Medullary thyroid cancer

Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is a form of thyroid cancer that originates from the parafollicular cells (also known as C cells) of the thyroid gland. These cells are responsible for the production of calcitonin, a hormone that helps regulate calcium levels in the body.

Epidemiology

MTC accounts for approximately 4% of all thyroid cancers. It can occur at any age, but is most commonly diagnosed in adults aged 40 to 60. Both men and women can develop MTC, but it is slightly more common in women.

Causes

In about 25% of cases, MTC is caused by a genetic mutation in the RET proto-oncogene. This form of the disease is known as hereditary MTC and can be associated with other endocrine disorders, such as Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2).

Symptoms

The symptoms of MTC can vary, but may include a lump in the neck, difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, and persistent cough. Some people with MTC may also experience diarrhea or flushing due to high levels of calcitonin.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of MTC typically involves a combination of physical examination, blood tests (including a test for elevated calcitonin levels), and imaging studies such as ultrasound or computed tomography (CT) scans. A biopsy of the thyroid may also be performed to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment

Treatment for MTC usually involves surgery to remove the thyroid gland (thyroidectomy). In some cases, additional treatment with radiation therapy or chemotherapy may be recommended.

Prognosis

The prognosis for MTC varies depending on the stage of the disease at diagnosis. Early-stage MTC has a good prognosis, with a 5-year survival rate of over 90%. However, the prognosis is poorer for advanced-stage MTC, particularly if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

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