Atropa bella-donna

Species of plant known as deadly nightshade

Atropa belladonna, commonly known as belladonna or deadly nightshade, is a perennial herbaceous plant in the Solanaceae family. It is native to Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia. The plant is known for its toxic properties and historical use in medicine and cosmetics.

Description

Atropa belladonna plant with berries

Atropa belladonna is a branching herbaceous perennial that grows to about 1.5 meters (4.9 feet) tall. The leaves are ovate and grow in pairs. The flowers are bell-shaped, dull purple with green tinges, and bloom from June to August. The berries are shiny black and about the size of cherries.

The plant contains tropane alkaloids, such as atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscyamine, which are responsible for its toxic effects. These compounds can cause delirium and hallucinations, and in high doses, they can be fatal.

Habitat and Distribution

Atropa belladonna is found in a variety of habitats, including woodlands, scrublands, and disturbed areas. It prefers calcareous soils and is often found in limestone regions. The plant is native to Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia but has been introduced to other parts of the world.

Toxicity

Single fruit of Atropa belladonna

All parts of the plant are toxic, with the berries and roots being the most potent. Symptoms of poisoning include dilated pupils, sensitivity to light, blurred vision, tachycardia, loss of balance, staggering, headache, rash, dry mouth and throat, slurred speech, urinary retention, constipation, confusion, hallucinations, delirium, and convulsions.

Historical Uses

Historical cultivation of belladonna

Historically, belladonna was used in cosmetics, medicine, and as a poison. In the Renaissance, women used belladonna drops to dilate their pupils, which was considered attractive. The name "belladonna" means "beautiful lady" in Italian, reflecting this use.

In medicine, belladonna was used as an anesthetic and to treat a variety of ailments, including motion sickness and muscle spasms. The plant's alkaloids are still used in modern medicine, particularly atropine, which is used to dilate pupils during eye examinations and as an antidote for certain types of poisoning.

Cultural Significance

Atropa belladonna has a long history of use in folklore and witchcraft. It was believed to have magical properties and was used in potions and ointments. The plant's association with witchcraft and poison has made it a subject of fascination and fear throughout history.

Modern Uses

A belladonna plaster

Today, belladonna is cultivated for its alkaloids, which are used in the pharmaceutical industry. Atropine and scopolamine are extracted from the plant and used in various medications. Despite its toxicity, belladonna remains an important plant in the field of medicine.

Related Pages

• Solanaceae
• Tropane alkaloid
• Atropine
• Scopolamine