Hemodialysis

Hemodialysis is a medical procedure used to remove waste and excess fluid from the blood when the kidneys are not able to adequately do so. It is one of the most common treatments for advanced, end-stage kidney disease.

Overview

Hemodialysis involves circulating the patient's blood outside of the body through a machine known as a dialyzer or artificial kidney. The dialyzer has two parts: one for the patient's blood and another for a wash fluid known as dialysate. A thin membrane separates these two parts. Blood cells, protein and other important blood components are too large to pass through the membrane, but waste products and excess fluid move from the blood to the dialysate.

Procedure

Before starting hemodialysis, the patient needs a vascular access, which is a way to reach the patient's bloodstream. There are three types of vascular access: arteriovenous (AV) fistula, AV graft, and venous catheter.

During hemodialysis, the patient's blood is pumped through soft tubes to the dialyzer. The dialyzer removes waste and extra chemicals and fluid from the blood. Then the cleaned blood flows through another set of tubes and back into the body.

Risks and Complications

Like any medical procedure, hemodialysis has potential risks and complications. These can include low blood pressure, anemia, bone diseases, high blood pressure, heart disease, nerve damage, infection, and blockage or clotting of the vascular access.

Alternatives

Alternatives to hemodialysis include peritoneal dialysis and kidney transplant. The choice of treatment depends on the patient's health condition, lifestyle, and personal preference.

See Also

• Kidney disease
• Dialysis
• Kidney transplant

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