DNA adduct

Benzopyrene DNA adduct

Nucleic acids in DNA adduct formation

DNA damaged by carcinogenic 2-aminofluorene

Effects of carcinogen exposure on healthy DNA

DNA adduct is a piece of DNA that has been modified by a chemical compound. This process often leads to genetic mutations, which can result in various health issues, including cancer. DNA adducts are formed by the covalent binding of chemicals to DNA.

Formation of DNA Adducts

DNA adducts are formed when a chemical compound binds covalently to DNA. This can occur through direct interaction or through metabolic activation of the compound. The formation of DNA adducts is a critical step in the process of carcinogenesis.

Types of DNA Adducts

There are several types of DNA adducts, including:

• Bulky adducts: These are formed by large, reactive chemicals. They can distort the DNA helix and interfere with DNA replication and transcription.

• Small adducts: These are formed by small, reactive chemicals. They can cause mutations by mispairing during DNA replication.

• DNA-DNA crosslinks: These are formed when a chemical binds to two different sites on the DNA. They can block DNA replication and transcription.

• DNA-protein crosslinks: These are formed when a chemical binds to both the DNA and a protein. They can block DNA replication and transcription, and can also interfere with protein function.

Detection of DNA Adducts

DNA adducts can be detected using various methods, including:

• 32P-postlabeling: This is a sensitive method for detecting DNA adducts. It involves labeling the adducts with radioactive phosphorus and then separating them by thin-layer chromatography.

• Immunohistochemistry: This method uses antibodies that recognize specific DNA adducts. It can be used to detect adducts in tissue sections.

• Mass spectrometry: This is a highly sensitive and specific method for detecting DNA adducts. It can identify the chemical structure of the adducts.

Health Effects of DNA Adducts

DNA adducts can lead to mutations in the DNA, which can result in various health issues, including cancer. The risk of developing cancer depends on several factors, including the type of adduct, the location of the adduct in the DNA, and the individual's ability to repair the DNA damage.

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