Presbyterianism

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Iona Abbey, Entrance and St John's Cross. - geograph.org.uk - 113441

John Knox woodcut

Lorimer, Ordination

Celtic cross draped for Easter

Snow covered Celtic cross in memorial garden

Presbyterianism is a form of Protestantism that is distinct in its governance by a system of Elders and its theological roots in the Reformation led by John Calvin. It is characterized by a pattern of religious practice that emphasizes the sovereignty of God, the authority of the Scriptures, and the necessity of grace through faith in Christ.

History

Presbyterianism traces its origins to the 16th century and the Reformation movement. It was primarily developed in Switzerland by John Calvin, whose writings and teachings provided the theological foundation for Presbyterian beliefs. The movement quickly spread to other parts of Europe, notably Scotland, where it became the dominant form of Christianity thanks to figures like John Knox, who studied under Calvin and played a significant role in the Scottish Reformation.

Beliefs

Central to Presbyterian theology is the sovereignty of God and the authority of the Bible. Presbyterians believe in predestination, the idea that God has predestined some individuals for salvation and others for damnation. However, this belief is balanced with the teaching that salvation is available to all through faith in Jesus Christ. The Sacraments recognized by Presbyterian churches are Baptism and the Lord's Supper, which are seen as means of grace.

Governance

Presbyterian churches are governed by a hierarchy of councils, which distinguishes them from many other Protestant denominations. The local church is governed by the Session, consisting of elders (presbyters) elected by the congregation. The session is responsible for the spiritual well-being of the congregation. Above the session are regional bodies known as Presbyteries, which oversee several local churches. Presbyteries, in turn, are accountable to larger regional or national bodies known as Synods, and the highest governing body is the General Assembly.

Worship and Practices

Worship in Presbyterian churches is characterized by simplicity and a focus on the preaching of the Word. Services typically include readings from Scripture, a sermon, prayers, and music. Presbyterians also place a strong emphasis on education, both in the faith and in general, leading to the establishment of many schools and universities by Presbyterian communities.

Global Presence

Presbyterianism has a significant presence worldwide, with major concentrations in North America, the United Kingdom, and parts of Africa and Asia. The World Communion of Reformed Churches is an international organization of Presbyterian and other Reformed churches.

Contemporary Issues

Presbyterian churches today face various issues, including debates over homosexuality, ordination of women, and the role of Christians in addressing social justice issues. These discussions reflect broader debates within global Christianity and demonstrate the dynamic nature of Presbyterianism as it seeks to respond to contemporary challenges while remaining faithful to its theological heritage.

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