Community-acquired pneumonia

Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)

Radiograph showing Pneumonia

Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) refers to pneumonia that is acquired outside of hospital or long-term care facility settings. It is a common respiratory infection and one of the leading causes of illness and mortality worldwide.

Definition and Overview

CAP occurs when an individual develops pneumonia in the community, as opposed to acquiring it in a medical facility. Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs which may fill with fluid.

Causes and Risk Factors

CAP is caused by a wide range of infectious agents, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Common causes include:

• Streptococcus pneumoniae (most common bacterial cause)
• Respiratory viruses like influenza
• Atypical bacteria such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Risk Factors

• Age (elderly or very young)
• Smoking and alcohol use
• Chronic lung diseases like COPD
• Weakened immune system

Symptoms

Common symptoms of CAP include:

• Cough (often producing phlegm)
• Fever and chills
• Shortness of breath
• Chest pain during breathing or coughing
• Fatigue

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of CAP typically involves:

• Clinical examination
• Chest X-rays
• Blood tests
• Sputum culture
• Pulse oximetry to measure oxygen levels in the blood

Treatment and Management

Treatment depends on the severity and the cause of the pneumonia:

• Antibiotics for bacterial pneumonia
• Antiviral medications for viral pneumonia
• Supportive care such as rest, fluids, and fever control
• Hospitalization in severe cases

Prevention

Preventative measures include:

• Vaccination against pneumococcal pneumonia and influenza
• Good hygiene practices
• Smoking cessation
• Strengthening the immune system through a healthy lifestyle

Epidemiology

CAP is a significant public health concern globally, affecting millions of people annually. It has a higher incidence in the elderly and during winter months.

References

<references>

• "Community-Acquired Pneumonia: An Overview" - National Center for Biotechnology Information
• "Pneumonia" - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

</references>

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