Hapten

Hapten is a small molecule that, when combined with a larger carrier such as a protein, can elicit an immune response. Haptens are usually not immunogenic on their own. They require a carrier molecule to stimulate an immune response.

Overview

Haptens are small molecules that can stimulate an immune response only when attached to a large carrier such as a protein. The carrier may be one that also does not induce an immune response by itself. Once the body has generated antibodies to a hapten-carrier adduct, the small-molecule hapten may also be able to bind to the antibody, but it will usually not initiate an immune response; usually only the hapten-carrier adduct can do this.

Mechanism of Action

Haptens work by binding to proteins in the body, forming a complex that can then be recognized by the immune system. This complex is known as a hapten-carrier complex. The immune system recognizes this complex as foreign, and produces antibodies to target it. These antibodies can then recognize and bind to the hapten in the future, even when it is not attached to a carrier protein.

Examples of Haptens

Common examples of haptens include drugs like penicillin, substances found in poison ivy, and molecules on the surface of cells that can trigger allergies.

Clinical Significance

Understanding the role of haptens in the immune response has important implications for the development of vaccines and therapies for allergies and autoimmune diseases. For example, haptens are used in the production of certain types of vaccines, where they are attached to carrier proteins to enhance the immune response.

See Also

• Immunology
• Antibody
• Vaccine
• Allergy
• Autoimmune disease

References

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