Long-acting reversible contraceptives

Long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) are a type of birth control that provide effective contraception for an extended period without requiring user action. They include intrauterine devices (IUDs) and subdermal contraceptive implants. LARCs are highly effective, with failure rates of less than 1% per year, and are considered among the most effective forms of reversible contraception.

Types of LARCs

Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)

An IUD with a scale for size comparison

IUDs are small, T-shaped devices that are inserted into the uterus by a healthcare provider. There are two main types of IUDs:

• Copper IUDs: These release copper ions, which are toxic to sperm, thus preventing fertilization. They can remain effective for up to 10 years.
• Hormonal IUDs: These release progestin, which thickens cervical mucus and inhibits sperm movement. They can remain effective for 3 to 7 years, depending on the brand.

Subdermal Contraceptive Implants

Subdermal implants are small rods inserted under the skin of the upper arm. They release progestin, which prevents ovulation and thickens cervical mucus. Implants are effective for up to 3 years.

Mechanism of Action

LARCs work primarily by preventing fertilization. Copper IUDs create an inflammatory reaction in the uterus that is toxic to sperm and eggs. Hormonal IUDs and implants release progestin, which prevents ovulation, thickens cervical mucus, and thins the uterine lining, making it less suitable for implantation.

Advantages

• High Efficacy: LARCs have a failure rate of less than 1% per year, making them more effective than most other forms of contraception.
• Long-term Protection: Once inserted, LARCs provide continuous protection for several years.
• Reversibility: Fertility typically returns quickly after removal of the device.
• Low Maintenance: LARCs do not require daily action, unlike oral contraceptives.

Disadvantages

• Insertion and Removal: Both IUDs and implants require a healthcare provider for insertion and removal.
• Side Effects: Some users may experience side effects such as irregular bleeding, especially with hormonal IUDs and implants.
• Initial Cost: The upfront cost can be higher than other contraceptive methods, although they are cost-effective over time.

Use and Accessibility

LARCs are used worldwide and are recommended by many health organizations due to their effectiveness and safety. However, access can be limited by factors such as cost, availability of trained providers, and cultural acceptance.

Related pages

• Birth control
• Intrauterine device
• Contraceptive implant
• Hormonal contraception