Epstein–Barr virus

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), also known as human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4), is one of the nine known human herpesvirus types. It is one of the most common viruses in humans, with most people becoming infected at some point in their lives.

History

The virus was first discovered in 1964 by Michael Epstein and Yvonne Barr, hence its name. They discovered the virus while studying a form of cancer known as Burkitt's lymphoma that was prevalent in Africa.

Characteristics

EBV is a member of the Herpesviridae family, which is known for its ability to establish lifelong infections in hosts. It is a large, enveloped virus with a double-stranded DNA genome. The virus primarily infects B cells (a type of white blood cell), but can also infect epithelial cells.

Transmission

EBV is most commonly transmitted through bodily fluids, primarily saliva. This has led to it being colloquially known as the "kissing disease". It can also be transmitted through blood and semen during sexual contact, blood transfusions, and organ transplantations.

Diseases associated with EBV

EBV is best known for causing infectious mononucleosis, also known as "mono" or "glandular fever". However, infection with EBV can also lead to various other diseases, including certain types of cancer such as Hodgkin's lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, gastric cancer, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. It can also cause conditions such as chronic fatigue syndrome, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis.

Prevention and treatment

There is currently no vaccine available to prevent EBV infection. Treatment for diseases caused by EBV is generally aimed at easing symptoms and includes rest, hydration, and over-the-counter pain relievers. Antiviral medications are sometimes used in severe cases.

See also

• Herpesviridae
• Infectious mononucleosis
• Burkitt's lymphoma

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  Diagram of the viral tegument structure
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  EBV infection cycle in healthy humans
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  EBV cycle in immunodeficiency