Pleural effusion

A pleural effusion refers to an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, the potential space between the lungs and the chest wall that is lined by the pleura. This condition can result from a variety of diseases and often leads to significant discomfort and difficulty breathing due to the compression of the lungs.<ref name="Light">Light, Richard W.,

 Pleural Effusions, 
 The Medical Clinics of North America, 
 
 Vol. 86(Issue: 4),
 pp. 1055-1070,
 DOI: 10.1016/S0025-7125(02)00029-5,</ref>

Diagram showing a build up of fluid in the lining of the lungs (pleural effusion)

Causes and Pathophysiology

Pleural effusions can result from various conditions that disrupt the balance of fluid production and absorption in the pleural space. Common causes include heart failure, pneumonia, malignancies, pulmonary embolism, and kidney or liver disease.

Pleural effusion-Metastatic breast carcinoma Case 166 (5477628658)

In these conditions, either the production of pleural fluid is increased (as in inflammation or infection) or the absorption of this fluid is compromised (as in heart failure or kidney disease). The result is the accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, which can compress the lung and limit its expansion.<ref name="Porcel">Porcel, Jose M.,

 Pleural Effusions from Congestive Heart Failure, 
 Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 
 
 Vol. 34(Issue: 6),
 pp. 772-780,
 DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1358550,</ref>

Symptoms and Signs

Patients with a pleural effusion may experience symptoms such as shortness of breath, cough, and chest pain. On physical examination, findings may include decreased breath sounds, dullness to percussion, and decreased movement of the chest on the affected side.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of a pleural effusion often starts with imaging studies, such as a chest X-ray or ultrasound. If necessary, a sample of the pleural fluid can be obtained through a procedure known as thoracentesis for further analysis, which can help determine the underlying cause.

Treatment

Treatment of a pleural effusion focuses on addressing the underlying cause and relieving symptoms. This may involve medications, therapeutic thoracentesis to remove the fluid, or procedures such as a pleurodesis or placement of a pleural catheter for recurrent effusions.<ref name="Light"/>

Summary

Pleural effusion is a common medical condition that can result from a variety of diseases and often leads to significant discomfort and difficulty breathing. Prompt diagnosis and management are essential to improve patient outcomes.

See Also

• Heart failure
• Pneumonia
• Lung cancer

References

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