal cells triptorelin - (pronounced) (TRIP-toh-REH-lin) drug used to treat advanced prostate cancer and being studied to treat breast cancer. It belongs to the family of hormone drugs called gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues. trophoblast - (pronounced) (TROH-foh-BLAST) A thin layer of cells that helps a developing embryo attach to the wall of the uterus, protects the embryo, and forms part of the placenta tropomyosin receptor kinase protein family - (pronounced) (TROH-poh-MY-oh-sin reh-SEP-ter KY-nays PROH-teen FA-mih-lee) family of proteins found on nerve cells. They are involved in cell signaling pathways that control cell growth, cell maturation, and cell survival. true histiocytic lymphoma - A rare, very aggressive (rapidly growing) form of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (cancer that starts in the cells of the immune system). It is characterized by large, abnormal lymph cells that do not look like T cells or B cells true lavender - plant with aromatic leaves and flowers that belongs to the mint family. Oil from the flowers has been used in some cultures to treat certain medicinal problems, keep insects away, and wash away. tubal cancer (fuh-LOH-pee-in … KAN-ser) Cancer that forms in the tissue that lines the fallopian tube (one of two long, slender tubes that connect the ovaries with the connect uterus). The cancer sometimes starts at the end of the fallopian tube near the ovary and spreads to the ovary. tubal ligation - (pronounced) (TOO-bully-GAY-avoid) An operation to close the fallopian tubes. This procedure prevents pregnancy by blocking the passage of eggs from the ovaries to the uterus tube feeding - (pronounced) (toob-FEES-thing) A method of administering medication and liquids, including liquid foods, through a small tube inserted through the nose or mouth into the stomach or small intestine. Sometimes the tube is inserted into the stomach or small intestine through an incision tuberous sclerosis - (pronounced) (TOO-ber-us skleh-ROH-sis) A genetic disorder in which tumors form in the kidneys, brain, eyes, heart, lungs and skin. This disease can cause seizures, intellectual disabilities, and various types of skin lesions tubulovillous adenoma - (pronounced) (TOO-byoo-loh-VIH-lus A-deh-NOH-muh) A type of polyp that grows in the colon and elsewhere in the gastrointestinal tract and sometimes other parts of the body. These adenomas can become malignant (cancer) tucatinib - (pronounced) (too-KA-tih-nib) drug used with trastuzumab and capecitabine to treat adults with HER2-positive breast cancer that is advanced and cannot be surgically removed or has spread to other parts of the body, including the brain. It is used in patients whose cancer has already been tufted angioma - (pronounced) (TUF-ted AN-jee-OH-moo) rare, benign (noncancerous) blood vessel tumor that usually forms on the skin of the arms and legs but can also form in deeper tissues such as muscles and bones. Clustered angiomas grow slowly and can spread to nearby tissue. tui na - (pronounced) (twee-nah) Chinese massage where the body is kneaded, pressed, rolled, shaken and stretched. Tuina is said to regulate Qi (life energy) and blood flow and improve the function of tendons, bones and joints tumescent mastectomy - (pronounced) (to-MEH-sent ma-STEK-toh-mee) type of breast removal surgery. A liquid mixture of salts and small amounts of two drugs is injected into the chest. tumor - (pronounced) (TOO-mer) An abnormal mass of tissue that results when cells grow and divide more than they should or don't die when they should. Tumors can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer). tumor burden - (pronounced) (TOO-mer vein) Refers to the number of cancer cells, the size of a tumor, or the amount of cancer in the body. Also called tumor burden tumor grade - (pronounced) (TOO-mer grey) A description of a tumor based on how abnormal the cancer cells and tissue look under a microscope and how fast the cancer cells are likely to grow and spread. Low-grade cancer cells look more like normal cells and tend to grow and spread more slowly than hi tumor initiation - (pronounced) (TOO-mer ih-NIH-shee-AY-shun) A process in which normal cells are altered so that they can form tumors. Carcinogenic substances can be tumor initiators tumor marker - (pronounced) (TOO-mer MAR-ker) substance found in tissue, blood, bone marrow or other body fluids that can be a sign of cancer or certain benign (noncancerous) diseases. Many tumor markers are proteins made by both normal cells and cancer cells, but they are made in greater amounts by tumor microenvironment - (pronounced) (TOO-mer MY-kroh-en-VY-run-ment) The normal cells, molecules, and blood vessels that surround and nourish a tumor cell. A tumor can change its microenvironment, and the microenvironment can affect how a tumor grows and spreads tumor model - (pronounced) (TOO-mer MAH-dul) Cells, tissues, or animals used to study the development and progression of cancer and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human tumors or other tissues are referred to as xenograft models tumor protein p53 gene - (pronounced) (TOO-mer PROH-teen. tumor suppressor gene - (pronounced) (TOO-mer suh-PREH-ser jeen) type of gene that makes a protein called tumor suppressor protein that helps control cell growth. Mutations (changes in DNA) in tumor suppressor genes can lead to cancer. tumor volume - (pronounced) (TOO-mer VOL-yoom) The size of a cancer is measured by the space occupied by the tumor. For example, in prostate cancer, tumor volume is the percentage of the prostate occupied by the tumor tumour-infiltrating lymphocyte - (pronounced) (TOO-mer-IN-fil-TRAY-ting LIM-foh-site) type of immune cell that has migrated from the blood into a tumor. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes can recognize and kill cancer cells. tumour-specific antigen - (pronounced) (TOO-mer-speh-SIH-fik AN-tih-jen) protein or other molecule found only on cancer cells and not on normal cells. Tumor-specific antigens can help the body mount an immune response against cancer cells. twins that develop from two different eggs fertilized by two different sperm; are not identical twisting and obstruction of an area of intestine two almond-shaped glands located at the opening of the fallopian tubes on both sides of the uterus; produce eggs and the sex hormones estrogen and progesterone two ligaments in the knee that cross each other and help stabilize the knee joint two pea-sized glands that, when sexually aroused, release a fluid that lubricates the vagina two small glands located at the opening of the vagina that secrete a lubricating fluid during sexual stimulation two small glands located on top of the kidneys that secrete several important hormones into the blood two strips of tissue in the voice box that have the ability to produce sound when air passing through them causes the tissues to vibrate two tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder u-plasminogen activator - (pronounced) (u-plaz-MIH-noh-jen AK-tih-vay-ter) An enzyme produced in the kidney and found in urine. A form of this enzyme is made in the laboratory and used to break up blood clots or prevent them from forming. uPA - An enzyme produced in the kidney and found in urine. A form of this enzyme is made in the laboratory and used to break up blood clots or prevent them from forming. ubiquinone - (pronounced) (yoo-BIH-kwih-NONE) nutrient that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Ubiquinone helps mitochondria (small structures in the cell) make energy. ulcers - (pronounced) (avoid UL-seh-RAY) The formation of a fracture on the skin or on the surface of an organ. An ulcer forms when the surface cells die and are shed. ultra light cigarette - (pronounced) (UL-truh lite SIH-guh-ret) type of cigarette claimed to release less tobacco tar when smoked than a regular or low-tar cigarette. Ultralight cigarettes have not been shown to be any safer than regular cigarettes, and smoking them does not reduce the risk of cance ultrasonic energy - (pronounced) (UL-truh-sown EH-ner-jee) form of therapy being studied as a cancer treatment. Amplified ultrasound energy can be aimed at cancer cells to heat and kill them ultrasound-guided biopsy - (pronounced) (UL-truh-sownd-GY-ded BY-op-see) A biopsy procedure that uses an ultrasound imaging machine to find an abnormal area of tissue and guide its removal for examination under a microscope ultraviolet A radiation - (pronounced) (UL-truh-VY-oh-let A RAY-dee-AY-shun) Invisible rays that are part of the energy that comes from the sun. Ultraviolet A radiation also comes from sunlamps and solariums. ultraviolet B radiation - (pronounced) (UL-truh-VY-oh-let-B RAY-dee-AY-shun) Invisible rays that are part of the energy that comes from the sun. Ultraviolet B radiation causes sunburn, darkening and thickening of the outer layer of skin, melanoma and other types of skin cancer. ultraviolet C radiation - (pronounced) (UL-truh-VY-oh-lets-shun C RAY-dee-AY) Invisible rays that are part of the energy that comes from the sun. Most of the sun's ultraviolet C radiation is blocked from the earth's surface by the ozone layer. unclassified sarcoma - (pronounced) (un-UCK-fide sar-KOH-moo) group of rare cancers that don't look like other types of sarcoma under a microscope and can be difficult to diagnose. They usually form in the muscles that are attached to bones and help the body move. unclassified variant - (pronounced) (un-UCK-fide VAYR-ee-unt) change in the DNA sequence of a gene that has an unknown effect on a person's health. There is usually not enough information about an unclassified variant to know whether it increases a person's risk of developing a disease, such as canc uncomfortable symptoms brought on by overeating or eating spicy, rich, or fatty foods; characterized by heartburn, pain in the abdomen, nausea, and gas, and can be more serious if recurrent uncontrolled study - (pronounced) (UN-kun-TROLD CHAIR-dee) A clinical trial that lacks a comparison (ie, control) group unconventional cancer treatments - (pronounced) (UN-kun-VEN-shuh-nul KAN-ser TREET-mente) Approaches that use substances or methods to treat cancer whose effectiveness has been proven by accepted scientific methods, such as B. carefully designed clinical trials, has not been demonstrated undescended testicles - (pronounced) (UN-deh-SEN-ded TES-tih-kuls) A condition in which one or both testicles cannot move from the abdomen, where they developed before birth, into the scrotum. Undescended testicles can increase the risk of developing testicular cancer. undifferentiated - (pronounced) (un-DIH-feh-REN-shee-AY-ted) A term used to describe cells or tissues that do not have specialized ("mature") structures or functions. Undifferentiated cancer cells often grow and spread rapidly undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma - (pronounced) (un-DIH-feh-REN-shee-AY-ted PLEE-oh-MOR-fik sar-KOH-muh) type of cancer that usually forms in soft tissue but can also form in bone. It can appear anywhere on the body, but it usually occurs in the legs (particularly the thighs), the arms, or the b undifferentiated sarcoma - (pronounced) (un-DIH-feh-REN-shee-AY-ted sar-KOH-muh) group of rare cancers that don't look like other types of sarcoma under a microscope and can be difficult to diagnose. They usually form in the muscles that are attached to bones and help the body move. unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy - (pronounced) (YOO-nih-LA-teh-rul sal-PIN-goh-oh-oh-foh-REK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove the ovaries and fallopian tubes on one side of the body unresectable gallbladder cancer - (pronounced) (UN-ree-SEC-tuh-bul GAWL-bla-der KAN-ser) Cancer that has spread to tissues around the gallbladder (such as the liver, stomach, pancreas, intestine, or surrounding lymph nodes) that cannot be surgically removed unusually low blood pressure that occurs after suddenly standing or sitting up upper GI series - (pronounced) (UH-per. upper endoscopy - (pronounced) (UH-per en-DOS-koh-pee) Examination of the inside of the stomach with an endoscope passed through the mouth and esophagus. An endoscope is a thin, tubular instrument with a light and lens for viewing. upper limb - (pronounced) (UH-per ek-STREH-mih-tee) The part of the body that includes the arm, wrist, and hand upregulation - (pronounced) (UP-reh-gyoo-LAY-avoid) In biology, the process by which a cell increases its response to a substance or signal from outside the cell to perform a specific function. For example, a cell can increase the number or activity of protein receptors or other molecules on its sur urachus - (pronounced) (YOO-rah-kus) A fibrous cord connecting the urinary bladder to the umbilicus (navel). The urachus is formed as an allantoic stalk during fetal development and persists throughout life. uracil - (pronounced) (YOOR-uh-sil) A chemical compound used to make one of the building blocks of RNA. It's a type of pyrimidine uric acid - (pronounced) (YOO-rik A-sid) A waste product left over from normal chemical processes in the body and found in urine and blood. Abnormal buildup of uric acid in the body can cause a condition called gout. urinalysis - (pronounced) (YOOR-ih-NA-lih-sis) A test that determines the content of urine urinary diversion - (pronounced) (YOOR-ih-NAYR-ee dih-VER-zhun) surgical procedure to find a new route for urine to exit the body. It may involve diverting urine to the colon, using catheters to drain the bladder, or making an opening in the abdomen and collecting urine in a bag outside the body urinary incontinence - (pronounced) (YOOR-ih-NAYR-ee in-KON-tih-nents) Inability to hold urine in the bladder urinary retention - (pronounced) (YOOR-ih-NAYR-ee reh-TEN-avoid) condition in which urine cannot be emptied from the bladder. Urinary retention can be acute and develop very quickly, or it can be chronic and occur over a long period of time. urinary system - (pronounced) (YOOR-ih-NAYR-ee SIS-tem) The organs that produce urine and remove it from the body. The urinary system is divided into two parts. urinary tract - (pronounced) (YOOR-ih-NAYR-ee tract) The organs that produce urine and remove it from the body. The urinary tract is divided into two parts. urinary tract infection - (pronounced) (YOOR-ih-NAYR-ee trakt in-FEK-shun) condition in which bacteria invade and grow in the urinary tract (kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra). Most UTIs occur in the bladder or urethra. urination or a sleep-disturbing need to urinate during the night urine - (pronounced) (YOOR in) Liquid containing water and waste products. Urine is produced by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and exits the body through the urethra urine culture - (pronounced) (YOOR-in KUL-cher) A laboratory test to check for bacteria, yeast, or other microorganisms in the urine. Urine cultures can help identify the type of microorganism that is causing an infection. urine cytology - (pronounced) (YOOR-in sy-TAH-loh-jee) Tests done on cells in the urine to detect diseases urokinase - (pronounced) (YOOR-oh-KY-no) An enzyme produced in the kidney and found in urine. A form of this enzyme is made in the laboratory and used to break up blood clots or prevent them from forming. urokinase plasminogen activator - (pronounced) (YOOR-oh-KY-nays-plaz-MIH-noh-jen AK-tih-vay-ter) An enzyme produced in the kidney and found in urine. A form of this enzyme is made in the laboratory and used to break up blood clots or prevent them from forming. urological oncologist - (pronounced) (YOOR-uh-LAH-jik on-KAH-loh-jist) A doctor who has specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of cancers of the male and female urinary tract and male reproductive system urostomy - (pronounced) (yoo-ROS-toh-mee) Surgery to create an opening from the inside of the body to the outside, creating a new way to urinate urothelial cancer - (pronounced) (YOOR-oh-THEE-lee-ul KAN-ser) Cancer that starts in cells called urothelial cells, which line the urethra, bladder, ureters, renal pelvis, and some other organs. Urothelial cells are also called transitional cells. urothelium - (pronounced) (yoo-raw-THE-lee-um) The lining of the urinary tract, including the renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, and urethra use of blood tests to match up DNA or specific blood proteins to determine whether a man is the father of a child uterine sarcoma - (pronounced) (YOO-teh-rin sar-KOH-moo) A rare form of uterine cancer that forms in the muscle or other tissues of the uterus (the small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis where a fetus develops). It usually occurs after menopause. uvea - (pronounced) (YOO-vee-uh) The middle layer of the wall of the eye. The uvea has 3 main parts: (1) the choroid (the layer of tissue filled with blood vessels) ; (2) the ciliary body (the ring of tissue that contains muscles that change the shape of the lens and make the clear fluid that fills uvula - (pronounced) (PA-luh-teen YOO-vyoo-luh) The soft flap of tissue that hangs down at the back of the mouth (at the edge of the soft palate). Also called suppositories vaccinated - (pronounced) (VAK-sih-NAY-ted) Treated with a vaccine vaccination therapy - (pronounced) (vak-SEEN THAYR-uh-pee) A type of treatment that uses a substance or group of substances to stimulate the immune system to destroy a tumor or infectious microorganisms such as bacteria or viruses vaccine adjuvant - (pronounced) (vak-SEEN A-juh-vunt) A substance added to a vaccine to improve the immune response so that less vaccine is needed vacuum aspiration - (pronounced) (VAK-yoom AS-pih-RAY-avoid) surgical procedure in which the cervix is dilated (opened) and vacuum is used to remove tissue from the uterus. Also called suction and suction vacuum-assisted core biopsy - (pronounced) (VA-kyoom-uh-SIS-ted … BY-op-see) procedure in which a small sample of tissue is removed from the breast. An imaging device is used to guide a hollow probe that is connected to a vacuum device. vaginal - (pronounced) (VA-jih-nul) Has to do with the vagina (birth canal) vaginal atrophy - (pronounced) (VA-jih-nul A-troh fee) condition in which the tissue lining the inside of the vagina (birth canal) becomes thin, dry, and inflamed. This is caused by a decrease in the amount of estrogen (a female hormone) produced by the body. vaginal dilation therapy - (pronounced) (VA-jih-nul DY-LAY-avoid THAYR-uh-pee) A method used to prevent the vagina (birth canal) from closing after pelvic radiation therapy. The patient inserts a dilator (tube-like device) coated with an oily or slippery substance into her vagina vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia - (pronounced) (VA-jih-nul IN-truh-eh-pih-THEE-lee-ul NEE-oh-PLAY-zhuh) Abnormal cells are found in the tissue lining the vagina (birth canal). These abnormal cells can become cancerous and spread into the vaginal wall. vaginectomy - (pronounced) (va-jih-NEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove part or all of the vagina (the birth canal) value-based pricing - (pronounced) (VAL-yoo-bayst PRY-sing) system for determining the cost of a healthcare service in which healthcare providers are paid based on the quality of the care they provide, rather than the number of healthcare services they provide or the number of patients they treat. V vandetanib - (pronounced) (van-DEH-tuh-spring) drug used to treat medullary thyroid cancer that is locally advanced and cannot be surgically removed or has spread to other parts of the body. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. varenicline tartrate - (pronounced) (vuh-REH-nih-klin TAR tray) A drug that helps people quit smoking by acting in the brain in the same way as nicotine. It is a type of partial nicotinic receptor agonist. variable expression - (pronounced) (VAYR-ee-uh-bul ek-SPREH-avoid) Refers to the different ways in which signs and symptoms of a genetic disorder may present in individual patients with that disorder. For example, some patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 may have only mild symptoms, such as brown variant - (pronounced) (VAYR-ee-unt) Any change in the DNA sequence of a cell. Variants can be caused by errors during cell division or exposure to DNA-damaging agents in the environment. vas deferens - (pronounced) (VAS DEH-feh-RENZ) A coiled tube that carries sperm from the testicles vascular endothelial growth factor - (pronounced) (VAS-kyoo-ler EN-doh-THEE-lee-ul grothe FAK-ter) A substance made by cells that stimulates the formation of new blood vessels. Also called VEGF vascular system - (pronounced) (VAS-kyoo-ler SIS-tem) large network of blood vessels and lymphatics that move blood and lymph throughout the body. The blood vessels carry blood between the heart and the tissues and organs in the body. vascular tumor - (pronounced) (VAS-kyoo-ler TOO-mer) type of tumor that forms from cells that form blood vessels or lymphatic vessels. Vascular tumors can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous) and can occur anywhere in the body. vascularized autologous bone graft - (pronounced) (VAS-kyoo-luh-RIZED aw-TAH-luh-gus. vasectomy - (pronounced) (va-SEC-toh-mee) An operation in which the two tubes that carry sperm from the testicles are cut or tied off vasoactive - (pronounced) (VAY-zoh-active) Describes something that causes the blood vessels to narrow (narrow) or widen (widen) vasoactive intestinal peptide - (pronounced) (VAY-zoh-AK-tiv in-TES-tih-nul PEP flood) A hormone found in the pancreas, intestines and central nervous system. It has many effects in the body, e. vasomotor - (pronounced) (VAY-zoh-MOH-ter) Influencing the narrowing and widening of blood vessels vasopressin - (pronounced) (VAY-zoh-PREH-sin) hormone that constricts blood vessels and helps the kidneys control the amount of water and salt in the body. This helps control blood pressure and the amount of urine produced. vatalanib - (pronounced) (va-TAH-la-nib) A substance being studied to treat cancer. It belongs to the drug families called protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors and VEGF receptor kinase inhibitors. vegan - (pronounced) (VEE gun) person who does not eat foods derived from animals, including meat, eggs, and dairy products. A vegan diet is being studied for the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer and other conditions veliparib - (pronounced) (veh-lih-PAR-ib) substance being studied to treat breast cancer caused by mutations (changes) in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. vena cava - (pronounced) (VEE-nuh KAY-vuh) large vein that carries blood to the heart from other areas of the body. The vena cava consists of two parts: the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava. venipuncture - (pronounced) (VEE-nih-PUNK-cher) A procedure that uses a needle to draw blood from a vein, usually for laboratory tests. Venipuncture can also be done to remove extra red blood cells from the blood to treat certain blood disorders. venography - (pronounced) (veh-NAH-gruh fee) A procedure in which an X-ray of the veins is taken after a special dye is injected into the bone marrow or veins venous catheter - (pronounced) (VEE-nus KA-theh-ter) thin, flexible tube that is inserted into a large vein, usually in the arm, chest, or leg. It is used to administer intravenous fluids, blood transfusions, chemotherapy and other drugs, and to take blood samples. venous sampling - (pronounced) (VEE-nus. ventilator - (pronounced) (VEN-tih-LAY-ter) In medicine, a machine that helps a patient breathe. Also called a ventilator vesicles - (pronounced) (VEH-sih-kul) A small sac formed by a membrane and filled with liquid. Vesicles in cells transport substances in and out of the cell. video-assisted resection - (pronounced) (VIH-dee-oh-uh-SIS-ted ree-SEK-shun) Operation assisted by the use of a video camera that projects and enlarges the image onto a television screen. Also called video-assisted surgery video-assisted surgery - (pronounced) (VIH-dee-oh-uh-SIS-ted SER-juh-ree) Operation assisted by the use of a video camera that projects and enlarges the image onto a television screen. Also called video-assisted resection villi - (pronounced) (VIH-Lus) A tiny hair-like protrusion, often on the surface of mucous membranes. The plural is villi villous adenoma - (pronounced) (VIH-lus A-deh-NOH-muh) A type of polyp that grows in the colon and elsewhere in the gastrointestinal tract and sometimes other parts of the body. These adenomas can become malignant (cancer) viral - (pronounced) (VY rule) Has to do with a virus viral oncolysate - (pronounced) (VY-rul-on-KAH-lih-sayt) An extract of cancer cells infected with a strain of virus that can lyse (break down) cancer cells. The extract contains both cancer cell proteins and virus proteins. viral therapy - (pronounced) (VY-rul THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment with a lab-engineered virus to find and destroy cancer cells without harming healthy cells. It's a kind of targeted therapy. viral vector - (pronounced) (VY-rul VEK-ter) type of virus used in cancer therapy. The virus is modified in the laboratory and cannot cause disease. virulence - (pronounced) (VEER-uh-fast) The ability of a microorganism to harm its host virulent - (pronounced) (VEER-uh-borrowed) Denotes the ability of a virus or bacterium to harm its host virus replication cycle - (pronounced) (VY-rus reh-plih-KAY-shun. virus-like particle - (pronounced) (VY-rus-similar to PAR-tih-kul) small particle containing specific proteins from the outer envelope of a virus. Virus-like particles do not contain the genetic material of the virus and cannot cause infection. visceral - (pronounced) (VIH-seh-rul) Has to do with the viscera, which are the soft internal organs of the body, including the lungs, heart, and the organs of the digestive, excretory, reproductive, and circulatory systems visceral peritoneum - (pronounced) (VIH-seh-rul PAYR-ih-toh-NEE-um) The layers of tissue that cover the outer surface of most organs in the abdomen, including the intestines vismodegib - (pronounced) (VIS-moh-DEH-gib) drug used to treat advanced basal cell carcinoma that has spread to other parts of the body or has come back after surgery. It is also used in patients who cannot be treated with surgery or radiation therapy. visual analogue scale - (pronounced) (VIH-zhoo-ul A-nuh-log skayl) tool that a person uses to measure the intensity of certain sensations and feelings, such as B. pain, can assess. vital - (pronounced) (VY-tul) Necessary to sustain life. Breathing is a vital function vitespen - (pronounced) (vy-TEH-spen) vaccine made from a patient's tumor cells that can help the body's immune system kill cancer cells. This vaccine is used to treat kidney cancer, a type of brain tumor called glioma, and metastatic melanoma (a type of skin cancer that has spread). vitreous body - (pronounced) (VIH-tree-us HYOO-mer) The clear jelly-like substance that fills the inside of the eyeball. With age, the vitreous humor becomes more fluid vocal cord - (pronounced) (VOH-kul kord) One of two small bands of muscle in the larynx that vibrate to produce the voice vomit (EH-meh-sis) Vomit vomiting of blood von Hippel-Lindau disease - (pronounced) (from HIH-pul-LIN-dow dih-ZEEZ) rare, inherited disorder that causes tumors and cysts to grow in certain parts of the body, including the brain, spinal cord, eyes, inner ear, adrenal glands, pancreas, kidney, and reproductive tract. The tumors are usually ben vulva - (pronounced) (VUL-vuh) The external female genital organs. The vulva includes the inner and outer lips of the vagina, the clitoris, the opening of the vagina and its glands, the opening of the urethra, and the mons pubis (the rounded area in front of the pubic bone that gets covered with hai vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia - (pronounced) (VUL-ver IN-truh-eh-pih-THEE-lee-ul NEE-oh-PLAY-zhuh) Abnormal cells are found on the surface of the vulvar skin. These abnormal cells can become cancerous and spread to nearby tissues. warm ischemia - In surgery, keeping a tissue, organ, or body part at body temperature after the blood supply has been reduced or cut off warm ischemia time - In surgery, the time a tissue, organ, or body part remains at body temperature after its blood supply has been reduced or interrupted, but before it is cooled or reconnected to a blood supply wart - (pronounced) (Spice) raised growth on the surface of the skin or another organ washing out of the stomach with water, often to treat poisoning; commonly called "stomach pumping" watchful waiting - (pronounced) (AWAKE-full WAY-ting) Monitor a patient's condition closely, but do not undertake treatment until symptoms appear or change. Watchful waiting is sometimes used for conditions that are slowly progressing. water pipe - (pronounced) (WAH-ter…) device for smoking a special type of tobacco that comes in different flavors. In a hookah, charcoal is used to heat the tobacco. water-soluble vitamin - vitamin that can dissolve in water. Vitamins are nutrients that the body needs in small amounts to stay healthy and function as it should. watery (A-kwee-us) Has to do with water waves of pain in the abdomen that increase in strength, disappear, and return; usually caused by a stone blocking a bile or urine passageway or an intestinal infection wedge resection - (pronounced) (wej ree-SEK-avoid) Surgery to remove a triangular slice of tissue. It can be used to remove a tumor and a small amount of normal tissue around it well differentiated - term used to describe cells and tissues with mature (specialized) structures and functions. In cancer, well-differentiated cancer cells look more like normal cells under the microscope and tend to grow and spread more slowly than poorly differentiated or undifferentiated cancer wet reaction - skin problem caused by radiation therapy. The affected skin peels and becomes moist and painful. white blood cells that are part of the immune system and destroy microorganisms and cancer cells white blood cells, responsible for regulating other cells in the body's immune system, that are the main targets of the AIDS virus; also called CD4 cells whooping cough - (pronounced) (HWOOP-ing kof) serious bacterial infection of the lungs and breathing tubes that spreads easily. Whooping cough starts out like a cold but progresses to severe coughing and gasping for air. wickedness - (pronounced) (muh-LIG-nun-see) term for diseases in which abnormal cells can divide uncontrollably and invade neighboring tissues. Malignant cells can also spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymphatic systems. wide band - (pronounced) (brod LIH-guh-ment) The layer of tissue that connects the sides of the uterus to the walls and floor of the pelvis. The broad band covers the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes. wide excision (lum-PEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove cancer or other abnormal tissue from the breast and some surrounding normal tissue, but not the breast itself. Some lymph nodes under the arm can be removed for a biopsy. wide local excision - surgical procedure in which a scalpel (a sharp knife) is used to excise a tumor or other abnormal lesion and some surrounding normal tissue. The amount of normal tissue removed depends on how deep or how large the tumor to be removed is. widening of blood vessels wild-type KRAS gene - term used to describe a gene called KRAS when found in its natural, unmutated (unchanged) form. The KRAS gene makes a protein involved in cell signaling pathways that control cell growth, cell maturation, and cell death. wild-type gene - A term used to describe a gene when found in its natural, unmutated (unchanged) form. Mutated (changed) forms of certain genes have been found in some types of cancer. wire location - A procedure used to mark a small area of abnormal tissue so it can be removed through surgery. An imaging machine is used to thread a thin wire with a hook on the end through a hollow needle to place the wire in or around the abnormal area. wireless capsule endoscope - (pronounced) (WY-er-les KAP-sul EN-doh-SKOPE) device used to examine the inside of the intestine and other parts of the digestive tract. It's a capsule about the size of a large pill, containing a lens, light, camera, radio transmitter and battery. wisdom tooth - (pronounced) (WIZ-dum tooth) The last tooth to erupt at the back of each side of the upper and lower jaw. These teeth usually appear between the ages of 17 and 23, but not everyone has them. womb - (pronounced) (boom) The hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. A fetus (unborn child) develops and grows in the womb. yeast infection - (pronounced) (yeest in-FEK-shun) A condition where too much yeast grows in certain areas of the body, causing symptoms and disease. Small amounts of yeast usually live on the skin and in other parts of the body, like the mouth, throat, and vagina.
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