CP 42,096

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

Diagram of CPR procedure

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an emergency procedure that combines chest compressions with artificial ventilation in an effort to manually preserve intact brain function until further measures are taken to restore spontaneous blood circulation and breathing in a person who is in cardiac arrest. CPR is a critical component of emergency medicine and is often performed in hospitals, by emergency medical technicians, and by trained laypersons.

History

The concept of CPR has evolved over centuries, with early methods dating back to the 18th century. Modern CPR techniques were developed in the 1960s, combining chest compressions with rescue breathing. The American Heart Association and other organizations have since refined these techniques and provided guidelines for effective CPR.

Indications

CPR is indicated in cases of cardiac arrest, where the heart stops beating effectively, leading to a cessation of blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. It is also used in cases of drowning, choking, and other emergencies where breathing or heartbeat has stopped.

Procedure

The CPR procedure involves several key steps:

Chest Compressions

File:CP 42,096

Performing chest compressions

Chest compressions are performed by placing the heel of one hand on the center of the person's chest, with the other hand on top, and pressing down hard and fast, at a rate of 100 to 120 compressions per minute. The depth of compressions should be about 2 inches (5 cm) in adults.

Rescue Breathing

Rescue breathing involves tilting the person's head back slightly to open the airway, pinching the nose shut, and giving two breaths into the person's mouth, ensuring the chest rises with each breath.

Automated External Defibrillator (AED)

An automated external defibrillator (AED) can be used in conjunction with CPR to deliver an electric shock to the heart, potentially restoring a normal rhythm. AEDs are designed to be used by laypersons and provide step-by-step instructions.

Effectiveness

The effectiveness of CPR depends on several factors, including the promptness of initiation, the quality of chest compressions, and the use of an AED. Early initiation of CPR can double or triple the chances of survival after cardiac arrest.

Training

CPR training is widely available and is recommended for healthcare professionals, emergency responders, and the general public. Training courses often include hands-on practice with mannequins and instruction on the use of AEDs.

Related pages

• Cardiac arrest
• Emergency medical services
• First aid
• Rescue breathing