Procaine

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Procaine chemical structure

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3D X-ray model of Procaine

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Dental officer using Procaine during exercise

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Procaine synthesis process

Procaine is a local anesthetic drug of the amino ester group. It is used primarily to reduce the pain of intramuscular injection of penicillin, and it is also used in dentistry.

History

Procaine was first synthesized in 1905, notably by German chemist Alfred Einhorn, who gave the chemical the trade name Novocain, from the Latin Novus meaning new, and -caine, a common ending for alkaloids used as anesthetics. It was introduced into medical use by surgeon Heinrich Braun. Prior to the discovery of stovaine and procaine, cocaine was the most commonly used local anesthetic. Einhorn wished his new discovery to be used for amputations, but surgeons preferred general anesthetic. Dentists, however, found it very useful.

Pharmacology

Procaine works as an anesthetic by inhibiting sodium ion channels on nerve cell membranes. This prevents the initiation and transmission of nerve impulses, thereby effecting local anesthesia. It is less potent and less toxic than the older local anesthetics and began to be used in human medicine in the 1900s.

Side Effects

Common side effects of procaine include injection site reactions, hypotension, and allergic reactions. Serious side effects may include anaphylaxis and seizures. It is generally safe for use during pregnancy. Procaine is in the amino ester group of medications.

Uses

Procaine is used less frequently today since more effective (and hypoallergenic) alternatives such as lidocaine (Xylocaine) exist. Prior to the discovery of stovaine and procaine, cocaine was the most commonly used local anesthetic. Procaine (like cocaine) has the advantage of constricting blood vessels which reduces bleeding, unlike other local anesthetics like lidocaine. Procaine, therefore, is often used in procedures such as circumcision and staple gunning.

See Also

• Lidocaine
• Anesthetic
• Cocaine
• Stovaine

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