Occupational asthma

A type of asthma caused by workplace exposures

Occupational asthma is a type of asthma that is directly related to exposure to substances in the workplace. It is characterized by the development of asthma symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath due to inhalation of specific substances that are present in the work environment.

Causes

Occupational asthma can be caused by a variety of workplace substances, known as asthmagens. These can include chemicals, dust, gases, and fumes. Common examples include:

• Isocyanates, used in spray painting and foam manufacturing.
• Grain dust, common in agricultural settings.
• Wood dust, found in carpentry and woodworking.
• Latex, used in healthcare settings.
• Animal dander, affecting laboratory workers and veterinarians.

Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of occupational asthma involves the inflammation of the airways due to exposure to specific workplace substances. This inflammation leads to bronchoconstriction, increased mucus production, and airway hyperresponsiveness. The immune system may also play a role, particularly in cases where the asthma is triggered by allergens.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of occupational asthma involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. Key steps include:

• Detailed occupational history to identify potential exposure to asthmagens.
• Spirometry to assess lung function.
• Peak flow monitoring to detect variations in lung function related to work exposure.
• Allergy testing to identify specific allergens.

Management

Management of occupational asthma involves both medical treatment and workplace interventions. Key strategies include:

• Avoidance of the triggering substance, which may involve changing work practices or using protective equipment.
• Pharmacological treatment with bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids.
• Workplace modifications to reduce exposure, such as improved ventilation and use of personal protective equipment.

Prevention

Preventing occupational asthma involves identifying and controlling exposure to potential asthmagens. This can be achieved through:

• Regular monitoring of air quality in the workplace.
• Implementing safety protocols and training for workers.
• Substituting hazardous substances with safer alternatives when possible.

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with occupational asthma varies. Early diagnosis and intervention can lead to significant improvement in symptoms and lung function. However, continued exposure to the causative agent can result in chronic asthma and permanent lung damage.

Related pages

• Asthma
• Allergy
• Occupational health

Media

Occupational asthma

Research to Inform the Prevention of Asthma in Health Care