Neanderthal

Reconstruction of a Neanderthal at the American Museum of Natural History

Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis or Homo sapiens neanderthalensis) are an extinct species or subspecies of archaic humans who lived in Eurasia until about 40,000 years ago. They are closely related to modern humans, sharing 99.7% of their DNA, and are known from fossil evidence and archaeological findings.

Discovery and Naming

The first Neanderthal fossils were discovered in 1856 in the Neander Valley (Neanderthal in German) near Düsseldorf, Germany. The species was named after this location. The initial discovery included a skullcap and other skeletal remains, which were initially thought to belong to a bear or a modern human with deformities.

Neanderthal skullcap from the Neander Valley

Anatomy and Physiology

Neanderthals were robustly built with a large cranial capacity, often larger than that of modern humans. They had a prominent brow ridge, a large nose, and a receding chin. Their bodies were adapted to cold climates, with shorter limbs and a stocky build to conserve heat.

Culture and Tools

Neanderthals were skilled toolmakers, associated with the Mousterian tool culture. They used tools made from stone, bone, and wood, and evidence suggests they were capable hunters. Neanderthals also created symbolic objects and may have engaged in ritualistic behavior.

Habitat and Distribution

Neanderthals inhabited a range of environments across Europe and western Asia. They lived in caves and open-air sites, adapting to various climates from the Mediterranean to the cold steppes of northern Europe.

Excavation site of Neanderthal remains

Genetic Legacy

Modern humans outside of Africa carry approximately 1-2% Neanderthal DNA, indicating interbreeding between Neanderthals and early modern humans. This genetic legacy has contributed to the understanding of human evolution and adaptation.

Extinction

The extinction of Neanderthals around 40,000 years ago is attributed to a combination of factors, including climate change, competition with modern humans, and possibly disease. The exact reasons remain a topic of research and debate.

Related Species

Neanderthals are part of the genus Homo, which includes several other species such as Homo erectus, Homo heidelbergensis, and Homo sapiens.

Homo erectus, a related species

Homo heidelbergensis, another related species

Related Pages

• Homo sapiens
• Human evolution
• Paleolithic
• Denisovan