Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a type of heart failure in which the heart's lower chambers, the ventricles, are unable to fill properly with blood during the diastolic phase (when the heart is relaxed). Despite this, the ejection fraction, or the percentage of blood that is pumped out of the ventricles with each heartbeat, remains within the normal range. This condition is also known as diastolic heart failure.

Symptoms

The symptoms of HFpEF can vary greatly from person to person, but they often include shortness of breath, fatigue, and edema (swelling) in the legs and ankles. These symptoms are often exacerbated by physical activity.

Causes

The exact cause of HFpEF is not fully understood, but it is often associated with conditions that increase stiffness of the heart muscle, such as hypertension, obesity, and diabetes. Aging is also a risk factor, as the heart muscle naturally becomes stiffer and less flexible over time.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of HFpEF can be challenging, as the ejection fraction is normal. However, other tests, such as an echocardiogram, can reveal abnormalities in the way the heart fills with blood. Blood tests, chest X-rays, and cardiac stress tests may also be used.

Treatment

Treatment for HFpEF focuses on managing symptoms and slowing the progression of the disease. This may include lifestyle changes, such as diet and exercise, and medications to control blood pressure and heart rate.

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with HFpEF varies widely and depends on many factors, including the severity of symptoms and the presence of other health conditions. However, with appropriate treatment and management, many people with HFpEF can lead active and fulfilling lives.

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