English: Phylogenetic structure of Eastern Eurasians; displaying the genetic affinity and distance between different Eastern Eurasian lineages and their inferred diverging patterns. Population hub graphic (upper left) shows the distribution of Paleolithic specimens associated with the IUP expansion >45 kya. Taken from (File:Repetitive_expansions_into_Eurasia_from_a_population_Hub_OoA.jpg)
Note: Northern East Asian and Southern East Asian specifically refers to the population genetic lineages of "Ancient Northern East Asians" (ANEA) [not to be confused with "Ancient Northeast Asians" (ANA)] and "Ancient Southern East Asians" (ASEA); Central Yunnan describes another ancient East Asian lineage close to ANEA and ASEA, but distinct from both (peaking among Austroasiatic-speakers in Mainland Southeast Asia). The phylogenetic tree is primarily based on the summary by Yang 2022 and Bennett et al. 2024; as well as McColl et al. 2018, Mondal et al. 2019, Hajdinjak et al. 2021, and Wang et al. 2025 (phylogenetic patterns and admixture events): Australasian (AA):"primarily contributed to human populations in Australasia, or the region consisting of Australia, New Zealand, and neighboring islands in the South Pacific Ocean. Represented primarily by present-day Australasians, e.g. Papuans and Aboriginal Australians"; the "Leang Panninge" lineage represents an early Mesolithic admixture between Australasian ancestry and mainland Asian ancestry (either Önge or Tianyuan-like). Indigenous South Asians (AASI):"primarily contributed to humans living in South Asia, particularly southern India. Partially represented in 5,000–1,500-year-old individuals from in or near the Indus Periphery and present-day Indians [59,60]." And East/Southeast Asians (ESEA): "Together, the genetic patterns described above show that the ESEA lineage differentiated into at least three distinct ancestries: Tianyuan ancestry which can be found 40,000-33,000 years ago in northern East Asia, ancestry found today across present-day populations of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Siberia, but whose origins are unknown, and Hòabìnhian ancestry found 8,000-4,000 years ago in Southeast Asia, but whose origins in the Upper Paleolithic are unknown." Hoabinhian ancestry was found to be the most basal ESEA branch:"All other labeled ancestries are subsets of ESEA lineage, where Hòabìnhian ancestry (yellow region) is deeply diverged from all other labeled ancestries". "Rapid diversification of an ancestral Asian population led to at least three Asian lineages, associated with Australasians and [Philippines] Negritos (AA), South Asians and Andamanese Islanders (AASI), and East and Southeast Asians (ESEA). Sampling across time and space in eastern Asia indicated that the ESEA lineage was highly sub-structured in the Upper Paleolithic, and populations across Siberia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia are associated with many distinct ancestries. Today, most populations from Siberia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia are associated with a mix of ancestries sampled predominantly in ancient individuals of East Asia." Another Basal Asian ancestry ("Ancient Tibetan") is representing the Paleolithic ancestry of the Himalayan plateau; best represented by the 7,100 year old Xingyi_EN individual. The most basal/deep Eastern Eurasian associated ancestries are represented by the Initial Upper-Paleolithic Ust'Ishim, as well as Bacho Kiro and Oase specimens. – Ancient and present day East Asians are best described as admixture between an Önge-like lineage (c. 75%) and a Tianyuan-like lienage (c. 25%) (e.g. see McColl et al. 2018 + its supplementary information^[1]); this is also evident by f3-stats, with Hoabinhians being closer to East Asians than Tianyuan (e.g. see the addendum to Tabin et al. 2025 + its supplementary information "SD2"^[2]; also compare: Wang et al. 2025 + its supplementary information, specifically indicated that East Asians can be regarded as admixture between the Xingyi_EN and Tianyuan lineages: "Xingyi_EN-related ancestry is as deeply diverged from ancient East Asians as populations carrying Tianyuan ancestry. The patterns may also suggest that the ancestor of ancient East Asians is a mixture of different ancestries related to both of these deeply diverged populations." ... "In the Treemix analysis with 1,000 bootstrap replicates, Tianyuan as outgroup to Xingyi_EN, La368, and all East Asians is strongly supported (97.8%, Fig. 2a, Supplementary Text S6). In the outgroup-f3-analysis, Xingyi_EN shows a slightly higher affiliation with East Asians than Tianyuan and the Hòabìnhian La368 (Fig. 2c). Overall, we find that Tianyuan ancestry, Hòabìnhian ancestry, and ancestry related to Xingyi_EN are generally equidistant to each other, though other analyses (e.g. Treemix and outgroup-f3) show some connections of Xingyi_EN and La368 with recent East Asians.")[full text link to pdf:^[3]]; Tianyuan ancestry got largely replaced by expanding ANEA ancestry, while Longlin and Hoabinhian ancestry got largely replaced by expanding ASEA and Central Yunnan ancestries. Jōmon and Xingy_EN ancestry exists in admixed form among Japanese and Tibetans respectively. Ancestral Native Americans formed by the merger of Ancient North Eurasians (themselves a merger of Tianyuan and UP European [Kostenki14-like] ancestries) and early ANEA. Basal Asian ancestries diversified in the South-Southeast Asia region at around 40,000 years ago, giving rise to multiple deeply branching lineages, which, in variable degrees, contributed to later populations. Basal Asian can refer to any of the deeply branching mainland Asian lineages (e.g. AASI, Önge, Hoabinhian, Xingyi_EN, and Tianyuan/Amur33k); being differentiated from drifted "Neo Asian" ancestries (primarily ANEA, ASEA and Central Yunnan).