Variant angina

Variant angina, also known as Prinzmetal's angina, is a type of angina pectoris that typically occurs at rest, often without any underlying physical exertion or stress. It is caused by vasospasm, a narrowing of the coronary arteries due to the tightening of the smooth muscle tissue in the vessel walls rather than by atherosclerosis (buildup of fatty plaque and hardening of the arteries).

Symptoms

The primary symptom of variant angina is severe, often crushing chest pain that can radiate to the arms, jaw, neck, and back, similar to a myocardial infarction (heart attack). The pain is usually most severe in the early morning hours and can be relieved by nitroglycerin.

Causes

The exact cause of variant angina is unknown, but it is believed to be related to abnormalities in the way certain cells in the heart and blood vessels function. Factors that may increase the risk of variant angina include smoking, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, diabetes, and a family history of heart disease.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of variant angina can be challenging because the symptoms often occur at rest and may not be present during a physical examination or electrocardiogram (ECG). A coronary angiogram, which involves injecting a dye into the coronary arteries to make them visible on an X-ray, can help identify vasospasm and confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment

Treatment for variant angina typically involves medications to relax and widen the blood vessels, such as calcium channel blockers and nitrates. Lifestyle changes, such as quitting smoking and managing high cholesterol and high blood pressure, can also help manage symptoms and reduce the risk of complications.

Prognosis

With appropriate treatment, most people with variant angina can lead a normal life. However, it's important to manage any underlying risk factors for heart disease to prevent complications, such as a heart attack or sudden cardiac death.

See also

• Angina pectoris
• Coronary artery disease
• Myocardial infarction

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