AAS

= Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids (AAS) =

Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids (AAS) are synthetic derivatives of the male sex hormone testosterone. They are designed to mimic the effects of testosterone in the body, promoting muscle growth (anabolic effects) and the development of male sexual characteristics (androgenic effects). AAS are used in medicine to treat a variety of conditions but are also commonly misused for performance enhancement in sports and bodybuilding.

History

The development of AAS began in the 1930s when scientists first isolated and synthesized testosterone. The initial medical use of AAS was to treat hypogonadism, a condition where the body does not produce enough testosterone. Over time, the potential for AAS to enhance physical performance and muscle mass was recognized, leading to their misuse in competitive sports.

Mechanism of Action

AAS exert their effects by binding to androgen receptors in various tissues. This binding initiates a cascade of genetic activations that result in increased protein synthesis, muscle growth, and the development of male secondary sexual characteristics. The anabolic effects are primarily due to the stimulation of protein synthesis and inhibition of protein breakdown, while the androgenic effects are related to the development and maintenance of male characteristics.

Medical Uses

AAS are prescribed for several medical conditions, including:

• Hypogonadism: To replace testosterone in men with low levels.
• Delayed puberty: To stimulate the onset of puberty in boys with delayed puberty.
• Muscle wasting diseases: Such as HIV/AIDS and certain types of cancer, where they help to preserve muscle mass.
• Anemia: Certain AAS can stimulate red blood cell production.

Misuse and Abuse

The misuse of AAS is prevalent in sports and bodybuilding due to their ability to enhance muscle mass and performance. This misuse can lead to significant health risks, including:

• Cardiovascular issues: Increased risk of heart attacks and strokes.
• Liver damage: Including liver tumors and peliosis hepatis.
• Hormonal imbalances: Such as gynecomastia in men and virilization in women.
• Psychiatric effects: Including aggression, mood swings, and depression.

Legal Status

The legal status of AAS varies by country. In many places, they are classified as controlled substances, making their non-prescribed use illegal. In the United States, for example, AAS are classified as Schedule III controlled substances under the Anabolic Steroid Control Act.

Detection and Testing

Athletes are often subject to drug testing to detect the presence of AAS. Testing methods include urine and blood tests that can identify both the parent compounds and their metabolites. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) maintains a list of prohibited substances, including AAS, and sets the standards for testing in sports.

Conclusion

While AAS have legitimate medical uses, their potential for abuse and the associated health risks make them a significant concern in both medicine and sports. Education on the risks of AAS misuse and strict enforcement of anti-doping regulations are essential to mitigate these issues.

References

• Kicman, A. T. (2008). Pharmacology of anabolic steroids. British Journal of Pharmacology, 154(3), 502-521.
• Hartgens, F., & Kuipers, H. (2004). Effects of androgenic-anabolic steroids in athletes. Sports Medicine, 34(8), 513-554.
• World Anti-Doping Agency. (2023). The World Anti-Doping Code: The 2023 Prohibited List. Retrieved from [1].