FSH

FSH or Follicle-stimulating hormone is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland. It is one of the gonadotrophic hormones, along with luteinizing hormone (LH). In females, FSH stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in the ovary before the release of an egg from one follicle at ovulation. It also increases estradiol production. In males, FSH enhances the production of androgen-binding protein by the Sertoli cells of the testes and is critical for spermatogenesis.

Function

In both males and females, FSH is essential for puberty and fertility. FSH, along with LH, acts on the gonads, i.e., the ovaries in females and the testes in males, to promote sexual maturation and the production of the sex cells and sex hormones.

In Females

In females, FSH initiates follicular growth, specifically affecting granulosa cells. With the rise in estrogen levels, negative feedback leads to a decrease in FSH production by the anterior pituitary. This decrease in FSH levels causes the dominant follicle to begin secreting its own estrogen causing a rapid increase in estrogen levels.

In Males

In males, FSH enhances the production of androgen-binding protein by the Sertoli cells of the testes and is critical for spermatogenesis.

Measurement and Testing

FSH levels are typically measured in the first few days of the menstrual cycle, often day 3. These levels can be used to assess fertility, ovarian reserve, and menopause.

Disorders Related to FSH

High levels of FSH in females can indicate a failure of the ovaries, also known as primary ovarian insufficiency or early menopause. In males, high FSH levels can indicate testicular failure. Low levels of FSH can indicate problems with the pituitary gland and can cause problems with sexual development and function.

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