Citric acid
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Citric Acid
Citric acid is a weak organic acid that occurs naturally in citrus fruits, such as lemons, limes, and oranges. It is commonly used as a flavoring agent, preservative, and cleaning agent in various industries, including food and beverage, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics.
Chemical Properties
Citric acid (C6H8O7) is a tricarboxylic acid with three carboxyl groups, giving it a strong acidic character. It is a white crystalline powder that is soluble in water and has a sour taste.
Sources and Production
Citric acid is found naturally in various fruits and vegetables, with the highest concentrations found in citrus fruits. Industrially, citric acid is produced through fermentation, typically using the fungus Aspergillus niger to convert sugar into citric acid.
Uses
Citric acid has numerous applications across various industries:
- Food and Beverage: Citric acid is used as a flavoring agent to add a sour taste to food and beverages, as well as a preservative to prevent spoilage.
- Pharmaceuticals: Citric acid is used in the production of effervescent tablets and as a pH adjuster in medications.
- Cosmetics: Citric acid is used as a pH adjuster in cosmetic products, such as creams, lotions, and shampoos.
- Cleaning: Citric acid is an effective cleaning agent due to its ability to dissolve mineral deposits and act as a mild abrasive.
References
See Also
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Environmental Impact
Citric acid, being a naturally occurring compound, is considered to be a more environmentally friendly option compared to other synthetic chemicals used in various applications. However, the production of citric acid through industrial fermentation processes may have some environmental impacts, such as greenhouse gas emissions and wastewater generation. Efforts have been made to optimize the production process and reduce its environmental footprint.
Biodegradability
Citric acid is biodegradable, meaning that it can be broken down by microorganisms in the environment. This makes it a preferable option for use in eco-friendly cleaning products and other applications where the release of chemicals into the environment is a concern.
Health Considerations
Citric acid is generally considered safe for consumption and use in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic products. However, some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to citric acid, experiencing symptoms such as skin irritation, itching, or gastrointestinal discomfort upon exposure.
In cleaning products, citric acid may cause eye or skin irritation if not used according to the product's instructions. It is essential to follow the guidelines provided by the manufacturer to ensure safe and effective use.
References
See Also
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Citric_acid
Citric acid crystal structure
Various citrus fruits
Speciation of citric acid
Preparation of lemon pepper
Iron(II) citrate dianion
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Contributors: Prab R. Tumpati, MD
