General anaesthetics
General anaesthetics
General anaesthetics (pronunciation: /ˈdʒɛnərəl ˌænɪsˈθɛtɪks/) are a category of drugs that induce a reversible loss of consciousness. These drugs are generally administered to facilitate surgery. They have a variety of physical and psychological effects, including analgesia (relief from pain), amnesia (loss of memory), and immobility.
Etymology
The term "anaesthetic" is derived from the Greek words "an-", meaning "without", and "aesthesis", meaning "sensation". The prefix "general" indicates that the effects of the drugs are widespread, affecting the entire body.
Types of General Anaesthetics
There are several types of general anaesthetics, including:
- Inhalational anaesthetics: These are gases or vapours that are inhaled to induce unconsciousness. Examples include nitrous oxide and sevoflurane.
- Intravenous anaesthetics: These are drugs that are injected into a vein to induce unconsciousness. Examples include propofol and thiopental.
Mechanism of Action
While the exact mechanisms by which general anaesthetics induce unconsciousness are not fully understood, it is believed that they work by altering the activity of certain neurotransmitters in the brain. This can involve either enhancing the effects of inhibitory neurotransmitters, such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), or reducing the effects of excitatory neurotransmitters, such as glutamate.
Side Effects
Like all drugs, general anaesthetics can have side effects. These can include nausea and vomiting, dry mouth, shivering, confusion, and memory problems. In rare cases, serious complications can occur, such as allergic reactions or malignant hyperthermia.
Related Terms
- Local anaesthetics: These are drugs that numb a specific area of the body, allowing procedures to be carried out without causing pain.
- Sedation: This is a state of calm or sleepiness induced by drugs, which can be used in conjunction with local anaesthetics to help patients relax during procedures.
External links
- Medical encyclopedia article on General anaesthetics
- Wikipedia's article - General anaesthetics
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