Vocal tract

Vocal Tract

Diagram of the human vocal tract

The vocal tract is a complex anatomical structure that plays a crucial role in the production of speech sounds. It consists of several interconnected cavities and structures that modify the sound produced by the larynx to create the diverse range of human speech.

Anatomy of the Vocal Tract

The vocal tract is typically divided into three main sections: the oral cavity, the nasal cavity, and the pharynx. Each of these sections contributes to the articulation and resonance of speech sounds.

Oral Cavity

The oral cavity is the space within the mouth. It includes several important structures such as the tongue, teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate, soft palate (or velum), and the lips. These structures are essential for articulating different speech sounds. For example, the tongue can change shape and position to produce different vowels and consonants, while the lips can round or spread to modify sounds.

Nasal Cavity

The nasal cavity is the space above the oral cavity, separated by the hard and soft palates. It plays a significant role in the production of nasal sounds, such as [m], [n], and [ŋ]. When the soft palate is lowered, air can pass through the nasal cavity, adding a nasal quality to the sound.

Pharynx

The pharynx is a muscular tube that connects the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx and esophagus. It is divided into three sections: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. The pharynx acts as a resonating chamber and is involved in swallowing and speech.

Function in Speech Production

The vocal tract functions as a resonator that shapes the sound produced by the vocal folds in the larynx. The length and shape of the vocal tract can be altered by moving the tongue, lips, and other articulators, which changes the resonant frequencies and produces different speech sounds.

Articulation

Articulation refers to the movement of the articulators to produce specific speech sounds. The position and movement of the tongue, lips, and jaw are crucial for forming consonants and vowels. For example, the tongue's position can create different vowel sounds, while the lips can form bilabial sounds like [p] and [b].

Resonance

Resonance in the vocal tract enhances certain frequencies of the sound produced by the vocal folds. The shape and size of the vocal tract determine which frequencies are amplified, contributing to the unique quality of each person's voice.

Related Pages

• Larynx
• Speech production
• Articulatory phonetics
• Phonetics
• Phonology