Deep brain stimulation

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is a neurosurgical procedure involving the implantation of a medical device called a neurostimulator (sometimes referred to as a 'brain pacemaker'), which sends electrical impulses, through implanted electrodes, to specific targets in the brain (brain nuclei) for the treatment of movement and neuropsychiatric disorders. DBS in select brain regions has provided therapeutic benefits for otherwise-treatment-resistant disorders such as Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, dystonia, chronic pain, major depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Despite the long history of DBS, its underlying principles and mechanisms are still not clear.

Procedure

DBS directly changes brain activity in a controlled manner, its effects are reversible (unlike those of lesioning techniques), and it is one of only a few neurosurgical methods that allow blinded studies.

Uses

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved DBS as a treatment for essential tremor, Parkinson's disease, dystonia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). In the European Union, Australia, and some other countries, DBS is also approved for the treatment of refractory epilepsy.

Risks

DBS carries the risks of major surgery, including serious or potentially fatal heart problems and stroke. Other risks include infection and equipment malfunction. DBS can also cause cognitive and mood changes, particularly apathy and depression.

See Also

• Parkinson's disease
• Essential tremor
• Dystonia
• Chronic pain
• Major depression
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

References

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  Deep brain stimulation electrodes in skull X-ray
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  Preparation for deep brain stimulation surgery
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  Surgical procedure for Parkinson's disease
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  Deep brain stimulation