Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State

File:Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State.jpg

Illustration of Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State

The Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS), also known as Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Syndrome (HHNS), is a serious complication that can occur in individuals with diabetes. It is characterized by extremely high blood sugar levels, extreme dehydration, and a decreased level of consciousness.

Overview

HHS is most commonly seen in individuals with Type 2 diabetes, but it can occur in those with Type 1 diabetes as well. It is often triggered by an illness or infection, and can lead to severe dehydration, coma, and even death if not treated promptly.

Symptoms

The symptoms of HHS can develop over a few days or weeks, and may include:

• Extreme thirst
• Frequent urination
• Dry skin and mouth
• Rapid heartbeat
• Nausea and vomiting
• Abdominal pain
• Shortness of breath
• Confusion or difficulty concentrating

Causes

HHS is caused by extremely high blood sugar levels, often in combination with dehydration. This can be triggered by a variety of factors, including:

• Illness or infection
• Inadequate insulin therapy
• Certain medications
• Undiagnosed or poorly controlled diabetes

Treatment

Treatment for HHS typically involves hospitalization and may include:

• Intravenous fluids to treat dehydration
• Insulin therapy to lower blood sugar levels
• Treatment of any underlying illness or infection

Prevention

Prevention of HHS involves careful management of diabetes, including regular monitoring of blood sugar levels, proper medication use, and regular medical check-ups.

See Also

• Diabetic ketoacidosis
• Diabetes mellitus
• Hyperglycemia